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Radiology Dissertation topics – Based on The Latest Study and Research

Published by Ellie Cross at December 29th, 2022 , Revised On May 16, 2024

A dissertation is an essential part of the radiology curriculum for an MD, DNB, or DMRD degree programme. Dissertations in radiology can be very tricky and challenging due to the complexity of the subject.

Students must conduct thorough research to develop a first-class dissertation that makes a valuable contribution to the file of radiology. The first step is to choose a well-defined and clear research topic for the dissertation.

We have provided some interesting and focused ideas to help you get started. Choose one that motivates you so you don’t lose your interest in the research work halfway through the process. 

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List of Radiology Dissertation Topics

• The use of computed tomography and positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer
• MRI diffusion tensor imaging is used to evaluate traumatic spinal injury
• Analysing digital colour and subtraction in comparison patients with occlusive arterial disorders and Doppler
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging is essential for ensuring the security of brain tumour surgery
• Doppler uterine artery preeclampsia prediction
• Utilising greyscale and Doppler ultrasonography to assess newborn cholestasis
• MRI’s reliability in detecting congenital anorectal anomalies
• Multivessel research on intrauterine growth restriction (arterial, venous) Doppler speed
• Perfusion computed tomography is used to evaluate cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and vascular permeability for brain neoplasms
• In post-radiotherapy treated gliomas, compare perfusion magnetic resonance imaging with magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify recurrence
• Using multidetector computed tomography, pediatric retroperitoneal masses are evaluated. Tomography
• Female factor infertility: the role of three-dimensional multidetector CT hysterosalpingography
• Combining triphasic computed tomography with son elastography allows for assessing localised liver lesions
• Analysing the effects of magnetic resonance imaging and transperineally ultrasonography on female urinary stress incontinence
• Using dynamic contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, evaluate endometrial lesions
• For the early diagnosis of breast lesions, digital breast tomosynthesis and contrast-enhanced digital mammography are also available
• Using magnetic resonance imaging and colour Doppler flow, assess portal hypertension
• Magnesium resonance imaging enables the assessment of musculoskeletal issues
• Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging is a crucial diagnostic technique for neoplastic or inflammatory brain lesions
• Children with chest ailments that are HIV-infected and have a radiological spectrum high-resolution ultrasound for childhood neck lumps
• Ultrasonography is useful when determining the causes of pelvic discomfort in the first trimester
• Magnetic resonance imaging is used to evaluate diseases of the aorta or its branches. Angiography’s function
• Children’s pulmonary nodules can be distinguished between benign and malignant using high-resolution CT
• Research on multidetector computed urography for treating diseases of the urinary tract
• The evaluation of the ulnar nerve in leprosy patients involves significantly high-resolution sonography
• Using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, radiologists evaluate musculoskeletal tumours that are malignant and locally aggressive before surgery
• The function of MRI and ultrasonography in acute pelvic inflammatory disorders
• Ultrasonography is more efficient than computed tomographic arthrography for evaluating shoulder discomfort
• For patients with blunt abdominal trauma, multidetector computed tomography is a crucial tool
• Compound imaging and expanded field-of-view sonography in the evaluation of breast lesions
• Focused pancreatic lesions are assessed using multidetector CT and perfusion CT
• Ct virtual laryngoscopy is used to evaluate laryngeal masses
• In the liver masses, triple-phase multidetector computed tomography
• The effect of increasing the volume of brain tumours on patient survival
• Colonic lesions can be diagnosed using perfusion computed tomography
• A role for proton MRI spectroscopy in the diagnosis and management of temporal lobe epilepsy
• Functions of multidetector CT and Doppler ultrasonography in assessing peripheral arterial disease
• There is a function for multidetector computed tomography in paranasal sinus illness
• In neonates with an anorectal malformation, transperineal ultrasound
• Using multidetector CT, comprehensive imaging of an acute ischemic stroke is performed
• The diagnosis of intrauterine neurological congenital disorders requires the use of fetal MRI
• Children with chest masses may benefit from multidetector computed angiography
• Multimodal imaging for the evaluation of palpable and non-palpable breast lesions
• As measured by sonography and in relation to fetal outcome, fetal nasal bone length at 11–28 gestational days
• Relationship between bone mineral density, diffusion-weighted MRI imaging, and vertebral marrow fat in postmenopausal women
• A comparison of the traditional catheter and CT coronary imaging angiogram of the heart
• Evaluation of the descending colon’s length and diameter using ultrasound in normal and intrauterine-restricted fetuses
• Investigation of the hepatic vein waveform in liver cirrhosis prospectively. A connection to Child Pugh’s categorisation
• Functional assessment of coronary artery bypass graft patency in symptomatic patients using CT angiography
• MRI and MRI arthrography evaluation of the labour-ligamentous complex lesion in the shoulder
• The evaluation of soft tissue vascular abnormalities involves imaging
• Colour Doppler ultrasound and high-resolution ultrasound for scrotal lesions
• Comparison of low-dose computed tomography and ultrasonography with colour Doppler for diagnosing salivary gland disorders
• The use of multidetector CT to diagnose lesions of the salivary glands
• Low dose CT venogram and sonography comparison for evaluating varicose veins: a pilot study
• Comparison of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and triple phase CT in patients with liver cirrhosis
• Carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery disease are examined in individuals with coronary angiography for suspected CAD
• Unenhanced computed tomography assessment of hepatic fat levels in fatty liver disease
• Bone mineral density in postmenopausal women and vertebral marrow fat on spectroscopic and diffusion-weighted MRI images are correlated
• Evaluation of CT coronary angiography against traditional catheter coronary angiography in comparison
• High-frequency ultrasonography and colour Doppler evaluation of the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome in contrast to nerve conduction tests
• Role of MR urethrography in the surgical therapy of obliterative urethral stricture compared to conventional urethrography
• High-resolution computed tomography evaluation of the temporal bone in cholesteatoma patients.
• Ultrasonographic assessment of sore shoulders and linkage of clinical examination and rotator cuff diseases
• A Study to Evaluate the Performance of Magnetisation Transfer Ratio in Distinguishing Neurocysticercosis from Tuberculoma
• Deep learning applications in radiology diagnostics.
• Radiomics for personalised cancer therapy.
• AI-driven image enhancement techniques in radiology.
• Role of virtual reality in radiology education.
• Nanotechnology advancements in radiology imaging.
• Radiogenomics for predicting treatment response.
• IoT-enabled devices for remote radiology consultations.
• Biomarker discovery through radiological imaging.
• 3D printing in pre-surgical planning for radiology.
• Radiological imaging for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease.
• Applications of machine learning in radiology workflow optimization.
• Radiological imaging modalities for sports injuries assessment.
• Role of radiology in assessing COVID-19 complications.
• Interventional radiology techniques for stroke management.
• Automated reporting systems in radiology.
• Radiology-guided minimally invasive surgeries.
• Quantitative imaging for assessing tumour heterogeneity.
• Big data analytics in radiology for population health.
• Augmented reality for intraoperative radiological guidance.
• Radiological imaging in assessing cardiovascular risks.
• Radiology applications in detecting rare diseases.
• Role of radiology in precision medicine.
• Artificial intelligence for improving mammography accuracy.
• Radiological imaging is used to monitor Parkinson’s disease progression.
• Tele-radiology applications in resource-limited settings.
• Radiological imaging in pediatric orthopaedics.
• Artificial intelligence for improving CT image reconstruction.
• Role of radiology in assessing infectious diseases.
• Radiological imaging for assessing lung fibrosis.
• 3D visualization techniques in radiology reporting.
• Radiology applications in evaluating renal disorders.
• Imaging biomarkers for predicting dementia risk.
• Radiomics for predicting treatment response in prostate cancer.

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Final Words

You can use or get inspired by our selection of the best radiology diss. You can also check our list of critical care nursing dissertation topics and biology dissertation topics because these areas also relate to the discipline of medical sciences.

Choosing an impactful radiology dissertation topic is a daunting task. There is a lot of patience, time and effort that goes into the whole process. However, we have tried to simplify it for you by providing a list of amazing and unique radiology dissertation topics for you. We hope you find this blog helpful.

Also learn about our dissertation services here .

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How to find radiology dissertation topics.

For radiology dissertation topics:

• Research recent advancements.
• Identify unexplored areas.
• Consult experts and journals.
• Focus on patient care or tech.
• Consider ethical or practical issues.
• Select a topic resonating with your passion and career objectives.

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Radiology Research Paper Topics

Radiology research paper topics encompass a wide range of fascinating areas within the field of medical imaging. This page aims to provide students studying health sciences with a comprehensive collection of radiology research paper topics to inspire and guide their research endeavors. By delving into various categories and exploring ten thought-provoking topics within each, students can gain insights into the diverse research possibilities in radiology. From advancements in imaging technology to the evaluation of diagnostic accuracy and the impact of radiological interventions, these topics offer a glimpse into the exciting world of radiology research. Additionally, expert advice is provided to help students choose the most suitable research topics and navigate the process of writing a research paper in radiology. By leveraging iResearchNet’s writing services, students can further enhance their research papers with professional assistance, ensuring the highest quality and adherence to academic standards. Explore the realm of radiology research paper topics and unleash your potential to contribute to the advancement of medical imaging and patient care.

100 Radiology Research Paper Topics

Radiology encompasses a broad spectrum of imaging techniques used to diagnose diseases, monitor treatment progress, and guide interventions. This comprehensive list of radiology research paper topics serves as a valuable resource for students in the field of health sciences who are seeking inspiration and guidance for their research endeavors. The following ten categories highlight different areas within radiology, each containing ten thought-provoking topics. Exploring these topics will provide students with a deeper understanding of the diverse research possibilities and current trends within the field of radiology.

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Diagnostic Imaging Techniques

• Comparative analysis of imaging modalities: CT, MRI, and PET-CT.
• The role of artificial intelligence in radiological image interpretation.
• Advancements in digital mammography for breast cancer screening.
• Emerging techniques in nuclear medicine imaging.
• Image-guided biopsy: Enhancing accuracy and safety.
• Application of radiomics in predicting treatment response.
• Dual-energy CT: Expanding diagnostic capabilities.
• Radiological evaluation of traumatic brain injuries.
• Imaging techniques for evaluating cardiovascular diseases.
• Radiographic evaluation of pulmonary nodules: Challenges and advancements.

Interventional Radiology

• Minimally invasive treatments for liver tumors: Embolization techniques.
• Radiofrequency ablation in the management of renal cell carcinoma.
• Role of interventional radiology in the treatment of peripheral artery disease.
• Transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma.
• Evaluation of uterine artery embolization for the treatment of fibroids.
• Percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: Efficacy and complications.
• Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms: Long-term outcomes.
• Interventional radiology in the management of deep vein thrombosis.
• Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Imaging considerations.
• Emerging techniques in interventional oncology.

Radiation Safety and Dose Optimization

• Strategies for reducing radiation dose in pediatric imaging.
• Imaging modalities with low radiation exposure: Current advancements.
• Effective use of dose monitoring systems in radiology departments.
• The impact of artificial intelligence on radiation dose optimization.
• Optimization of radiation therapy treatment plans: Balancing efficacy and safety.
• Radioprotective measures for patients and healthcare professionals.
• The role of radiology in addressing radiation-induced risks.
• Evaluating the long-term effects of radiation exposure in diagnostic imaging.
• Radiation dose tracking and reporting: Implementing best practices.
• Patient education and communication regarding radiation risks.

Radiology in Oncology

• Imaging techniques for early detection and staging of lung cancer.
• Quantitative imaging biomarkers for predicting treatment response in solid tumors.
• Radiogenomics: Linking imaging features to genetic profiles in cancer.
• The role of imaging in assessing tumor angiogenesis.
• Radiological evaluation of lymphoma: Challenges and advancements.
• Imaging-guided interventions in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
• Assessment of tumor heterogeneity using functional imaging techniques.
• Radiomics and machine learning in predicting treatment outcomes in cancer.
• Multimodal imaging in the evaluation of brain tumors.
• Imaging surveillance after cancer treatment: Optimizing follow-up protocols.

Radiology in Musculoskeletal Disorders

• Imaging modalities in the evaluation of sports-related injuries.
• The role of imaging in diagnosing and monitoring rheumatoid arthritis.
• Assessment of bone health using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).
• Imaging techniques for evaluating osteoarthritis progression.
• Imaging-guided interventions in the management of musculoskeletal tumors.
• Role of imaging in diagnosing and managing spinal disorders.
• Evaluation of traumatic injuries using radiography, CT, and MRI.
• Imaging of joint prostheses: Complications and assessment techniques.
• Imaging features and classifications of bone fractures.
• Musculoskeletal ultrasound in the diagnosis of soft tissue injuries.

Neuroradiology

• Advanced neuroimaging techniques for early detection of neurodegenerative diseases.
• Imaging evaluation of acute stroke: Current guidelines and advancements.
• Role of functional MRI in mapping brain functions.
• Imaging of brain tumors: Classification and treatment planning.
• Diffusion tensor imaging in assessing white matter integrity.
• Neuroimaging in the evaluation of multiple sclerosis.
• Imaging techniques for the assessment of epilepsy.
• Radiological evaluation of neurovascular diseases.
• Imaging of cranial nerve disorders: Diagnosis and management.
• Radiological assessment of developmental brain abnormalities.

Pediatric Radiology

• Radiation dose reduction strategies in pediatric imaging.
• Imaging evaluation of congenital heart diseases in children.
• Role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of pediatric oncology.
• Imaging of pediatric gastrointestinal disorders.
• Evaluation of developmental hip dysplasia using ultrasound and radiography.
• Imaging features and management of pediatric musculoskeletal infections.
• Neuroimaging in the assessment of pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders.
• Radiological evaluation of pediatric respiratory conditions.
• Imaging techniques for the evaluation of pediatric abdominal emergencies.
• Imaging-guided interventions in pediatric patients.

Breast Imaging

• Advances in digital mammography for early breast cancer detection.
• The role of tomosynthesis in breast imaging.
• Imaging evaluation of breast implants: Complications and assessment.
• Radiogenomic analysis of breast cancer subtypes.
• Contrast-enhanced mammography: Diagnostic benefits and challenges.
• Emerging techniques in breast MRI for high-risk populations.
• Evaluation of breast density and its implications for cancer risk.
• Role of molecular breast imaging in dense breast tissue evaluation.
• Radiological evaluation of male breast disorders.
• The impact of artificial intelligence on breast cancer screening.

Cardiac Imaging

• Imaging evaluation of coronary artery disease: Current techniques and challenges.
• Role of cardiac CT angiography in the assessment of structural heart diseases.
• Imaging of cardiac tumors: Diagnosis and treatment considerations.
• Advanced imaging techniques for assessing myocardial viability.
• Evaluation of valvular heart diseases using echocardiography and MRI.
• Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of cardiomyopathies.
• Role of nuclear cardiology in the assessment of cardiac function.
• Imaging evaluation of congenital heart diseases in adults.
• Radiological assessment of cardiac arrhythmias.
• Imaging-guided interventions in structural heart diseases.

Abdominal and Pelvic Imaging

• Evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases using imaging techniques.
• Imaging features and classification of renal masses.
• Radiological assessment of gastrointestinal bleeding.
• Imaging evaluation of pancreatic diseases: Challenges and advancements.
• Evaluation of pelvic floor disorders using MRI and ultrasound.
• Role of imaging in diagnosing and staging gynecological cancers.
• Imaging of abdominal and pelvic trauma: Current guidelines and techniques.
• Radiological evaluation of genitourinary disorders.
• Imaging features of abdominal and pelvic infections.
• Assessment of abdominal and pelvic vascular diseases using imaging techniques.

This comprehensive list of radiology research paper topics highlights the vast range of research possibilities within the field of medical imaging. Each category offers unique insights and avenues for exploration, enabling students to delve into various aspects of radiology. By choosing a topic of interest and relevance, students can contribute to the advancement of medical imaging and patient care. The provided topics serve as a starting point for students to engage in in-depth research and produce high-quality research papers.

Radiology: Exploring the Range of Research Paper Topics

Introduction: Radiology plays a crucial role in modern healthcare, providing valuable insights into the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of various medical conditions. As a dynamic and rapidly evolving field, radiology offers a wide range of research opportunities for students in the health sciences. This article aims to explore the diverse spectrum of research paper topics within radiology, shedding light on the current trends, innovations, and challenges in the field.

Radiology in Diagnostic Imaging : Diagnostic imaging is one of the core areas of radiology, encompassing various modalities such as X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and nuclear medicine. Research topics in this domain may include advancements in imaging techniques, comparative analysis of modalities, radiomics, and the integration of artificial intelligence in image interpretation. Students can explore how these technological advancements enhance diagnostic accuracy, improve patient outcomes, and optimize radiation exposure.

Interventional Radiology : Interventional radiology focuses on minimally invasive procedures performed under image guidance. Research topics in this area can cover a wide range of interventions, such as angioplasty, embolization, radiofrequency ablation, and image-guided biopsies. Students can delve into the latest techniques, outcomes, and complications associated with interventional procedures, as well as explore the emerging role of interventional radiology in managing various conditions, including vascular diseases, cancer, and pain management.

Radiation Safety and Dose Optimization : Radiation safety is a critical aspect of radiology practice. Research in this field aims to minimize radiation exposure to patients and healthcare professionals while maintaining optimal diagnostic image quality. Topics may include strategies for reducing radiation dose in pediatric imaging, dose monitoring systems, the impact of artificial intelligence on radiation dose optimization, and radioprotective measures. Students can investigate how to strike a balance between effective imaging and patient safety, exploring advancements in dose reduction techniques and the implementation of best practices.

