referencing thesis style

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in APA

How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in APA

In this citation guide, you will learn how to reference and cite an undergraduate thesis, master’s thesis, or doctoral dissertation. This guide will also review the differences between a thesis or dissertation that is published and one that has remained unpublished. The guidelines below come from the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2020a), pages 333 and 334. Please note that the association is not affiliated with this guide.

Alternatively, you can visit EasyBib.com for helpful citation tools to cite your thesis or dissertation .

Guide Overview

Citing an unpublished thesis or dissertation, citing a published dissertation or thesis from a database, citing a thesis or dissertation published online but not from a database, citing a thesis or dissertation: reference overview, what you need.

Since unpublished theses can usually only be sourced in print form from a university library, the correct citation structure includes the university name where the publisher element usually goes.

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year published). Title in sentence case [Unpublished degree type thesis or dissertation]. Name of institution.

Ames, J. H., & Doughty, L. H. (1911). The proposed plans for the Iowa State College athletic field including the design of a reinforced concrete grandstand and wall [Unpublished bachelor’s thesis]. Iowa State University.

In-text citation example:

• Parenthetical :  (Ames & Doughty, 1911)
• Narrative :  Ames & Doughty (1911)

If a thesis or dissertation has been published and is found on a database, then follow the structure below. It’s similar to the format for an unpublished dissertation/thesis, but with a few differences:

• The institution is presented in brackets after the title
• The archive or database name is included

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year published). Title in sentence case (Publication or Document No.) [Degree type thesis or dissertation, Name of institution]. Database name.

Examples 1:

Knight, K. A. (2011). Media epidemics: Viral structures in literature and new media (Accession No. 2013420395) [Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

Trotman, J.B. (2018). New insights into the biochemistry and cell biology of RNA recapping (Document No. osu1523896565730483) [Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses & Dissertations Center.

In the example given above, the dissertation is presented with a Document Number (Document No.). Sometimes called a database number or publication number, this is the identifier that is used by the database’s indexing system. If the database you are using provides you with such a number, then include it directly after the work’s title in parentheses.

If you are interested in learning more about how to handle works that were accessed via academic research databases, see Section 9.3 of the Publication Manual.

In-text citation examples :

• Parenthetical citation : (Trotman, 2018)
• Narrative citation : Trotman (2018)

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year Published). Title in sentence case [Degree type thesis or dissertation, Name of institution]. Name of archive or collection. URL

Kim, O. (2019). Soviet tableau: cinema and history under late socialism [Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh]. Institutional Repository at the University of Pittsburgh. https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/37669/7/Olga%20Kim%20Final%20ETD.pdf

Stiles, T. W. (2001). Doing science: Teachers’ authentic experiences at the Lone Star Dinosaur Field Institute [Master’s thesis, Texas A&M University]. OAKTrust. https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2001-THESIS-S745

It is important to note that not every thesis or dissertation published online will be associated with a specific archive or collection. If the work is published on a private website, provide only the URL as the source element.

In-text citation examples:

• Parenthetical citation : (Kim, 2019)
• Narrative citation : Kim (2019)
• Parenthetical citation : (Stiles, 2001)
• Narrative citation : Stiles (2001)

We hope that the information provided here will serve as an effective guide for your research. If you’re looking for even more citation info, visit EasyBib.com for a comprehensive collection of educational materials covering multiple source types.

If you’re citing a variety of different sources, consider taking the EasyBib citation generator for a spin. It can help you cite easily and offers citation forms for several different kinds of sources.

To start things off, let’s take a look at the different types of literature that are classified under Chapter 10.6 of the Publication Manual :

• Undergraduate thesis
• Master’s thesis
• Doctoral dissertation

You will need to know which type you are citing. You’ll also need to know if it is published or unpublished .

When you decide to cite a dissertation or thesis, you’ll need to look for the following information to use in your citation:

• Author’s last name, and first and middle initials
• Year published
• Title of thesis or dissertation
• If it is unpublished
• Publication or document number (if applicable; for published work)
• Degree type (bachelor’s, master’s, doctoral)
• Thesis or dissertation
• Name of institution awarding degree
• DOI (https://doi.org/xxxxx) or URL (if applicable)

Since theses and dissertations are directly linked to educational degrees, it is necessary to list the name of the associated institution; i.e., the college, university, or school that is awarding the associated degree.

To get an idea of the proper form, take a look at the examples below. There are three outlined scenarios:

• Unpublished thesis or dissertation
• Published thesis or dissertation from a database
• Thesis or dissertation published online but not from a database

American Psychological Association. (2020a). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

American Psychological Association. (2020b). Style-Grammar-Guidelines. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/parenthetical-versus-narrative

Published August 10, 2012. Updated March 24, 2020.

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau. Michele Kirschenbaum is a school library media specialist and the in-house librarian at EasyBib.com. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg. She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing.

APA Formatting Guide

APA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Multiple Authors
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Parenthetical Citations
• Reference Page
• Sample Paper
• APA 7 Updates
• View APA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all APA Examples

How useful was this post?

Click on a star to rate it!

We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!

Let us improve this post!

Tell us how we can improve this post?

To cite a published thesis in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information such as the author, publication year, title of the thesis, institute name, archive name, and URL (uniform resource locator). The templates for an in-text citation and reference list entry of a thesis, along with examples, are given below:

In-text citation template and example:

Use the author surname and the publication year in the in-text citation.

Author Surname (Publication Year)

Cartmel (2007)

Parenthetical:

(Author Surname, Publication Year)

(Cartmel, 2007)

Reference list entry template and example:

The title of the thesis is set in sentence case and italicized. Enclose the thesis and the institute awarding the degree inside brackets following the publication year. Then add the name of the database followed by the URL.

Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Title of the thesis [Master’s thesis, Institute Name]. Name of the Database. URL

Cartmel, J. (2007). Outside school hours care and schools [Master’s thesis, Queensland University of Technology]. EPrints. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/17810/1/Jennifer_Cartmel_Thesis.pdf

To cite an unpublished dissertation in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information such as the author, year, title of the dissertation, and institute name. The templates for in-text citation and reference list entry of an online thesis, along with examples, are given below:

Author Surname (Year)

Averill (2009)

(Author Surname, Year)

(Averill, 2009)

The title of the dissertation is set in sentence case and italicized. Enclose “Unpublished doctoral dissertation” inside brackets following the year. Then add the name of the institution awarding the degree.

Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Title of the dissertation [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Name of the Institute.

Averill, R. (2009). Teacher–student relationships in diverse New Zealand year 10 mathematics classrooms: Teacher care [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington.

APA Citation Examples

Writing Tools

Citation Generators

Other Citation Styles

Plagiarism Checker

Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.

Get Started

• AUT Library
• Library Guides
• Referencing styles and applications

APA 7th Referencing Style Guide

• Theses and dissertations
• Referencing & APA style
• In-text citation
• Elements of a reference
• Format & examples of a reference list
• Conferences
• Reports & grey literature
• Figures (graphs and images)

Terminology - Thesis, dissertation or exegesis?

Published theses and dissertations, unpublished theses and dissertations.

• Audio works
• Films, TV & video
• Visual works
• Generative artificial intelligence (AI)
• Computer software, games & apps
• Lecture notes & Intranet resources
• Legal resources
• Personal communications
• PowerPoint slides
• Social media
• Specific health examples
• Standards & patents
• Websites & webpages
• Footnotes and appendices
• Frequently asked questions

Thesis and dissertation can mean different things depending on where the degree is awarded. Always check the title page, or subsequent pages, to determine exactly what the work is and use the information for your reference. ​

Auckland University of Technology (and other NZ universities)

• Thesis is either for a doctoral or a master's degree.
• Dissertation is either for a master's or a bachelor's degree with honours.
• Exegesis is the written component of a practice-based thesis where the major output is a creative work;  e.g., a film, artwork, novel.

Other parts of the world

• In North America and some other countries, dissertation is used for a doctoral degree and thesis for a master's degree.

Theses available in a database, a university archive or from a personal website.

Reference format

Theses published online (e.g. in institutional repositories)

Theses from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global

Find how to cite in text on the  In-text citation  page.

 Unpublished thesis or dissertations are usually sourced directly from the university in print form.

