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| was previously Professor of Philosophy at King’s College, London. He has published on Aristotle, Plotinus, al-Farabi and other members of the Baghdad School, Avicenna, and Averroes. A special focus of research is the output of the translation circle of al-Kindi, on which he has written (Duckworth, 2002) and (OUP, 2007) He is also editor or co-editor of several books, including (2004) and (Institute for Classical Studies, 2004). | |||
| studied philosophy, ancient Greek, logic and philosophy of science in Tübingen and Munich. He obtained his doctorate at LMU, Munich in 1993 and completed his Habilitation in Tübingen in 2000. After that, he took up the Chair for Ancient and Contemporary Philosophy at HU-Berlin, where he was also co-director of the TOPOI excellence cluster. Since 2009, he has held the Chair for Ancient Philosophy and Rhetoric at LMU, where he is also academic director of the Center for Advanced Studies. Christof Rapp has written books on the identity and persistence of substance, the presocratics, Aristotle and Epicurus. He has published a translation and commentary of Aristotle’s and (with Tim Wagner) a translation with introduction of Aristotle’s . In addition, he has published articles throughout ancient philosophy, as well as edited several anthologies and handbooks. | |||
| received his B.A. (Philosophy, Mathematics) and Ph.D. (Philosophy) from the University of California, Berkeley. His research interests are in ancient metaphysics, natural science and psychology, especially in Aristotle. He also maintains broad interests in contemporary analytic philosophy. | |||
| obtained his PhD in Human Sciences (Philosophy curriculum) from the University of Verona, in co-tutelle de thèse with the University of Buenos Aires. He is currently an assistant at the Chair for Ancient Philosophy and Rhetoric (Prof. C. Rapp) at LMU. His research interests focus on the ontology of the classical period, particularly Aristotle’s He is also interested in the Socratic schools and their connection with Plato and Aristotle, and more broadly, in the contemporary reception of ancient Greek thought. | |||
| studied in Münster, Saarbrücken and Oxford. She obtained her doctorate at the University of Oxford with a thesis on the Arabic adaptation of Aristotle’s . After that, she held a Research Fellowship at King’s College, Cambridge, followed by a position as a Research Associate at King’s College, London, where she was linked to the Leverhulme-funded project ‘Natural Philosophy in the Islamic World’. Her main areas of research are the Graeco-Arabic transmission and medieval Arabic philosophy, with particular interests in philosophical psychology and ethics. | |||
| received his B.A. (Classics, Philosophy) and M.Phil (Philosophy) from the University of Oslo, and the Ph.D. (Philosophy and Classics) from Yale University. He is interested in ancient physics and metaphysics, and particularly in the physics and metaphysics of the Stoics, on which his current work is focused. He also has interests in early modern philosophy, philosophy of action, and metaphysics. | |||
| is Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter at the Classics Department (Chair of Greek Philology I, Prof. O. Primavesi). After his studies in Classics and Greek Palaeography in Munich and Rome he obtained his PhD in 2013 at the LMU Munich with a study on the Medieval Latin tradition of Aristotle’s m and its importance for the Greek text. After that, he held a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Fritz Thyssen Foundation. Currently he is writing his habilitation thesis on the originally iambic of Helladios (4th c. AD), which are only transmitted through a prose epitome in Photios’s (cap. 279). His main areas of research are the textual tradition of Aristotle, wisdom literature and lexica of late antiquity, and Greek manuscript studies. | |||
| , Akademische Rätin at the Classics Department (Chair Prof. Dr. O. Primavesi), studied Greek Philology (ancient, byzantine, modern) and Linguistics in Athens and Berlin (FU) and received an M.A. in Classics. With fellowships from the DAAD and the Onassis Foundation, she completed her doctoral studies (Athens, HU-Berlin) with a dissertation on Ptolemy’s (historical elements, textual transmission, scholia). She has worked on the transmission of diagrams in manuscripts of Aristotle’s natural philosophy (TOPOI Berlin) and on the textual transmission of Aristotle’s and (Aristoteles-Archiv Berlin / LMU Munich). Currently she is contributing to the project “Editing Aristotle’s Metaphysics” by studying Michael of Ephesus’ commentary on Aristotle’s Z-N. She is also preparing an editio princeps of the 8th book (‘On sense perception and sense objects’) of Pachymeres’ | |||
| is assistant (Akademische Rätin a. Z.) at the chair for late ancient and Arabic philosophy (Prof. Dr. Peter Adamson). After studying philosophy, Indo-European linguistics, and German philology in Bonn and Cologne, she completed her PhD in philosophy through a cotutelle between the University of Cologne and KU Leuven. Her PhD thesis discusses the concept of the enmattered form (enhylon eidos) in late Neoplatonism. She is interested in ancient metaphysics and natural philosophy, with a special focus on the Peripatetic and the Neoplatonic tradition. | |||
| received her BA (Classics) and MA (History of Philosophy) at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. She received her PhD from LMU (Musaph) in 2018 with a thesis on the Byzantine commentaries on Aristotle’s Rhetoric (supervised by Prof. Ch.Rapp). Currently, she is a research assosiate (Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiterin) at the Lehrstuhl VI für Spätantike und arabische Philosophie (Prof. P. Adamson). Her main research interests are in ancient ethics and psychology, especially in Aristotle, and their reception in late antiquity and Byzantium. | |||
| received his B.A. in Philosophy from the UESD in Madrid (2019) and completed his M.A. in Ancient Philosophy at LMU, Munich (2022). Since October 2022, he has been working on a dissertation about the understanding of plants within Aristotelian biology. Its provisional title is ‘Aristotle on plant life: the major philosophical issues.’ He argues that the case of plants encourages Aristotle to seriously modify and develop in interesting ways some of his biological theories. He has broad interests in the Philosophy and History of Science in the Ancient World and in ancient and modern Metaphysics, Psychology, and Theory of Action. | |||
