how to write variables in research proposal

Writing a Research Proposal

Parts of a research proposal, prosana model, introduction, research question, methodology.

Structure of a Research Proposal
Common Proposal Writing Mistakes
Proposal Writing Resources

A research proposal's purpose is to capture the evaluator's attention, demonstrate the study's potential benefits, and prove that it is a logical and consistent approach (Van Ekelenburg, 2010). To ensure that your research proposal contains these elements, there are several aspects to include in your proposal (Al-Riyami, 2008):

Objective(s)
Variables (independent and dependent)
Research Question and/or hypothesis

Details about what to include in each element are included in the boxes below. Depending on the topic of your study, some parts may not apply to your proposal. You can also watch the video below for a brief overview about writing a successful research proposal.

Van Ekelenburg (2010) uses the PROSANA Model to guide researchers in developing rationale and justification for their research projects. It is an acronym that connects the problem, solution, and benefits of a particular research project. It is an easy way to remember the critical parts of a research proposal and how they relate to one another. It includes the following letters (Van Ekelenburg, 2010):

Problem: Describing the main problem that the researcher is trying to solve.
Root causes: Describing what is causing the problem. Why is the topic an issue?
fOcus: Narrowing down one of the underlying causes on which the researcher will focus for their research project.
Solutions: Listing potential solutions or approaches to fix to the problem. There could be more than one.
Approach: Selecting the solution that the researcher will want to focus on.
Novelty: Describing how the solution will address or solve the problem.
Arguments: Explaining how the proposed solution will benefit the problem.

Research proposal titles should be concise and to the point, but informative. The title of your proposal may be different from the title of your final research project, but that is completely normal! Your findings may help you come up with a title that is more fitting for the final project. Characteristics of good proposal titles are (Al-Riyami, 2008):

Catchy: It catches the reader's attention by peaking their interest.
Positive: It spins your project in a positive way towards the reader.
Transparent: It identifies the independent and dependent variables.

It is also common for proposal titles to be very similar to your research question, hypothesis, or thesis statement (Locke et al., 2007).

An abstract is a brief summary (about 300 words) of the study you are proposing. It includes the following elements (Al-Riyami, 2008):

Your primary research question(s).
Hypothesis or main argument.
Method you will use to complete the study. This may include the design, sample population, or measuring instruments that you plan to use.

Our guide on writing summaries may help you with this step.

The purpose of the introduction is to give readers background information about your topic. it gives the readers a basic understanding of your topic so that they can further understand the significance of your proposal. A good introduction will explain (Al-Riyami, 2008):

How it relates to other research done on the topic
Why your research is significant to the field
The relevance of your study

Your research objectives are the desired outcomes that you will achieve from the research project. Depending on your research design, these may be generic or very specific. You may also have more than one objective (Al-Riyami, 2008).

General objectives are what the research project will accomplish
Specific objectives relate to the research questions that the researcher aims to answer through the study.

Be careful not to have too many objectives in your proposal, as having too many can make your project lose focus. Plus, it may not be possible to achieve several objectives in one study.

This section describes the different types of variables that you plan to have in your study and how you will measure them. According to Al-Riyami (2008), there are four types of research variables:

Independent: The person, object, or idea that is manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent: The person, object, or idea whose changes are dependent upon the independent variable. Typically, it is the item that the researcher is measuring for the study.
Confounding/Intervening: Factors that may influence the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. These include physical and mental barriers. Not every study will have intervening variables, but they should be studied if applicable.
Background: Factors that are relevant to the study's data and how it can be generalized. Examples include demographic information such as age, sex, and ethnicity.

Your research proposal should describe each of your variables and how they relate to one another. Depending on your study, you may not have all four types of variables present. However, there will always be an independent and dependent variable.