 Reference format

• << Previous: Tables
• Next: Audiovisual media >>
• Last Updated: Jun 5, 2024 9:32 AM
• URL: https://aut.ac.nz.libguides.com/APA7th

APA (7th Edition) Referencing Guide

• Information for EndNote Users
• Authors - Numbers, Rules and Formatting
• In-Text Citations
• Reference List
• Books & eBooks
• Book chapters
• Journal Articles
• Conference Papers
• Newspaper Articles
• Web Pages & Documents
• Specialised Health Databases
• Using Visual Works in Assignments & Class Presentations
• Using Visual Works in Theses and Publications
• Using Tables in Assignments & Class Presentations
• Custom Textbooks & Books of Readings
• ABS AND AIHW
• Videos (YouTube), Podcasts & Webinars
• Blog Posts and Social Media
• First Nations Works
• Dictionary and Encyclopedia Entries
• Personal Communication
• Theses and Dissertations

Theses and dissertations

• Film / TV / DVD
• Miscellaneous (Generic Reference)
• AI software
• APA Format for Assignments
• What If...?
• Other Guides
• EscAPA7de - the APA escape room
• One Minute Video Series (APA)

A thesis is an unpublished document produced by student as part of the requirements for the degree. They come at various levels (e.g. Honours, Masters, PhD, etc). Check with your lecturer before using a thesis for your assignment.

• << Previous: Personal Communication
• Next: Film / TV / DVD >>
• Last Updated: Jun 19, 2024 2:43 PM
• URL: https://libguides.jcu.edu.au/apa

APA Style 6th Edition: Citing Your Sources

• Basics of APA Formatting
• In Text Quick View
• Block Quotes
• Books & eBooks
• Thesis/Dissertation

Standard Format

Various examples.

• Conference Presentations
• Course Documents
• Social Media
• Government Documents
• Academic Integrity and Plagiarism
• Additional Resources
• Sample Reference Page

Dissertation or thesis available from a database service:

Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (year of publication).  Title of dissertation or thesis (Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis).  Retrieved from Name of database.  (Accession or Order No.)

For an unpublished dissertation or thesis:

Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (year of creation).  Title of dissertation or thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis).  Name of Institution, Location.

See Ch 7 pp. 207-208 APA Manual for more examples and formatting rules

Formatting:

• Italicize the title
• Identify whether source is doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis in parentheses after the title
• << Previous: Articles
• Next: Websites >>
• Last Updated: Sep 22, 2022 11:20 AM
• URL: https://libguides.usc.edu/APA-citation-style

• Harvard Library
• Research Guides
• Harvard Graduate School of Design - Frances Loeb Library

Write and Cite

• Theses and Dissertations
• Academic Integrity
• Using Sources and AI
• Academic Writing
• From Research to Writing
• GSD Writing Services
• Grants and Fellowships
• Reading, Notetaking, and Time Management

What is a thesis?

What is a dissertation, getting started, staying on track.

A thesis is a long-term project that you work on over the course of a semester or a year. Theses have a very wide variety of styles and content, so we encourage you to look at prior examples and work closely with faculty to develop yours. 

Before you begin, make sure that you are familiar with the dissertation genre—what it is for and what it looks like.

Generally speaking, a dissertation’s purpose is to prove that you have the expertise necessary to fulfill your doctoral-degree requirements by showing depth of knowledge and independent thinking.

The form of a dissertation may vary by discipline. Be sure to follow the specific guidelines of your department.

• PhD This site directs candidates to the GSAS website about dissertations , with links to checklists,  planning, formatting, acknowledgments, submission, and publishing options. There is also a link to guidelines for the prospectus . Consult with your committee chair about specific requirements and standards for your dissertation.
• DDES This document covers planning, patent filing, submission guidelines, publishing options, formatting guidelines, sample pages, citation guidelines, and a list of common errors to avoid. There is also a link to guidelines for the prospectus .
• Scholarly Pursuits (GSAS) This searchable booklet from Harvard GSAS is a comprehensive guide to writing dissertations, dissertation-fellowship applications, academic journal articles, and academic job documents.

Finding an original topic can be a daunting and overwhelming task. These key concepts can help you focus and save time.

Finding a topic for your thesis or dissertation should start with a research question that excites or at least interests you. A rigorous, engaging, and original project will require continuous curiosity about your topic, about your own thoughts on the topic, and about what other scholars have said on your topic. Avoid getting boxed in by thinking you know what you want to say from the beginning; let your research and your writing evolve as you explore and fine-tune your focus through constant questioning and exploration.

Get a sense of the broader picture before you narrow your focus and attempt to frame an argument. Read, skim, and otherwise familiarize yourself with what other scholars have done in areas related to your proposed topic. Briefly explore topics tangentially related to yours to broaden your perspective and increase your chance of finding a unique angle to pursue.

Critical Reading

Critical reading is the opposite of passive reading. Instead of merely reading for information to absorb, critical reading also involves careful, sustained thinking about what you are reading. This process may include analyzing the author’s motives and assumptions, asking what might be left out of the discussion, considering what you agree with or disagree with in the author’s statements and why you agree or disagree, and exploring connections or contradictions between scholarly arguments. Here is a resource to help hone your critical-reading skills:

http://writing.umn.edu/sws/assets/pdf/quicktips/criticalread.pdf

Conversation

Your thesis or dissertation will incorporate some ideas from other scholars whose work you researched. By reading critically and following your curiosity, you will develop your own ideas and claims, and these contributions are the core of your project. You will also acknowledge the work of scholars who came before you, and you must accurately and fairly attribute this work and define your place within the larger discussion. Make sure that you know how to quote, summarize, paraphrase ,  integrate , and cite secondary sources to avoid plagiarism and to show the depth and breadth of your knowledge.

A thesis is a long-term, large project that involves both research and writing; it is easy to lose focus, motivation, and momentum. Here are suggestions for achieving the result you want in the time you have.

The dissertation is probably the largest project you have undertaken, and a lot of the work is self-directed. The project can feel daunting or even overwhelming unless you break it down into manageable pieces and create a timeline for completing each smaller task. Be realistic but also challenge yourself, and be forgiving of yourself if you miss a self-imposed deadline here and there.

Your program will also have specific deadlines for different requirements, including establishing a committee, submitting a prospectus, completing the dissertation, defending the dissertation, and submitting your work. Consult your department’s website for these dates and incorporate them into the timeline for your work.

Accountability

Sometimes self-imposed deadlines do not feel urgent unless there is accountability to someone beyond yourself. To increase your motivation to complete tasks on schedule, set dates with your committee chair to submit pre-determined pieces of a chapter. You can also arrange with a fellow doctoral student to check on each other’s progress. Research and writing can be lonely, so it is also nice to share that journey with someone and support each other through the process.

Common Pitfalls

The most common challenges for students writing a dissertation are writer’s block, information-overload, and the compulsion to keep researching forever.

There are many strategies for avoiding writer’s block, such as freewriting, outlining, taking a walk, starting in the middle, and creating an ideal work environment for your particular learning style. Pay attention to what helps you and try different things until you find what works.

Efficient researching techniques are essential to avoiding information-overload. Here are a couple of resources about strategies for finding sources and quickly obtaining essential information from them.

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/writing_in_literature/writing_in_literature_detailed_discussion/reading_criticism.html

https://students.dartmouth.edu/academic-skills/learning-resources/learning-strategies/reading-techniques

Finally, remember that there is always more to learn and your dissertation cannot incorporate everything. Follow your curiosity but also set limits on the scope of your work. It helps to create a folder entitled “future projects” for topics and sources that interest you but that do not fit neatly into the dissertation. Also remember that future scholars will build off of your work, so leave something for them to do.

Browsing through theses and dissertations of the past can help to get a sense of your options and gain inspiration but be careful to use current guidelines and refer to your committee instead of relying on these examples for form or formatting.

DASH Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard.

HOLLIS Harvard Library’s catalog provides access to ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global .

MIT Architecture has a list of their graduates’ dissertations and theses.

Rhode Island School of Design has a list of their graduates’ dissertations and theses.

University of South Florida has a list of their graduates’ dissertations and theses.

Harvard GSD has a list of projects, including theses and professors’ research.