| received her B.A. in Philosophy (2020) as well as her M.A. in Philosophical Sciences, curriculum "The Philosophy and its Histories: Concepts, Traditions, and Transformations" (2023), from the University of Milan. She joined MUSAΦ as a doctoral student in October 2023. Her doctoral project concerns the epistemological relevance of the notion of memory in Hellenistic epistemologies—especially in the understanding of the formation of mental concepts—by starting from the characterization of memory and recollection stated by Aristotle in . Her main research interests are in Ancient epistemology, particularly Hellenistic, as well as Ancient logic, metaphysics, and ontology. | |||
| received both his B.A. and M.A. in Philosophy from Roma Tre University. He mastered his knowledge of Latin and Ancient Greek at the Italian Institute of Classical Studies in Rome. He joined Musaph as a doctoral student in October 2020. His dissertation project, under the supervision of Cristoph Rapp, concerns the philosophical roots of ancient grammar, with particular emphasis on the works of Apollonius Dyscolus. His main research interests include ancient and modern linguistics, as well as ontology and philosophy of language. | |||
| studied philosophy and ancient greek at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. She received her Magister Artium in 2010 (Thesis: Das Verhältnis der Charaktere Theophrasts zu den ethischen Schriften und der Rhetorik des Aristoteles). Since 2010, she has been working as a teaching assistant in the Department of Philosophy at the LMU and writing her dissertation on the theory of Lexis in Aristotle and Theophrastus. Her research interests are in Peripatetic and Hellenistic Ethics and Rhetoric. | |||
| studied philosophy and theology in Santiago (Chile) and Rome and joined Musaph with a DAAD scholarship in October 2022. He is working under the supervision of Peter Adamson on self-knowledge and knowledge of the first principles in Neoplatonism. His main interests concern ancient and medieval philosophy and theology, particularly methodology, metaphysics, ethics, fundamental theology and dogmatics. | |||
| received both his B.A. and M.A. in Philosophy from the university of Bologna. The topics were Mathematical Logic (B.A. thesis) and History of Ancient Philosophy (M.A. thesis). He joined MusaPh as a doctoral student in October 2023. He is currently writing his dissertation on Diodorus Cronus, working under the supervision of Christof Rapp. His main research interests are hellenistic philosophy and ancient logic. | |||
| received his A.B. in Philosophy with honors from Princeton University (2019) and BPhil from the University of Oxford (2023). His bachelor’s thesis compared akrasia in Aristotle and Aquinas, while his MA thesis offered a neo-Aristotelian approach to mental causation. He joined MUSAΦ in October 2023 as a doctoral student to work on a dissertation on Aristotle’s action theory under the supervision of Christof Rapp. The project uses Aristotelian insights to challenge aspects of contemporary action theory’s analysis of causation, intention, and human action. He has further interests in Ancient and Hellenistic metaphysics, later interpreters of Aristotle, and philosophy of mind from any century. | |||
| received his B.A. (Philosophy) from St. Vincent School of Theology-Adamson University Manila and his M.A. (Ancient Philosophy) from Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. He joined MUSAΦ as a Ph.D. student in summer of 2023. Under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Christof Rapp, his dissertation seeks to understand Aristotle’s scientific practice in the and the He is interested in ancient history and philosophy of science, metaphysics, transmission history of Aristotelian works as well as comparative philosophy. His work is generously funded by missio München - Internationales Katholisches Hilfswerk. E-mail Address: [email protected] | |||
| received both her B.A. and M.A. in Philosophy from the University of Pisa, while at the Scuola Normale she focused on the study of Ancient and Medieval Philosophy. She joined Musaph as a doctoral student in October 2019 and she is currently writing her dissertation on issues related to Aristotle's theories of definition in the central books of the Metaphysics. | |||
| studied at Panteion University of Athens, where she received her BA. She also studied at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and at CEU, where she received an MA in History of Philosophy and an MA in Philosophy, respectively. She is currently writing her dissertation on Aristotle's at LMU under the supervision of Christof Rapp. Her research interests are in ancient natural philosophy and epistemology, with an emphasis upon scientific method. | |||
| received his B.A. in Philosophy from the Charles University in Prague (2018). He moved to Munich LMU where he received his M.A. (October 2020), writing his thesis on Plato's . Joining Musaph as a doctoral student shortly afterwards, he started writing his dissertion on issues in Aristotle's ethical works. Working under the supervision of Christof Rapp, his focus is primarily on analyzing Aristotle's views regarding intersections of human rationality and human badness. | |||
| obtained his MA in Ancient Philosophy from the LMU and BA in Philosophy, Politics and International Relations from the New College of the Humanities in London. He is doctoral project concerns the theory of cognitive voluntarism in St. Augustine, which connects the fields of philosophy of mind, ethics and theory of action. His other interests include the transmission of Greek philosophy into Latin and, later on, the transmission of the ancient tradition into the middle ages by Boethius and Cassiodorus. He is also a contributor and editor of IPM Monthly: Medieval Philosophy Today, where he is preparing a series of articles on medieval aesthetics of music. | |||
| received her B.A. in Arabic and Middle Eastern Studies from University of Copenhagen in June 2017, her M.A. in Islamic Studies from School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London in 2018, and M.A. in Islamic Studies from University of Copenhagen in 2020. For her dissertation on al-Ghazālī’s completing her studies at University of Copenhagen she was awarded with the university’s gold medal. She joined MUSAΦ as a PhD student in October 2020 under the supervision of Peter Adamson studying the Medieval Arabic reception of Aristotle’s . | |||
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PhD-scholarships in Neurophilosophy
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The Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN) at LMU Munich invites applications for several PhD scholarships in Neurophilosophy. The GSN is the teaching entity for the Munich Center of Neurosciences - Brain & Mind (MCN). Through creating an interdisciplinary network of research the GSN provides a stimulating environment for students and faculty to produce novel formulations of current concepts and theories. Successful applicants will be affiliated with the Research Center for Neurophilosophy and Ethics of Neurosciences ( http://www.neuro.philosophie.lmu.de ) at the GSN.