Radiology in Oncology : Radiology plays a vital role in the diagnosis, staging, and treatment response assessment in cancer patients. Research topics in this area can encompass the use of imaging techniques for early detection, tumor characterization, response prediction, and treatment planning. Students can explore the integration of radiomics, machine learning, and molecular imaging in oncology research, as well as advancements in functional imaging and image-guided interventions.

Radiology in Neuroimaging : Neuroimaging is a specialized field within radiology that focuses on imaging the brain and central nervous system. Research topics in neuroimaging can cover areas such as stroke imaging, neurodegenerative diseases, brain tumors, neurovascular disorders, and functional imaging for mapping brain functions. Students can explore the latest imaging techniques, image analysis tools, and their clinical applications in understanding and diagnosing various neurological conditions.

Radiology in Musculoskeletal Imaging : Musculoskeletal imaging involves the evaluation of bone, joint, and soft tissue disorders. Research topics in this area can encompass imaging techniques for sports-related injuries, arthritis, musculoskeletal tumors, spinal disorders, and trauma. Students can explore the role of advanced imaging modalities such as MRI and ultrasound in diagnosing and managing musculoskeletal conditions, as well as the use of imaging-guided interventions for treatment.

Pediatric Radiology : Pediatric radiology focuses on imaging children, who have unique anatomical and physiological considerations. Research topics in this field may include radiation dose reduction strategies in pediatric imaging, imaging evaluation of congenital anomalies, pediatric oncology imaging, and imaging assessment of developmental disorders. Students can explore how to tailor imaging protocols for children, minimize radiation exposure, and improve diagnostic accuracy in pediatric patients.

Breast Imaging : Breast imaging is essential for the early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. Research topics in this area can cover advancements in mammography, tomosynthesis, breast MRI, and molecular imaging. Students can explore topics related to breast density, imaging-guided biopsies, breast cancer screening, and the impact of artificial intelligence in breast imaging. Additionally, they can investigate the use of imaging techniques for evaluating breast implants and assessing high-risk populations.

Cardiac Imaging : Cardiac imaging focuses on the evaluation of heart structure and function. Research topics in this field may include imaging techniques for coronary artery disease, valvular heart diseases, cardiomyopathies, and cardiac tumors. Students can explore the role of cardiac CT, MRI, nuclear cardiology, and echocardiography in diagnosing and managing various cardiac conditions. Additionally, they can investigate the use of imaging in guiding interventional procedures and assessing treatment outcomes.

Abdominal and Pelvic Imaging : Abdominal and pelvic imaging involves the evaluation of organs and structures within the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Research topics in this area can encompass imaging of the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, genitourinary system, and pelvic floor. Students can explore topics related to imaging techniques, evaluation of specific diseases or conditions, and the role of imaging in guiding interventions. Additionally, they can investigate emerging modalities such as elastography and diffusion-weighted imaging in abdominal and pelvic imaging.

Radiology offers a vast array of research opportunities for students in the field of health sciences. The topics discussed in this article provide a glimpse into the breadth and depth of research possibilities within radiology. By exploring these research areas, students can contribute to advancements in diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and patient care. With the rapid evolution of imaging technologies and the integration of artificial intelligence, the future of radiology research holds immense potential for improving healthcare outcomes.

Choosing Radiology Research Paper Topics

Introduction: Selecting a research topic is a crucial step in the journey of writing a radiology research paper. It determines the focus of your study and influences the impact your research can have in the field. To help you make an informed choice, we have compiled expert advice on selecting radiology research paper topics. By following these tips, you can identify a relevant and engaging research topic that aligns with your interests and contributes to the advancement of radiology knowledge.

• Identify Your Interests : Start by reflecting on your own interests within the field of radiology. Consider which subspecialties or areas of radiology intrigue you the most. Are you interested in diagnostic imaging, interventional radiology, radiation safety, oncology imaging, or any other specific area? Identifying your interests will guide you in selecting a topic that excites you and keeps you motivated throughout the research process.
• Stay Updated on Current Trends : Keep yourself updated on the latest advancements, breakthroughs, and emerging trends in radiology. Read scientific journals, attend conferences, and engage in discussions with experts in the field. By staying informed, you can identify gaps in knowledge or areas that require further investigation, providing you with potential research topics that are timely and relevant.
• Consult with Faculty or Mentors : Seek guidance from your faculty members or mentors who are experienced in the field of radiology. They can provide valuable insights into potential research areas, ongoing projects, and research gaps. Discuss your research interests with them and ask for their suggestions and recommendations. Their expertise and guidance can help you narrow down your research topic and refine your research question.
• Conduct a Literature Review : Conducting a thorough literature review is an essential step in choosing a research topic. It allows you to familiarize yourself with the existing body of knowledge, identify research gaps, and build a strong foundation for your study. Analyze recent research papers, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses related to radiology to identify areas that need further investigation or where controversies exist.
• Brainstorm Research Questions : Once you have gained an understanding of the current state of research in radiology, brainstorm potential research questions. Consider the gaps or controversies you identified during your literature review. Develop research questions that address these gaps and contribute to the existing knowledge. Ensure that your research questions are clear, focused, and answerable within the scope of your study.
• Consider the Practicality and Feasibility : When selecting a research topic, consider the practicality and feasibility of conducting the study. Evaluate the availability of resources, access to data, research facilities, and ethical considerations. Assess the time frame and potential constraints that may impact your research. Choosing a topic that is feasible within your given resources and time frame will ensure a successful and manageable research experience.
• Collaborate with Peers : Consider collaborating with your peers or forming a research group to enhance your research experience. Collaborative research allows for a sharing of ideas, resources, and expertise, fostering a supportive environment. By working together, you can explore more complex research topics, conduct multicenter studies, and generate more impactful findings.
• Seek Multidisciplinary Perspectives : Radiology intersects with various other medical disciplines. Consider exploring interdisciplinary research topics that integrate radiology with fields such as oncology, cardiology, neurology, or orthopedics. By incorporating multidisciplinary perspectives, you can address complex healthcare challenges and contribute to a broader understanding of patient care.
• Choose a Topic with Clinical Relevance : Select a research topic that has direct clinical relevance. Focus on topics that can potentially influence patient outcomes, improve diagnostic accuracy, optimize treatment strategies, or enhance patient safety. By choosing a clinically relevant topic, you can contribute to the advancement of radiology practice and have a positive impact on patient care.
• Seek Ethical Considerations : Ensure that your research topic adheres to ethical considerations in radiology research. Patient privacy, confidentiality, and informed consent should be prioritized when conducting studies involving human subjects. Familiarize yourself with the ethical guidelines and regulations specific to radiology research and ensure that your study design and data collection methods are in line with these principles.

Choosing a radiology research paper topic requires careful consideration and alignment with your interests, expertise, and the current trends in the field. By following the expert advice provided in this section, you can select a research topic that is engaging, relevant, and contributes to the advancement of radiology knowledge. Remember to consult with mentors, conduct a thorough literature review, and consider practicality and feasibility. With a well-chosen research topic, you can embark on an exciting journey of exploration, innovation, and contribution to the field of radiology.

How to Write a Radiology Research Paper

Introduction: Writing a radiology research paper requires a systematic approach and attention to detail. It is essential to effectively communicate your research findings, methodology, and conclusions to contribute to the body of knowledge in the field. In this section, we will provide you with valuable tips on how to write a successful radiology research paper. By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your paper is well-structured, informative, and impactful.

• Define the Research Question : Start by clearly defining your research question or objective. It serves as the foundation of your research paper and guides your entire study. Ensure that your research question is specific, focused, and relevant to the field of radiology. Clearly articulate the purpose of your study and its potential implications.
• Conduct a Thorough Literature Review : Before diving into writing, conduct a comprehensive literature review to familiarize yourself with the existing body of knowledge in your research area. Identify key studies, seminal papers, and relevant research articles that will support your research. Analyze and synthesize the literature to identify gaps, controversies, or areas for further investigation.
• Develop a Well-Structured Outline : Create a clear and well-structured outline for your research paper. An outline serves as a roadmap and helps you organize your thoughts, arguments, and evidence. Divide your paper into logical sections such as introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Ensure a logical flow of ideas and information throughout the paper.
• Write an Engaging Introduction : The introduction is the opening section of your research paper and should capture the reader’s attention. Start with a compelling hook that introduces the importance of the research topic. Provide background information, context, and the rationale for your study. Clearly state the research question or objective and outline the structure of your paper.
• Conduct Rigorous Methodology : Describe your research methodology in detail, ensuring transparency and reproducibility. Explain your study design, data collection methods, sample size, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and statistical analyses. Clearly outline the steps you took to ensure scientific rigor and address potential biases. Include any ethical considerations and institutional review board approvals, if applicable.
• Present Clear and Concise Results : Present your research findings in a clear, concise, and organized manner. Use tables, figures, and charts to visually represent your data. Provide accurate and relevant statistical analyses to support your results. Explain the significance and implications of your findings and their alignment with your research question.
• Analyze and Interpret Results : In the discussion section, analyze and interpret your research results in the context of existing literature. Compare and contrast your findings with previous studies, highlighting similarities, differences, and potential explanations. Discuss any limitations or challenges encountered during the study and propose areas for future research.
• Ensure Clear and Coherent Writing : Maintain clarity, coherence, and precision in your writing. Use concise and straightforward language to convey your ideas effectively. Avoid jargon or excessive technical terms that may hinder understanding. Clearly define any acronyms or abbreviations used in your paper. Ensure that each paragraph has a clear topic sentence and flows smoothly into the next.
• Citations and References : Properly cite all the sources used in your research paper. Follow the citation style recommended by your institution or the journal you intend to submit to (e.g., APA, MLA, or Chicago). Include in-text citations for direct quotes, paraphrased information, or any borrowed ideas. Create a comprehensive reference list at the end of your paper, following the formatting guidelines.
• Revise and Edit : Take the time to revise and edit your research paper before final submission. Review the content, structure, and organization of your paper. Check for grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and typos. Ensure that your paper adheres to the specified word count and formatting guidelines. Seek feedback from colleagues or mentors to gain valuable insights and suggestions for improvement.

Conclusion: Writing a radiology research paper requires careful planning, attention to detail, and effective communication. By following the tips provided in this section, you can write a well-structured and impactful research paper in the field of radiology. Define a clear research question, conduct a thorough literature review, develop a strong outline, and present your findings with clarity. Remember to adhere to proper citation guidelines and revise your paper before submission. With these guidelines in mind, you can contribute to the advancement of radiology knowledge and make a meaningful impact in the field.

iResearchNet’s Writing Services

Introduction: At iResearchNet, we understand the challenges faced by students in the field of health sciences when it comes to writing research papers, including those in radiology. Our writing services are designed to provide you with expert assistance and support throughout your research paper journey. With our team of experienced writers, in-depth research capabilities, and commitment to excellence, we offer a range of services that will help you achieve your academic goals and ensure the success of your radiology research papers.

• Expert Degree-Holding Writers : Our team consists of expert writers who hold advanced degrees in various fields, including radiology and health sciences. They possess extensive knowledge and expertise in their respective areas, allowing them to deliver high-quality and well-researched papers.
• Custom Written Works : We understand that each research paper is unique, and we tailor our services to meet your specific requirements. Our writers craft custom-written research papers that align with your research objectives, ensuring originality and authenticity in every piece.
• In-Depth Research : Research is at the core of any high-quality paper. Our writers conduct comprehensive and in-depth research to gather relevant literature, scientific articles, and other credible sources to support your research paper. They have access to reputable databases and libraries to ensure that your paper is backed by the latest and most reliable information.
• Custom Formatting : Formatting your research paper according to the specified guidelines can be a challenging task. Our writers are well-versed in various formatting styles, including APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, and Harvard. They ensure that your paper adheres to the required formatting standards, including citations, references, and overall document structure.
• Top Quality : We prioritize delivering top-quality research papers that meet the highest academic standards. Our writers pay attention to detail, ensuring accurate information, logical flow, and coherence in your paper. We conduct thorough editing and proofreading to eliminate any errors and improve the overall quality of your work.
• Customized Solutions : We understand that every student has unique research requirements. Our services are tailored to provide customized solutions that address your specific needs. Whether you need assistance with topic selection, literature review, methodology, data analysis, or any other aspect of your research paper, we are here to support you at every step.
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Radiology Thesis Research Topics

A dissertation, or thesis, is an integral part the Radiology curriculum. It can be called MD, DNB, or DMRD. For your convenience, we have tried to collect radiology thesis topics from different sources. Writing a Radiology thesis is not for everyone. There is no way around it so accept it and get on with it. #PhilosophyGyan!). Get started on your thesis as soon as you can. You can finish your thesis before the exams to avoid stress. Your thesis may need to be edited many times so be ready for this and plan your time accordingly.

Here are some tips for choosing the right topic and thesis in Radiology research:

• Prospective studies are more effective than retrospective ones.
• For your radiology thesis, choose a topic that is simple.
• You can choose a new topic if you're really interested in research and have a mentor to guide you. After you're done, make sure you publish your research.
• It is a good idea to stick with a topic for your thesis that won't take too much of your time in most cases.
• This does not mean you should abandon your thesis or 'Ctrl L + CtrlV' it from someone from another university. Writing your thesis is the first step in research methodology. Please do it honestly.
• However, don't spend too much time writing/collecting data to support your thesis.
• Don't put off preparing your thesis. Once you have been given a guideline, begin researching the topics and writing the review.
• Do not rush to finish your thesis until a few months before the exam.
• Some people have been unable to appear on the exam due to not having submitted their thesis on time. Do not take your thesis lightly.
• I will reiterate once more: Do not choose the thesis topic of someone else. Learn about the types of cases your Hospital treats. A good thesis on a common topic is better than one that is poorly written on a more obscure one.

List of Radiology Thesis Topics

• The state of the art in MRI for the diagnosis of hepatic focal lesion
• Multimodality imaging evaluation for sacroiliitis in patients newly diagnosed with spondyloarthropathy
• Multidetector computed Tomography in Oesophageal Varices
• The role of positron emission imaging tomography and computed tomography for the diagnosis of thyroid cancer
• Ultrasound elastography is used to evaluate focal breast lesions
• Assessment of traumatic spinal injuries: role of MRI diffusion tensor imagery
• Sonographic imaging for male infertility
• Comparative analysis of digital subtraction and color Doppler in patients with occlusive arterial diseases
• CT urography and haematuria: What is its role?
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging plays a vital role in brain tumor surgery safety
• Prediction of preeclampsia by Doppler uterine artery
• Evaluation of neonatal Cholestasis: Role of Doppler ultrasonography and gray scale
• Validity of MRI for diagnosis of congenital anorectal abnormalities
• Assessment of clubfoot: Role of sonography
• Diffusion MRI plays a role in the preoperative evaluation for brain neoplasms
• Pre-anaesthetic evaluation and laryngeal conditions.
• Study of intrauterine growth restriction: multivessel (arterial, venous) Doppler velocity
• Multiparametric 3tesla-MRI for suspected prostatic malignancy
• Sonography is an important tool for identifying benign nodules in the thyroid.
• Multiple sclerosis: Role of advanced magnetic resonance imaging sequences
• Evaluation of jaw lesions: role of multidetector computed Tomography
• Ultrasound and MR Imaging are important in the evaluation of Musculotendinous Pathologies of Shoulder Joint
• Perfusion computed tomography plays a role in the assessment of cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and vascular permeability for cerebral neoplasms
• MRI flow quantification is used to assess the most common csf flow abnormalities
• Diffusion-weighted MRI is important in the evaluation of prostate lesions. It also helps to determine histopathological correlation.
• CT enterography for evaluation of small bowel problems
• To detect recurrence, compare perfusion magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in post-radiotherapy treated gliomas.
• Evaluation of paediatric retroperitoneal masses using multidetector computed Tomography
• Multidetector computed tmography plays a role in neck lesions
• Indian population estimates standard liver volume

Topics for a Radiology dissertation

• Multislice CT scan, barium swallow and their role in the estimation of the length of oesophageal tumors
• Malignant Lesions-A Prospective Study.
• Ultrasonography is an important tool for the diagnosis of acute abdominal disease in children.
• Role of three dimensional multidetector CT hysterosalpingography in female factor infertility
• Comparative evaluation of multidetector computedtomography (MDCT), virtual tracheobronchoscopy, and fiberoptic traceo-bronchoscopy for airway diseases
• The role of multidetector CT for small bowel obstruction evaluation
• Sonographic evaluation of adhesive capsulitis in the shoulder
• Utility of MR Urography Versus Other Techniques in Obstructive Uropathy
• An MRI of the postoperative knee
• 64-slice multi detector computed tomography plays an important role in the diagnosis of mesenteric and bowel injury after blunt abdominal trauma.
• In the evaluation of focal liver lesion, sonoelastography is combined with triphasic computed Tomography
• Evaluation of the role of transperineal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in urinary stress incontinence in women
• Multidetector computed morphographic features of abdominal hernias
• Ultrasound elastography is used to evaluate lesions in major salivary glands
• Female urinary incontinence: Transvaginal ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Evaluation of colonic lesions using MDCT colonography and double contrast barium enema
• Role of MRI for diagnosis and staging urinary bladder carcinoma
• Children with febrile neutropenia: Spectrum of imaging findings
• Children with chest tuberculosis: Spectrum of radiographic appearances
• Computerized tomography plays a role in the evaluation of mediastinal masses during paediatrics
• Diagnosis of renal artery stenosis by comparison of multimodality imaging in diabetics
• Multidetector CT virtual Hysteroscopy is an important tool in the diagnosis of female infertility.
• Evaluation of Crohn's Disease: The role of multislice computed Tomography
• CT quantification of airway and parenchymal parameters using 64-slice MDCT in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease
• Comparative evaluation of MDCT versus 3t MRI in radiographically diagnosed jaw lesions.
• Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography, colour-Doppler sonography, and low dose computed Tomography in acute appendicitis
• Ultrasonography , magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreatography (MRCP) in assessment of pediatric biliary lesions
• Multidetector computed Tomography in Hepatobiliary Lesions
• Assessment of peripheral nerve lesions using high resolution ultrasonography (HRU) and colour Doppler
• Multidetector computed Tomography in Pancreatic Lesions