• << Previous: Reading, Notetaking, and Time Management
• Next: Publishing >>
• Last Updated: Jun 24, 2024 11:19 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.harvard.edu/gsd/write

Harvard University Digital Accessibility Policy

• Joyner Library
• Laupus Health Sciences Library
• Music Library
• Digital Collections
• Special Collections
• North Carolina Collection
• Teaching Resources
• The ScholarShip Institutional Repository
• Country Doctor Museum

APA Citation Style, 7th Edition: Dissertations & Thesis

• APA 6/7 Comparison Guide
• New & Notable Changes
• Student Paper Layout
• Journal Article with One Author
• Journal Article with Two Authors
• Journal Article with Three or more Authors
• Help?! I can't find the DOI
• One Author/Editor
• Two Authors/Editors
• Chapter in a Book
• Electronic Books
• Social Media Posts
• YouTube or other streaming video
• Podcast or other audio works
• Infographic, Powerpoint, or other visual works
• Government Websites & Publications, & Gray Literature
• Legislative (US & State House & Senate) Bills
• StatPearls, UpToDate, DynaMedex
• Dissertations & Thesis
• Interviews & Emails
• Magazine Articles
• Newspaper Articles
• Datasets, Software, & Tests
• Posters & Conference Sessions
• Photographs, Tables, & PDF's
• Canvas Posts & Class Discussion Boards
• In-Text Citations & Paraphrasing
• References Page
• Free APA 7th edition Resources, Handouts, & Tutorials

Citing Dissertations & Theses in APA Format

Dissertations & Theses

Dissertations and theses are formatted the same way in APA 7th edition. Theses are generally the culminating work for a master's or undergraduate degree and dissertations are often original research completed by doctoral students. Here are examples of a dissertation & a thesis, and how they would be formatted: 

Examples: 

Dissertation found in Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global: 

Reference:  

Banks, B. (2020). Addressing institutional racism in healthcare: A case study (Publication No. 28154307) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota]. Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global. 

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):  

(Banks, 2020).

In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):

(Banks, 2020, p. 157).

Master's thesis from a University scholarship database: 

Sears, L. B. (2017). The public voice and sustainable food systems: Community engagement in food action plans [Unpublished master's thesis]. University of Kansas.  https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/26899  

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):

(Sears, 2017). 

(Sears, 2017, p. 24). 

Carrie Forbes, MLS

Pages Referenced

Citation information has been adapted from the APA Manual (7th Edition). Please refer to page 333 of the APA Manual (7th Edition) for more information.

Chat with a Librarian

Chat with a librarian is available during Laupus Library's open hours . 

Need to contact a specific librarian? Find your liaison.

Call us: 1-888-820-0522 (toll free)

252-744-2230

Text us: 252-303-2343

• << Previous: Other Sources
• Next: Interviews & Emails >>
• Last Updated: Jan 12, 2024 10:05 AM
• URL: https://libguides.ecu.edu/APA7

Citation guides

All you need to know about citations

How to cite a master's thesis in APA

• Google Docs

To cite a master's thesis in a reference entry in APA style 6th edition include the following elements:

• Author(s) of the thesis: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J. D.) of up to seven authors with the last name preceded by an ampersand (&). For eight or more authors include the first six names followed by an ellipsis (…) and add the last author's name.
• Year of publication: Give the year in brackets followed by a full stop.
• Title of the master's thesis: Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.
• URL: Give the full URL where the document can be retrieved from.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a master's thesis in APA style 6th edition:

Author(s) of the thesis . ( Year of publication ). Title of the master's thesis (Master's thesis). Retrieved from URL

If the thesis is available from a database, archive or any online platform use the following template:

• Author(s) of the thesis: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J. D.) of up to 20 authors with the last name preceded by an ampersand (&). For 21 or more authors include the first 19 names followed by an ellipsis (…) and add the last author's name.
• Title of the Master's thesis: Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.
• Publication number: Give the identification number of the thesis, if available.
• Name of the degree awarding institution: Give the name of the institution.
• Name of Platform: Give the name of the database, archive or any platform that holds the thesis.
• URL: If the thesis was found on a database, omit this element.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a master's thesis in APA style 7th edition:

Author(s) of the thesis . ( Year of publication ). Title of the Master's thesis ( Publication number ) [Master's thesis, Name of the degree awarding institution ]. Name of Platform . URL

If the thesis has not been published or is available from a database use the following template:

• Location: Give the location of the institution. If outside the United States also include the country name.

Author(s) of the thesis . ( Year of publication ). Title of the master's thesis (Unpublished master's thesis). Name of the degree awarding institution , Location .

If the thesis is not published, use the following template:

Author(s) of the thesis . ( Year of publication ). Title of the master's thesis [Unpublished master's thesis]. Name of the degree awarding institution .

APA reference list examples

Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the APA style guidelines for a master's thesis citation in action:

A master's thesis found in an online platform

Bauger, L . ( 2011 ). Personality, passion, self-esteem and psychological well-being among junior elite athletes in Norway ( Master's Thesis ). Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/29a9/ef96c34e577211246b83b11813a2585033c5.pdf

Bauger, L . ( 2011 ). Personality, passion, self-esteem and psychological well-being among junior elite athletes in Norway [ Master's Thesis , University of Tromsø ]. Semantic Scholar . https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/29a9/ef96c34e577211246b83b11813a2585033c5.pdf

An unpublished master's thesis

Aube, K. E . ( 2019 ). A comparison of water main failure prediction models in San Luis Obispo, CA ( Unpublished master's thesis ). Cal Poly , San Luis Obispo, CA .

Aube, K. E . ( 2019 ). A comparison of water main failure prediction models in San Luis Obispo, CA [ Unpublished master's thesis ]. Cal Poly .

This citation style guide is based on the official Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association ( 6 th edition).

More useful guides

• APA Referencing: Theses
• Citation Help for APA: Master's Thesis or Project
• APA Thesis, dissertation or exegesis?

More great BibGuru guides

• MLA: how to cite a photo
• AMA: how to cite a film
• Chicago: how to cite a song

Automatic citations in seconds

Citation generators

Alternative to.

• NoodleTools
• Getting started

From our blog

• 📚 How to write a book report
• 📝 APA Running Head
• 📑 How to study for a test

APA 7th Edition Citation Examples

• Volume and Issue Numbers
• Page Numbers
• Undated Sources
• Citing a Source Within a Source
• In-Text Citations
• Academic Journals
• Encyclopedia Articles
• Book, Film, and Product Reviews
• Online Classroom Materials
• Conference Papers
• Technical + Research Reports
• Court Decisions
• Treaties and Other International Agreements
• Federal Regulations: I. The Code of Federal Regulations
• Federal Regulations: II. The Federal Register
• Executive Orders
• Charter of the United Nations
• Federal Statutes

Format for dissertations and theses

Dissertations and theses database.

• Interviews, E-mail Messages + Other Personal Communications
• Social Media
• Business Sources
• PowerPoints
• AI: ChatGPT, etc.

Author last name, first initial. (Year).  Title of dissertation/thesis  (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis, University]. Database. URL

• Author:  List the last name, followed by the first initial (and second initial). See  Authors  for more information.
• Year:  List the year between parentheses, followed by a period.
• Title of dissertation/thesis:  In italics. Capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and proper nouns.
• Publication number: Can be found in Dissertations and Theses database, listed in the item record as “Dissertation/thesis number.”
• Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis:  List whether it is a dissertation or a thesis.
• University:  List the university associated with the dissertation/thesis.
• Database:  List database the dissertation/thesis was found in, if found in a database.
• URL:  List URL if found on the free Web rather than in a database.

See specific examples below.

Dissertations:

Pecore, J. T. (2004). Sounding the spirit of Cambodia: The living tradition of Khmer music and dance-drama in a Washington, DC community  (Publication No. 3114720) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. 

Master's Theses:

Hollander, M. M. (2017). Resitance to authority: Methodological innovations and new lessons from the Milgram experiment   (Publication No. 10289373) [Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin - Madison]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

APA calls for the citation to include a unique identifying number for the dissertation, labeling it “Publication No.” That number can be found in Dissertations and Theses database, listed in the item record as “Dissertation/thesis number.”