Projects in the research center fall in the following areas:
- philosophy of cognitive neuroscience (explanation, reduction)
- philosophy and cognitive science of agency (mental causation, free will, moral psychology, abilities) • philosophy and cognitive science of reasoning (e.g. deductive and non-deductive reasoning, logic and neural networks, decision making)
- ethics of neuroscience (research ethics, enhancement)
- philosophy of perception
- philosophy and social cognition
In the new application round we encourage applications in smaller focus areas in order to build research groups. In the 2023/24 round the focus areas are:
- reasoning and decision making (esp. deductive and non-deductive reasoning in science and ordinary life, individual and collective decision making)
- human agency (esp. mental causation, complex action, multi-tasking, attention, reductive and non-reductive explanation of agency)
- metacognition (esp. Metacognition in perception, self-evaluation and sense of self)
- group cognition (group epistemology, collective decisions and group responsibility)
However, single exceptional and independent projects in one of the other areas are also encouraged.
Applicants should have advanced training in philosophy (typically a Master’s degree in philosophy) and a genuine interest in the neurosciences. This includes the willingness to acquire substantial knowledge of empirical work relevant to their philosophical project. Cooperative projects with empirical scientists in the network of the MCN are strongly encouraged. The reasoning and decision-making projects are closely linked to research conducted at the MCMP ( http://www.lmu.de/mcmp ) and at least one supervisor will be a member of the MCMP.
The application period will open on December 1st 2023 and will close on February 15th 2024, 12:00. Please check our website ( www.neuro.philosophie.lmu.de ) and the GSN webside ( https://www.gsn.uni-muenchen.de/apply/how_to_apply/index.html ) for details concerning the application procedure. The application includes an outline of your proposed research project, a CV, an official transcript of your academic work (list of attended courses; grades), diplomas and two separate academic reference letters. Please also name two potential supervisors (possibly including one non-philosopher) from the core or affiliated neurophilosophy faculty of the GSN.
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There are two options if you would like to pursue a doctorate at LMU:
- Individual doctoral studies If you already have a State Examination ( Staatsexamen ), Diplom ( German academic degree), Magister (German academic degree) or master’s degree, you can pursue a doctorate with us. The traditional way of doing this is to choose individual doctoral studies , where you are supervised by a professor from the respective faculty.
- Structured doctoral programs LMU also offers an increasing number of structured doctoral programs, where candidates follow a curriculum for a set period of time and are supervised by a number of academic professionals. The GraduateCenter LMU is responsible for coordinating structured doctoral programs at LMU, and also offers advisory support and other services for prospective LMU candidates and/or current doctoral candidates.
1. Find a doctoral supervisor
First you will need to find a professor who is willing to support you as you write your doctoral thesis and supervise your doctoral studies. Unfortunately, the International Office cannot help you do this. You'll find more information on the respective institutes' websites. You can also look at the notice boards in the various institutes and dean’s offices.
2. Apply to the respective doctoral committee for admission to start your doctoral studies
Once you have received confirmation of doctoral supervision from your professor ( Betreungszusage ), you can apply to the respective doctoral committee for admission onto your doctorate of choice.
Please note: In general, registering at the International Office is not mandatory for a lot of doctoral studies (except for faculties 9 to 13) . If you wish to register, please follow steps 3–5. The documents you will need to present to the dean’s office / doctoral committee will also be required when you register at the International Office.
3. Applying at the International Office
As soon as you have written confirmation of admission to doctoral studies from the relevant doctoral committee, you will need to apply at the International Office within the stated registration period.
Deadline: 15 January / 15 July for the following semester, late applications until 21 October or 21 April respectively.
- Completed application form (PDF, 622 KB) (for faculties 9–15 Humanities and Social Sciences: application )
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- and with officially certified translation where applicable. Certificates in English, French, Italian, Spanish, Catalan, Latin, Portuguese and Rumanian do not have to be translated.
- for applicants from the USA transcript of records in closed envelopes are needed.
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- Marriage certificate / official proof of change of name (if applicable)
- Evidence of proficiency in German: please refer to the general regulations on proficiency in German . In many cases, doctoral committees will not insist on evidence of proficiency in German.
For country-specific requirements (e.g. APS certificate), please refer to the detailed application information .
4. Receiving an official letter of admission from the International Office
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Doctoral studies are not subject to a standard period of study. However, you may only register for a maximum of 8 semesters. If you do not manage to complete your doctoral studies within these four years, you can complete them at a later date, without needing to register.
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The interfaculty PhD program in Buddhist Studies at the LMU is aimed at postgraduates from the fields of cultural studies, religious studies and social sciences. In interdepartmental and research-oriented courses, the philological, religious studies and cultural studies expertise of the participating disciplines ( Indology and Tibetology , Japanology , Philosophy of Religion , Study of Religion and Sinology ) are brought together in a structured degree course. This, together with intensive mentoring and evaluation by a team of supervisors, should ensure an increase in the quality of the PhD and a high level of academic qualification.
For more detailed information please see the Guidelines of the PhD Program in Buddhist Studies (pdf format, 454 KB).
We usually use English in our program, but a part of the (non-mandatory/supplementary) courses are taught in German. LMU requires doctoral students to reach A1 level during the first year of their doctoral studies. We recommend to study German up to a more advanced level, but whether or not you really need advanced knowledge of German mainly depends on your dissertation project.