Thesis topics in DNB radiology

• Magnetic resonance perfusion weighted imagery & spectroscopy are used to grade gliomas by correlating the perfusion parameter of the lesion and the final histopathological grade
• Magnetic resonance assessment of abdominal tuberculosis.
• Low dose spiral HRCT for diffuse lung disease is useful in diagnosing
• Evaluation of endometrial lesion evaluations using dynamic contrast enhanced and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging
• Digital breast tomosynthesis and contrast enhanced digital mammography are both available for early diagnosis of breast lesions.
• Assessment of Portal Hypertension using Colour Doppler flow and magnetic resonance imaging
• Magnetic resonance imaging allows for the evaluation of musculoskeletal problems
• Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging is an important tool in the diagnosis of brain lesions that are neoplastic or inflammatory.
• Radiological spectrum of HIV-infected children with chest diseases High resolution ultrasonography for neck masses in children
• With surgical findings
• Evaluation of spinal trauma: Role of MRI
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Sonographic evaluation of the peripheral nerves
• Perfusion computed tomography plays a role in the evaluation neck masses and correlation
• Ultrasonography plays a role in diagnosing knee joint problems
• Ultrasonography plays a role in the evaluation of different causes of pelvic pain during the first trimester.
• The Evaluation of Diseases of the Aorta or its Branches: Magnetic Resonance Angiography's Role
• MDCT fistulography for evaluation of fistulas in Ano
• Multislice CT plays a role in the diagnosis of small intestinal tumors
• High resolution CT plays a role in the differentiation of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules among children
• Multidetector computed urography in the treatment of urinary tract disorders: A study
• High resolution sonography plays an important role in the assessment of the ulnar nerve for patients suffering from leprosy.
• Radiological pre-operative evaluation of malignant and locally aggressive musculoskeletal tumors using magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography.
• In acute pelvic inflammatory diseases, the role of MRI and ultrasound
• In the evaluation of shoulder pain, ultrasonography is more effective than computed tomographicarthrography
• Multidetector Computed Tomography is an important tool for patients suffering from blunt abdominal trauma.
• Evaluation of breast lesions: The role of extended field-of-view sonography and compound imaging
• Multidetector CT, perfusion CT are used to evaluate focal pancreatic lesion.
• Assessment of breast masses using sono-mammography or colour Doppler imaging
• Evaluation of laryngeal masses: role of CT virtual laryngoscopy
• Triple phase multi-detector computed tomography in the liver masses

Radiology thesis topics for reference

• Ultrasound elastography is used to evaluate hepatic dysfunction in chronic liver disease.
• Assessment of hydrocephalus in children: Role of MRI
• Sonoelastography is an important tool in the diagnosis of breast lesions
• Patients with intracranial tumors: The impact of volumetric tumor doubling on survival
• Perfusion computed tomography plays a role in the diagnosis of colonic lesions
• Proton MRI spectroscopy plays a role in the evaluation and treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy
• Evaluation of peripheral arterial disease: role of multidetector CT and Doppler ultrasound
• Multidetector computed Tomography plays a role in paranasal sinus disease
• Virtual endoscopy with MDCT is an effective tool for diagnosing and evaluating gastric problems
• High resolution 3 Tesla MRI for the assessment of hindfoot and ankle pain.
• Ultrasonography transperineal in infants suffering from anorectal malformation
• In order to detect varices in patients with cirrhotics, CT portography uses MDCT instead of color Doppler
• CT urography plays a role in the evaluation of a dilapid ureter
• Dynamic contrast-enhanced multidetector CT characterizes pulmonary nodules
• Comprehensive CT imaging of an acute ischemic stroke using multidetector CT
• Fetal MRI plays a vital role in diagnosing intrauterine neurological congenital abnormalities
• Multidetector computed angiography plays a role in pediatric chest mass
• Multimodality imaging for the assessment of breast lesions that are palpable or non-palpable.
• Sonographic Assessment of Fetal Nasal Bone Length at 11-28 Gestational Days and Its Relationship to Fetal Outcome.
• The Role Of Sonoelastography and Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography in Evaluation Of Lymph Node Metastasis in Head and Neck Cancers
• Unenhanced computed Tomography allows for assessment of the hepatic fat in fatty liver disease.
• Correlation between vertebral marrow fat and spectroscopy, diffusion-weighted MRI imaging, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal females
• Comparative assessment of CT coronary imaging with conventional catheter coronary angiography
• Ultrasound evaluation of the length and diameter of the descending colon in normal and intrauterine-restricted foetuses
• Prospective study of the hepatic vein waveform in liver cirrhosis. Correlation with Child Pugh's classification.
• CT angiography for evaluation of coronary artery bypass graft patency in symptomatic patients' functional assessment myocardium using cardiac MRI in patients suffering from myocardial injury
• MRI Evaluation of HIV Positive Patients with Central Nerv System Manifestations
• MDCT evaluation of mediastinal hilar masses
• Evaluation of labro-ligamentous complex lesion by MRI & MRI arthrography shoulder joint
• Imaging plays a role in the assessment of soft tissue vascular malformations

Thesis topics in MD radiology:

• The Role of CT Virtual Cystoscopy in Urinary Bladder Neoplasia Diagnosis
• Multislice CT is an essential diagnostic technique for small intestinal tumours.
• "Mri Flow Quantification in the Evaluation of the Most Common CSF Flow Anomals"
• "The Fetal Mri Role in the Diagnosis of Intrauterine Neurological CongenitalAnomalies"
• Transcranial Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Neonatal Brain Insults
• "Interventional Imaging Procedures' Role in the Treatment of Specific Gynecological Disorders"
• The Role of Radiological Imaging in Endometrial Carcinoma Diagnosis
• "The Role of High Resolution CT in the Diagnosis of Benign and Malignant Pulmonary Nodules in Children"
• Ultrasonography is a valuable diagnostic technique for knee joint pathologies.
• "The Role of Diagnostic Imaging Modalities in Assessing Post-Liver Transplantation Recipient Complications"
• "In Diagnosis, Diffusion-Weighted Magnet Resonance Imaging
• Brain Tumor Characterization in Relation to Conventional Mri
• PET-CT and Hepatic Tumor Evaluation
• "The Role of CT in the Evaluation of Mediastinal Masses in Pediatric Patients"
• "Female Urinary Incontinence: Transvaginal Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Multidetector CT is an important tool in diagnosing urinary bladder cancer
• "The Role Of Transvaginal Ultrasound in Diagnosis and Treatment Of Female Infertility
• Role Of Diffusion-Weighted Mri Imaging In Evaluation Of Cancer Prostate
• "Role Of Emission Tomography With Computed Tomography In Diagnosis Of Cancer Thyroid"
• CT Urography in the Case of Haematuria: What Role Does It Play?
• "The Role of Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Acute Abdominal Disorders in Children"
• "The Role of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Increasing the Safety of Brain Tumor Surgery"
• The Role of Sonoelastography in the Characterization of Breast Lesions
• "Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in Pediatric Biliary Lesions"
• "The Role of Ultrasound and Color Doppler Imaging in the Evaluation of Acute Abdominal Pain Caused by Female Genital Causes"
• "The Role of Multidetector CT Virtual Laryngoscopy in the Diagnosis of Laryngeal Mass Lesions"
• The Postoperative Knee MRI
• Mri's Role in Valvular Heart Disease Assessment
• Fetal Abdominal Abnormalities: The Role of 3D and 4D Ultrasonography
• State-of-the-Art Hispatic Focal Lesions

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Frequently asked questions

How do i choose a thesis for my radiology .

Select a straightforward subject for your radiology thesis. You can pick a unique topic if you have a competent mentor who will help you and are really engaged in research. Once you've completed that, be sure to publish your study as soon as it's finished.

What are the problems in radiology ?

The "invisible" radiologist, tissue characterization, and micro resolution are among the problems. Opportunities exist in interventional radiology and quantitative imaging. Radiological screening practices will alter due to in vitro diagnostics. Radiology may have varied effects from automation.

What are the 5 most common errors in radiology ?

In 2016, Johnson found that failure to consult earlier studies or reports, limitations in imaging technique (inappropriate or incomplete protocols), inaccurate or incomplete history, the lesion's location outside of the region of interest, and a failure to search were the most frequent causes of diagnostic errors.

What do radiology means ?

Imaging technology is used in the medical specialty of radiology to identify and treat illness. Diagnostic radiology and interventional radiology are two subfields of radiology. Radiologists are medical professionals with a focus on radiology.

What is an example of radiology ?

The most typical kinds of radiological diagnostic tests include: The term "computed tomography" (CT) is also used for CAT scans, which include CT angiography. upper gastrointestinal and barium enema fluoroscopy. MRI and MR angiography are terms for magnetic resonance imaging.

Does radiologist do surgery ?

A surgical operation, for instance, may be supported by medical imaging used by an interventional radiologist. With the use of this imaging, operations may be performed more safely and with a quicker recovery. Typically, interventional radiologists do keyhole surgery.

What does the future hold for radiology ?

Future phases of AI in radiology will build sophisticated deep learning algorithms, more complicated artificial neural networks, and intricate integration of several data systems (pathology and radiology) so that AI in medicine and radiology will continue to advance and become more potent.

Is AI going to replace radiologists ?

Radiologists cannot be replaced by AI. However, it can make radiologists' routine work easier. Early adopters of AI will therefore probably lead the radiology industry in the future. Some radiology medical students have changed their perspectives in response to this topic, which has raised concerns.

Which field is better nursing or radiology ?

Radiologic technologists made an average yearly pay of $56,450 as of 2012, according to the BLS. This is significantly greater than the average yearly salary of LPNs and certified vocational nurses, which was $42,400. But the majority of nurses make more money than radiologic technologists.

How do radiology techs make more money ?

You will be paid extra if you select a shift that starts later in the day. You will get paid extra if you pick shifts on the weekends. A radiologic technician who works the night shift gets paid much more per hour than one who works the day shift.

Do radiologists talk to patients ?

Direct patient interaction is already a common practice in several radiology subspecialties. Before, during, and after tests, sonologists, fluoroscopists, interventional radiologists, women's imagers, and pediatric radiologists frequently speak with their patients directly.

How long does it take to become a radiologist ?

You must complete a minimum of seven years of formal medical education. A master's in radiology follows a bachelor's in radiography with a biology and physics emphasis, similar to an MBBS or premedical degree.

Can radiologist do pain management ?

Numerous operations that our radiologists may carry out can aid in the pain reduction of suffering individuals. Many of those procedures can be very beneficial for people with joint pain, back pain, or chronic face discomfort.

List of Radiology Thesis Topics ?

• The role of positron emission imaging tomography and computed tomography in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer

Radiology thesis topics for reference ?

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List of Radiology Thesis Topics

Radiology is a crucial medical specialty involving imaging techniques such as X-rays, MRI, CT, and ultrasound to diagnose and treat various medical conditions. In recent years, there have been significant advancements in radiology technology, leading to improved patient care and accuracy of diagnoses.

The goal of the thesis/article is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic, its relevance to radiology, and its potential impact on patient outcomes.

Let’s discuss some topics of the Radiology Thesis Topics:

1. Artificial intelligence in radiology: applications and challenges

Artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed numerous industries, including healthcare. In recent years, AI has been increasingly applied to radiology to improve patient care and the accuracy of diagnoses. However, despite its potential benefits, the implementation of AI in radiology is challenging.

This thesis/article will explore the applications of AI in radiology and the challenges that come with its implementation. The goal of the thesis/article is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic, its relevance to radiology, and its potential impact on patient outcomes.

2. 3D printing’s effects on radiology

Healthcare is one of the many industries that 3D printing has the potential to transform completely. In recent years, 3D printing in radiology has been gaining popularity. 3D-printed models of patient anatomy can provide radiologists with a more in-depth understanding of the patient’s condition. It makes it easier to plan treatments and surgeries.

However, using 3D printing in radiology is challenging despite its potential benefits. Some challenges include the cost of 3D printers and materials.

3. Image analysis in musculoskeletal radiology

Musculoskeletal radiology is a specialized field that focuses on diagnosing and treating conditions that affect bones, joints, and muscles. Image analysis is a crucial aspect of musculoskeletal radiology.

In this thesis/article, you can focus on the role of image analysis in musculoskeletal radiology. Discuss the various image analysis techniques used in musculoskeletal radiology and their impact on the accuracy of diagnoses.

4. The function of radiology in the detection and treatment of cancer

Worldwide, millions of people have cancer, a severe and possibly fatal disease. Effective cancer treatment and better patient outcomes depend on an early diagnosis and precise disease staging. Radiology is essential to the detection and management of cancer.

In this thesis/article, you can focus on the part of radiology in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Discuss the various imaging modalities used in cancer diagnosis and the impact of radiology on the accuracy of diagnoses and treatment planning.

5. Human health impacts of radiation exposure

Radiation exposure is common in everyday life, as it is present in natural sources such as the sun and cosmic rays and artificial sources such as medical imaging tests and nuclear power plants.

The thesis or article should offer a thorough understanding of the subject. Its significance for radiology, human welfare, and potential consequences for patient outcomes.

6. Computer-aided diagnosis in radiology

In this thesis/article, you can focus on the role of computer-aided diagnosis in radiology. Discuss the various techniques used in computer-aided diagnosis and their impact on the accuracy of diagnoses.

7. The use of virtual and augmented reality in radiology education

This thesis/article can focus on virtual and augmented reality in radiology education. Discuss the benefits of VR/AR technology in radiology education and its impact on student learning and patient care.

8. Image fusion in interventional radiology

In this thesis/article, you can focus on the role of image fusion in interventional radiology. Discuss the various image fusion techniques used in interventional radiology and their impact on the accuracy of diagnoses and treatment planning.

9. Advancements in mammography technology

In this thesis/article, you can focus on the advancements in mammography technology. Discuss the various mammography techniques used in clinical practice and their impact on patient care and the accuracy of diagnoses.

The impact of teleradiology on patient care

The benefits of teleradiology include improved patient outcomes and reduced wait times for test results, especially in rural and underserved areas. Teleradiology can also reduce costs and improve efficiency.

This thesis/article can focus on the impact of teleradiology on patient care. Discuss the various applications of teleradiology in radiology and its effects on patient outcomes and access to care.

In conclusion, radiology constantly evolves and presents numerous research and development opportunities. The topic explored in this thesis/article is a crucial aspect of radiology and highlights the importance of continued advancements in the field.

Future research in this area must build upon the current understanding and improve patient outcomes. The findings and recommendations presented in this thesis/article provide a foundation for future research and development in radiology.

As the area continues to evolve, it is essential to remain focused on delivering high-quality patient care and exploring new and innovative ways to improve the accuracy of diagnoses and treatment planning.

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Radiology Research Topics

1.      Revolutionizing Medical Imaging with Computed Tomography

Are you a medical imaging specialist looking to take your imaging capabilities to the next level? Look no further than high-precision computed tomography! Computed Tomography (CT) is an industry-leading medical imaging technology that provides clinicians with essential 3D images to diagnose potential illnesses as accurately as possible.

Using powerful x-ray beams and complex algorithms, CT scans create detailed internal images with far better resolution than most other diagnostic modalities, such as MRI or ultrasound. These highly intricate 3D depictions essentially act like a snapshot of the inner workings when scanning – making it easier for healthcare providers to detect problems related to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, trauma, infections, and soft tissue damage.

2.      Gastro-Diagnostics: Taking an X-Ray of your Digestive System

This study will help you dive deep into the depths of your digestive system and take a good hard look at what’s happening inside you. The Gastro-Diagnostic system works safely and quickly to order special equipment for an endoscopy or colonoscopy procedure. This minimally invasive process involves only light anesthesia and is used for diagnostic purposes only — it does not establish any form of treatment.

Once complete, a radiologist will evaluate the results directly from the Imaging center via secure transfer to our facility. They are set up with full training and assistance in reading images securely online. The final diagnosis must be based upon a referral by physicians trained in this field of medical science

• Radiation Revolution: An Inside Look at Diagnostic Radiology

Are you curious to learn more about diagnostic radiology? Well, this is your chance! With this study, you’ll get all the necessary information.

Diagnostic radiology is an advanced imaging technology used in hospitals, clinics, and physician’s offices worldwide. It uses specialized equipment to produce cross-section images of body parts and identify problems that cannot be seen by just taking x-rays. These images are then used to diagnose and treat conditions like cancer, heart disease, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, musculoskeletal ailments, and more! 

Opting for diagnostic radiology instead of traditional x-ray procedure allows doctors to detect subtle changes related to or unrelated health issues much earlier. It enables them to plan suitable treatments accordingly. Moreover, this sophisticated imaging tool provides detailed information about bodily organs, often serving as a guide before undertaking minor or major surgeries.  

• Magnifying Medical Miracles with MRI Technology

If you want to make medical miracles happen, it all starts with the right technology. Enter MRI technology – a powerful tool that gives doctors and physicians deep insight into human anatomy so they can effectively diagnose diseases and create successful treatment plans.

MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, but we think of it as Major Resolution Imagery. Put simply; an MRI machine helps health care professionals locate problems ranging from fractures in bones to defects inside organs or arteries — something no other device on earth can do quite like this one! Plus, its cutting-edge imaging capabilities let them observe minute details without resorting to invasive surgery – true magnifying magic at work!

• Exploring Ultrasonography Medical Imaging

Ultrasonography is a medical imaging technology that creates images of inside organs and structures by using high-frequency sound waves. It is commonly used to assess the health of a fetus during pregnancy and diagnose and monitor conditions such as heart disease, cancer, and kidney stones. Examples include obstetric ultrasound for pregnant women and echocardiography for assessing heart health.