Karamanos, X. (2020). The influence of professional development models on student mathematics performance in New Jersey public elementary schools [Doctoral dissertation, Seton Hall University]. Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs). https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/2732

Bordo, V. C. (2011). Making a case for the use of foreign language in the educational activities of nonprofit arts organizations [Master's thesis, University of Akron]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses & Dissertations Center. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1311135640

Caprette, C. L. (2005). Conquering the cold shudder: The origin and evolution of snake eyes  [Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University].

Angelova, A. N. (2004). Data pruning  [Master's thesis, California Institute of Technology].

See  Publication Manual , 10.6.

• << Previous: Federal Statutes
• Next: Images >>
• Last Updated: Mar 18, 2024 12:55 PM
• URL: https://libguides.umgc.edu/apa-examples

Fast and free citation generator APA 6th and 7th ed. • MLA 8th ed. • Chicago 16th ed.

• Create Title Page
• Style Guide
• Manage Bibliographies

Mindfullness & COVID-19

• General Format Rules
• In-Text Citations
• General Rules – Reference List
• Encyclopedia & Dictionary
• Government Publication
• Social media
• Dissertation/Thesis
• Online Video
• Audio/Podcast
• Lecture notes

APA 6 Style Guide

Thesis/Dissertation – APA Reference List

Capitalization.

• The document title is in sentence case – Only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. Always capitalize the first word, the first word after a colon or a dash.
• The title of the thesis or dissertation is in title case – Each word in the name is capitalized, except for articles (a, an, the), prepositions (against, between, in, of, to), conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet), and the infinitive 'to'.

Thesis/Dissertation – Unpublished/Print version

For papers written in United States list City and State. For countries outside United States list City and Country.

Author , A . A . ( Year ). Title of dissertation/thesis  (Unpublished doctoral dissertation [OR] Unpublished master's thesis). Academic Institution , City , State [OR] Country .

• Considine, M. (1986). Australian insurance politics in the 1970s: Two case studies . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
• Kassover,A. (1987). Treatment of abusive males: Voluntary vs. court-mandated referrals (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Nova University, Fort Lauderdale, FL. 

Thesis/Dissertation – From a commercial database (e.g., ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database)

Author , A ( Year ). Title of dissertation/thesis (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Name of database . ( Accession or Order Number )

Cooley, T. (2009).  Design, development, and implementation of a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): The Hartford Job Corps Academy case study (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3344745)

Thesis/Dissertation – Institutional Database (i.e. University website)

For U.S. thesis do not include university or locations. Include the university and location (City and Country) for a non-U.S. online thesis.

Author , A . A . ( Year ). Title of dissertation/thesis (Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis). Retrieved from http:// url.com

• Adams, R. J. (1973). Building a foundation for evaluation of instruction in higher education and continuing education (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/
• Barua, S. (2010). Drought assessment and forecasting using a nonlinear aggregated drought index  (Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia). Retrieved from http://vuir.vu.edu.au/1598

Thesis/Dissertation – Web

For U.S. thesis do not include locations. Include the location (City and Country) for a non-U.S. online thesis.

Author , A . A . ( Year ). Title of dissertation/thesis (Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis, Institution issuing degree). Retrieved from http:// www.url.com

• Bruckman, A. (1997). MOOSE Crossing: Construction, community, and learning in a networked virtual world for kids (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Retrieved from http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/thesis

References provide the information necessary for readers to identify and retrieve each work cited in the text .

Check each reference carefully against the original publication to ensure information is accurate and complete. Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher and writer.

Consistency in reference formatting allows readers to focus on the content of your reference list, discerning both the types of works you consulted and the important reference elements (who, when, what, and where) with ease. When you present each reference in a consistent fashion, readers do not need to spend time determining how you organized the information. And when searching the literature yourself, you also save time and effort when reading reference lists in the works of others that are written in APA Style.

Academic Writer ®

Master academic writing with APA’s essential teaching and learning resource

Course Adoption

Teaching APA Style? Become a course adopter of the 7th edition Publication Manual

Instructional Aids

Guides, checklists, webinars, tutorials, and sample papers for anyone looking to improve their knowledge of APA Style

Library Services

UCL LIBRARY SERVICES

• Guides and databases
• Library skills

Thesis or dissertation

• A-Z of Harvard references
• Citing authors with Harvard
• Page numbers and punctuation
• References with missing details
• Secondary referencing
• Example reference list
• Journal article
• Magazine article
• Newspaper article
• Online video
• Radio and internet radio
• Television advertisement
• Television programme
• Ancient text
• Bibliography
• Book (printed, one author or editor)
• Book (printed, multiple authors or editors)
• Book (printed, with no author)
• Chapter in a book (print)
• Collected works
• Dictionaries and Encyclopedia entries
• Multivolume work
• Religious text
• Translated work
• Census data
• Financial report
• Mathematical equation
• Scientific dataset
• Book illustration, Figure or Diagram
• Inscription on a building
• Installation
• Painting or Drawing
• Interview (on the internet)
• Interview (newspaper)
• Interview (radio or television)
• Interview (as part of research)
• Act of the UK parliament (statute)
• Bill (House of Commons/Lords)
• Birth/Death/Marriage certificate
• British standards
• Command paper
• European Union publication
• Government/Official publication
• House of Commons/Lords paper
• Legislation from UK devolved assemblies
• Statutory instrument
• Military record
• Film/Television script
• Musical score
• Play (live performance)
• Play script
• Song lyrics
• Conference paper
• Conference proceedings
• Discussion paper
• Minutes of meeting
• Personal communication
• PowerPoint presentation
• Published report
• Student's own work
• Tutor materials for academic course
• Unpublished report
• Working paper
• Referencing glossary

To be made up of:

• Year of submission (in round brackets).
• Title of thesis (in italics).
• Degree statement.
• Degree-awarding body.
• Available at: URL.
• (Accessed: date).

In-text citation: 

(Smith, 2019)

Reference List:  

Smith, E. R. C. (2019). Conduits of invasive species into the UK: the angling route? Ph. D. Thesis. University College London. Available at: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10072700 (Accessed: 20 May 2021).

Quick links

• Harvard references A-Z
• << Previous: Religious text
• Next: Translated work >>
• Last Updated: Feb 28, 2024 12:08 PM
• URL: https://library-guides.ucl.ac.uk/harvard

• How it works

How to Cite a Dissertation in Harvard Style

Published by Alaxendra Bets at August 27th, 2021 , Revised On September 25, 2023

What is a Dissertation?

In the UK, countries of Western Europe, as well as New Zealand and Australia, the term ‘ dissertation ’ is used instead of a ‘thesis.’ The majority of the remaining countries in the world prefer to use ‘thesis’ instead of ‘dissertation.’

Both represent the same thing, though: a full-length, academic piece of writing that students must submit after their undergraduate, post-graduate (Master), or PhD studies.

More specifically, a dissertation can refer to:

• Large-scale research as part of a degree.
• An article based on a small-scale study as part of a degree.
• A review of another study, research or an accumulation of both.
• Other full-length body texts are a requirement of the student’s degree program, no matter which level it is.

1.    Basic Format

In Harvard, the following in-text citation format is used for the dissertation:

(Author Surname, Year Published)

For example, ‘Occasionally the talent for drawing passes beyond mere picture-copying and shows the presence of a real artistic capacity of no mean order. (Darius, 2014)’

In Harvard, the following reference list entry format is used for the dissertation:

Author Surname, Author Initials. (Year Published). Title of the dissertation in italics. Level. Institution Name.

For example, reference list entry for the above source would be:

Darius, H. (2014). Running head: SAVANT SYNDROME – THEORIES AND EMPIRICAL FINDINGS . University of Skövde, University of Turku.

However, a slightly different format is also used in some institutions. According to that, in-text citations are done in the following way:

Author surname Year, p.#

For instance, Exelby (1997, p. 3) described the process … OR … processing gold (Exelby 1997, p. 3).

But in the case of reference list entries, these ‘other’ institutions recommend naming the dissertation title not in italics but in single quotation marks. The format would then be:

Author Surname, Initials Year of Publication, ‘Title of thesis in single quotation marks’, Award, Institution issuing degree, Location of the institution.

So, according to this format, the above example’s reference list entry would be:

Exelby, HRA 1997, ‘Aspects of Gold and Mineral Liberation’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld.

Whichever format is followed largely depends on one’s institutional guidelines. The format specified by the university is the one that should be followed. Furthermore, it should be followed consistently throughout a manuscript.

