model essay example

Sample Essays: Writing with MLA Style

Congratulations to the students whose essays were selected for the 2024 edition of Writing with MLA Style! Essays were selected as examples of excellent student writing that use MLA style for citing sources. Essays have been lightly edited. 

If your institution subscribes to MLA Handbook Plus , you can access annotated versions of the essays selected in 2022 and 2023. 

Writing with MLA Style: 2024 Edition

The following essays were selected for the 2024 edition of Writing with MLA Style. The selection committee for high school submissions was composed of Lisa Karakaya, Hunter College High School; and Heather Smith, Dedham Public Schools. The selection committee for postsecondary submissions was composed of Rachel Ihara, Kingsborough Community College, City University of New York; Tarshia L. Stanley, Wagner College; and Joyce MacDonald, University of Kentucky.

High School Essays

Miguel Kumar (Ransom Everglades School)

“McCarthyism at the Movies: The Effects of Hollywood McCarthyism on the American Public”

Catherine Mao (Hunter College High School)

“ Beauty Is in the Eye of the Beholder, and the Beholder Is a White Man: The 1875 Page Act, Eugenics, and Beauty Standards for Chinese Women versus American Women ”

Undergraduate Essays

Rachelle Dumayas  (California State University, Sacramento)

“Should Deaf Children Get Cochlear Implants?”

Holly Nelson (Johns Hopkins University)

“Creating Space? Representations of Black Characters in Regency Romance”

Chloe Wiitala (University of Minnesota, Duluth)

“ Reanimating Queer Perspectives through Camp: A Study of Frankenstein and Its Parodic Film Adaptations ”

Writing with MLA Style: 2023 Edition

The following essays were selected for the 2023 edition of Writing with MLA Style. The 2023 selection committee was composed of Ellen C. Carillo, University of Connecticut (chair); Rachel Ihara, Kingsborough Community College, City University of New York; and Tarshia L. Stanley, Wagner College.

Caroline Anderson (Pepperdine University)

“ L’Appel du Vide : Making Spaces for Sinful Exploration in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ”

Hunter Daniels (University of South Carolina, Aiken)

“Biblical Legalism and Cultural Misogyny in The Tragedy of Mariam ”

Aspen English (Southern Utah University)

“Putting the ‘Comm’ in Comics: A Communication-Theory-Informed Reading of Graphic Narratives”

Raul Martin (Lamar University)

“The Book-Object Binary: Access and Sustainability in the Academic Library”

Grace Quasebarth (Salve Regina University)

“Finding a Voice: The Loss of Machismo Criticisms through Translation in Isabel Allende’s The House of the Spirits ”

Writing with MLA Style: 2022 Edition

The following essays were selected for the 2022 edition of Writing with MLA Style. The 2022 selection committee was composed of Ellen C. Carillo, University of Connecticut; Jessica Edwards, University of Delaware (chair); and Deborah H. Holdstein, Columbia College Chicago.

Kaile Chu (New York University, Shanghai)

“Miles Apart: An Investigation into Dedicated Online Communities’ Impact on Cultural Bias”

Sietse Hagen (University of Groningen)

“The Significance of Fiction in the Debate on Dehumanizing Media Portrayals of Refugees”

Klara Ismail (University of Exeter)

“Queering the Duchess: Exploring the Body of the Female Homosexual in John Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi ”

Yasmin Mendoza (Whittier College)

“Banning without Bans”

Niki Nassiri (Stony Brook University)

“Modern-Day US Institutions and Slavery in the Twenty-First Century”

Samantha Wilber (Palm Beach Atlantic University)

“‘Pero, tu no eres facil’: The Poet X as Multicultural Bildungsroman”

Writing with MLA Style: 2019 Edition

The following essays were selected for the 2019 edition of Writing with MLA Style. The 2019 selection committee was composed of Jessica Edwards, University of Delaware; Deborah H. Holdstein, Columbia College Chicago (chair); and Liana Silva, César E. Chavez High School, Houston, Texas.