The PhD program's brochure (from 2012) can be downloaded here.
Structure of the degree
The PhD program in Buddhist Studies is designed to take three to four years. On the basis of the Promotionsordnung der LMU für die Fakultäten 09, 10, 11, 12 und 13 (2016) (pdf format, 124 KB) - the doctoral degree regulations of the LMU - the program concludes with the internationally recognized academic degree of a “Doctor of Philosophy” (Doctor philosophiae, Dr. phil., PhD). The following list gives an example of curricular activities broken down by the academic year.
- Research seminar
- Transferable skills workshops
- Supplementary courses and language courses
Second year
- Active participation in an international conference/workshop
- Tranferable skills workshop(s)
- Teaching practice
- Supplementary courses (if applicable)
- Active or passive participation in an international conference/workshop
The precise course of the studies as well as the scope and the nature of the supplementary courses and language courses are regulated by work plans and timetables (so-called “target agreements”). During the course of their studies the doctoral students meet with their team of supervisors every six months. In these meetings timetables are drawn up and discussed, work reports and draft chapters are handed in and feedback is given on them.
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Doctoral candidates at TUM work on challenging academic questions, and are supported by prominent researchers. TUM Graduate School encourages an environment in which academic knowledge and professional qualification are perfectly interwoven. On the following pages, you will find all the information you need about doing a doctorate at TUM.
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- What is a PhD?
Written by Mark Bennett
A PhD is a doctoral research degree and the highest level of academic qualification you can achieve. The degree normally takes between three and four years of full-time work towards a thesis offering an original contribution to your subject.
This page explains what a PhD is, what it involves and what you need to know if you’re considering applying for a PhD research project , or enrolling on a doctoral programme .
The meaning of a PhD
The PhD can take on something of a mythic status. Are they only for geniuses? Do you have to discover something incredible? Does the qualification make you an academic? And are higher research degrees just for people who want to be academics?
Even the full title, ‘Doctor of Philosophy’, has a somewhat mysterious ring to it. Do you become a doctor? Yes, but not that kind of doctor. Do you have to study Philosophy? No (not unless you want to) .
So, before going any further, let's explain what the term 'PhD' actually means and what defines a doctorate.
What does PhD stand for?
PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy. This is one of the highest level academic degrees that can be awarded. PhD is an abbreviation of the Latin term (Ph)ilosophiae (D)octor. Traditionally the term ‘philosophy’ does not refer to the subject but its original Greek meaning which roughly translates to ‘lover of wisdom’.
What is a doctorate?
A doctorate is any qualification that awards a doctoral degree. In order to qualify for one you need to produce advanced work that makes a significant new contribution to knowledge in your field. Doing so earns you the title 'Doctor' – hence the name.
So, is a PhD different to a doctorate? No. A PhD is a type of doctorate .
The PhD is the most common type of doctorate and is awarded in almost all subjects at universities around the world. Other doctorates tend to be more specialised or for more practical and professional projects.
Essentially, all PhDs are doctorates, but not all doctorates are PhDs.
Do you need a Masters to get a PhD?
Not necessarily. It's common for students in Arts and the Humanities to complete an MA (Master of Arts) before starting a PhD in order to acquire research experience and techniques. Students in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) don't always need an MS/MSc (Master of Science) to do a PhD as you'll gain training in lab techniques and other skills during your undergraduate degree.
Whether a Masters is a requirement for a PhD also varies by country. Australian PhDs may require a Masters as the equivalent of their own 'honours year' (where students work on research). US PhD programmes often include a Masters.
We have a whole guide dedicated to helping you decide whether a PhD without a Masters is the right route for you.
The origin of the PhD
Despite its name, the PhD isn't actually an Ancient Greek degree. Instead it's a much more recent development. The PhD as we know it was developed in nineteenth-century Germany, alongside the modern research university.
Higher education had traditionally focussed on mastery of an existing body of scholarship and the highest academic rank available was, appropriately enough, a Masters degree.
As the focus shifted more onto the production of new knowledge and ideas, the PhD degree was brought in to recognise those who demonstrated the necessary skills and expertise.
The PhD process – what's required to get a PhD?
The typical length of a PhD is three to four years full-time, or five to six years part-time.
Unlike most Masters courses (or all undergraduate programmes), a PhD is a pure research degree. But that doesn’t mean you’ll just spend years locked away in a library or laboratory. In fact, the modern PhD is a diverse and varied qualification with many different components.
Whereas the second or third year of a taught degree look quite a lot like the first (with more modules and coursework at a higher level) a PhD moves through a series of stages.
A typical PhD normally involves:
- Carrying out a literature review (a survey of current scholarship in your field).
- Conducting original research and collecting your results .
- Producing a thesis that presents your conclusions.
- Writing up your thesis and submitting it as a dissertation .
- Defending your thesis in an oral viva voce exam.
These stages vary a little between subjects and universities, but they tend to fall into the same sequence over the three years of a typical full-time PhD.
The first year of a PhD
The beginning of a PhD is all about finding your feet as a researcher and getting a solid grounding in the current scholarship that relates to your topic.
You’ll have initial meetings with your supervisor and discuss a plan of action based on your research proposal.
The first step in this will almost certainly be carrying out your literature review . With the guidance of your supervisor you’ll begin surveying and evaluating existing scholarship. This will help situate your research and ensure your work is original.
Your literature review will provide a logical jumping off point for the beginning of your own research and the gathering of results . This could involve designing and implementing experiments, or getting stuck into a pile of primary sources.