This cutting-edge medical imaging technology has revolutionized how medical professionals view the body’s inner workings. With ultrasonography, you can view organs, tissues, and even unborn babies with unparalleled clarity and detail.

• Role of RADS in Radiology

RADS stands for Radiology Assessment Database System. It is a system used by radiologists to store, manage, and analyze medical imaging data. Examples of popular RADS systems include PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System) and RIS (Radiology Information System).

RADS also has powerful analytical tools that help you get the most out of your imaging datasets. It enables you to monitor patient outcomes, analyze diagnostic accuracy, and detect trends in image quality across your practice or institution. In addition, RADS includes a variety of reporting tools that let you generate custom reports and track results over time.

• Deciphering Exposure Indicators through Radiology

Exposure Indicators in Radiology are measurements used to determine the amount of radiation exposure a patient has received during a radiological procedure. Examples of popular exposure indicators include the dose-area product (DAP) and the computed tomography dose index (CTDI). The DAP is a measure of the total radiation dose delivered to a patient during an imaging procedure. At the same time, the CTDI is a measure of the radiation dose delivered to a specific region of the body.

These indicators are incredibly accurate and reliable, precisely measuring the radiation dose a patient receives during a radiological procedure. With this information, you can ensure your patients get the required dosage without exceeding it.

• Focal Spot/Area/Zone: Radiology

Do you want to get the most out of your radiology exams? This study will help you a lot!

Focal Spot/Area/Zone is a term used in radiology to refer to the area of the body that is being imaged. It is the area where the X-ray beam is focused and is usually the size of a pinhead. Popular examples include mammograms, which focus on the breast tissue, and CT scans, which focus on the head or chest.

Focal Spot/Area/Zone also provides safety benefits. With its pinpoint accuracy, radiation exposure time is limited and helps limit exposure to x-ray radiation. As a result, fewer images must be taken to get the desired results, reducing the risk to your patients.

• An Exploration of Contrast Medium

A contrast medium is a material that is used to improve the visibility of organs, vessels, and tissues during medical imaging procedures. The procedures include X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound. Popular examples of contrast media include barium sulfate for X-rays, gadolinium for MRI, and microbubbles for ultrasound.

Contrast medium helps in aiding quick diagnosis as it improves the accuracy and effectiveness of medical imaging procedures. The contrast medium lets your doctor get a detailed image for a great diagnosis. It also helps in warning about potential danger signs that may not be visible through standard imaging procedures.

Another advantage of using a contrast medium for medical imaging is its safety. It is FDA approved and noted to be safe for human usage.

10.   A Clear Look at Mammography

A mammogram is a type of imaging test that uses low-dose X-rays to detect changes in the breast tissue. It is used to screen for and diagnose breast cancer and other conditions, such as cysts or benign tumors. Mammograms can also be used to monitor the progress of treatment for breast cancer.

Mammography involves squeezing the breasts between two plates and capturing an X-ray picture. This compression helps to spread out the breast tissue so that any abnormalities can be more easily seen on the X-ray image. The images are then sent to a radiologist, who will interpret them and report back with their findings.

11.   A Guide to Abdominal Radiography

Abdominal radiography is an imaging technique used to view the internal organs and structures of the abdomen. It involves taking X-ray pictures of the abdomen, which can help diagnose various conditions such as gallstones, appendicitis, ulcers, hernias, and tumors. Abdominal radiography is also used to assess the abdominal organs’ health and monitor treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Whether you’re taking precautions or not sure what’s happening inside, abdominal radiography helps you and your doctor gain valuable insights into the health of your abdominal organs and provides an actual window into exactly what treatments — like chemotherapy or radiation therapy — are doing to make you feel better.

12.   Marker Types – Nodules, Lesions, and Tumors:

Introducing the most comprehensive marker types – Nodules, Lesions, and Tumors! These markers provide a fast, easy and accurate way to identify different types of tissue changes with medical imaging and biopsy techniques.

Nodules are solid lumps that can form in any part of the body. They can be easily detected through CT, MRI, and ultrasounds. Lesions are an area of abnormal tissue caused by injury or disease. This can range from skin lesions such as moles and warts to brain lesions such as tumours. Finally, tumours are abnormal masses of tissue that can be either benign or malignant. Popular examples include breast cancer tumors and brain tumors

13.   Exploring the Anatomy of Structures

Calling all curious learners who are interested in understanding the anatomy of structures! Explore the Skull, Chest Cavity, and Spine to satisfy your need for knowledge.

Learn the ins and outs of the Skeletal System by getting a closer look at these components. Start by delving into the Skull, the bony structure that houses and protects the brain – found in humans, cows, and other mammals. Then shift your focus to understanding the Chest Cavity and how it holds our most vital organs, like the heart and lungs. Finally, please take a look at the Spine, the column of bones that runs from head to toe and helps us stand and move.

• Exploring Necrosis and Its Effects

It is typically termed cell death which happens when cells are injured, infected, or otherwise destroyed. Necrotic tissue can be identified by its discolouration and the presence of an inflammatory response in the surrounding area. It is important to understand necrosis and its effects, as it can lead to serious health complications if not treated properly.

The process of necrosis begins with cellular damage, which may occur due to physical trauma, radiation exposure, extreme temperatures, toxic chemicals, or infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses. When this damage occurs on a cellular level, enzymes are released from lysosomes within the cell, which causes further destruction of the cell’s structure and membrane integrity.

• Understanding Inflammation and Its Impact

Inflammation is the body’s complicated biochemical response to injuries or illness. It is a natural process that aids in the body’s defence against external invaders such as germs and viruses while also mending damaged tissue. Inflammation can manifest itself in a variety of ways, ranging from modest redness and swelling to severe pain and fever.

While inflammation can be beneficial in some cases, it can also lead to chronic health problems if left unchecked. When inflammation becomes prolonged or excessive, it can damage healthy tissues and organs over time. This type of prolonged inflammation is known as chronic inflammation and may contribute to conditions like heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, and certain cancers.

• Embracing the Unconventional: Understanding Abnormality

In a world where conformity is often expected, it can be challenging to understand and accept those who are considered “abnormal.” But what does it mean to be abnormal? Abnormality is defined as any behavior or condition that deviates from the norm. This could include physical disabilities, mental health issues, social anxieties, religious beliefs and practices, or having different interests than those around you.

When we think of abnormality in society today, there is an inherent stigma associated with it. People may fear the unknown or feel uncomfortable when confronted with something unfamiliar; this can lead them to judge others without understanding why someone might act differently than they do. So don’t assume that just because someone acts differently than you do means they’re wrong or bad!

• Getting a Circular Look at Radial Angiography

Radial angiography is a medical imaging method that allows you to see the blood arteries in your body. It is commonly used to diagnose and treat coronary artery disease, aneurysms, and vascular malformations. Radial angiography utilizes X-ray images from different angles to create a circular view of the studied vessels. This allows doctors to get a better understanding of the anatomy and pathology of the vessels.

The process begins with an injection of contrast material into the patient’s bloodstream. This material helps to highlight any abnormalities or blockages that may be present in the vessels being studied. The patient is then placed in a special X-ray machine called a C-arm, which rotates around them while taking multiple images from different angles

18.   Unlocking the Mysteries of a PET scan

Its full form is Positron Emission Tomography Scan. It is a powerful diagnostic tool used to detect and diagnose diseases in the body. It is a type of imaging test that uses a radioactive tracer to create detailed 3D images of the inside of the body. The tracer is injected into the patient’s bloodstream and then travels through the body. As it moves through organs and tissues, it emits signals detected by a special camera. This information is then used to create an image of the body’s internal structures.

PET scans help us diagnosing cancer, heart disease, brain disorders, and other conditions that affect organ function. They can also be used to monitor how well treatments for these conditions are working.

• An Inside Look at Fluoroscopy

Fluoroscopy in medical imaging employs X-rays to provide real-time pictures of the body. It is used to diagnose and treat a variety of conditions, including cancer, heart disease, and gastrointestinal disorders. Fluoroscopy can also be used to guide minimally invasive procedures such as biopsies and catheterizations.

During a fluoroscopy procedure, the patient lies on an examination table while an X-ray machine passes radiation through the body. A detector plate detects the radiation and displays a picture on a monitor in real time. This allows the doctor to observe the movement of organs or other structures within the body

• “The Not-so-Narrow Tunnel of Stenosis”

The study provides an in-depth look at the stenosis. Stenosis is a medical condition that occurs when a passageway or opening in the body narrows, such as the spinal canal or an artery. This narrowing can cause pressure on nerves and other structures, leading to pain and other symptoms. Many conditions, including age-related wear and tear of the spine, trauma, tumours, infection, and congenital abnormalities, can cause stenosis.

The most common type of stenosis is lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). LSS occurs when the spinal canal narrows in the lower back area due to degenerative changes in the spine. This narrowing can pressure the nerves that travel through this area of the spine, causing pain and other symptoms.

• A Cross-Sectional Guide to Imaging Speak

Cross-sectional imaging creates a three-dimensional (3D) representation of the body by combining several images obtained from different angles. It diagnoses and monitors diseases, injuries, and other conditions. Cross-sectional imaging can be used to detect tumours, cysts, fractures, and other abnormalities in the body.

When performing cross-sectional imaging, doctors will often use contrast agents such as barium or iodine to help enhance the visibility of certain areas on the scan. Contrast agents are injected into the patient’s bloodstream before scanning so they can be seen more clearly on the scan.

• Bone Densitometry Classification System

Bone densitometry is a medical imaging technique used to measure the density of bones to diagnose and monitor bone diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) Bone Densitometry Classification System is commonly used for classifying bone density. This approach was created in 1994 and has subsequently been recognized as the gold standard for measuring bone health by several nations.

The WHO Bone Densitometry Classification System uses a four-level scale to classify bone density. The first level, normal, indicates no signs of osteoporosis or other bone diseases. The second level, low-normal, suggests that there may be some signs of osteoporosis but not enough to warrant treatment. The third level, osteopenia, indicates an increased risk of developing osteoporosis and should be monitored closely. Finally, the fourth level, osteoporosis, indicates an advanced stage of bone loss and requires immediate treatment.

23.   Unraveling the Mysteries of Computed Radiography

Computed radiography (CR) is a digital imaging technique that captures and stores X-ray images. It is an alternative to traditional film-based radiography, which uses photographic film to capture the image. CR technology has revolutionized the field of medical imaging, providing faster, more accurate results than ever before.

CR works by using a special phosphor plate that is exposed to X-rays. The plate absorbs the X-rays and stores them as an electrical charge. This charge is then scanned and turned into digital data, which may be displayed on a computer monitor or printed for further examination.

• Unlocking the Potential of Intraoperative Radiography

Intraoperative radiography (IORT) is a relatively new imaging technique that has the ability to alter how surgeons approach their profession. This technology allows for real-time imaging during surgery, providing surgeons with unprecedented accuracy and precision. IORT can be used to detect small tumours or other abnormalities that may not be visible to the naked eye, allowing for more precise surgical interventions.

The use of IORT in surgery has been steadily increasing over the past few years as its advantages have become more widely known. It is particularly useful in orthopedic surgeries, where it can help guide the placement of screws and other implants. 

• Reimagining Radiography: The Power of Virtual Radiography

Virtual radiography (VR) uses computer-generated images to create detailed 3D models of the body. This allows doctors to quickly and accurately assess a patient’s condition without performing an invasive procedure or taking multiple X-rays. VR also eliminates the need for costly equipment, such as X-ray machines, which can be expensive to maintain and operate.

The use of virtual radiography has already been shown to improve accuracy and reduce costs in many areas of healthcare. For example, it has been used successfully in orthopedic surgery, where it can provide detailed images of bones and joints that are difficult to capture with traditional X-rays. It has also been used in cardiology, which can help identify blockages in arteries without requiring an invasive procedure.

• A Scintillating Look at Scintigraphy

Scintigraphy is a type of imaging technique used to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions. It involves using a radioactive tracer, injected into the body and then detected by a special camera. The camera produces images that can be used to identify areas of abnormal activity in the body, such as tumours or infections.

Scintigraphy has been used for decades to diagnose and monitor diseases such as cancer, heart disease, kidney disease, and thyroid disorders. It can also be used to detect bone fractures or other injuries. In addition, scintigraphy can be used to evaluate organ function and detect abnormalities in blood flow.

• The Science behind Doppler Flow Studies

Doppler flow studies are a type of medical imaging technique used to measure the speed and direction of blood flow in the body. This type of study is based on the Doppler Effect, which is an acoustic phenomenon that occurs when sound waves are reflected off moving objects. The Doppler Effect causes a change in the frequency of the sound waves, which can be detected by specialized equipment.

In medical imaging, Doppler flow studies use ultrasound technology to detect changes in blood flow. Ultrasound waves are sent into the body and bounce off red blood cells as they move through vessels. A transducer then picks up the reflected sound waves and converts them into electrical signals that a computer can analyse.

• Examining the Impact of Nuclear Medicine Studies

Nuclear medicine studies are a sort of medical imaging that employs small quantities of radioactive material to diagnose and cure disorders. Nuclear medicine studies can provide valuable information about the functioning of the body’s organs, bones, and other tissues. They are used to detect cancer, heart disease, kidney disease, and other conditions.

The use of nuclear medicine studies has increased significantly over the past few decades due to technological advances and an increased understanding of their potential benefits. However, there is still some debate about whether they should be used more widely.

• Take a Peek inside Apnea Imaging: A Visual Journey

Apnea imaging is a type of medical imaging that uses specialized techniques to visualize the airways and lungs. It is used to diagnose and monitor obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a condition in which a person’s breathing stops and starts during sleep. Apnea imaging can be performed using X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or ultrasound.

X-Rays: X-rays are the most commonly used form of apnea imaging. They provide detailed images of the chest and lungs, allowing doctors to identify any blockages or abnormalities in the airway. X-rays are quick and easy to perform, but they provide less detail than other forms of apnea imaging.

• Anatomical Orientation: Coronal, Sagittal, Transverse

Anatomical orientation is a term used to describe the three-dimensional orientation of body structures, organs, and tissues. Medical professionals need to understand anatomical orientation to diagnose and treat patients accurately. The three main orientations are coronal, sagittal, and transverse.

The coronal orientation is referred to as a plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts. This plane runs from side to side, perpendicular to the body’s long axis. In this orientation, structures are viewed as if looking at them from the front or back.

Sagittal orientation describes a plane that divides the body into left and right halves. This plane runs from head to toe along the body’s long axis. In this orientation, structures are viewed as if looking at them from the side.

Transverse orientation describes a plane that divides the body into upper and lower sections. This plane runs across the body’s width, perpendicular to both coronal and sagittal planes. In this orientation, structures are viewed as if looking at them from above or below.

• Seeing Through the Mysteries of Radiopaque Materials

Radiopaque materials are substances that can be seen on X-ray imaging. These materials are used in a variety of medical and industrial applications, from diagnosing medical conditions to inspecting the integrity of pipelines. Radiopaque materials have unique properties that make them invaluable for these purposes, but what exactly makes them so special?

At its most basic level, radiopacity is the ability of a material to absorb X-rays and appear opaque on an X-ray image. The atomic structure of the material determines this property; some elements are naturally more radiopaque than others. For example, iodine is one of the most radiopaque elements, while carbon is relatively transparent to X-rays.

The most common type of radiopaque material used in medical imaging is barium sulfate. Barium sulfate has a high atomic number and therefore absorbs X-rays very well.

• Exploring Paracentric Radiation Therapy

Paracentric radiation therapy is a type of external beam radiation therapy used to treat cancer. It is a specialized form of radiotherapy that uses multiple beams of radiation from different angles to target the tumour while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. This technique has been used for many years in treating various types of cancer, including prostate, breast, lung, and head and neck cancers.

The paracentric approach utilizes several beams of radiation focused on the tumour from different angles. This allows for more precise tumour targeting while minimizing damage to nearby healthy tissue. The beams can be directed to varying depths within the body, allowing for more effective treatment of tumours located deep within the body.

• Achieving Optimal Clarity with Isotropic Resolution

Isotropic resolution refers to the ability of an imaging system to capture images with equal resolution in all directions. This means that the image will have the same level of detail regardless of the orientation or angle from which it is viewed.

The most common way to achieve isotropic resolution is through the use of multiple cameras, each capturing a different angle of view. By combining these images, a single image can be created that has equal detail in all directions. This technique is often used in medical imaging, allowing doctors tto understand better what they are looking at and make more accurate diagnoses.

• Taking a Closer Look at the Future of Tomosynthesis Scanning

Tomosynthesis scanning is a revolutionary imaging technique that has the potential to revolutionize medical diagnosis. This technology uses X-ray beams to create three-dimensional images of the body, allowing doctors to see more detail than ever before. Tomosynthesis scanning has already been used in mammography and is now being explored for use in other areas of medicine, such as orthopedics and cardiology.

Tomosynthesis scanning can also be used to detect diseases or conditions that may not appear on traditional X-rays. For example, tomosynthesis scans can detect small lesions or calcifications that may indicate breast cancer before they become visible on standard mammograms.

• Multiplanar Imaging: An Innovative Take on Diagnostics

Multiplanar imaging is an innovative approach to medical diagnostics that has revolutionized the way doctors and radiologists view and interpret images of the body. This technique combines multiple imaging modalities, such as MRI, CT, and ultrasound, to create a three-dimensional (3D) representation of the body’s anatomy. It allows for more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning by providing a comprehensive view of the patient’s condition.

The multiplanar imaging technique was first developed in the early 2000s to improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce radiation exposure. Multiplanar imaging is beneficial for diagnosing complex conditions such as cancer or heart disease. For example, it can help doctors determine if a tumour is malignant or benign by providing detailed information about its size, shape, and location within the body.