2.    Citing a Dissertation Published Online

The format for both in-text and reference list entries is the same for online and print dissertations. For example:

• In-text citation: (Ram 2012) OR (Ram 2011, p. 130)
• Reference list entry: Ram, R 2012, ‘Development of the International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities’, PhD thesis, The University of Sydney, viewed 23 May 2014, <http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8208>.

An important point to note: While referencing dissertations published online, the URL may or may not be enclosed within < > symbols. Whichever format is chosen, it should be used consistently throughout the text.

3.    Citing an Unpublished Dissertation

This type of dissertation also uses the same formatting for in-text and reference list entries in Harvard style. For example:

• In-text citation: (Sakunasingha 2006) OR (Sakunasingha 2006, p. 36)
• Reference list entry: Sakunasingha, B 2006, ‘An empirical study into factors influencing the use of value-based management tools’, DBA thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW.

Hire an Expert Writer

Orders completed by our expert writers are

• Formally drafted in an academic style
• Free Amendments and 100% Plagiarism Free – or your money back!
• 100% Confidential and Timely Delivery!
• Free anti-plagiarism report
• Appreciated by thousands of clients. Check client reviews

Frequently Asked Questions

How do i cite my dissertation.

To cite your dissertation, follow your chosen citation style (e.g., APA, MLA). Generally, include author name, year, title, and source details. For APA: Author. (Year). Title. Source. For MLA: Author. “Title.” Degree, University, Year.

You May Also Like

Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published). Title. In: Publication Title. [online] City: Publisher, p.Pages Used. URL [Accessed Date Accessed].

Citing Journals may vary slightly in style, depending on the style used by the journal.

USEFUL LINKS

LEARNING RESOURCES

COMPANY DETAILS

• How It Works

• Free Tools for Students
• Harvard Referencing Generator

Free Harvard Referencing Generator

Generate accurate Harvard reference lists quickly and for FREE, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style.

It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.

The generated references can be copied into a reference list or bibliography, and then collectively appended to the end of an academic assignment. This is the standard way to give credit to sources used in the main body of an assignment.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Harvard Referencing Generator?

Harvard is the main referencing style at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is also very popular in other English-speaking countries such as South Africa, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. University-level students in these countries are most likely to use a Harvard generator to aid them with their undergraduate assignments (and often post-graduate too).

🙌 Why should I use a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems:

• It provides a way to organise and keep track of the sources referenced in the content of an academic paper.
• It ensures that references are formatted correctly -- inline with the Harvard referencing style -- and it does so considerably faster than writing them out manually.

A well-formatted and broad bibliography can account for up to 20% of the total grade for an undergraduate-level project, and using a generator tool can contribute significantly towards earning them.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Harvard Referencing Generator?

Here's how to use our reference generator:

• If citing a book, website, journal, or video: enter the URL or title into the search bar at the top of the page and press the search button.
• Choose the most relevant results from the list of search results.
• Our generator will automatically locate the source details and format them in the correct Harvard format. You can make further changes if required.
• Then either copy the formatted reference directly into your reference list by clicking the 'copy' button, or save it to your MyBib account for later.

MyBib supports the following for Harvard style:

🍏 What other versions of Harvard referencing exist?

There isn't "one true way" to do Harvard referencing, and many universities have their own slightly different guidelines for the style. Our generator can adapt to handle the following list of different Harvard styles:

• Cite Them Right
• Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU)
• University of the West of England (UWE)

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

• Bibliography
• More Referencing guides Blog Automated transliteration Relevant bibliographies by topics
• Automated transliteration
• Relevant bibliographies by topics
• Referencing guides

Dissertation (thesis): how to cite in Harvard style?

Create a spot-on reference in harvard, general rules.

According to the Harvard citation style, the same template is used for referencing a master's thesis and a doctoral dissertation in a list of bibliographic references:

Author , ( year ).  Title . Work type , University .

NB: Fill in the 'Work type' field the type of work and the academic grade, for instance, 'Ph.D. thesis'.

If the text of the work can be accessed online, use the following template for your reference:

Author , ( year ). Title . Work type , University . [Viewed date viewed ]. Available from: URL

NB: The text '[online]' is not given after the title of the work, in contrast to the references to a book , a journal article , etc.

Examples in a list of references

Middleton,   H.   J., (2020). *ABA syncretism patterns in pronominal morphology . Ph.D. thesis, University College London. [Viewed 12 January 2021]. Available from: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10105591/

Reed,   B.   H., (1992). The genetic analysis of endoreduplication in Drosophila melanogaster. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.

Acknowledging the Work of Self and Others

• Introduction

Harvard Griffin GSAS strives to provide students with timely, accurate, and clear information. If you need help understanding a specific policy, please contact the office that administers that policy.

• Application for Degree
• Credit for Completed Graduate Work
• Ad Hoc Degree Programs
• Acknowledging the Work of Others
• Dissertation Advisory Committee
• Formatting Your Dissertation
• Publishing Options
• Subject, Invention, and Patents
• Submitting Your Dissertation
• English Language Proficiency
• PhD Program Requirements
• Secondary Fields
• Year of Graduate Study (G-Year)
• Master's Degrees
• Grade and Examination Requirements
• Conduct and Safety
• Financial Aid
• Non-Resident Students
• Registration
• Residence Halls

Students are responsible for acknowledging any facts, ideas, or materials of others used in their own work, as outlined in Codes of Conduct .

In choosing an annotation or reference system, students should be guided by the practice of their discipline and the recommendations of their dissertation advisor, program, or committee. When images or quotations from materials held by libraries, archives, museums, and the like are included in the dissertation, authors should follow the policies of owning institutions concerning references and citations.

Textual notes that provide bibliographic references, supplemental information, opinions, explanations, or suggestions that are not part of the text must appear at the bottom of the page as a footnote:

• Lengthy footnotes may be continued on the next page.
• Footnote numbering can be continuous throughout the dissertation or may start again for each chapter or page, but the method must be consistent.
• Footnotes may be single spaced within each entry but must be double spaced between each entry.

Bibliography

Students should check with their advisor or department to determine whether a bibliography is customary in their field. If it is, the conventions of the discipline should be followed:

• The bibliography may be single spaced within each entry but must be double spaced between each entry.
• On the first page of the bibliography, the page number is placed at the bottom of the page, centered between the margins. Thereafter, page numbers should be placed in the same position as they are throughout the rest of the text.
• The bibliography should be consecutively paginated after the text.

Citation and Style Guides

Students may consult a variety of guides as they draft their dissertation:

• The Chicago Manual of Style
• Day, Robert A. and Barbara Gastel.  How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper
• MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing
• Strunk, William.  The Elements of Style
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
• Turabian, Kate L.  A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations

Use of Copyrighted Material

Using copyrighted material requires permission from the copyright holder, which could be the original author, a publisher, or other creator. If a quotation, passage, or image does not qualify as Fair Use , permission from the copyright owner must be obtained and uploaded as a supplemental file when submitting the dissertation. Visit the  Harvard Library Copyright Advisor  program or talk to a Copyright First Responder for information about fair use, publishing and licensing, state copyright laws, and more, or Harvard’s  Office of the General Counsel . Students who are reproducing, publishing, distributing, or displaying work in a foreign country will need to investigate the applicable laws in that country.

• Permission to use copyrighted material is obtained from the owner of the copyright.
• Any permission required for use of copyrighted material must be obtained before the dissertation is submitted.
• If a student includes their own previously published material in the dissertation, and if the student had transferred rights to the publisher, then the student must obtain permission from the publisher to include this material in the dissertation. This can be negotiated in the student’s contract or agreement with the publisher; see “ Planning to Publish ,” developed by the Harvard Library Copyright Advisor for more information.​
• Any permission requested should allow the material to be used as part of the dissertation in all forms and media, including but not limited to digital and print forms. 

​​ProQuest and Copyright

ProQuest requires copies of copyright permission documents and assumes no liability for copyright violations. The documents should be submitted in ProQuest ETD as a separate supplemental file with the title, “Permission Letters, Do Not Publish.” Copyright permission letters are not published.