The year may end with an MPhil upgrade . This occurs when PhD students are initially registered for an MPhil degree and then ‘upgraded’ to PhD candidates upon making sufficient progress. You’ll submit material from your literature review, or a draft of your research findings and discuss these with members of your department in an upgrade exam . All being well, you’ll then continue with your research as a PhD student.
PhDs in other countries
The information on the page is based on the UK. Most countries follow a similar format, but there are some differences. In the USA , for example, PhD students complete reading assignments and examinations before beginning their research. You can find out more in our guides to PhD study around the world .
The second year of a PhD
Your second year will probably be when you do most of your core research. The process for this will vary depending on your field, but your main focus will be on gathering results from experiments, archival research, surveys or other means.
As your research develops, so will the thesis (or argument) you base upon it. You may even begin writing up chapters or other pieces that will eventually form part of your dissertation .
You’ll still be having regular meetings with your supervisor. They’ll check your progress, provide feedback on your ideas and probably read any drafts your produce.
The second year is also an important stage for your development as a scholar. You’ll be well versed in current research and have begun to collect some important data or develop insights of your own. But you won’t yet be faced with the demanding and time-intensive task of finalising your dissertation.
So, this part of your PhD is a perfect time to think about presenting your work at academic conferences , gaining teaching experience or perhaps even selecting some material for publication in an academic journal. You can read more about these kinds of activities below.
The third year of a PhD
The third year of a PhD is sometimes referred to as the writing up phase.
Traditionally, this is the final part of your doctorate, during which your main task will be pulling together your results and honing your thesis into a dissertation .
In reality, it’s not always as simple as that.
It’s not uncommon for final year PhD students to still be fine-tuning experiments, collecting results or chasing up a few extra sources. This is particularly likely if you spend part of your second year focussing on professional development.
In fact, some students actually take all or part of a fourth year to finalise their dissertation. Whether you are able to do this will depend on the terms of your enrolment – and perhaps your PhD funding .
Eventually though, you are going to be faced with writing up your thesis and submitting your dissertation.
Your supervisor will be very involved in this process. They’ll read through your final draft and let you know when they think your PhD is ready for submission.
All that’s left then is your final viva voce oral exam. This is a formal discussion and defence of your thesis involving at least one internal and external examiner. It’s normally the only assessment procedure for a PhD. Once you’ve passed, you’ve done it!
Looking for more information about the stages of a PhD?
How do you go about completing a literature review? What's it like to do PhD research? And what actually happens at an MPhil upgrade? You can find out more in our detailed guide to the PhD journey .
Doing a PhD – what's it actually like?
You can think of the ‘stages’ outlined above as the basic ‘roadmap’ for a PhD, but the actual ‘journey’ you’ll take as a research student involves a lot of other sights, a few optional destinations and at least one very important fellow passenger.
Carrying out research
Unsurprisingly, you’ll spend most of your time as a PhD researcher… researching your PhD. But this can involve a surprisingly wide range of activities.
The classic image of a student working away in the lab, or sitting with a pile of books in the library is true some of the time – particularly when you’re monitoring experiments or conducting your literature review.
Your PhD can take you much further afield though. You may find yourself visiting archives or facilities to examine their data or look at rare source materials. You could even have the opportunity to spend an extended period ‘in residence’ at a research centre or other institution beyond your university.
Research is also far from being a solitary activity. You’ll have regular discussions with your supervisor (see below) but you may also work with other students from time to time.
This is particularly likely if you’re part of a larger laboratory or workshop group studying the same broad area. But it’s also common to collaborate with students whose projects are more individual. You might work on shorter projects of joint interest, or be part of teams organising events and presentations.
Many universities also run regular internal presentation and discussion groups – a perfect way to get to know other PhD students in your department and offer feedback on each other’s work in progress.
Working with your supervisor
All PhD projects are completed with the guidance of at least one academic supervisor . They will be your main point of contact and support throughout the PhD.
Your supervisor will be an expert in your general area of research, but they won’t have researched on your exact topic before (if they had, your project wouldn’t be original enough for a PhD).
As such, it’s better to think of your supervisor as a mentor, rather than a teacher.
As a PhD student you’re now an independent and original scholar, pushing the boundaries of your field beyond what is currently known (and taught) about it. You’re doing all of this for the first time, of course. But your supervisor isn’t.
They’ll know what’s involved in managing an advanced research project over three years (or more). They’ll know how best to succeed, but they’ll also know what can go wrong and how to spot the warning signs before it does.
Perhaps most importantly, they’ll be someone with the time and expertise to listen to your ideas and help provide feedback and encouragement as you develop your thesis.
Exact supervision arrangements vary between universities and between projects:
- In Science and Technology projects it’s common for a supervisor to be the lead investigator on a wider research project, with responsibility for a laboratory or workshop that includes several PhD students and other researchers.
- In Arts and Humanities subjects, a supervisor’s research is more separate from their students’. They may supervise more than one PhD at a time, but each project is essentially separate.
It’s also becoming increasingly common for PhD students to have two (or more) supervisors. The first is usually responsible for guiding your academic research whilst the second is more concerned with the administration of your PhD – ensuring you complete any necessary training and stay on track with your project’s timetable.
However you’re supervised, you’ll have regular meetings to discuss work and check your progress. Your supervisor will also provide feedback on work during your PhD and will play an important role as you near completion: reading your final dissertation draft, helping you select an external examiner and (hopefully) taking you out for a celebratory drink afterwards!
Professional development, networking and communication
Traditionally, the PhD has been viewed as a training process, preparing students for careers in academic research.
As such, it often includes opportunities to pick up additional skills and experiences that are an important part of a scholarly CV. Academics don’t just do research after all. They also teach students, administrate departments – and supervise PhDs.
The modern PhD is also viewed as a more flexible qualification. Not all doctoral graduates end up working in higher education. Many follow alternative careers that are either related to their subject of specialism or draw upon the advanced research skills their PhD has developed.