• Getting Radial: A Guide to Mastering Imaging Algorithms

Radial imaging algorithms are a powerful tool for medical professionals, allowing them to quickly and accurately diagnose a wide range of conditions. Radial imaging algorithms use mathematical equations to create images from data collected by medical devices such as MRI scanners or ultrasound machines. These images can then be used to diagnose diseases, detect abnormalities, and monitor the progress of treatments.

Radial imaging algorithms are based on the concept of “radial symmetry” – the idea that an object can be rotated around its center point without changing its shape or size. This allows medical professionals to take multiple images from different angles and combine them into one image that shows the entire object in detail. This is especially useful for diagnosing complex conditions such as tumors or heart defects, where multiple angles may be needed to get an accurate picture.

• Getting to the Core of Molecular Imaging

Molecular imaging is a rapidly growing field of medical science that has the potential to revolutionize the way we diagnose and treat diseases. Molecular imaging is a type of imaging technology that uses specialized techniques to visualize and measure molecular processes in living organisms. It is used to detect and monitor changes in biological systems at the molecular level, allowing for more accurate diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Molecular imaging can study various biological processes, such as gene expression, protein synthesis, cell metabolism, and drug delivery. It can also be used to detect changes in tissue structure or function due to disease or injury. By providing detailed information about the underlying biology of a disease, molecular imaging can help physicians make more informed decisions about diagnosis and treatment.

• Exploring the Potential of Teleradiology Systems

Teleradiology systems are becoming increasingly popular in the medical field as they offer several advantages over traditional radiology services. Teleradiology is the practice of sending images and other medical data from one location to another via electronic means. This technology has revolutionized how radiologists can care for patients, allowing them to access imaging studies from any location with an internet connection.

Additionally, teleradiology systems allow for faster diagnosis and treatment decisions due to their ability to transmit images quickly between multiple locations. This can be especially beneficial in emergencies where time is of the essence.

• Computer Assisted Diagnosis (CAD) in Radiology

Computer Assisted Diagnosis (CAD) in radiology is a rapidly growing field of medical imaging technology. It involves using computer algorithms to analyze medical images and provide diagnostic information to radiologists. CAD systems are designed to detect abnormalities in medical images, such as tumours or lesions, and can be used to assist radiologists in making more accurate diagnoses.

Advances in computer technology and artificial intelligence have fueled the development of CAD systems (AI). AI algorithms are used to analyze medical images and identify patterns that may indicate an abnormality. These algorithms can also be trained on large datasets of medical images to improve their accuracy over time.

• Exploring New Radio-Pharmaceutical Drugs to Improve Care

The development of new radio-pharmaceutical drugs has been a major focus of medical research in recent years. Radio-pharmaceutical drugs are pharmaceuticals that contain radioactive elements, which allow them to be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. These drugs can be used to diagnose diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders and treat certain conditions.

Radiopharmaceuticals have the potential to transform healthcare delivery by enabling more accurate diagnostic and treatment choices. For example, they can be used to detect cancer at an earlier stage than traditional imaging techniques, allowing for earlier intervention and improved outcomes. They can also target specific body areas with radiation therapy or chemotherapy, reducing side effects and improving patient comfort.

• Developing Protocols for Diagnostic Procedures and Interventions

Interoperability solutions for radiology involve the use of standards-based protocols and technologies to enable the sharing of medical images, patient records, and other data between different systems. This includes both hardware and software components, such as image viewers, digital archiving systems, and communication networks. Using these solutions, radiologists can access patient information from any location to make informed decisions about diagnosis and treatment.

One example of an interoperability solution for radiology is the Digital Imaging Network Architecture (DINA). DINA is a set of standards developed by the American College of Radiology (ACR) that enables the secure exchange of medical images between different systems. It also supports various imaging modalities, including X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, ultrasound, PET scans, and nuclear medicine scans.

42.   Spectroscopy: An Introduction to the Science of Spectra

Spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to identify and quantify the chemical composition of a sample. It works by measuring the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter, which can be used to determine the structure, composition, and physical properties of a material. Spectroscopy is widely used in many fields, such as chemistry, physics, astronomy, medicine, and engineering.

Spectroscopy involves the use of light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation to measure the energy levels of atoms or molecules in a sample. This information can then be used to determine the chemical composition and structure of the sample. The type of spectroscopic technique used depends on the type of radiation being measured (e.g., visible light, infrared light, ultraviolet light) and what kind of information is desired from the sample (e.g., molecular structure or elemental composition).

43.   Nomenclature of X-Ray Imaging Tracers

X-ray imaging tracers are substances used to visualize and diagnose medical conditions. They are usually given intravenously and identified using X-ray imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) or fluoroscopy. The nomenclature of these tracers is important for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Tracer nomenclature is based on the type of atom that is being imaged. For example, an “iodine” tracer would contain iodine atoms, while a “barium” tracer would contain barium atoms. Other common elements in X-ray imaging tracers include gadolinium, technetium, and thallium.

The name of the tracer also includes information about its chemical structure. For example, a “diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid” (DTPA) tracer contains five carboxylic acid groups attached to an amine group. This type of tracer is often used to image kidney function because it binds strongly to certain metals in the body, such as calcium and iron.

44.   Exploring Effective Radiation Therapy Processes

Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment in which high-energy radiation is used to destroy cancer cells. It is a successful treatment for many forms of cancer, and it can be used alone or in conjunction with other therapies, including surgery and chemotherapy. The radiation therapy process involves several steps, from the initial consultation to the completion of treatment.

Consultation with a radiation oncologist is the first step, who will assess the patient’s condition and determine if radiation therapy is an appropriate treatment option. During this consultation, the doctor will discuss the risks and benefits of radiation therapy and any potential side effects.

The next step in the process is a simulation, which helps create a 3D image of the tumor so doctors can accurately target it with radiation beams during treatment. During simulation, patients are asked to lie still on a table while images are taken from multiple angles using X-rays or CT scans. This information is then used to create a 3D model of the tumor so that doctors can precisely direct radiation beams at it during treatment sessions.

Once the simulation has been completed, patients begin their actual course of radiation therapy treatments. These treatments typically last between 10-30 minutes each day for several weeks, depending on the type and severity of the cancer being treated. During each session, patients lie still on a table. At the same time, beams of high-energy X-rays are directed at them from multiple angles using sophisticated machines called linear accelerators (or LINACs).          

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2. Role of elastography as an adjuvant imaging modality to x-ray mammography and sonomammography in evaluating breast lesions.

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4. Evaluation of adnexal masses on usg and mri with histopathological correlation.

5. Role of ultrasonography and colour doppler in the evaluation of gynaecological pelvicmasses.

6. Role of multi detector computed tomography in the evaluation of colorectal pathologies with histopathological correlation.

7. Magnetic resonance imaging (mri) in evaluation of traumatic injuries of ankle.

8. Magnetic resonance imaging (mri) in evaluation of orbital lesions.

9. Mri evaluation of pott’s spine.

10. Role of magnetic resonance arthrography in recurrent shoulder dislocation compared with conventional arthroscopy.

11. Endovascular revascularisation of chronic total occlusions in peripheral arterial disease.

12. The role of b-mode and color doppler ultrasound in evaluation of various intraorbital pathologies.

13. Evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal women by pelvic ultrasound : a study in a rural setting.

14. Role of mdct scanner in evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma.

15. Role of mri in evaluation of internal derangements of knee joint.

16. Evaluation of sports injuries of knee by magnetic resonance imaging.

17. Role of high resolution computed tomography in assessment diffuse lung diseases.

18. A comparative study of intracranial manifestations by CT and MRI in HIV and its coinfections.

19. A comparative study of chest radiographic features in pulmonary tuberculosis with and without HIV infection.

20. Role of MR imaging in pretreatment evaluation of early invasive cervical carcinoma : correlation with postoperative histopathologic findings.

21. Contrast enhanced mr breast imaging of suspicious breast lumps: corrlation with histopathology.

22. Detection of mullerian duct anomalies : diagnostic utility of two dimensional ultrasonography as compared to mri.

23. Evaluation of metabolic changes in the brain in abstinent chronic alcoholics using magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

24. Role of mri in assessment of shoulder pathologies.

25. Doppler indices of the umbilical and fetal middle cerebral artery at 18-40 weeks of normal gestation.

26. A study to evaluate mr gonioscopy as a diagnostic tool for narrow angle glaucoma.

27. Role of uterine artery embolization in iatrogenic causes of per vaginal bleeding.

28. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in evaluation of breast pathologies.

29. Role of transcatheter hepatic artery embolisation in giant haemangioma of liver.

30. Study of role of magnetic resonance imaging of brain in evaluation of post partum neurolgical complications.

31. Role of computed tomography in patients with adrenal masses.

32. Magnetic resonance venography (mrv) brain-findings in intracranial vascular diseases.

33. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of intracranial space occupying lessions.

34. High resolution computerised tomography (hrct) findings in cases of interstitial lung diseases.

35. CT patterns in patients of covid 19.

36. CT evaluation of anatomical variations of paranasal sinuses in chronic rhinosinusitis and its association with it.

37. Ultrasound evaluation of rotator cuff pathologies and its correlation with MRI

38. Ultrasonic evaluation of post operative inguino-scrotal pain.

39. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage in the management of obstructive jaundice.

40. Ultrasound and EMG-NCV study (electromyography and nerve conduction velocity) correlation in diagnosis of nerve pathologies.

41. Role of CT in evaluation of ovarian masses.

42. Role of ultrasound in evaluation of dengue fever.

43. Radiological prevlence of precursors of anatomic variations of femoroacetabular impingement in indian polpulation.

44. role of CT in diagnosis of inflammatory renal diseases.

45. Role of CT virtual laryngoscopy in evaluation of laryngeal masses.

46. role of radiological imaging in diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma.

47. Role of computerized tomography in evaluation of mediastinal masses.

48. MRI in assessment of iron overload in children with thalassemia.

49. Role of neuroimaging in children presenting with atypical febrile seizures.

50. Role of MRI  in evaluation of spinal trauma.

51. role of MR diffusion tensor imaging in assessment of traumatic spinal cord injuries.

52. Role of MRI in evaluation of spinal trauma.

53. Accuracy of modified computed tomography index in evaluation of acute pancreatitis and its correlation with outcome

54. High resolution ultrasound in evaluation of inflammatory myopathies.

55. Ultrasonographic findings of thyroid nodules and their correlation of FNAC.

56. Ultrasound evaluation of adnexal masses and its correlation with ultrasound scoring, ca-125 and histopathological findings

57. MDCT in evaluation of hip pathologies.

58. Magnetic resonance imaging in avascular necrosis of hip.

59. Role of neuroimaging in first onset complex partial seizures in children.

60. Neuroimaging of ring enhancing lesions in Indian population.

61. Mr imaging of sports injuries of shoulder joint.

62. Evaluation of salivary gland pathologies by computerised tomography.

63. role of computed tomographic (CT) angiography in evaluation of acute non-traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in tertiary care centre .

64. evaluation of high-resolution CT chest findings in interstitial lung disease in a tertiary care hospital.

65. role of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in the evaluation of patients with obstructive jaundice.

66. a study on clinical and radiological profile of post-partum cerebral venous thrombosis.

67. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis and grading of perianal Fistulas.

68. Study of profile and characterization of mandibular fractures on computed tomographic evaluation.

69. Role of computerised tomography in evaluation of patients of covid pneumonia.

70. Modified ct severity index for evaluation of acute pancreatitis and correlation with patient outcome.

71. Role of computed tomography in evaluation of paranasal sinus diseases.

72. High resolution sonographic evaluation of symptomatic knee joint.

73. Assessment of capability of ct myelography in finding out the aetiopathology of lumbar canal stenosis and prolapsed intervertebral disc.

74. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of degenerative changes of cervical and lumbosacral spine.

75. Role of triphasic ct in the characterization of focal liver lesions.

76. Prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux in rural population: a cross sectional study.

77. Study of role of elastography in the evaluation of breast lesions.

78. A study of incidence of doppler criteria for ultrasound diagnosis of portal hypertension in cirrhosis.

79. Radiological study of mr spectroscopy parameters in temporal lobe epilepsy patients at a tertiary hospital.

80. Comparative study on usefulness of usg to ct in evaluating solitary focal liver lesion.

81. Study the role of regional diffusion tensor imaging in the evaluation of intracranial gliomas and its histopathological correlation.

82. Study to assess the role of doppler ultrasound in evaluation of arteriovenous (AV) hemodialysis fistula and the complications of hemodialysis vasular access.

83. Role of magnetic resonance perfusion weighted imaging & spectroscopy for grading of glioma by correlating perfusion parameter of the lesion with the final histopathological grade.

84. Role of diffusion weighted mri in evaluation of prostate lesions and its histopathological correlation.

85. Ct quantification of parenchymal and airway parameters on 64 slice MDCT in patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

86. Role of 64 slice-multi detector computed tomography in diagnosis of bowel and mesenteric injury in blunt abdominaltrauma.

87. Role of modified sonohysterography in female factor infertility: a pilot study.

88. Imaging of upper airways for pre-anaesthetic evaluation purposes and for laryngeal afflictions.

89. Sonographic evaluation of peripheral nerves in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

90. Evaluation of varicose veins-comparative assessment of low dose ct venogram with sonography pilot study

91. High resolution 3 tesla mri in the evaluation of ankle and hindfoot pain.

92. Multiparametric 3tesla mri of suspected prostatic malignancy.

93. magnetic resonance evaluation of abdominal tuberculosis.

94. diffusion weighted and dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in chemoradiotherapeutic response evaluation in cervical cancer.

95. Comparative evaluation of mdct and 3t mri in radiographically detected jaw lesions.

96. Role of multidetector computed tomography in the evaluation of paediatric retroperitoneal masses.

97. Role of multidetector computed tomography in assessing anatomical variants of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in patients of chronic rhinosinusitis.

98. Role of ultrasonography in evaluation of various causes of pelvic pain in first trimester of pregnancy.

99. Spectrum of imaging findings in children with febrile neutropenia.

100. Spectrum of radiographic appearances in children with chest tuberculosis.

101. Role of multidetector computed tomography in assessment of jaw lesions

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Radiology Research Papers/Topics

Evaluation of the role of mri in diagnosis of hepatic focal lesions in ahmadu bello university teaching hospital, zaria nigeria.

Introduction: Focal liver disease is a common diagnostic problem referred to radiologists for evaluation owing to its nonspecific clinical presentation and marked inter-observer variation on clinical examination. Hepatic focal lesions (HFLs) are classified into benign and malignant lesions. Hemangiomas are the commonest benign tumor while hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) it is the commonest primary malignant liver tumor. HCC is the fifth most common cancer in the world and the third most frequ...

Estimation of Ocular Axial Length Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique Among Adults in Jos Metropolis, North-Central Nigeria.

ABSTRACT The purposes of this study are to generate an indigenous normogram for ocular axial lengths in a Nigerian population, determine whether there are differences in axial lengths between the right and left eye and among different adult age groups. The study will also determine whether there are differences in axial lengths between males and females and possible racial differences between Nigerians and Caucasians. This prospective, cross sectional study involving one hundred (100) Nigeria...

Epidemiological Pattern of Presentation of Paragonimus Infection in the Human Host in South East Nigeria and Their Correlative Sonographic Findings in Some Organs

ABSTRACT In a cross-sectional survey, 304 subjects whose sputum and faeces tested positive for paragonimus out of a total of 1125 from Amagunze, Lokpanta and Oduma which are areas known for the parasite endemicity in Southeast Nigeria were enlisted into the study. The liver, spleen, and kidney of these subjects were sonographically examined in order to characterize the sonographic features specific for paragonimus in these organs. A total number of 456 subjects were also enlisted as control. ...

Evaluation of Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Clinical Findings for Brain Stroke Patients in Khartoum State

Abstract The aim of this study is to evaluate of the diffusion magnetic resonance imaging with clinical findings for brain stroke patients in Khartoum state, to evaluate the doctor's experience about the diffusion weighted imaging for brain stroke, measure the accuracy of diffusion weighted imaging in detection brain stroke, compare the DWI findings and the conventional MRI protocols findings for brain stroke, determine the most clinical findings for brain stroke and to determine the MRI depa...

Study of Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetes Mellitus patients using Cardiac Catheterization

Cardiac catheterization (heart cath) is Radiological Procedure by insertion of a catheter into a chamber or vessel of the heart followed by injection of contrast media . This is done both for diagnostic and interventional purposes. Subsets of this technique are mainly coronary catheterization, involving the catheterization of the coronary arteries, and catheterization of cardiac chambers and valves of the cardiac system, The history of cardiac catheterization dates back to Stephen Hales...

Assessment Of The Ischemic Acute Stroke Using Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Weighted Imaging

Abstract Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) is highly sensitive in detecting early cerebral ischemic changes in acute stroke patients. This study aimed to show the role of diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) in the diagnosis of acute stroke. In this study, we compared the role of DWI with that of conventional MRI techniques. Furthermore, we compared the size of ischemic lesions on DWI scans with the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. We performed T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), T2-weight...

Abdominal Ultrasonography in HIV/AIDS Patients in Southwestern Nigeria

Abstract Background Though the major target of the HIV-virus is the immune system, the frequency of abdominal disorders in HIV/AIDS patients has been reported to be second only to pulmonary disease. These abdominal manifestations may be on the increase as the use of antlretroviral therapy has increased life expectancy and improved quality of life. Ultrasonography is an easy to perform, non invasive, inexpensive and safe imaging technique that is invaluable in Africa where AIDS is most prev...