• When images or quotations from materials obtained from libraries, archives, museums, and the like are included in the dissertation, students should also follow the policies of the respective repositories concerning permission or citation requirements.
• When copyrighted material owned by someone other than the author appears in a dissertation and does not meet the fair use standard, and when the author has failed to obtain permission from the copyright holder for ProQuest to sell such material, ProQuest cannot make the complete dissertation available for sale to anyone other than the author.

Use of Third-Party Content 

In addition to the student's own writing, dissertations often contain third-party content or in-copyright content owned by parties other than the student who authored the dissertation. The Office for Scholarly Communication has provided the following resource on fair use, which allows individuals to use in-copyright content on a limited basis and for specific purposes without seeking permission from copyright holders. 

Because your dissertation will be made available for online distribution through  DASH , Harvard's open-access repository, it is important that any third-party content in it may be made available in this way. 

Dissertations Comprising Previously Published Works 

As a matter of copyright, dissertations comprising the student's previously published works must be authorized for distribution from DASH. The guidelines in this section pertain to any previously published material that requires permission from publishers or other rightsholders before it may be distributed in DASH and ProQuest.  

Please note:  

• Authors whose publishing agreements grant the publisher copyright and/or exclusive rights to display, distribute, and create derivative works will need to seek the publisher's permission for nonexclusive use of the underlying works before the dissertation may be distributed from DASH and ProQuest. 
• Authors whose publishing agreements indicate the authors have retained the relevant nonexclusive rights to the original materials for display, distribution, and the creation of derivative works may distribute the dissertation as a whole in DASH and ProQuest without need for further permissions. 
• It is recommended that authors consult their publishing agreements directly to determine whether and to what extent they may have transferred exclusive rights under copyright. The  Office for Scholarly Communication (OSC) is available to help the author determine whether she has retained the necessary rights or requires permission.  Please note, however, that the Office of Scholarly Communication cannot assist with the permissions process. 

CONTACT INFO

Katie riggs, explore events.

Quarto will use Pandoc to automatically generate citations and a bibliography in a number of styles. To use this capability, you will need:

A quarto document formatted with citations (see Citation Markdown ).

A bibliographic data source, for example a BibLaTeX ( .bib ) or BibTeX ( .bibtex ) file.

Optionally, a CSL file which specifies the formatting to use when generating the citations and bibliography (when not using natbib or biblatex to generate the bibliography).

When using format: typst , by default citation processing is handled by Typst, not Pandoc. See the Typst section below for more details.

Bibliography Files

Quarto supports bibliography files in a wide variety of formats including BibLaTeX and CSL. Add a bibliography to your document using the bibliography YAML metadata field. For example:

You can provide more than one bibliography file if you would like by setting the bibliography field’s value to a YAML array.

See the Pandoc Citations documentation for additional information on bibliography formats.

Citation Syntax

Quarto uses the standard Pandoc markdown representation for citations (e.g.  [@citation] ) — citations go inside square brackets and are separated by semicolons. Each citation must have a key, composed of ‘@’ + the citation identifier from the database, and may optionally have a prefix, a locator, and a suffix. The citation key must begin with a letter, digit, or _ , and may contain alphanumerics, _ , and internal punctuation characters ( :.#$%&-+?<>~/ ). Here are some examples:

You can also write in-text citations, as follows:

See the Pandoc Citations documentation for additional information on citation syntax.

Citation Style

Quarto uses Pandoc to format citations and bibliographies. By default, Pandoc will use the Chicago Manual of Style author-date format, but you can specify a custom formatting using CSL ( Citation Style Language ). To provide a custom citation stylesheet, provide a path to a CSL file using the csl metadata field in your document, for example:

You can find CSL files or learn more about using styles at the CSL Project . You can browse the list of more than 8,500 Creative Commons CSL definitions in the CSL Project’s central repository or Zotero’s style repository .

CSL styling is only available when the cite-method is citeproc (which it is by default). If you are using another cite-method , you can control the formatting of the references using the mechanism provided by that method.

Bibliography Generation

By default, Pandoc will automatically generate a list of works cited and place it in the document if the style calls for it. It will be placed in a div with the id refs if one exists:

If no such div is found, the works cited list will be placed at the end of the document.

If your bibliography is being generated using BibLaTeX or natbib ( Section 7 ), the bibliography will always appear at the end of the document and the #refs div will be ignored.

You can suppress generation of a bibliography by including suppress-bibliography: true option in your document metadata

Here’s an example of a generated bibliography:

Including Uncited Items

If you want to include items in the bibliography without actually citing them in the body text, you can define a dummy nocite metadata field and put the citations there:

In this example, the document will contain a citation for item3 only, but the bibliography will contain entries for item1 , item2 , and item3 .

It is possible to create a bibliography with all the citations, whether or not they appear in the document, by using a wildcard:

LaTeX: using BibLaTeX or natbib

When creating PDFs, you can choose to use either the default Pandoc citation handling based on citeproc, or alternatively use natbib or BibLaTeX . This can be controlled using the cite-method option. For example:

The default is to use citeproc (Pandoc’s built in citation processor).

See the main article on using Citations with Quarto for additional details on citation syntax, available bibliography formats, etc.

When using natbib or biblatex you can specify the following additional options to affect how bibliographies are rendered:

Typst comes with its own citation processing system for bibliographies and using format: typst defaults to it. To specify a bibliography style using Typst’s system, use the bibliographystyle option. Provide a string from Typst’s list of built-in styles , e.g.:

Or alternatively, provide a path to a local CSL file:

If you prefer to use Pandoc’s citation processing, set citeproc: true explicitly in YAML header:

To provide a citation style file to Pandoc’s citation processing system use the csl option, as described in Citation Style .

MSNBC hosts are not letting Joe Biden off easy

Some of the network’s most prominent liberal personalities have criticized the president’s debate performance and questioned his viability as a candidate.

Over the past 3½ years, liberal hosts on MSNBC reliably provided support for President Biden and trained fire on his adversaries, notably Donald Trump .

But in the days since Biden’s halting debate performance, there has been a different reality on the network that employs two of his former top aides. MSNBC’s marquee names have issued harsh reviews; some have even raised questions about his campaign and fitness for office.

“It was not a good performance,” Symone Sanders-Townsend, a former Biden White House senior adviser turned MSNBC host and pundit, said Tuesday morning. She added that “the chatter will not end” about Biden’s age.

“No one who watched with their eyes thought that was a good performance,” said Jen Psaki, Biden’s former press secretary, who also hosts a show on the network.

The new dynamic started immediately after Thursday’s debate, when a panel of MSNBC luminaries took an even harder edge.

Biden’s “job was to calm his party,” said MSNBC host Joy Reid. “To make them feel that: ‘Yes, I can do this. I have four more years in me. I have the ability and the stamina and the strength to do four more years.’ He did not do that. He did the opposite of that.”

The Style section

Host Alex Wagner said that Biden’s answers were “rambling and incoherent,” adding that the president “did nothing to disabuse the country of the notion that he is very old and was lost frequently in that debate.”

The network’s biggest star, Rachel Maddow, seemed to grow frustrated when California Gov. Gavin Newsom (D) said in an interview that Democrats should “worry less and do more.”

“What do you think that people who support President Biden, people in Democratic politics, people who are planning on voting for him, who are worried that he seemed older than they expected tonight, that he didn’t seem to reassure people on stamina issues, as Joy was saying before — what should people do?”

Media observers took note of MSNBC’s tone, considering the network’s longtime role as a balm for the anxiety of its left-leaning viewers.

“It was remarkable what those guys said,” said one veteran cable news anchor, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to talk candidly.

“We knew what Fox was going to say, and I had a pretty good idea of what CNN was going to say, but the question was what was MSNBC going to say, because that’s really where a lot of the messaging and alignment with the Democratic Party comes from,” said Democratic strategist Michael Starr Hopkins. “And for MSNBC hosts to come out and say, ‘Wow, this guy can’t do it,’ that was really telling.”

Perhaps the most significant shift occurred on the network’s morning show “Morning Joe,” which has reliably trumpeted Biden and hosted relatively sympathetic interviews with the president and Vice President Harris.

Biden is known to be a power-watcher of the morning show and reportedly speaks regularly with co-host Joe Scarborough . That’s what made it so surprising when the host began his Friday morning broadcast by saying that Biden “tragically did not rise to the occasion last night.”