A research question is the main piece of your research project because it explains what your study will discover to the reader. It is the question that fuels the study, so it is important for it to be precise and unique. You do not want it to be too broad, and it should identify a relationship between two variables (an independent and a dependent) (Al-Riyami, 2008). There are six types of research questions (Academic Writer, n.d.):

Example: "Do people get nervous before speaking in front of an audience?"
Example: "What are the study habits of college freshmen at Tiffin University?"
Example: "What primary traits create a successful romantic relationship?"
Example: "Is there a relationship between a child's performance in school and their parents' socioeconomic status?"
Example: "Are high school seniors more motivated than high school freshmen?"
Example: "Do news media outlets impact a person's political opinions?"

For more information on the different types of research questions, you can view the "Research Questions and Hypotheses" tutorial on Academic Writer, located below. If you are unfamiliar with Academic Writer, we also have a tutorial on using the database located below.

Compose papers in pre-formatted APA templates. Manage references in forms that help craft APA citations. Learn the rules of APA style through tutorials and practice quizzes.

Academic Writer will continue to use the 6th edition guidelines until August 2020. A preview of the 7th edition is available in the footer of the resource's site. Previously known as APA Style Central.

Academic Writer Tutorial by Pfeiffer Library Last Updated May 22, 2023 48886 views this year

If you know enough about your research topic that you believe a particular outcome may occur as a result of the study, you can include a hypothesis (thesis statement) in your proposal. A hypothesis is a prediction that you believe will be the outcome of your study. It explains what you think the relationship will be between the independent and dependent variable (Al-Riyami, 2008). It is ok if the hypothesis in your proposal turns out to be incorrect, because it is only a prediction! If you are writing a proposal in the humanities, you may be writing a thesis statement instead of a hypothesis. A thesis presents the main argument of your research project and leads to corresponding evidence to support your argument.

Hypotheses vs. Theories

Hypotheses are different from theories in that theories represent general principles and sets of rules that explain different phenomena. They typically represent large areas of study because they are applicable to anything in a particular field. Hypotheses focus on specific areas within a field and are educated guesses, meaning that they have the potential to be proven wrong (Academic Writer, n.d.). Because of this, hypotheses can also be formed from theories.

For more information on writing effective thesis statements, you can view our guide on writing thesis statements below.

In a research proposal, you must thoroughly explain how you will conduct your study. This includes things such as (Al-Riyami, 2008):

Research design: What research approach will your study take? Will it be quantitative or qualitative?
Research subjects/participants: Who will be participating in your study? Does your study require human participants? How will you determine who to study?
Sample size: How many participants will your study require? If you are not using human participants, how much of the sample will you be studying?
Timeline: A proposed list of the general tasks and events that you plan to complete the study. This will include a time frame for each task/event and the order in which they will be completed.
Interventions: If you plan on using anything on human participants for the study, you must include information it here. This is especially important if you plan on using any substances on human subjects.
Ethical issues: Are there any potential ethical issues surrounding this study?
Potential limitations: Are there any limitations that could skew the data and findings from your study?
Appendixes: If you need to present any consent forms, interview questions, surveys, questionnaires, or other items that will be used in your study, you should include samples of each item with an appendix to reference them. If you are using a copyrighted document, you may need written permission from the original creator to use it in your study. A copy of the written permission should be included in your proposal.
Setting: Where will you be conducting the study?
Study instruments: What measuring tools or computer software will you be using to collect data? How will you collect the data?
How you will analyze the data: What strategies or tools will you use to analyze the data you collect?
Quality control: Will you have precautions in place to ensure that the study is conducted consistently and that outside factors will not skew the data?
Budget: What type of funding will you need for your study? This will include the funds needed to afford measuring tools, software, etc.
How you will share the study's findings: What will you plan to do with the findings?
Significance of the study: How will your study expand on existing knowledge of the subject area?

For more information on research methodologies, you can view our guide on research methods and methodologies below.

Research Methodologies by Pfeiffer Library Last Updated Aug 2, 2022 58484 views this year
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