Evaluation of Liver Tumors using Computed Tomography

Triphasic liver CT enables characterization of a wide range of focal liver lesions.  The general objective of the study is to evaluate the role of CT in diagnosis of liver lesions. And furthermore to determine which lesion in the liver with high incidence, and to find out the geographic distribution of the liver lesions in Sudan. Sixty patients found to have focal tumoral liver lesions were recruited for 4 months period and their triphasic CT scans findings were evaluated and later correlate...

Accidental Ingestion of a Drawing Pin: A Case of an Unusual Foreign Body in the Oesophagus

INTRODUCTION  Foreign body impaction in the oesophagus is a quite common occurrence but 90% of such foreign bodies pass through the digestive tract to be eliminated in stools. The incidence of complications following ingestion of foreign bodies is surprisingly low. It was 10% in a study of 2400 cases by Nanchi and Ong. Presented below is a case of a young boy who accidentally swallowed a drawing pin and in whom plain radiographs confirmed the presence and location of the foreign body. Endosc...

Classification of X-ray forUpper Limbs Trauma

The main objective of this study was to classify trauma which occur in upper limbs by using x-ray objectively. The data of this study collected from 53 patients examined by upper limbs X-ray in East Nile Hospital (Modern Hospital in Khartoum – Sudan) in the period from September 2014 to May 2015 using Digital Philips machine. The data were collected use measuring fracture healing and three variables patient height, weight, and body mass index.. The results of the study showed that mal...

Study of anatomical variations of the sphenoid sinus among Sudanese using Computed Tomography

With the expanding use of the functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), proper understanding of the sphenoid sinus anatomy has become increasingly important. Knowledge of the size and extent of pneumatization of sphenoid sinus is an important to avoid any complications during surgery. This descriptive study was conducted in Sudan - Khartoum to study the anatomical variations of sphenoid sinus among Sudanese using ct scan. 70 images of ct for para nasal sinus (35males and 35females) we...

Evaluation of Cerebral White Matter Changes for Sudanese Hypertensive Patients Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cerebral white matter changes for Sudanese hypertensive patients using magnetic resonance imaging. The sample consisted of thirty subjects randomly chosen from modern medical center and Asiahospital, they divided into control group and hypertensive group, both underwent magnetic resonance scans for the brain by (1.5T or 0.2T) machine using comparable protocols included (T1, T2 and Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery pulse sequences), a semi-quant...

Assessment of Brain Findings in Sudanese Patients with Headache Using Computed Tomography

The purpose of this descriptive cross sectional study was to evaluate the computed tomography findings of the brain in patients with headache. The study used (85) patients with headache who underwent a computed tomography scan of the brain in Amal National Hospital, the sample contained both gender (38 males and 47 females). Patients were examined in this study, ranging in age (18-65 years old) with the predominant age group (26-35 years), which accounted for 40% of the sample. All pati...

Evaluation of ExtraAxial Brain Hemorrhage Using Computed Tomography

The extra axial brain hemorrhage causes mortality when not early diagnosed and treated. The study aimed to evaluate the extra axial brain hemorrhage using computed tomography. Collcted all the patients from Ibrahim Malik Hospital from march to may 2016 .Non contrast computed tomography was done in all patients . The result from 60 patients with different age and gender diagnosed as extra axial brain hemorrhage.In this study peak incidence was among the age between (41-50 year),(63.3...

Pattern Of Asymptomatic Sexually Transmitted Infections In Women Undergoing Hysterosalpingography For Infertility Evaluation In Ibadan Nigeria

ABSTRACT The roles of gonorrhea and non-gonococcal urethritis due to Chlamydia trachomatis in the etiology of infertility due to tubal occlusion have been established by various studies. Hysterosalphingography WSG) is done to investigate tubal patency. This study was aimed at finding the prevalence of Wptomatic sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in women being investigated for infertility in a tertiary institution. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of asymptomatic infertile women ...

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Knowledge, expectations and beliefs of pregnant women on antenatal ultrasound., a quantitative study about knowledge, attitude and practice of radiographers towards tuberculosis patients among radiographers and msc. rit students of sgt hospital, radiographers’ experiences of stress and methods of coping: a content analytic phenomenologic study, supernumerary kidney (triple kidney) with horseshoe component: a case report., occult metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma masquerading as a soft tissue sarcoma of the gluteal region, imaging of congenital diaphragmatic hernias, low field mr imaging of sellar and parasellar lesions: experience in a developing country hospital, baseline chest radiographic features among antiretroviral therapy naive human immuno-deficiency virus positive children in a pediatric care program, a case of adrenal myelolipoma mimicking' pheocromocytoma, radiologists join to implement pediatric imaging training, education and outreach in nigeria, computed tomography and childhood seizure disorder in ibadan.

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Current topics of interest in interventional radiology

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• 1 University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine and Saint Luke's Hospital, USA.
• PMID: 15822363

Interventional Radiology utilizes imaging guidance (primarily fluoroscopy, computed tomography and ultrasound) to perform diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in a minimally invasive manner. This update highlights several current and newer interventional radiology options for treatment of uterine fibroids, interventional oncology procedures for liver tumors and metastatic disease, varicose vein treatment, carotid stenting, cerebral aneurysm coiling, and removable inferior vena cava (IVC) filters.

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• Interventional Radiology: Indications and Best Practices. Arnold MJ, Keung JJ, McCarragher B. Arnold MJ, et al. Am Fam Physician. 2019 May 1;99(9):547-556. Am Fam Physician. 2019. PMID: 31038901 Review.
• [The radiologist as the treating physician for cancer: interventional oncology]. van den Bosch MA, Prevoo W, van der Linden EM, Meijerink MR, van Delden OM, Mali WP, Reekers JA. van den Bosch MA, et al. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2009;153:A532. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2009. PMID: 19785894 Review. Dutch.
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• Bedside bleeding control, review paper and proposed algorithm. Simman R, Reynolds D, Saad S. Simman R, et al. J Am Coll Clin Wound Spec. 2013 Jul 1;4(2):40-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jccw.2013.06.002. eCollection 2012 Jun. J Am Coll Clin Wound Spec. 2013. PMID: 24527382 Free PMC article. Review.

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Radiology of fibrosis part II: abdominal organs

• Sofia Maria Tarchi   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0001-4024-2667 1 , 2 ,
• Mary Salvatore 2 ,
• Philip Lichtenstein 2 ,
• Thillai Sekar 2 ,
• Kathleen Capaccione 2 ,
• Lyndon Luk 2 ,
• Hiram Shaish 2 ,
• Jasnit Makkar 2 ,
• Elise Desperito 2 ,
• Jay Leb 2 ,
• Benjamin Navot 2 ,
• Jonathan Goldstein 2 ,
• Sherelle Laifer 2 ,
• Volkan Beylergil 2 ,
• Hong Ma 2 ,
• Sachin Jambawalikar 2 ,
• Dwight Aberle 2 ,
• Belinda D’Souza 2 ,
• Stuart Bentley-Hibbert 2 &
• Monica Pernia Marin 2  

Journal of Translational Medicine volume  22 , Article number:  610 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Fibrosis is the aberrant process of connective tissue deposition from abnormal tissue repair in response to sustained tissue injury caused by hypoxia, infection, or physical damage. It can affect almost all organs in the body causing dysfunction and ultimate organ failure. Tissue fibrosis also plays a vital role in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. The early and accurate diagnosis of organ fibrosis along with adequate surveillance are helpful to implement early disease-modifying interventions, important to reduce mortality and improve quality of life. While extensive research has already been carried out on the topic, a thorough understanding of how this relationship reveals itself using modern imaging techniques has yet to be established. This work outlines the ways in which fibrosis shows up in abdominal organs and has listed the most relevant imaging technologies employed for its detection. New imaging technologies and developments are discussed along with their promising applications in the early detection of organ fibrosis.

This is the second instalment of a three-part series regarding the radiology of fibrosis across organs. This installment concerns abdominal organs, in particular, the pancreas, the liver, and the colon. The prior and subsequent parts of this series are respectively titled “Radiology of Fibrosis Part I: Thoracic Organs” and “Radiology of Fibrosis Part III: Urogenital Organs”. By structuring our work in this manner, we hope to have provided the readership with a clear image of a complex issue, paving the way for future betterment of clinical practice.

As discussed in the first third of this work, fibrosis is the aberrant process of connective tissue deposition resulting from complications in tissue repair following injury [ 1 ]. It can affect any organ and is responsible for chronic and debilitating structural and functional impairment of the affected tissue [ 2 , 3 ]. It has been estimated to account for up to 45% of all deaths in the industrialized world [ 4 ]. The profound implications of this datum—both in terms of quality of life and health care burden—argue the need for a more comprehensive understanding of wound healing, the chronic inflammation that may be borne of it, and the fibrosis that ensues. The wound healing mechanism is four-fold and comprises the following: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Pathological response to tissue damage may determine an undue protraction of this process resulting in chronic inflammation, aberrant fibroblast proliferation, exaggerated collagen deposition, and a sequent imbalance in the alternation between scar formation and remodeling [ 3 , 5 ]. Today, chronic inflammation-related fibrosis is widely accepted to be a critical instigator of tumor insurgence, believed to be associated with up to 20% of cancers [ 2 ]. The evident gravity of such an assertion highlights the need for a more in-depth knowledge of the interconnectedness of wound healing and fibrosis to encourage subsequent research into cancer insurgence and prevention.

While extensive research has already been carried out on the topic, a thorough understanding of how this relationship reveals itself using modern imaging techniques has yet to be established. Considering the far-reaching implications research furtherance in this field may have—starting from more early and accurate diagnosis—and with the aim of exploring and expanding upon all relevant knowledge, in this work, we have attempted to outline the ways in which fibrosis shows up in the pancreas, liver, and intestines; and have described the most relevant imaging technologies employed for its detection.

Pancreatic fibrosis

Mechanism of injury.

Pancreatic fibrosis is a hallmark of chronic pancreatitis (CP), defined as the irreversible fibrotic destruction of pancreatic architecture and function [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. The disorder occurs due to recurrent bouts of acute pancreatitis, often progressing to chronic epigastric pain [ 15 ]. Annual incidence is low, ranging from 5 to 12/100,000 US adults, and treatment options are limited to lifestyle modifications, pain management, and surgery in case of advanced stage disease [ 15 , 18 ]. CP’s etiology is multifactorial, having been linked to both genetic and environmental risk factors [ 15 , 19 ]. The disorder’s evolution in time is tripartite, starting with cellular injury, followed by inflammation, and culminating in fibrosis [ 19 ]. Cited environmental determinants include alcohol abuse and nicotine addiction [ 16 ]. Studies have shown how the metabolic end products of alcohol’s oxidative and nonoxidative pathways, acetaldehyde and fatty acid ethyl esters, in addition to smoking’s metabolite nitrosamine ketone—derived from nicotine enact direct deleterious effects on pancreatic acinar cells leading to their excessive stimulation of pancreatic stellate cell activity [ 16 , 19 ]. Similarly, pathologic alterations to one’s genetic makeup have been found to determine cellular dysfunction in the form of increased endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and impaired autophagy, as well as through the pathological alteration of the pancreatic ductal cells’ secretion of bicarbonate [ 19 ]. Cell injury and death result in inflammation, initiated by NF-κB and perpetuated by innate immune cells, predominantly macrophages [ 17 , 19 ]. When excessively prolonged, this physiological response to pathological stimuli leads to excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and tissue remodeling, ultimately resulting in interlobular and intralobular fibrosis, acinar cell loss, distorted architecture, dilated ducts, and loss of function [ 18 , 19 ]. When 90% of pancreatic activity is compromised, patients present with signs of exocrine and endocrine insufficiency: steatorrhea, malabsorption, fat soluble vitamin deficiencies, and the development of diabetes mellitus type 2 [ 15 , 17 ].

The diagnosis of pancreatic fibrosis is challenging, relying solely on clinical anamnesis and imaging findings [ 15 , 20 ]. To date, the most relevant imaging techniques comprise trans-abdominal US, endoscopic US (EUS), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (considered the diagnostic gold standard tool for pancreatic ductal investigation), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), MRCP with secretin stimulation (S‐MRCP), and Elastography [ 15 , 20 , 21 ].

Ultrasound (US)

Conventional transabdominal gray-scale B-mode US is often the first radiological assessment performed to evaluate the pancreas given its great availability, low cost, and lack of ionizing radiation [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. While US is seldom useful in early-stage detection of CP, common pancreatic parenchymal findings later in the disease process include increased gland dimensions, altered echogenicity with mixed areas of hyperechogenicity (representing fibrotic tissues and pancreatic calcification) and hypoechogenicity (representing inflammatory tissues), dilatation and irregularity of the pancreatic duct [ 21 , 23 , 24 ]. Use of transabdominal US may be limited by the retroperitoneal location of the gland [ 22 ]. Overlying bowel gas shadows often cause partial or complete obscuration [ 21 , 23 ]. Image quality is heavily dependent on patient body habitus and the radiologist’s skill [ 21 , 23 ].

US’ limitations relative to patient body build and gaseous abdomen are overcome by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. EUS is a common diagnostic tool for CP because of its superior spatial resolution, helping to evaluate subtle morphologic changes in the pancreatic parenchymal structure and allowing for early-stage diagnosis of pancreatic fibrosis [ 15 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Indeed, placement of high-frequency transducers in close proximity to the pancreas increases resolution allowing for improved imaging [ 21 , 23 ]. This technology has been reported to have high sensitivity (81–97%), specificity (60–90%), and diagnostic accuracy [ 15 , 20 , 21 ]. Drawbacks of EUS are its considerable intra- and interobserver variability and considerable false positivity rate given that some findings may occur normally with aging, in smokers and in alcoholics [ 21 , 23 ]. Furthermore, this modality is invasive and presents a non-negligible risk of postprocedural complications [ 24 ].

As in all fibrosis affected tissues, stiffness elevation is a determining characteristic of pancreatic fibrosis and, consequently, could be quantified via the elasticity-based imaging technologies such as USE [ 21 , 22 , 26 , 27 ]. USE is a noninvasive and real-time US based elastography technique which helps to quantitatively measure the stiffness of a tissue to assess fibrosis of the pancreas in CP [ 21 , 22 , 25 , 26 , 28 ]. USE can be classified into two categories: strain elastography (SE) and shear-wave elastography (SWE) [ 20 , 21 , 25 ]. In USE-SE, the strain created by compression of the target tissue with the US probe is measured: a larger strain indicates softer tissue [ 20 , 25 ]. In USE-SWE, instead, an acoustic radiation force is sent to a focal point within the tissue and a shear wave is generated [ 20 , 21 , 25 ]. Consequently, the shear wave velocity is calculated: if the tissue is hard, the shear wave propagates faster [ 25 ]. Both SWE and SE yield elastograms, which are colored elasticity maps superimposed onto tissue images, although USE-SWE is the more precise modality for diagnosing CP because it can provide absolute values of pancreatic hardness [ 21 , 25 ]. USE is currently considered to be the most sensitive—71% to 91%—and specific—86% to 100%—modality for diagnosing CP [ 26 , 27 ]. Even so, it presents inadequate standardization in mode of execution, evaluation, and choice of terminology inducing discord among professionals [ 20 , 26 ]. Moreover, it has also been found to have limited reliability in patients who smoke, abuse alcohol, are obese, and in the elderly [ 20 , 27 ].

Computed tomography (CT)

Contrast-enhanced CT (CE-CT) is the preferred imaging technique in case of suspected chronic pancreatitis given its non-invasivity and ubiquity, providing highly resolute images within seconds, with high sensitivity and specificity [ 15 , 20 , 22 , 24 , 25 , 29 ]. While its detection of early structural CP related fibrotic changes is not reliable, this technology has been reported to have high sensitivity (60‐95%), specificity (85–91%), and diagnostic accuracy later in the disease [ 15 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 25 ]. Multiphase protocol is now commonly used in the assessment of pancreas [ 21 ]. It includes a precontrast unenhanced sequence to identify calcifications, a pancreatic or late-arterial phase to assess arterial complications, and a portal venous phase to evaluate the parenchyma, pancreatic duct, focal lesions, pancreatic masses or complications from pancreatitis [ 21 , 25 , 30 ]. This method allows for the detection of morphological alterations, such as pancreatic ductal calcifications (pathognomonic findings of chronic pancreatitis), dilation of the main pancreatic duct and side branches secondary to traction from periductal fibrosis, altered size and shape of the gland, pseudocysts, pseudoaneurysms, vascular thrombosis, necrosis, and parenchymal atrophy [ 15 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 30 , 31 ]. The main drawback to the application of CE-CT is the radiation exposure to which patients are subject, especially since this chronic disease state often calls for serial monitoring [ 20 , 22 ]. When CT results are inconclusive, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), EUS, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be used [ 15 ].

MRI is an alternative imaging modality for those in whom CT or ERCP is contraindicated or not tolerated [ 32 ]. Indeed, it is a non-invasive method for the early recognition of pancreatic fibrosis having excellent soft-tissue contrast, with high sensitivity (78%) and specificity (96–100%) [ 15 , 20 , 21 , 24 , 32 ]. MRI’s main drawback consists of its high cost [ 20 ]. Due to the high content of proteinaceous enzymes, the normal pancreas typically appears diffusely hyperintense on T1-weighted images [ 21 , 22 ]. In CP, chronic inflammation and fibrotic replacement of parenchyma diminish the proteinaceous fluid content of the pancreas resulting in heterogenous hypointense areas on T1-weighted imaging and heterogenous and mildly hyperintense on T2-weighted images with diminished and heterogenous parenchymal enhancement after administration of intravenous gadolinium agents [ 22 , 23 , 25 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 34 ].