Catherine Charlton (University of King’s College, Nova Scotia)

“‘Coal Is in My Blood’: Public and Private Representations of Community Identity in Springhill, Nova Scotia”

Alyiah Gonzales (California Polytechnic State University)

“Disrupting White Normativity in Langston Hughes’s ‘I, Too’ and Toni Morrison’s ‘Recitatif’”

Meg Matthias (Miami University, Ohio)

“Prescriptions of (Living) Historical Happiness: Gendered Performance and Racial Comfort in Reenactment”

Jennifer Nguyen  (Chaminade University of Honolulu)

“The Vietnam War, the American War: Literature, Film, and Popular Memory”

Emily Schlepp (Northwest University)

“A Force of Love: A Deconstructionist Reading of Characters in Dickens’s  Great Expectations ”

Online Learning Resources

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Introduction

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Sample essay

• Introduction paragraphs
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• Perfecting Paragraphs
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• Conclusion paragraphs
• Academic writing style
• Using headings
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• Supporting evidence
• Citing authors
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Sometimes a good example of what you are trying to achieve is worth a 1000 words of advice! When you are asked to write an essay, try to find some samples (models) of similar writing and learn to observe the craft of the writer. You can use the samples as a basis for working out how to write in the correct style.

About sample essays

Most books on essay writing will supply you with a number of model essays—collect some of these as they are great teachers! No matter what the topic is, you will see similarities between your writing tasks and these model essays. This is because many features of writing are common across subject areas. In some subjects (e.g. Law, Economics, Psychology and others), it is very useful to find subject -specific essay models as you can use these to work out the ‘peculiarities’ of writing for that subject area.

Read an academic essay

The following five paragraph essay has paragraph labels to show the parts of an academic essay. (Note: This essay does not contain authentic references and has been written specifically to use for this teaching task.)

Body paragraph 1

Body paragraph 2

Using assignment essays for assessment supports student learning better than the traditional examination system. It is considered that course-work assignment essays can lessen the extreme stress experienced by some students over ‘sudden-death’ end of semester examinations:

If we insist that all students write about everything they have learned in their study courses at the same time and in the same place (e.g. in examinations), we are not giving all of our students equal opportunities. Some students are not daunted by the exam experience while others suffer ‘exam nerves’ and perform at the lowest level of their capabilities. (Wonderland University, 2006, p. 4)

Additionally, Jones et al. (2004, pp. 36-37) propose that assignment essays can be used to assess student learning mid-course and so provide them with helpful feedback before they are subjected to the exam experience. Exams only provide students with a mark rather than specific feedback on their progress. Therefore, setting assignment essays for a substantial part of student assessment is a much fairer approach than one-off examination testing.

Body paragraph 3

Bloggs, J. (2003).  Linking teaching, learning and succeeding in higher education . London: Bookworld.

Jinx, J.M. (2004). Student essay writing.  Journal of Research in University Education, 9 (2), 114-125.

Jones, J., Smith, P.L., Brown, K., Zong J., Thompson, K., & Fung, P.A. (2004).  Helpline: Essays and the university student . Tokyo: Courtyard Printers.

Sankey, J.M., & Liger, T.U. (2003).  Learning to write essays  [CD-ROM]. Sydney: Wonderland University.

Taylor, G. (1989).  The student’s writing guide for the arts and social sciences . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wonderland University. (2006).  Attributes of a university graduate . doi:10.1098/063-112

Yang, S., & Baker, O.E. (2005).  Essay writing and the tertiary student . Melbourne: Diamond Press.

Zapper, Y. (2006). Learning essay writing. In F.T. Fax & Y. Phoney (Eds.),  Learning Experiences at University  (pp. 55-70). Calcutta: Academic Scholar Press.

Analyse an academic essay

Most students really appreciate seeing a finished product. If you are to really benefit from model essays, you need to learn how to read the ‘techniques of the writer’. The following exercise helps you to get started with developing your ‘read the writer’ skills.

1. The introduction paragraph

2. Body paragraph 1

3. Body paragraph 2

4. Body paragraph 3

5. The conclusion paragraph

6. The reference list

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IELTS Sample Essays

Here you will find IELTS Sample Essays for a variety of common topics that appear in the writing exam.