Scarborough said he loves the president and believes he has had a productive administration. But, he added, “Donald Trump lied over and over and over and over again, and Joe Biden couldn’t respond to any of those lies.”

Most strikingly, Scarborough predicted that Trump would win reelection in November “unless things change.”

On Monday morning, Scarborough’s co-host Mika Brzezinski took a different tack, suggesting that calls for Biden’s departure from the race were premature.

“I don’t think it’s over,” she said. “ … My family and I, as you know, have known this man for decades, and his family, as well. And yes, I know them personally. And I still believe in Joe Biden.”

Nonetheless, it was “an unmitigated disaster by any measure,” she said. “More than three days after that debate, it is still hard to comprehend what we saw from the president. The weak, raspy voice. The inability to complete basic thoughts. Most importantly, the failure to call out Donald Trump on his endless lies.”

Mark Feldstein, a professor of broadcast journalism at the University of Maryland, said the impression viewers got from the debate was so glaring that it would have been hard for even Biden’s biggest media allies to spin.

“Trying to pretend this wasn’t the indisputable catastrophe that it was would destroy any pretense of credibility that MSNBC has,” he said.

After the debate, however, the criticism was not unanimous. MSNBC host Lawrence O’Donnell on Thursday night decried the importance of “optics” in presidential campaigns. “What’s happened here is imagery has taken control of the way we see presidential campaigns,” he said.

While Psaki acknowledged flaws in Biden’s performance, she said that trying to replace him on the ticket with a new candidate would be “very messy and potentially very divisive.” (During a guest appearance on an ABC program, she likened it to a plot twist of “The West Wing.”)

MSNBC host Chris Hayes praised Biden’s presidency in his post-debate commentary but drew a line between his accomplishments and his desirability as a candidate.

“The job of the president is making decisions,” he said. “The job of a presidential candidate is to communicate. … I think Joe Biden has a very good record on making decisions, and I think he’s a very poor communicator right now.”

• pop Culture
• Facebook Navigation Icon
• Twitter Navigation Icon
• WhatsApp icon
• Instagram Navigation Icon
• Youtube Navigation Icon
• Snapchat Navigation Icon
• TikTok Navigation Icon
• pigeons & planes
• newsletters
• Youtube logo nav bar 0 youtube
• Instagram Navigation Icon instagram
• Twitter Navigation Icon x
• Facebook logo facebook
• TikTok Navigation Icon tiktok
• Snapchat Navigation Icon snapchat
• Apple logo apple news
• Flipboard logo nav bar 1 flipboard
• Instagram Navigation Icon google news
• WhatsApp icon whatsapp
• RSS feed icon rss feed

Complex Global

• united states
• united kingdom
• netherlands
• philippines
• complex chinese

Work with us

terms of use

privacy policy

cookie settings

california privacy

public notice

accessibility statement

COMPLEX participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means COMPLEX gets paid commissions on purchases made through our links to retailer sites. Our editorial content is not influenced by any commissions we receive.

© Complex Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Complex.com is a part of

A Complete Guide to This Weekend's Sneaker Releases

Featuring the Nike 'Blueprint' pack, Kith-exclusive New Balances, and more.

This week's sneaker release lineup is more tame than usual, most likely due to the Fourth of July celebrations happening this week. Despite that, there are still plenty of options hitting stores, including Nike's deep "Blueprint" pack, the introduction of Donovan Mitchell's new Adidas signature model, and a pair of Kith-exclusive New Balance sneakers.

Grab a closer look at all of this week's best sneaker releases below.

Nike 'Blueprint' Collection

Price:  $140 - $285 When:  Wednesday, July 3 at 10 a.m Where:   StockX , Nike and other select retailers What You Need to Know:  Nike is dropping its 13-shoe "Blueprint" pack this week ahead of the Paris Olympics this summer, and featured in the range are many of the brand's best Air-cushioned silhouettes. The pack includes a new colorway of the G.T. Hustle 3 basketball shoe, the Victory 2 track spikes, the Alphafly 3 marathon shoe, and more.

Kith-Exclusive New Balance 1300 & 580

Price:  $TBD When:  Thursday, July 4 at 10 a.m Where:  StockX for 1300 & 580 What You Need to Know:  Kith celebrates the opening of its new store in Malibu, California, with this New Balance project. The color schemes of the 1300 and 580 styles shown above are designed to mirror the aesthetic of the Kith Malibu store.

Adidas D.O.N. Issue 6

Price:  $120 When: Friday, July 5 at 10 a.m Where:  Adidas and other select retailers What You Need to Know:  Cleveland Cavaliers All-Star guard Donovan Mitchell's sixth Adidas signature shoe, the D.O.N. Issue 6, will make its retail debut this week in a series of iterations. One of the versions is a multi-colored pair pictured here. The shoe features a low-cut upper and is paired with responsive Lightstrike cushioning for the midsole.

SHARE THIS STORY

Never miss a sneaker release with

RELEASE ROUNDUP Newsletter

Each send includes the details you need on the biggest drops from adidas, Nike, Jordan, Puma, New Balance and more happening each week.

By entering your email and clicking Sign Up, you’re agreeing to let us send you customized marketing messages about us and our advertising partners. You are also agreeing to our

Latest in Sneakers

| BY VICTOR DENG

Invincible and N.Hoolywood's Next New Balance Collab Drops This Week

| BY BRENDAN DUNNE

Liverpool Is Getting Its Own Nike Air Max 95

First Look at the 'Halo' Nike Kobe 9

Bape x Adidas Superstars Are Releasing in 2025

Travis Scott's New Nike Sneaker Surfaces in 'Sail'

Joe Freshgoods Previews Upcoming New Balance Collab

| BY BEN FELDERSTEIN

Joe Burrow Doesn't Believe in Top 5 Lists

Palace x Nike Partnership Is Reportedly in the Works

Lil Yachty Previews New Nigel Sylvester x Air Jordan 4 RM Colorway

Plagiarism Checker

Compare your paper to billions of pages and articles with Scribbr’s Turnitin-powered plagiarism checker.

Run a free check

AI Detector

Detect AI-generated content like ChatGPT3.5, GPT4 and Gemini in seconds

Try for free

Paraphraser

Rewrite and paraphrase texts instantly with our AI-powered paraphrasing tool.

Check your Citations

Improve your in-text citations and references for errors and inconsistencies using Scribbr's AI technology or human experts.

Grammar Checker

Eliminate grammar errors and improve your writing with our free AI-powered grammar checker.

AI Proofreader

Correct your document in minutes.

Upload my document

Proofreading & Editing

Have a human editor polish your writing to ensure your arguments are judged on merit, not grammar errors.

Get expert writing help

universalSourceForm.defaults.intro.title

universalSourceForm.overwrites.thesis.intro.text,universalSourceForm.defaults.intro.text

Tom Hanks and Robin Wright Are De-Aged by Decades in ‘Here’ First Look Photos; Robert Zemeckis Reveals the Camera Never Moves in 104-Minute Film

By Zack Sharf

Digital News Director

• Netflix Co-Founder and Major Democratic Donor Reed Hastings Says Joe Biden ‘Needs to Step Aside’ to ‘Beat Trump’ 22 hours ago
• Kathryn Hahn’s ‘Agatha’ Will Be ‘Really Scary,’ Says Marvel TV Boss: ‘It Lures You in With the Fun of Halloween’ and Then ‘You’re Crying’ 23 hours ago
• ‘Bridgerton’ Casting Director Is Getting Sent a Ton of ‘Unsolicited’ Fan Audition Tapes That Are ‘Sex Basically. It’s Not Actual Sex but It’s Quite Punchy’ 24 hours ago

Tom Hanks and Robin Wright appear decades younger in first-look photos from “ Here ,” their highly-anticipated reunion with “Forrest Gump” director Robert Zemeckis. The movie was even co-written by Zemeckis and “Forrest Gump” scribe Eric Roth.

Based on Richard McGuire’s 2014 graphic novel of the same name, “Here” takes place across a century in a single location. The camera never moves from a fixed position inside a home for the entire 104-minute runtime, as the viewers are treated to the stories of the people who made a home there. The central couple is played by Hanks and Wright.