MRCP is the most effective, safe, noninvasive MR imaging technique for the evaluation of the pancreatic parenchyma, main pancreatic, and common bile ducts [ 15 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 25 ]. It presents with high sensitivity (78%), specificity (96%), and diagnostic accuracy [ 21 ]. It only makes use of nonionizing radiation and for this reason it is increasingly used in the diagnosis of CP [ 15 , 23 , 25 , 30 ]. MRCP is the preferred alternative to ERCP in patients for whom this imaging modality has failed or is not tolerated [ 21 , 32 ]. Even so, the typical calcifications in chronic pancreatitis are not visualized as effectively as on CT and the evaluation of side branches is less sensitive than in ERCP [ 15 , 30 ]. Addition of secretin enhancement to MRCP (S‐MRCP) can improve morphological and functional assessment of abnormalities of the main pancreatic duct and its side branches, which may not be seen on routine MRCP [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 30 , 32 ]. Secretin is a polypeptide amino acid which is normally secreted by the S cells of the duodenal mucosa and can be synthetically purified [ 21 , 22 ]. Its physiological effects include stimulation of the pancreas to secrete fluid and bicarbonate from acinar cells into the duodenum, thus increasing the absolute volume of intraductal free water and filling the collapsed branches [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 25 ]. Additionally, secretin increases the tone of the sphincter of Oddi, thus hindering the release of this accumulated fluid through the papilla of Vater, and making it easier to distinguish the main pancreatic duct and its branches [ 23 , 25 ]. In S‐MRCP, pre‐secretin images are obtained before the polypeptide is injected intravenously after which a series of T2‐weighted images are acquired [ 21 , 23 ]. In cases of CP, a lack of ductal compliance results in dilated side branches [ 21 ]. By injecting intravenous secretin, MRI can also diagnose chronic pancreatitis by evaluating exocrine secretion response [ 24 ]. Even so, S-MRCP lacks proper analysis of parenchyma, thus limiting its use [ 20 ]. Axial and coronal T2 weighted MRI and MRCP images of a liver affected by CP are reported in Fig.  1 . Note how hypointense the pancreatic signal is on T2, the tortuosity of the main pancreatic duct, and its numerous prominent side branches.

MRI (coronal T2 and axial) and MRCP from two patients with crhonic pancreatitis, showing T2 hypointense pancreatic signal (red arrow), tortuosity of the main pancreatic duct (blue arrow), and numerous prominent side branches (green arrows)

ERCP is a combined endoscopic and fluoroscopic procedure mainly used in the diagnosis of early CP with high sensitivity (71–95%), specificity (89–100%), and diagnostic accuracy [ 15 , 21 , 25 , 29 ]. For these reasons, it is currently considered the diagnostic gold standard tool for pancreatic ductal investigation. It has great spatial resolution and the ability to depict side branch abnormalities, characteristic of early disease [ 25 , 32 ]. In ERCP, an endoscope is advanced into the second part of the duodenum, thus allowing other tools to be passed into the biliary and pancreatic ducts via the major duodenal papilla [ 29 ]. Contrast material injected into these ducts, allows radiologic visualization of pancreatic duct abnormalities—ductal dilation, stricture, abnormal side branching, communicating pseudocyst, pancreatic duct stone, and pancreatic duct leakage—and therapeutic intervention—dilation for pancreatic duct stenosis, stone extraction, and stenting of the pancreatic duct [ 25 , 29 , 32 ]. This technique is, however, the most invasive of the diagnostic modalities for CP, only allows for visualization of duct anatomy and not that of pancreatic parenchyma, and is associated with a high risk of complications [ 15 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. The possibility for adverse events directly attributed to ERCP is as high as 6.8% and include post-ERCP pancreatitis, infections, gastrointestinal bleeding, duodenal and biliary perforations [ 25 , 29 ]. For all these reasons, ERCP should be performed only when all other tests are inconclusive [ 15 , 25 ].

Future directions

Promising future techniques, benefits, and drawbacks of each imaging technique discussed above are summarized in Table  1 . Among the proposed alternatives, the authors of this review believe MRCP (Fig.  1 ) and USE to be the most promising. Indeed, USE is currently considered to be the most sensitive—71% to 91%—and specific—86% to 100%—modality for diagnosing CP provided that standardization in mode of execution, evaluation, and choice of terminology be enacted [ 20 , 26 , 27 ]. USE is a noninvasive and real-time US based elastography technique which helps to quantitatively measure the stiffness of a tissue, a determining characteristic of pancreatic fibrosis [ 15 , 21 , 22 , 25 , 26 ]. Both USE sub modalities—SWE and SE—yield elastograms, which are colored elasticity maps superimposed onto tissue images to help locate fibrotic areas [ 20 , 21 , 25 ]. Instead, MRCP presents with high sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy [ 21 ]. It only makes use of nonionizing radiation and for this reason it is increasingly used in the diagnosis of CP [ 15 , 23 , 25 , 30 ]. Addition of secretin enhancement to MRCP (S‐MRCP) can improve morphological and functional assessment of abnormalities of the main pancreatic duct and its side branches, which may not be seen on routine MRCP [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 30 , 32 ].

Liver fibrosis

Chronic liver disease (CLD) is characterized by progressive deterioration of liver function due to persistent inflammatory response, parenchymal injury and regeneration leading to abnormal wound healing and, ultimately, liver failure [ 35 , 36 , 37 ]. CLD etiology is varied and determines the patterns of liver fibrosis [ 35 , 37 ]. Among the most notable causes are toxins, excessive alcohol consumption, viral and autoimmune hepatitis, as well as genetic and metabolic disorders [ 35 , 37 ]. Since the end of the last century, the incidence of CLD has undergone a 62.03% increase worldwide. In line with this datum is the CDC’s estimates of the number of American adults affected by CLD being 4.5 million, about 1.8% of the population, making it of great clinical relevance [ 36 , 38 ]. The aberrant accumulation of ECM that follows CLD onset is triggered by injured hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and inflammatory cells’ paracrine stimulation which induces rapid gene conversion of quiescent HSCs into proliferative myofibroblasts [ 35 , 37 , 38 ]. This fibrotic response is perpetuated by cellular events that amplify the activated phenotype through enhanced growth factor expression leading to fibrous scar formation [ 39 ]. Only the withdrawal of injury-causing stimuli can promote the spontaneous resolution of hepatic fibrosis, otherwise, CLD can progress into cirrhosis, a pre-malignant condition that may ultimately lead to hepatocellular carcinoma [ 35 , 37 , 39 ]. Through senescence and apoptosis, the levels of cytokines and myofibroblasts lowers, triggering, in turn, the start of fibrotic regression by decreasing the levels of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) and by increasing the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) [ 35 , 39 ]. In so doing, TIMPs are kept from inactivating collagenases and exercising their antiapoptotic influence on stellate cells, while MMPs’ type I collagenase activity is encouraged to effectively cleave collagen and other matrix components [ 35 , 39 ]. When withdrawal of injury-causing stimuli is not possible, persistent fibrosis leads to remodeling of the hepatic parenchyma and development of a shrunken nodular contour, detectable via imaging and pathology [ 35 , 36 ].

Traditionally ultrasound—one of the most common and affordable techniques—and CT—more precise than the previous—have been used to assess the presence of fibrosis in the liver, focusing on gross morphological changes of the organ’s architecture [ 38 , 40 ]. Unfortunately, these methods do not allow for detection of less advanced stages of fibrosis [ 40 ]. A need which is, instead, met by transient elastography (TE) and magnetic resonance elastogragphy (MRE), the most widely used novel hepatic fibrosis assessment methods in Europe [ 38 , 40 ]. They are rapid, noninvasive, and reproducible [ 40 ]. TE and MRE measure the velocity of a mild amplitude and low frequency (50 Hz) elastic shear wave travelling through the liver [ 38 , 40 ]. The wave speed is measured and used to approximately quantify tissue stiffness: the faster the wave, the stiffer the tissue [ 38 ]. It has been estimated that these novel imaging techniques eliminate the need for liver biopsy in up to 70% of patients as well as allowing for early detection of reversible liver fibrosis, thus greatly reducing morbidity and mortality [ 40 , 41 , 42 ]. It is important to note, however, that increased liver stiffness is not always a satisfactory proxy for fibrosis [ 40 ].

When withdrawal of injury-causing stimuli is not possible, persistent fibrosis leads to remodeling of the hepatic parenchyma and development of a shrunken nodular contour, detectable via imaging and pathology [ 35 , 36 ]. Traditionally US, MRI, and CT have been used to non-invasively diagnose and stage hepatic fibrosis, focusing on gross morphological changes of the organ’s architecture [ 40 , 43 ]. However, it has been found that these methods do not allow for reliable detection of less advanced stages of fibrosis [ 40 ]. A need which is, instead, met by US and MR elastography [ 38 , 40 , 43 ]. Other diagnostic methods include diffusion weighted imaging, MRI with hepatobiliary contrast agents, MR and CT perfusion, dual energy CT, contrast-enhanced US (CEUS), image texture analysis, and Magnetization transfer imaging [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. It has been estimated that these novel imaging techniques eliminate the need for liver biopsy in up to 70% of patients as well as allowing for early detection of reversible liver fibrosis, thus greatly reducing morbidity and mortality [ 40 , 41 , 42 ].

In patients with suspected CLD, liver US is the first modality employed, because it is widely available, ionizing radiation-free, and less expensive than its alternatives [ 38 , 45 , 47 ]. US findings that suggest fibrotic disease include coarse surface nodularity and increased parenchymal echogenicity [ 45 , 48 ]. In the early stages of CLD, however, these findings present with low sensitivity and specificity [ 45 ]. Indeed, other conditions, such as steatosis may also lead to brighter image acquisition, resulting in a potential for confusion [ 48 ]. Finally, obesity reduces the accuracy of US due to increased attenuation of signal by subcutaneous fat [ 48 ].

In time, USE has become the leading US-based alternative to basic US for the detection and staging of liver fibrosis [ 40 , 47 , 50 , 53 , 56 ]. The impulse’s sheer wave velocity and resultant tissue displacement is dependent on tissue elasticity which has been found to decrease with increasing fibrosis [ 48 , 49 , 50 ]. Thus, elastography techniques quantify increased tissue stiffness as proxy for fibrosis, even in early stages [ 47 , 49 , 50 , 57 ]. USE is currently the most widely used noninvasive means of quantifying hepatic fibrosis [ 40 , 51 ]. It may be subdivided into vibration-controlled TE (VCTE), point sheer wave elastography (pSWE), and two-dimensional SWE (2D-SWE) [ 41 , 49 , 50 ].VCTE is a one-dimensional technique that uses a mechanical driver to generate a low-frequency sheer wave whose velocity across the liver parenchyma is measured using sonographic Doppler [ 38 , 40 , 49 , 50 ]. Intraobserver agreement for VCTE is excellent having high repeatability and reproducibility and requiring little dedicated training time [ 49 , 50 ]. It has demonstrated high accuracy for advanced fibrosis; however, diagnostic performance is more modest in case of lesser degrees of fibrosis [ 49 , 50 ]. Furthermore, this technology is subject to several technical and patient-related limitations. Indeed, technical failure rate increase in the presence of confounders such as acute inflammation, narrow intercostal space, ascites, increased steatosis, and obesity [ 49 , 50 ].

In pSWE, a high frequency sonographic impulse generates a single push pulse into a focal point in the liver [ 49 , 50 ]. This shear wave’s velocity is measured via conventional pulse echo US [ 38 , 50 ]. Interpretation of pSWE is aided by incorporation into a standard B-mode US device which allows the operator to visualize the liver tissue [ 50 ]. Instead, in 2D-SWE, a high frequency sonographic impulse generates shear waves at multiple points, producing a cone-shaped shear wave front which is monitored in real-time at multiple spatial and temporal points using 2D US waves and is ultimately depicted as a colorized elasticity map known as an elastogram [ 49 , 50 ]. In general, SWE presents with good interobserver variability (greater in 2D-SWE), as well as excellent repeatability and reproducibility having low scan failure rate following an initial learning curve [ 49 , 50 ]. Despite recent evidence showing high diagnostic accuracy for diagnosing advanced fibrosis stages, they do not perform as well in case of lower liver fibrosis [ 50 ]. Both are susceptible to motion and, thus, require breath holding [ 50 ].

Conventional no-contrast-medium CT scans have been found to be useful in assessing morphological liver changes—stage, extent, and distribution of fibrosis—with positive correlation between histological and CT findings depending on the homogeneity of the fibrosis distribution [ 45 , 51 , 52 ]. Radiographic density on CT full-liver analysis allows for more highly accurate and precise diagnosis of fibrosis than in US [ 38 , 48 , 51 , 52 ]. However, the use of ionizing radiation confers increased patient risk to this technique, making it less suited for repeated measurements [ 48 ]. Similar to US, CT is less sensitive for less advanced stages of liver fibrosis [ 45 , 51 ].

This same shortcoming is presented by conventional MR imaging as the presence of hepatic fibrosis generally causes little anatomic change in the liver until late in the disease [ 45 , 51 , 53 ]. In attempts to more reliably stage hepatic fibrosis, mapping of T1 relaxation time, which has been found to be positively correlated to increased levels of ECM, inflammation, and fibrosis, may be adopted [ 48 ]. Indeed, by comparing histological data to hepatic T1 mapping, Pavlides et al. were able to determine optimal T1 cut-off values and create a liver inflammation and fibrosis staging score with which to classify hepatic fibrosis [ 48 , 54 ]. Further research is needed to validate this scoring system [ 48 ]. In Fig.  2 , hepatic bands of fibrosis can be seen on a post contrast T1 weighted axial MRI image with fat suppression.

Axial T1 Weighted post contrast sequence with fat suppression demonstrates hepatic fibrotic bands

Along with morphological T1 mapping, several alternative MRI-based imaging techniques have been developed [ 55 ]. These include texture analysis MRI, spin–lattice relaxation time mapping in the rotating frame (T1q), diffusion-weighted imaging, perfusion MRI, and the use of hepatobiliary contrast agents, for all of which, studies have demonstrated a clear correlation to increased liver fibrosis [ 53 , 55 ].

Among these alternative MRI-based imaging techniques, MRE has emerged as a leading non-invasive, objective, and quantitative alternative method for the detection and staging of liver fibrosis [ 40 , 47 , 50 , 53 , 56 ].

It is considered the most accurate noninvasive imaging technique for detecting and staging liver fibrosis [ 40 , 51 , 53 ]. It may be subclassified into two-dimensional MRE (2D-MRE), currently the gold standard for hepatic fibrosis detection, and three-dimensional MRE (3D-MRE) [ 50 ]. In 2D-MRE, an external acoustic driver system generates low-amplitude vibrations [ 38 , 40 , 47 , 50 , 53 ]. Resultant shear waves propagate in a largely transverse manner, allowing analysis of wave motion by MR sequences to be carried out only in a single 2D plane [ 38 , 48 , 50 , 53 ]. The acquired wave images are post-processed to generate a color-scaled representation of tissue stiffness known as an elastogram [ 50 , 53 ]. By examining a wider portion of liver in comparison to that examined by USE, MRE appears more accurate and is less prone to sampling error, ultimately producing more representative maps of liver stiffness [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]. Technical failure is rare (≤ 5%) and is mostly determined by the presence of excess iron in liver parenchyma [ 49 , 50 , 53 ]. Indeed, iron causes T2 shortening and signal loss, which diminishes the visibility of shear waves on phase contrast images [ 50 ]. Furthermore, being a motion-sensitive technique, a fraction of the failure rate is due to motion artifacts [ 50 ]. 2D-MRE benefits from robust repeatability and reproducibility between radiologists, it calls for an extremely short acquisition time (1–2 min) and can be included in any standard MRI exam of the liver [ 47 , 49 , 50 , 53 ]. Even so, it is not yet recommended in routine clinical practice given its cost, limited availability, and a minority of patients’ inability to tolerate MR exams due to claustrophobia, inability to fit into the MR scanner bore, or having been implanted with MR-incompatible devices [ 47 , 50 ]. Instead, 3D-MRE is an emerging imaging modality, mainly used in research settings, which carries out analysis of wave motion in a 3D volume rather than in a single 2D plane [ 50 ]. Although they have been demonstrated to be more accurate in predicting advanced fibrosis than 2D-MRE, further validation is required prior to recommending it for routine clinical use [ 49 , 50 ]. Finally, the diagnostic performances of elastography techniques are set to be maximized by artificial intelligence in the near future [ 47 ]. In fact, this technology promises to achieve high diagnostic performance and high accuracy for the prediction of fibrosis stages, largely outperforming radiologists [ 47 ]. In Fig.  3 , tissue displacement subsequent to harmonic shear wave induction is depicted. Areas in which wavelengths are longer correspond to stiffer areas. This wave data is then converted into a shear stiffness elastogram In Fig.  4 , an example of such an elastogram in which areas of highest liver stiffness measurements appear red and yellow is provided.

Liver MR elastography examination. Red and yellow areas represent highest liver stiffness measurements within the right hepatic lobe consistent with fibrosis

Shear wave image demonstrates waves that are thicker than normal. This is because they move more quickly through the stiffer, fibrotic liver parenchyma

Promising future techniques, benefits, and drawbacks of each imaging technique discussed above are summarized in Table  2 . Among the proposed alternatives, the authors of this review believe AI supplemented 3D-MRE to be the most promising. Indeed, preliminary data has shown 3D-MRE – an emerging imaging modality which carries out analysis of wave motion in a 3D volume rather than in a single 2D plane – to be more accurate in predicting advanced fibrosis than 2D-MRE [ 49 , 50 ]. Furthermore, the diagnostic performance of such elastography techniques is set to be maximized by AI in the near future [ 47 ]. The pairing of these technologies promises to achieve high diagnostic performance and high accuracy for the prediction of fibrosis stages, largely outperforming human radiologists [ 47 ].