PhD programmes have begun to reflect this. Many now emphasise transferrable skills or include specific training units designed to help students communicate and apply their research beyond the university.
What all of this means is that very few PhD experiences are just about researching and writing up a thesis.
The likelihood is that you’ll also do some (or all) of the following during your PhD:
The work is usually paid and is increasingly accompanied by formal training and evaluation.
Conference presentation
As a PhD student you’ll be at the cutting edge of your field, doing original research and producing new results. This means that your work will be interest to other scholars and that your results could be worth presenting at academic conferences .
Doing this is very worthwhile, whatever your career plans. You’ll develop transferrable skills in public speaking and presenting, gain feedback on your results and begin to be recognised as an expert in your area.
Conferences are also great places to network with other students and academics.
Publication
As well as presenting your research, you may also have the opportunity to publish work in academic journals, books, or other media. This can be a challenging process.
Your work will be judged according to the same high standards as any other scholar’s and will normally go through extensive peer review processes. But it’s also highly rewarding. Seeing your work ‘in print’ is an incredible validation of your PhD research and a definite boost to your academic CV.
Public engagement and communication
Academic work may be associated with the myth of the ‘ivory tower’ – an insular community of experts focussing on obscure topics of little interest outside the university. But this is far from the case. More and more emphasis is being placed on the ‘impact’ of research and its wider benefits to the public – with funding decisions being made accordingly.
Thankfully, there are plenty of opportunities to try your hand at public engagement as a PhD student. Universities are often involved in local events and initiatives to communicate the benefits of their research, ranging from workshops in local schools to public lectures and presentations.
Some PhD programmes include structured training in order to help students with activities such as the above. Your supervisor may also be able to help by identifying suitable conferences and public engagement opportunities, or by involving you in appropriate university events and public engagement initiatives.
These experiences will be an important part of your development as a researchers - and will enhance the value of your PhD regardless of your career plans.
What is a PhD for – and who should study one?
So, you know what a PhD actually is, what’s involved in completing one and what you might get up to whilst you do. That just leaves one final question: should you do a PhD?
Unfortunately, it’s not a question we can answer for you.
A PhD is difficult and uniquely challenging. It requires at least three years of hard work and dedication after you’ve already completed an undergraduate degree (and probably a Masters degree too).
You’ll need to support yourself during those years and, whilst you will be building up an impressive set of skills, you won’t be directly progressing in a career.
But a PhD is also immensely rewarding. It’s your chance to make a genuine contribution to the sum of human knowledge and produce work that other researchers can (and will) build on in future. However obscure your topic feels, there’s really no such thing as a useless PhD.
A PhD is also something to be incredibly proud of. A proportionately tiny number of people go on to do academic work at this level. Whatever you end up doing after your doctorate you’ll have an impressive qualification – and a title to match. What’s more, non-academic careers and professions are increasingly recognising the unique skills and experience a PhD brings.
Other PhDs - do degree titles matter?
The PhD is the oldest and most common form of higher research degree, but a few alternatives are available. Some, such as the DPhil are essentially identical to a PhD. Others, such as the Professional Doctorate or DBA are slightly different. You can find out more in our guide to types of PhD .
Is a PhD for me?
There’s more advice on the value of a PhD – and good reasons for studying one – elsewhere in this section. But the following are some quick tips if you’re just beginning to consider a PhD.
Speak to your lecturers / tutors
The best people to ask about PhD study are people who’ve earned one. Ask staff at your current or previous university about their experience of doctoral research – what they enjoyed, what they didn’t and what their tips might be.
If you’re considering a PhD for an academic career, ask about that too. Are job prospects good in your field? And what’s it really like to work at a university?
Speak to current PhD students
Want to know what it’s like studying a PhD right now? Or what it’s like doing research at a particular university? Ask someone who knows.
Current PhD students were just like you a year or two ago and most will be happy to answer questions.
If you can’t get in touch with any students ‘face to face’, pop over to the Postgraduate Forum – you’ll find plenty of students there who are happy to chat about postgraduate research.
Take a look at advertised projects and programmes
This may seem like a strange suggestion. After all, you’re only going to study one PhD, so what’s the point of reading about lots of others?
Well, looking at the details of different PhD projects is a great way to get a general sense of what PhD research is like. You’ll see what different PhDs tend to have in common and what kinds of unique opportunity might be available to you.
And, with thousands of PhDs in our database , you’re already in a great place to start.
Read our other advice articles
Finally, you can also check out some of the other advice on the FindAPhD website. We’ve looked at some good (and bad) reasons for studying a PhD as well as the value of a doctorate to different career paths.
More generally, you can read our in-depth look at a typical PhD journey , or find out more about specific aspects of doctoral study such as working with a supervisor or writing your dissertation .
We add new articles all the time – the best way to stay up to date is by signing up for our free PhD opportunity newsletter .
Ready to find your PhD?
Head on over to our PhD search listings to learn what opportunities are on offer within your discipline.
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What happens during a typical PhD, and when? We've summarised the main milestones of a doctoral research journey.
The PhD thesis is the most important part of a doctoral degree. This page will introduce you to what you need to know about the PhD dissertation.
This page will give you an idea of what to expect from your routine as a PhD student, explaining how your daily life will look at you progress through a doctoral degree.
Our guide tells you everything about the application process for studying a PhD in the USA.
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Our research in philosophy of physics addresses both philosophical questions arising from the practice of physics, and general problems from philosophy of science as illustrated by physics. Much of this work straddles the boundary between philosophy and physics, and draws upon the latest research in both disciplines. Some of the areas that philosophers of physics at the MCMP work on are as follows:
- Philosophy of space and time: what philosophical conclusions about the structure of spacetime should we draw from physical theories? Are space and time fundamental, or are they somehow “emergent” from non-spatiotemporal physical structures? What is the nature of black holes, and what conceptual and epistemological challenges do black holes pose?