The model answers all have tips and strategies for how you may approach the question and comments on the sample answer.

You can also view sample essays with band scores on this page. 

Looking at IELTS essay topics with answers is a great way to help you to prepare for the test. 

These IELTS sample essays have been categorised in a way that makes it easy for you to see how certain essay question types require you to provide certain responses to ensure the question is fully answered. 

Specifically these are:

• Agree / Disagree
• Discuss Two Opinions
• Problems and Solutions
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Other Types

Agree / Disagree Type Questions

In these types of question you are given one opinion and you then have to state the extent to which you agree or disagree with that opinion:

• Advertising
• Alternative Medicine
• Spending on the Arts
• Human Cloning
• Social Interaction & the Internet
• Airline Tax
• Free University Education
• Scientific Research
• Banning Smoking
• Employing Older People
• Vegetarianism
• Paying Taxes  
• Examinations or Formal Assessment 
• Multinational Organisations and Culture
• Internet vs Newspapers
• Technology Development  
• Dying of Languages
• Animal Extinction
• Truth in Relationships
• Role of Schools
• Return of Historical Artefacts

Discuss Two Opinions Type Questions

In this essay question type you are given two opinions, and you have to discuss both of these and then give your own view:

• University Education
• Reducing Crime
• Animal Rights
• Child Development
• Diet & Health
• Donating Money to Charity
• Closing Zoos   
• Becoming Independent  
• Formal and Informal Education  
• Influence of Scientists and Politicians
• Sources for Stories
• Searching for Extraterrestrial Life

Cause Type Questions

There are a variety of 'cause type' essay questions. In these you first have to give the reasons why something has happened, in other words the causes, but then discuss a different aspect of it, such as the effects, solutions or the extent to whether it is a positive or negative development:

Causes & Effects:

• Child Obesity
• Skin Whitening Creams
• Family Size
• Having Children Later in Life
• Time Away from Family

Causes and Solutions:

• Youth Crime
• Global Warming
• Paying Attention in Class
• International Travel & Prejudice 
• Museums & Historical Places
• Disappearance of Traditions
• Communication Between Generations

Causes, Pros & Cons:

• Family Closeness
• Living Alone
• Rural to Urban Migration

Problems & Solutions Type Questions

In these type of questions, instead of discussing the causes of a problem, you need to discuss the problems related to a particular issue in society, and then suggest what can be to solve these problems:

• Overpopulation
• Competing for Jobs  
• Professionals Immigrating

Advantage & Disadvantages Type Questions

In these type of questions you are asked to discuss the positive and negative sides of a particular topic. You will usually be asked this in the context of giving an opinion ( e.g. Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? Is it a positive or negative development? ): 

• Traffic Problems
• Food Additives
• Computer Games
• Age Discrimination at Work  
• Children using Tablets and Computers  
• Cell Phones, Internet, & Communication  
• Working from Home 
• Eating Locally grown  Produce  
• Oil and Gas Essay  
• Peer Pressure on Young People
• Online Fraud
• Decreasing House Sizes

'Hybrid' Types of Essay Question

There are sometimes questions that don't fit easily into a particular category as above. I've called these 'hybrid', as they are of mixed character, are composed of different elements from other types of essay, or are perhaps just worded differently. 

• Protecting Old Buildings
• Animal Testing
• Fear of Crime
• Communication Technology
• Influence of Children's Friends  

Sample Essays with Band Scores

You can also view some sample essays that have been written by candidates practising for the test and have band scores and comments by an experienced ex-IELTS Examiner based on the IELTS marking criteria. 

• IELTS Band 8 Essay Samples
• IELTS Band 7 Essay Samples
• IELTS Band 6 Essay Samples
• IELTS Band 5 Essay Samples
• IELTS Band 4 Essay Samples

Student Sample Essays

For more IELTS essay topics with answers you can also view essays that have been written by students. Some have feedback from other students or IELTS teachers:

• Student Model Essays  (with comments by other students)
• Student Model Essays (with comments by IELTS buddy)

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Sample Papers

This page contains sample papers formatted in seventh edition APA Style. The sample papers show the format that authors should use to submit a manuscript for publication in a professional journal and that students should use to submit a paper to an instructor for a course assignment. You can download the Word files to use as templates and edit them as needed for the purposes of your own papers.