Intestinal fibrosis

Intestinal fibrosis can develop from several conditions, including chronic ischemic enteritis, radiation enteritis, cystic fibrosis and, most importantly, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). IBD, comprising Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), consists of an exaggerated, recurrent inflammatory response to bowel injury leading to disorganized ECM deposition [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ]. Ultimately, CD and UC’s protracted course of relapse and remission leads to bowel damage, weakened barrier function, and disability [ 58 , 61 , 62 , 63 ]. Its prevalence, while increasing worldwide, was estimated to be more than 3 million in the USA and Europe by a 2017 Global Burden of Disease Study [ 61 , 62 , 64 ]. Prevalence is greatest among industrialized nations and metropolitan areas [ 61 ]. However, low-risk regions have experienced a marked surge in IBD rates, in concordance with their development and adoption of traditionally “western” lifestyles, thus implicating environmental factors in CD and UC pahtophysiology [ 61 ]. The most studied of these influences are cigarette smoking, associated with a two-fold increase in CD risk, and dietary imbalance, in particular, a reduction in dietary fiber and an increase in saturated fat intake leading to dysbiosis [ 61 ]. Additionally, more that 200 allelic mutations have been found to be positively associated with IBD incidence [ 61 , 63 ]. Even so, only 13% of the disease’s transmission can be explained this way, emphasizing once more environmental determinants’ role in CD and UC development [ 60 , 61 , 63 ]. Clinically, CD manifests with abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, weight loss, and typically segmental and transmural gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation [ 58 , 61 , 62 ]. The excess secretion of ECM in intestinal fibrosis is made possible by intestinal mesenchymal cell expansion [ 59 , 62 ]. Primarily that of fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells [ 62 ]. Immune cells contribute to these fibrotic processes by secreting IL-17A and IL-13 cytokines [ 62 ]. These augment mesenchymal cell activation, thus promoting scar formation through positive feedback loops [ 62 ]. In particular, IL-17A is found to be upregulated in the mucosa and lamina propria of CD patients [ 62 ]. Myofibroblasts upregulate their receptors for these proteins, resulting in their reduced migratory ability as well as increased ECM production [ 62 ]. Similarly, IL-13, Th-2 cells’ most potent fibrogenic mediator, facilitates ECM deposition through increased TGF-β1 secretion [ 62 ]. Furthermore, a sharp downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes meant to degrade deposited ECM, and overexpression of TIMPs, MMP inhibitors, further favors uncontrolled ECM synthetization [ 58 ]. Abnormal wall thickening and contraction ultimately lead to tissue distortion and increased stiffness [ 60 , 62 ]. This may take place at any time during IBD progression and occurs at equal rate in all segments of the gut [ 60 , 62 ]. The most common clinical sequelae of intestinal fibrosis, occurring in more than half of all CD patients within 10 years of diagnosis, are strictures, abscesses, and fistulae, predominantly in the terminal ileum and the ileocolonic region [ 58 , 61 , 62 ]. In turn, these cause bowel obstruction, requiring anti-inflammatory, endoscopic, and/or surgical relief [ 62 ]. Secondary to intestinal obstruction, patients experience muscularis propria hypertrophy, which results in peristaltic abnormalities [ 60 ]. CD diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical, imaging, histological, blood, and stool findings [ 65 , 66 ]. Choosing which of these strategies to put in place depends on the patient's age, pregnancy status, general health, and availability [ 67 ].

The current gold standard imaging technique is endoscopic evaluation via ileo-colonoscopy [ 65 , 66 ]. This procedure is widely available and well tolerated among patients despite its invasiveness [ 65 , 68 ]. It allows for direct inspection of the GI lumen, facilitating physicians in identifying common lesions and overseeing treatment progression [ 67 ]. Endoscopically, CD may manifest as mucosal nodularity, swelling, ulceration, and narrowing [ 66 ]. However, while the vast majority of those affected by IBD will have colonoscopically detectable sequalae, this technique cannot ensure satisfactory imaging of extraluminal and intramural inflammation, the small intestine—the most commonly affected segment of the GI tract—or the intestine beyond a stricture [ 65 , 66 , 68 ]. Moreover, interobserver variability, the risk of bowel perforation, the need for bowel preparation, and the occasional need for anesthesia comprise some of endoscopy’s major limitations [ 65 ]. For all these reasons, CD complications are often best identified via small bowel imaging techniques, the most popular of which are US, CT, and MRI [ 66 , 68 ]. These allow for the identification and examination of pathology not accessible through ileo-colonoscopy [ 67 ]. Other promising technologies are transabdominal USE, CEUS, DWI, and magnetization transfer MRI (MT-MRI). US is recommended as a first-line test for the assessment of inflammatory lesions and long-term follow-up of CD given its non-invasivity, lack of ionizing radiation, increased availability, relatively low cost, and real-time capabilities [ 65 , 68 , 70 ]. It has proven to be as sensitive and specific as MR, CT, and endoscopy for detecting IBD [ 65 ]. Even so, it is highly operator-dependent, limited by disease location and patient body build, with limited reproducibility and generalization [ 68 ].

Transabdominal USE is a promising real-time bowel imaging technique. It has been designed to indirectly assess bowel fibrosis in CD through the direct evaluation of intestinal wall stiffness. Its main drawback is given by its operator dependent nature as well as its poor performance on deep bowel loops [ 69 , 70 , 71 ]. There are two main elastographic subtypes: US-SE and US-SWE [ 70 ]. In US-SE, an external force applied to a fixed area of the tissue under investigation evokes a strain, the measurement of which allows for the estimation of tissue stiffness [ 68 , 70 , 71 , 72 ]. This noninvasive assessment of tissue mechanical properties is useful seeing as strictures have been found to be significantly stiffer than their surroundings [ 68 , 71 ]. Thus, increased tissue strain may be assumed to be an accurate surrogate marker for intestinal fibrosis [ 71 ]. In US-SWE, instead, US shear waves are generated through an acoustic radiation impulse originating from the US probe and are applied onto a limited region of bowel wall [ 70 , 72 ]. Its speed of propagation through the underlying tissue can be measured and speaks to its stiffness: the denser the material, the faster the propagation [ 68 , 70 , 72 ].

CEUS substantially improves upon standard US diagnostic potential by making use of an intravenously administered microbubble contrast agent with the aim of providing a more accurate depiction of the bowel wall microvasculature [ 65 , 70 , 72 ]. Indeed, tissue perfusion has been found to be negatively correlated to fibrosis and, thus, may serve as its surrogate index [ 68 , 72 ]. Specific image analysis software programs are used to obtain an objectively quantitative measurement of the enhancement pattern (i.e., of the perfusion) [ 70 , 72 ]. Nevertheless, studies have reported that CEUS is incapable of effectively detecting bowel wall fibrosis in the presence of inflammation [ 70 ].

CT and MRI are widely employed imaging techniques having excellent diagnostic accuracy (> 90%) for intestinal fibrosis distribution and severity [ 66 , 68 ]. On CT, features such as mucosal enhancement, mesenteric hypervascularity, and mesenteric fat stranding are all suggestive of active CD related inflammation [ 66 ] (Fig.  5 ). This technology is widely available and offers 3D, multi-planar images with high spatial resolution and short acquisition time [ 65 , 70 ]. Furthermore, it makes use of oral contrast agents to visualize the extent of bowel wall abnormalities and evaluate inflammatory activities [ 65 , 70 ]. Recent development in the field of artificial intelligence has allowed for the realization of CT-based deep learning models which have proven to outperform human interpreters with increased accuracy and objectivity [ 73 ]. This technology’s main limitation, however, is that of exposure to ionizing radiation [ 65 , 68 ]. Axial and coronal CT images of the distal ileum are provided in Fig.  5 . In particular, they showcase a prominent regional fibrofatty proliferation separating the loops of the bowel known as "creeping fat" sign, typical of severe inflammation.

Axial and coronal CT images of the distal ileum showing extensive submucosal fat deposition (red arrrow) corresponding with sequela of chronic and severe inflammation in a 62-year-old patient with Crohn’s disease. Also, prominent regional fibrofatty proliferation separating the loops of bowel, “creeping fat” sign (blue arrow), typical of Crohn’s disease

CE-MR has comparable sensitivity to that of CT with the added benefit of having superior soft tissue contrast capabilities and being radiation-free [ 65 , 66 , 68 ]. For this reason, it should be used preferentially in patients who are young, pregnant, or who are likely to need serial examination [ 66 ]. Similarly, to CT, CE-MR is performed after administration of oral contrast agents and allows for transmural observation of the bowel from various perspectives [ 65 , 73 ] (Fig.  6 ). This technology is reported to be able to differentiate severe from mild to moderate fibrosis [ 69 ]. However, its ability to differentiate among none, mild, and moderate fibrosis is poor [ 69 ]. Further, it is a costly and more time-consuming alternative that is not as widely available [ 68 ]. Axial T1 and T2 weighted MRI images highlighting submucosal fat deposition as well as dark thickened fibrotic walls are shown in Fig.  6 .

Axial T1 ( A ) and T2 weighted MRI ( B ) images highlighting submucosal fat deposition as well as thickened walls. See dark fibrotic wall on T2 (red arrow)

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) capitalizes on the fact that the random motion of water molecules in the body is dependent on the cellular density of the tissue they are in [ 65 , 73 ]. Indeed, excess collagen deposition, such as that found in fibrotic tissues, results in restricted extracellular water molecule motion [ 70 ]. The quantitative index with which this phenomenon is studied is the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) [ 70 , 73 ]. The ADC has been found to be significantly inversely related to the degree of inflammation and fibrosis, with high sensitivity (72%), high specificity (94%), and accuracy in agreement with that of contrast enhanced MR, proving its potential usefulness as a non-invasive technology contributing to intestinal fibrosis identification [ 65 , 73 ]. Notably, DWI could be beneficial in patients for whom the use of MR contrast agents is contraindicated [ 65 ]. Even so, severe inflammatory background has been found to interfere with the accurate detection of fibrosis via ADC [ 70 ].

Magnetization transfer MRI (MT-MRI), a promising advancement in the field of MR imaging of CD related intestinal fibrosis, is a non-invasive technique that generates image contrast between protons in free water molecules and those within water molecules associated with large macromolecules, such as collagen [ 65 , 70 , 72 , 73 ]. The resultant image enhancement can be quantified using the MT ratio, a measure of the transfer of nuclear spin polarization from one population of nuclei to another, which indirectly reflects the concentrations of macromolecules [ 65 , 69 ]. Tissues containing high concentrations of collagen, such as fibrotic tissues, exhibit a higher mean MT ratio, making this technique of interest for bowel fibrosis detection, differentiation, and quantification [ 65 , 69 , 70 , 72 , 73 ]. Indeed, MT-MRI imaging outperforms Diffusion weighted MRI and contrast-enhanced imaging in distinguishing varying degrees of bowel fibrosis with or without coexisting inflammation [ 65 , 69 , 70 ]. This technique has also shown promise in distinguishing between mixed inflammatory fibrosis and pure inflammatory intestinal wall [ 69 , 70 ].

At present, common MR techniques for evaluating intestinal wall perfusion of CD include dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) [ 70 ]. DCE-MRI involves the serial acquisitions of T1-weighted images before, during, and after intravenous injection of gadolinium-based contrast agent [ 74 ]. Its perfusion parameters have been found to successful in assessing the characteristics of the bowel CD inflammation and in discriminating active and inactive CD [ 74 ]. Intravoxel incoherent motion-diffusion weighted Imaging (IVIM- DWI), instead, is a novel DWI technique which simultaneously measures both the random movement of water molecules in tissues and blood flow in capillary networks [ 74 ]. It has been reported to successfully detect significant differences in enhanced segments versus nonenhanced bowel segments as well as the degree of intestinal fibrosis [ 70 , 74 ]. The advantage of IVIM over DCE-MRI is that it can produce image contrast without an IV enhancement [ 70 ]. It seems thatDCE-MRI and IVIM-DWI are both promising noninvasive ways to provide precise quantitative evaluation CD bowel inflammation [ 74 ]. In particular, IVIM-DWI without the need of contrast-agent injection to reflect the diffusion of water molecules and microcirculation perfusion in living tissues, has received special attention [ 70 , 74 ].

Nuclear medicine

Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET localizes and quantifies FDG uptake in tissues of increased metabolic activity, such as areas of inflammation in CD [ 75 ]. The possibility to fuse functional data from PET and morphological data from CT or MR (PET-CT and PET-MR) has emerged as a promising imaging modality, having the potential to better assess the extent and location of disease than either sub-modality alone [ 70 , 75 ]. PET/MR offers several advantages over PET/CT [ 75 ]. While PET/CT has been shown to be a useful modality for the identification of active bowel inflammation with results correlating well with the current gold standard and with an absolute reduction in false positive rates with respects to FDG-PET alone, its intrinsic need for sequential rather than concurrent acquisition may lead to motion artifacts and its use of ionizing radiation poses a substantial threat to CD patients, whose treatment plans often include serial examinations [ 69 , 75 ]. Conversely, PET/MR’s synchronous image acquisition enables more accurate spatial and temporal matching of anatomical to functional data, and studies have shown it to present a 20%-73% reduction in radiation dose when compared to CT-MRI [ 75 ]. On top of having been reported to be significantly more accurate than either sub-modality alone in the detection of active inflammation (91% Vs 84% and 83%), PET-MR has also been found to be more accurate than PET-CT in detecting intestinal fibrosis [ 70 , 75 ]. Further, PET-MR hybrid imaging has been reported to be useful in distinguishing fibrotic from inflammatory strictures, in accurately detecting extra-luminal disease, and to have superior soft tissue signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio than CT-MRI [ 69 , 75 ]. For all these reasons, this technology may potentially play a significant future role in the management of CD patients [ 75 ].

Promising future techniques, benefits, and drawbacks of each imaging technique discussed above are summarized in Table  3 . Among the proposed alternatives, the authors of this review believe MT-MRI to be the most promising. MT-MRI imaging outperforms competitors in distinguishing varying degrees of bowel fibrosis with or without coexisting inflammation [ 65 , 69 , 70 ]. This technique has also shown promise in distinguishing between mixed inflammatory fibrosis and pure inflammatory intestinal wall [ 69 , 70 ]. It is a non-invasive technique that generates image contrast between protons in free water molecules and those within water molecules associated with large macromolecules, such as collagen, rather than requiring exogenous contrast administration [ 65 , 70 , 72 , 73 ]. The resultant image enhancement can be quantified using the MT ratio, a proxy for fibrosis quantification [ 65 , 69 , 70 , 72 , 73 ].

Conclusions

Fibrosis is the aberrant process of connective tissue deposition resulting from complications in tissue repair following repetitive injury, hypoxia, or ongoing infection [ 1 ]. It can affect any organ and is responsible for chronic and debilitating structural and functional impairment of the affected tissue [ 2 , 3 ]. In fibrosis, pathological response to tissue damage determines an undue protraction of the healing process resulting in chronic inflammation, aberrant fibroblast proliferation, exaggerated collagen deposition, and a sequent imbalance in the alternation between scar formation and remodelling [ 3 , 5 ]. While extensive research has already been carried out on the topic of aberrant wound healing and fibrogenesis, a thorough understanding of how this relationship reveals itself through imaging has yet to be established. Considering the far-reaching implications research furtherance in this field may have—starting from more early and accurate diagnosis—and with the aim of exploring and expanding upon all relevant knowledge, in this work we have attempted to outline the ways in which fibrosis shows up across abdominal organs and have listed the most relevant imaging technologies employed for its detection. A review of all pertinent literature has revealed US, CT, MR and PET to be among the most commonly adopted imaging technologies for the detection of fibrosis across all organs. Among the proposed alternatives, the authors of this review believe MRI to be the most promising imaging technique across all considered organs. Indeed, MRI has proven clear superiority when compared to competitors by virtue of elevated soft tissue contrast, lack of ionizing radiations, and its ability to successfully pair with elastography and DCE technology, among others. Furthermore, this imaging technique is widely available, allows for full-body scanning, and has been reported to produce fewer allergic reactions when compared to other contrast exploiting techniques (ex. C-ray and CT) (Table  4 ). Table  4 Authors’ opinion regarding the most promising radiology techniques to diagnose fibrosis in each organ Suspected affected organ Promising radiology techniques for diagnosis Pancreas MRCP and US (SE and SWE) Liver 3D-MRE Intestines MT-MRI.

Disclosures

Mary Salvatore, MD, MBA- Consultant: Genentech, Boehringer Ingelheim. Grant funding: Boehringer Ingelheim, Genentech. Speaker: France Foundation, Peer View, Genentech, Boehringer Ingelheim. Research: Bioclinica, AbbVie, Lunglife AI.

Availability of data and materials

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

Abbreviations

18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose

Acute Exacerbation of IPF

Automated Whole-Breast Us

Benign Breast Disease

Breast Computed Tomography

Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System

Bronchoalveolar

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance

Contrast Enhanced Multi-Detector CT

Contrast-Enhanced Breast CT

Digital Breast Tomosynthesis

Extracellular volume

High resolution computed tomography

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Insulin-like growth factor I

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3

Interleukin-8

Late gadolinium enhancement

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Magnetic resonance imaging

Matrix metalloproteinases

Monocyte chemotactic protein-1

Natural killer cells

Platelet-derived growth factor

Positron emission tomography

Protease activated receptors

Quantitative CT

Reactive oxygen species

Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system

Speckle tracking echocardiography

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases

Transforming growth factor Β1

Ultrashort echo time

Zero echo time

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ST was the major contributor in writing the manuscript. MS and MPM contributed to the manuscript writing. MS and MPM designed Table  4 . ST designed Tables  1 , 2 , and 3 . ST designed the glossary 1 and 2. VB provided the images contained in Figs .1 – 4 . PL and SJ provided the images contained in Figs .5 , 6 . All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Tarchi, S.M., Salvatore, M., Lichtenstein, P. et al. Radiology of fibrosis part II: abdominal organs. J Transl Med 22 , 610 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-024-05346-w

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