- Philosophy of quantum mechanics: what is the best way to understand the revolutionary character of quantum physics? Must we solve the so-called “measurement problem” to have a satisfactory account of quantum mechanics, and if so, how should we do so? Are open quantum systems or closed quantum systems more fundamental?
- Philosophy of statistical physics: what is the relationship between statistical mechanics and thermodynamics? Does this relationship shed light on the arrow of time? How should we understand the use of idealizing limits in the analysis of phase transitions?
- Philosophy of quantum field theory: what does it mean for a field theory to be “effective”? Is quantum field theory better understood through algebraic or Lagrangian methods? And what new challenges does quantum field theory on curved spacetime pose?
Members of faculty working on philosophy of physics:
- Michael Cuffaro
- Erik Curiel
- Daniel Di Liscia
- John Dougherty
- Stephan Hartmann
- Martin King
- Daniele Oriti
- Sébastien Rivat
Doctoral fellows working in philosophy of physics:
- Omid Charrakh
- Alex Mathie
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The Individual Doctoral Studies | Supervision | Requirements | Enrollment | First Steps The Individual Doctoral StudiesThe most common model of doing a doctorate in Germany is the so-called individual doctoral studies. It demands that you have a high degree of autonomy and motivation. Generally, you are expected to find a supervisor ( Doktorvater/Doktormutter) for your doctoral project by yourself. In some disciplines it is also expected that you suggest the topic that you want to work on (a proposal draft may be necessary). There is no compulsory curriculum within the individual doctoral studies, although certain achievements supplementary to the dissertation may be required according to the respective doctoral degree regulations. Beyond that you can take part in courses or general qualifications on an individual basis. There is no designated time frame for completing your doctoral studies. In certain cases, doctorates can be completed with a university or faculty in another country ( cotutelle ). Where applicable, more details can be found in the relevant doctoral degree regulations. An individual doctorate is possible at LMU Munich in over 100 different subjects . There is no central office that accepts applications for individual doctoral studies. As a potential doctoral candidate you are expected to be sufficiently informed about your research area of interest in order to identify potential supervisors by yourself. In general, professors and Privatdozenten (PDs) are entitled to supervise (depending on the respective doctoral degree regulations ). Please inform yourself about the range of subjects on the faculty websites before contacting a professor or other potential supervisor. Sometimes the respective academic counseling provides support with orientation within a faculty. When a professor has agreed to supervise your dissertation, you will either receive a confirmation of supervision from him or her or you conclude a supervision agreement . It is advisable that you discuss the mutual expectations with the supervisor regarding supervision at the beginning of a doctoral project. While working on your dissertation you should stay in regular contact with your supervisor. Some supervisors, apart from providing individual support, also run regular doctoral seminars/colloquia, where doctoral projects are presented and discussed. RequirementsDepending on the respective doctoral degree regulations , you will need to fulfill specific requirements (e.g. suitable degree, additional performance records, etc.) for acceptance as a doctoral candidate and later for admission to the doctoral examination. Please inform yourself on the respective requirements at your faculty. For questions on the doctoral degree regulations, contact your respective examination office (please note that some faculties have joint examination offices). On presentation of a confirmation of supervision or a supervision agreement (see above) and other documents you may submit a "request for acceptance as a doctoral candidate" at the examination office. If all conditions are met, you will receive a notification of acceptance as a doctoral candidate (possibly subject to conditions) from the examination office. This notification is a prerequisite for enrollment. According to the Bavarian Higher Education Innovation Act (BayHIG), enrollment for doctoral studies may run for a maximum of eight semesters. However, the work on the dissertation is not limited to eight semesters. Whether enrollment is compulsory will depend on the respective doctoral degree regulations . Enrollment takes place either at the Office of the Registrar or at the International Office . If at least one of the following conditions is met, please enroll at the Office of the Registrar:
If none of the above mentioned conditions are met, please turn to the International Office and fill out a "request for university admission". Following receipt of a notification of university admission from the International Office, you can enroll there. Depending on the department, proof of proficiency in German may be required for enrollment. Proof of German language skills may be waived at the request of the supervisor (contact the examination office for further information). Even if you write your dissertation in a language other than German, it is useful to have at least basic knowledge of the German language so that you can understand the administration processes. First Steps
Enrollment (if requested):
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Doctoral Program. The doctoral program at MUSAΦ is devoted to training future teachers and researchers in all areas of ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy, their medieval reception in Latin and Arabic, and textual criticism. Drawing jointly from LMU's Philosophy and Classics Departments, MUSAΦ enables doctoral students to develop skills that ...
As an alternative to participating in a doctoral program, LMU Munich offers graduates the option to complete individual doctoral studies in more than 100 subjects. Doctoral candidates are also supervised within the framework of research projects, academic institutions and research networks.
Welcome! The Munich School of Ancient Philosophy (MUSAΦ) is devoted to the study of ancient Greek and Roman philosophy. Drawing jointly from LMU's Philosophy and Classics Departments, MUSAΦ aims to bring together philological and philosophical perspectives, reflecting a conviction that the best research in ancient philosophy will be informed by both fields.
PhD Students. The doctorate (Dr. phil.) serves to demonstrate the ability of the doctoral student to perform original and in-depth academic research and is based on a written dissertation (doctoral thesis), conducted independently, and, finally, a defense of the dissertation. The core element of the doctorate is the doctoral thesis or dissertation.
For almost a century by now students as well as teachers at the Munich School of Philosophy face the challenges of their time. Standing in the Jesuit tradition of 450 years of education, we offer all officially recognised degrees in philosophy including Bachelor, Master, PhD and Habilitation. Furthermore, we have a strong strand of postgraduate ...