Most guidelines in the Publication Manual apply to both professional manuscripts and student papers. However, there are specific guidelines for professional papers versus student papers, including professional and student title page formats. All authors should check with the person or entity to whom they are submitting their paper (e.g., publisher or instructor) for guidelines that are different from or in addition to those specified by APA Style.

Sample papers from the Publication Manual

The following two sample papers were published in annotated form in the Publication Manual and are reproduced here as PDFs for your ease of use. The annotations draw attention to content and formatting and provide the relevant sections of the Publication Manual (7th ed.) to consult for more information.

• Student sample paper with annotations (PDF, 5MB)
• Professional sample paper with annotations (PDF, 2.7MB)

We also offer these sample papers in Microsoft Word (.docx) format with the annotations as comments to the text.

• Student sample paper with annotations as comments (DOCX, 42KB)
• Professional sample paper with annotations as comments (DOCX, 103KB)

Finally, we offer these sample papers in Microsoft Word (.docx) format without the annotations.

• Student sample paper without annotations (DOCX, 36KB)
• Professional sample paper without annotations (DOCX, 96KB)

Sample professional paper templates by paper type

These sample papers demonstrate APA Style formatting standards for different professional paper types. Professional papers can contain many different elements depending on the nature of the work. Authors seeking publication should refer to the journal’s instructions for authors or manuscript submission guidelines for specific requirements and/or sections to include.

• Literature review professional paper template (DOCX, 47KB)
• Mixed methods professional paper template (DOCX, 68KB)
• Qualitative professional paper template (DOCX, 72KB)
• Quantitative professional paper template (DOCX, 77KB)
• Review professional paper template (DOCX, 112KB)

Sample papers are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Chapter 2 and the Concise Guide Chapter 1

Related handouts

• Heading Levels Template: Student Paper (PDF, 257KB)
• Heading Levels Template: Professional Paper (PDF, 213KB)

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Sample student paper templates by paper type

These sample papers demonstrate APA Style formatting standards for different student paper types. Students may write the same types of papers as professional authors (e.g., quantitative studies, literature reviews) or other types of papers for course assignments (e.g., reaction or response papers, discussion posts), dissertations, and theses.

APA does not set formal requirements for the nature or contents of an APA Style student paper. Students should follow the guidelines and requirements of their instructor, department, and/or institution when writing papers. For instance, an abstract and keywords are not required for APA Style student papers, although an instructor may request them in student papers that are longer or more complex. Specific questions about a paper being written for a course assignment should be directed to the instructor or institution assigning the paper.

• Discussion post student paper template (DOCX, 31KB)
• Literature review student paper template (DOCX, 37KB)
• Quantitative study student paper template (DOCX, 53KB)

Sample papers in real life

Although published articles differ in format from manuscripts submitted for publication or student papers (e.g., different line spacing, font, margins, and column format), articles published in APA journals provide excellent demonstrations of APA Style in action.

APA journals began publishing papers in seventh edition APA Style in 2020. Professional authors should check the author submission guidelines for the journal to which they want to submit their paper for any journal-specific style requirements.

Credits for sample professional paper templates

Quantitative professional paper template: Adapted from “Fake News, Fast and Slow: Deliberation Reduces Belief in False (but Not True) News Headlines,” by B. Bago, D. G. Rand, and G. Pennycook, 2020, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 149 (8), pp. 1608–1613 ( https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000729 ). Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association.

Qualitative professional paper template: Adapted from “‘My Smartphone Is an Extension of Myself’: A Holistic Qualitative Exploration of the Impact of Using a Smartphone,” by L. J. Harkin and D. Kuss, 2020, Psychology of Popular Media , 10 (1), pp. 28–38 ( https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000278 ). Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association.

Mixed methods professional paper template: Adapted from “‘I Am a Change Agent’: A Mixed Methods Analysis of Students’ Social Justice Value Orientation in an Undergraduate Community Psychology Course,” by D. X. Henderson, A. T. Majors, and M. Wright, 2019,  Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology , 7 (1), 68–80. ( https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000171 ). Copyright 2019 by the American Psychological Association.