Related Stories

Regulators shouldn’t blow the whistle on venu sports just yet, christos nikou's 'fingernails,' starring jesse buckley and riz ahmed and co-produced by cate blanchett, to close karlovy vary, popular on variety.

Hanks stars as baby boomer Richard and Wright plays his late teenage girlfriend and eventual wife Margaret. Through traditional makeup effects and digital de-aging technology, Hanks appears as young as a teenager and as old as an 80-year-old during the decades-spanning movie.

“I’ve always been, for some reason, labeled as this visual effects guy. But those were always there to serve as the character arc,” Zemeckis told Vanity Fair. “There’s always been a restlessness in trying. I’ve always thought that our job as filmmakers is to show the audience things that they don’t see in real life.”

“It only works because the performances are so good,” he added. “Both Tom and Robin understood instantly that, ‘Okay, we have to go back and channel what we were like 50 years ago or 40 years ago, and we have to bring that energy, that kind of posture, and even raise our voices higher. That kind of thing.”

Audiences have not exactly embraced de-aging effects over the years. Filmmakers such as Martin Scorsese, Ang Lee and James Mangold have all tried to impress by de-aging big stars like Robert De Niro (“The Irishman”), Will Smith (“Gemini Man”) and Harrison Ford (“Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny”), but not all moviegoers have been convinced. George Miller even said it was the iffy de-aging effects in films such as “The Irishman” that made him not de-age Charlize Theron for his “Mad Max” prequel “Furiosa” because the technology just isn’t up to speed yet.

“Here” will open in theaters nationwide on Nov. 15 from Sony. Check out first look photos from the film below.

More from Variety

All seasons of mind-bending series ‘lost’ are on netflix again, peak tv: here’s how deep streamers cut originals output in 1h 2024, will forte joins cast of tina fey’s ‘the four seasons’ series at netflix, former netflix execs fiona lamptey, bec mortimer, amber taylor and vinnie shergill launch new u.k. venture juno studios (exclusive), summer movie season testing 3d cinema’s recoverability, lily santiago and wilson bethel join eric bana in yosemite murder series ‘untamed’ at netflix, more from our brands, the men who filmed ‘hawk tuah’ think they should be famous, too, wagyu steak, candy rooms and private clubs: inside the hidden world of vip perks at nba arenas, patrick bertoletti wins nathan’s annual hot dog eating contest, the best loofahs and body scrubbers, according to dermatologists, nathan’s famous hot dog eating contest: who won the annual fourth of july binge-a-thon (watch video), verify it's you, please log in.

Top of page

Article Israel: High Court Rules That State Must Draft Yeshiva Students to the Military

Back to Search Results

On June 25, 2024, the High Court of Justice accepted joint petitions seeking to enforce military draft requirements under the Defense Service Law [Combined Version], 5746-1986 on Ultra Orthodox students at yeshiva s and kollel s (Jewish Orthodox institutions of learning). It also ruled that in the absence of a legal framework exempting such students from the draft, there was no legal basis for subsidizing these institutions to support such students. (HCJ 6198/23 etc. Movement for Quality Government in Israel v. Minister of Defense, Supreme Court, State of Israel the Judicial Authority.)

The policy of exempting yeshiva students from the draft dates to 1949 , when then-Prime Minister and Defense Minister David Ben-Gurion decided to exempt about 400 yeshiva students from military service. The policy was maintained by successive Israeli governments, with the number of exempted yeshiva students steadily increasing, reaching  60,000 by 2021. The exemption aroused intense public controversy and led to multiple litigations over the years. The ongoing war has intensified public resentment against the policy for various reasons, including the government’s recent backing of an extension to Israel Defense Force (IDF) reservists’ service .  

In its 1998 decision in HC 3267/97 Rubinstein v. Ressler, the Court held that the policy for deferring service of yeshiva students must be regulated by primary legislation. In 2002, the Knesset (Israel’s parliament) adopted the Deferment of Military Draft for Yeshiva Students Whose Occupation is the Study of Torah Law, 5762-2002 (known as the Tal Law after Judge Zvi Tal, who headed the committee that proposed the law ), which provided a statutory authorization to the Minister of Defense to approve yeshiva students’ draft deferments for a period limited to five years. The constitutionality of the Tal Law was reviewed by the Court multiple times .

In a 2006 decision in HCJ 6427/02 Movement for Quality of Government v. Knesset, the Court held that the law violated the constitutional right to equality, and did not advance the purpose of participation of Ultra Orthodox men in military or civilian service. In a 2012 decision in HCJ 6298/07 Ressler v. Knesset, the Court determined that the deferment arrangement provided under the law contained an inherent defect that could not be remedied and that the law could not be further extended. The law expired in August 2012.

The Court struck down an additional amendment which allowed further extension of the exemption policy in a 2017 decision in HCJ 1877/14 Movement for Quality Government v. Knesset. To allow time for the government to prepare for the consequences of its cancellation, the Court made the effective date one year after the decision. The judgment, however, never became operative because of repeated requests by the state to allow the Knesset to complete alternative legislation. The law expired on June 30, 2023, before any alternative legislation was passed. (HCJ 6198/23 para. 8.)

Five days prior to the expiration of the law, the government passed Resolution 682 : Service in the Israel Defense Forces and Appreciation of Those Who Serve. Section 3 of the resolution instructed the military not to enforce the provisions of the law on yeshiva students, with effect until March 31, 2024. Resolution 682 expired on April 1.

The court, sitting with an extended bench of nine justices, ruled that there was no legal basis for the government to refrain from recruiting yeshiva students and that section 3 of Resolution 682 was issued without a legal basis. It determined that section 3’s requirement to sweepingly refrain, without any reservation or discretion, from recruiting all yeshiva students constituted an improper selective enforcement, and inflicted serious harm to the rule of law and the principle that all individuals are equal before the law. (HCJ 6198/23 paras. 44 & 53.)

As provisions of the Defense Service Law regarding deferment and exemption expired on June 30, 2023, there was no longer any legislative arrangement that made it possible to distinguish between yeshiva students and others intended for military service. Because the Rubinstein v. Ressler decision established that primary legislation is necessary to regulate deferral of yeshiva students from the draft, the court ruled that “none of the officials in the executive branch had the authority to order the sweeping refrain from recruitment of all yeshiva students and the state, and accordingly, must act to recruit them in accordance with the provisions of the law.” (Para. 61.)

The Court further determined that there was a direct link between governmental subsidies for yeshivas and military recruitment arrangements that delayed and exempted their students from service. In the absence of a legal basis for deferral or exemption from the draft, the basis for distribution of subsidies no longer existed. (Paras. 69 & 79.)

Ruth Levush, Law Library of Congress July 3, 2024

Read more Global Legal Monitor articles .

About this Item

• Israel: High Court Rules That State Must Draft Yeshiva Students to the Military

Online Format

• Global Legal Monitor (7,687)
• Law Library of Congress (423,221)
• Constitutional Law
• Equal Protection
• Freedom of Religion
• Military Personnel

Jurisdiction

Article author.

• Levush, Ruth

Featured in

• About the Law Library | Law Library of Congress | Research Centers

Rights & Access

Publications of the Library of Congress are works of the United States Government as defined in the  United States Code 17 U.S.C. §105  and therefore are not subject to copyright and are free to use and reuse.  The Library of Congress has no objection to the international use and reuse of Library U.S. Government works on  loc.gov . These works are also available for worldwide use and reuse under CC0 1.0 Universal. 

More about Copyright and other Restrictions.

For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources.

Credit Line: Law Library of Congress

Cite This Item

Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate.

Chicago citation style:

Levush, Ruth. Israel: High Court Rules That State Must Draft Yeshiva Students to the Military . 2024. Web Page. https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2024-07-02/israel-high-court-rules-that-state-must-draft-yeshiva-students-to-the-military/.

APA citation style:

Levush, R. (2024) Israel: High Court Rules That State Must Draft Yeshiva Students to the Military . [Web Page] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2024-07-02/israel-high-court-rules-that-state-must-draft-yeshiva-students-to-the-military/.

MLA citation style:

Levush, Ruth. Israel: High Court Rules That State Must Draft Yeshiva Students to the Military . 2024. Web Page. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2024-07-02/israel-high-court-rules-that-state-must-draft-yeshiva-students-to-the-military/>.