Christof Rapp studied philosophy, ancient Greek, logic and philosophy of science in Tübingen and Munich. He obtained his doctorate at LMU, Munich in 1993 and completed his Habilitation in Tübingen in 2000. After that, he took up the Chair for Ancient and Contemporary Philosophy at HU-Berlin, where he was also co-director of the TOPOI ...
The Doctoral Program Classical and Ancient Studies (PAW) unites the skills of the subjects related to ancient cultures from a total of seven faculties (Catholic and Protestant Theology, Law, History, Philosophy, Cultural studies, Languages and Literatures) that are involved in the Munich Center of Ancient Worlds (MZAW). The aim of PAW is to ...
Experience the Munich style of life whilst studying at the Munich School of Philosophy! Between the vivacity of a metropolis and the majestic natural beauty of the Alps and their uplands! Sapere aude! - Dare to reason. As Kant demanded and before him Horaz. Find the perfect environment to flourish your critical mind while pursuing your ...
The doctorate serves to demonstrate the ability of the doctoral candidate to independently perform detailed academic work. It is based on a scientific dissertation and an oral examination, which takes the form of either an oral defense of the dissertation (Disputation) or a broader oral examination which includes the topic of the dissertation as well as other subjects (Rigorosum).
Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy. People Events Research For Students News. 22.05.2024 · News. Seminar: "Axiomatic Metaphysics" (Prof. Ed Zalta, Stanford) 13.03.2024 · News. Postdoctoral Positions at the MCMP (LMU Munich) 19.12.2023 ...
The focus of the Doctoral Program in Buddhist Studies at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich is academic research on Buddhism in all its manifestations. The program brings together the skills and expertise of the participating subjects of Indology, Japanese Studies, Philosophy of Religion, Study of Religion, Sinology, and Tibetology ...
From 2009 to 2011 he served as Dean of the Faculty of Cultural Studies at LMU and is the initiator of the Doctoral Program in Buddhist Studies. Kittipong Vongagsorn (Buddhist Studies) Vongagsorn received his M.A. in Asian Studies from Cornell University in 2020. He is interested in early Buddhist texts, especially those written in Pali ...
Munich School of Philosophy (German: Hochschule für Philosophie München) is a small Jesuit higher education college in Munich, Germany founded in 1925. History [ edit ] Founded as a seminary at Pullach in 1925 by Augustin Bea , first named the Berchmanskolleg, it obtained the ability to issue a doctorate in 1932.
From theology to the earth sciences: The diverse portfolio of disciplines at LMU is organized in 18 faculties. Faculty of Catholic Theology. Faculty of Protestant Theology. Faculty of Law. Faculty of Business Administration - Munich School of Management. Faculty of Economics. Faculty of Medicine. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.
Participation in a Doctoral Program. LMU Munich offers a wide range of structured doctoral programs. Doctoral programs (Research Training Groups/Graduate Schools/International Doctoral Programs) are jointly supported by several professors. It is often an association of representatives from related fields. While some doctoral programs focus on a ...
The Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN) at LMU Munich invites applications for several PhD scholarships in Neurophilosophy. The GSN is the teaching entity for the Munich Center of Neurosciences - Brain & Mind (MCN). ... philosophy and cognitive science of agency (mental causation, free will, moral psychology, abilities ...
Munich Medical Research School. Deans Office of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Veterinärstraße 13 o. Königinstr. 8, Room B104, 80539 München Phone: +49 89 2180-3578 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de. Examination Office for the Faculties 9 to 15.
The interfaculty PhD program in Buddhist Studies at the LMU is aimed at postgraduates from the fields of cultural studies, religious studies and social sciences. ... Philosophy of Religion, Study of Religion and Sinology) are brought together in a structured degree course. This, together with intensive mentoring and evaluation by a team of ...
General Information. Our Master (MA) program in Logic and Philosophy of Science was founded in October 2012. It is an international MA program of the Faculty of Philosophy, Philosophy of Science and Religious Studies at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) in Munich.. LMU has a long-standing tradition in both philosophy of science and logic reaching back to the time of Wolfgang ...
Doctorate at the Technical University of Munich. Doctoral candidates at TUM work on challenging academic questions, and are supported by prominent researchers. TUM Graduate School encourages an environment in which academic knowledge and professional qualification are perfectly interwoven. On the following pages, you will find all the ...
The GraduateCenter LMU is the central coordination, advice and service unit for doctoral studies at LMU Munich. Our services are directed to the following target groups: Graduates and Doctoral Candidates Next to general information and advice concerning doctorates at LMU Munich, we offer a wide range of qualification workshops, as well as ...
Top-ranked German Universities in Philosophy. Top 100 Worldwide. Top 250 Worldwide. National Ranking. #32 Times Higher Education Ranking. LMU - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. public University. No. of Students: approx. 51,000 students. Program Fees: € 0 (per semester)
PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy. This is one of the highest level academic degrees that can be awarded. PhD is an abbreviation of the Latin term (Ph)ilosophiae (D)octor. Traditionally the term 'philosophy' does not refer to the subject but its original Greek meaning which roughly translates to 'lover of wisdom'.
Philosophy of Physics. Our research in philosophy of physics addresses both philosophical questions arising from the practice of physics, and general problems from philosophy of science as illustrated by physics. Much of this work straddles the boundary between philosophy and physics, and draws upon the latest research in both disciplines.
An individual doctorate is possible at LMU Munich in over 100 different subjects. There is no central office that accepts applications for individual doctoral studies. As a potential doctoral candidate you are expected to be sufficiently informed about your research area of interest in order to identify potential supervisors by yourself.