Literature review professional paper template: Adapted from “Rethinking Emotions in the Context of Infants’ Prosocial Behavior: The Role of Interest and Positive Emotions,” by S. I. Hammond and J. K. Drummond, 2019, Developmental Psychology , 55 (9), pp. 1882–1888 ( https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000685 ). Copyright 2019 by the American Psychological Association.

Review professional paper template: Adapted from “Joining the Conversation: Teaching Students to Think and Communicate Like Scholars,” by E. L. Parks, 2022, Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology , 8 (1), pp. 70–78 ( https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000193 ). Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association.

Credits for sample student paper templates

These papers came from real students who gave their permission to have them edited and posted by APA.

Choose Your Test

Sat / act prep online guides and tips, 6 sat essay examples to answer every prompt.

Just as with most essays, the major secret to excelling on the SAT essay is to pre-plan the examples and evidence you want to use.

"But wait!" I hear you cry. "Can you do that on the new SAT essay? Isn’t the point of the essay that you’re supposed to be using information from the passage in your answer, which you don’t know about ahead of time?"

The answer: Yes and no. While the specifics of each example will obviously change, depending on the passage, the types of examples you choose to discuss (and the way you explain each example builds the author’s argument) can be defined, and thus prepared for, ahead of time.

In this article, we give you 6 good SAT essay examples you’ll be able to find in nearly every prompt the SAT throws at you. By assembling a collection of these reliable types of evidence that can be used to answer most prompts, you'll cut down on planning time and significantly increase the amount you can write, making you able to walk into every SAT essay confident in your abilities.

feature image credit: 1 to 9 mosaic , cropped/Used under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 .

UPDATE: SAT Essay No Longer Offered

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In January 2021, the College Board announced that after June 2021, it would no longer offer the Essay portion of the SAT (except at schools who opt in during School Day Testing). It is now no longer possible to take the SAT Essay, unless your school is one of the small number who choose to offer it during SAT School Day Testing.

While most colleges had already made SAT Essay scores optional, this move by the College Board means no colleges now require the SAT Essay. It will also likely lead to additional college application changes such not looking at essay scores at all for the SAT or ACT, as well as potentially requiring additional writing samples for placement.

What does the end of the SAT Essay mean for your college applications? Check out our article on the College Board's SAT Essay decision for everything you need to know.

Why You Can Prep SAT Essay Examples Before Test Day

The SAT essay prompts have several important things in common:

• They’re all passages that try to convince the reader of the veracity of the author’s claim
• They’re all around the same length (650-750 words)
• They’re all meant to be analyzed and written about in a relatively short period of time (50 minutes)

This means that you can have a pretty good idea ahead of time of what types of argument-building techniques you might see when you open the booklet on test day.

The main techniques the author uses aren't going to be overly complex (like the first letter of every word spelling out a secret code), because you just don’t have the time to analyze and write about complex techniques. B ecause of that, you can prepare yourself with SAT essay examples that’ll be likely found across persuasive passages about many different issues .

Naturally, for each passage you're going to want to play to its particular strengths—if there are a lot of facts/statistics, make sure to discuss that; if it dwells more on personal anecdotes/appeals to emotion, discuss those. However, if you struggle with analysis in a short period of time, memorizing these categories of examples ahead of time can give you a helpful checklist to go through when reading the SAT essay prompt and point you in the right direction.

Below, we've chosen two examples of evidence, two examples of reasoning, and two examples of stylistic/persuasive elements you can use as stellar evidence to support your thesis .

For each example below, we also show you how you can use the type of evidence to support your thesis across a range of prompts. This flexibility should prove to you how effective pre-planned examples are.

So, without further ado, onto our list of multipurpose support for any SAT Essay prompt.

Examples of Evidence

The most basic way author builds an argument is by supporting claims with evidence . There are many different kinds of evidence author might use to support her/his point, but I'm just going to discuss the two big ones I've seen in various official SAT Essay prompts. These two types of evidence are Facts and Statistics and Anecdotes .

Example Type 1: Facts and Statistics

Employing statistics and facts to bolster one's argument is one of the most unassailable methods authors can use to build an argument. This argument-building technique is particularly common in essays written about scientific or social studies-related topics, where specific data and facts are readily available.

How Can You Identify It?

Statistics usually show up in the form of specific numbers related to the topic at hand —maybe as percents, or maybe as a way to communicate other data.

Here are a couple of examples of statistics from an official SAT essay prompt, "Let There Be Dark" by Paul Bogard :

Example : 8 of 10 children born in the United States will never know a sky dark enough for the Milky Way

Example : In the United States and Western Europe, the amount of light in the sky increases an average of about 6% every year.

Factual evidence can also be in the form of non-numerical information. Often, you'll see facts presented with references to the research study, survey, expert, or other source from which they're drawn. Here's another example from "Let There Be Dark":

Example : Already the World Health Organization classifies working the night shift as a probable human carcinogen[.]

Why Is It Persuasive?

Facts and statistics are persuasive argument building techniques because the author isn't just making up reasons for why his/her argument could possibly be true— there's actually something (data, research, other events/information) that backs up the author's claim .

In the case of the examples above, Bogard presents specific data about issues with light pollution (8 in 10 children won't be able to see the Milky Way, light in the sky increases 6% annually) to back up his statements that light pollution is real, then goes on to present further information that indicates light pollution is a problem (working the night shift puts humans at risk for cancer).

By presenting information and facts, rather than just opinion and spin, Bogard empowers the reader to connect the dots on her own, which in turn gives the reader ownership over the argument and makes it more persuasive (since the reader is coming to the same conclusions on her own, rather than entirely relying on Bogard to tell her what to think).

Example Type 2: Anecdotes

Another form of evidence that is often used as an alternative to actual facts or statistics is the anecdote. This type of evidence is most often found in speeches or other sorts of essay prompts that are written as a personal address to the reader.

An anecdote is a short story about a real person or event . When an author discusses own personal experience or personal experience of someone they know or have heard of, that's anecdotal evidence.

Here's an example of (part of) an anecdote from an official SAT essay prompt that was adapted from a foreword by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter :

One of the most unforgettable and humbling experiences of our lives occurred on the coastal plain. We had hoped to see caribou during our trip, but to our amazement, we witnessed the migration of tens of thousands of caribou with their newborn calves. In a matter of a few minutes, the sweep of tundra before us became flooded with life, with the sounds of grunting animals and clicking hooves filling the air. The dramatic procession of the Porcupine caribou herd was a once-in-a-lifetime wildlife spectacle. We understand firsthand why some have described this special birthplace as “America’s Serengeti.”

Even though anecdotes aren't statistics or facts, they can be powerful because it’s more relatable/interesting to the reader to read an anecdote than to be presented with dry, boring facts. People tend to put more faith in experiences if they can personally connect with the experiences (even though that doesn't actually affect how likely or not a statement is to be true).

In the example above, rather than discussing the statistics that support the creation of wildlife refuges, Jimmy Carter instead uses an anecdote about experiencing the wonder of nature to illustrate the same point—probably more effectively.

By inviting the reader to experience vicariously the majesty of witnessing the migration of the Porcupine caribou, Carter activates the reader's empathy towards wildlife preservation and so makes it more likely that the reader will agree with him that wildlife refuges are important.

Examples of Reasoning

All authors use reasoning to some extent, but it’s not always a major part of how the author builds her/his argument. Sometimes, though, the support for a claim on its own might not seem that persuasive—in those cases, an author might then choose to use reasoning to explain how the evidence presented actually builds the argument.

Example Type 3: Counterarguments and Counterclaims

One way in which an author might use reasoning to persuade the reader to accept the claim being put forward is to discuss a counterargument, or counterclaim, to the author's main point. The discussion (and subsequent neutralization) of counterarguments is found in prompts across all subject areas.

A counterargument or counterclaim is simply another point of view that contradicts (either fully or partially) the author's own argument. When "some might claim," "however," or other contrast words and phrases show up in an essay prompt, the author is likely presenting a counterclaim.

Here's an example of an effective presentation (and negation) of a counter claim from an official SAT essay prompt, "The Digital Parent Trap" by Eliana Dockterman :

“You could say some computer games develop creativity,” says Lucy Wurtz, an administrator at the Waldorf School in Los Altos, Calif., minutes from Silicon Valley. “But I don’t see any benefit. Waldorf kids knit and build things and paint—a lot of really practical and creative endeavors.”

But it’s not that simple. While there are dangers inherent in access to Facebook, new research suggests that social-networking sites also offer unprecedented learning opportunities.

So how does bringing up an opposing point of view help an author build her argument? It may seem counterintuitive that discussing a counterargument actually strengthens the main argument. However, as you can see in the brief example above, giving some space to another point of view serves to make it seem as if the discussion’s going to be more “fair.” This is still true whether the author delves into the counterargument or if the author only briefly mentions an opposing point of view before moving on.

A true discussion of the counterargument  (as is present in Dockterman's article) will   also show a deeper understanding of the topic than if the article only presented a one-sided argument . And because the presence of a counterargument demonstrates that the author knows the topic well enough to be able to see the issue from multiple sides, the reader's more likely to trust that the author's claims are well-thought out and worth believing.

In the case of the Dockterman article, the author not only mentions the opposite point of view but also takes the time to get a quote from someone who supports the opposing viewpoint. This even-handedness makes her following claim that "it's not that simple" more believable, since she doesn't appear to be presenting a one-sided argument.

Example Type 4: Explanation of Evidence

In some cases, the clarity with which the author links her evidence and her claims is integral to the author's argument. As the College Board Official SAT Study Guide says,

Reasoning is the connective tissue that holds an argument together. It’s the “thinking” — the logic, the analysis — that develops the argument and ties the claim and evidence together."

Explanation of evidence is one of the trickier argument-building techniques to discuss (at least in my opinion), because while it is present in many essay prompts, it isn't always a major persuasive feature. You can pretty easily identify an author's explanation of evidence if the author connects a claim to support and explains it , rather than just throwing out evidence without much ceremony or linking to the claim; however, whether or not the explanation of the evidence is a major contributing factor to the author's argument is somewhat subjective.

Here's a pretty clear instance of a case where an author uses explanations of each piece of evidence she discusses to logically advance her argument (again from the Dockterman passage):

And at MIT’s Education Arcade, playing the empire-building game Civilization piqued students’ interest in history and was directly linked to an improvement in the quality of their history-class reports. The reason: engagement. On average, according to research cited by MIT, students can remember only 10% of what they read, 20% of what they hear and 50% of what they see demonstrated. But when they’re actually doing something themselves—in the virtual worlds on iPads or laptops—that retention rate skyrockets to 90%. This is a main reason researchers like Ito say the American Academy of Pediatrics’ recommendation of a two-hour screen-time limit is an outdated concept: actively browsing pages on a computer or tablet is way more brain-stimulating than vegging out in front of the TV.

Unfortunately, the explanation the Official SAT Study Guide gives for how to discuss an author's "reasoning" is a little vague:

You may decide to discuss how the author uses (or fails to use) clear, logical reasoning to draw a connection between a claim and the evidence supporting that claim.

But how exactly you should go about doing this? And wh y is it persuasive to clearly explain the link between evidence and claim?

In general, when an author explains the logic behind her argument or point, the reader can follow along and understand the author’s argument better (which in some cases makes it more likely the reader will agree with the author).

In the Dockterman example above, the author clearly lays out data ( Civilization leads to improvements in history class), a claim (this is because of engagement with the game and thus the subject material), provides data that back up that claim (retention rate skyrockets when students do things for themselves), and links that smaller claim to a larger concept (actively browsing pages on a computer or tablet is way more brain-stimulating than vegging out in front of the TV).  This clear pattern of data-explanation-more data-more explanation enables the reader to follow along with Dockterman's points. It's more persuasive because, rather than just being told " Civilization leads to improvements in history" and having to take it on faith, the reader is forced to reenact the thinking processes that led to the argument, engaging with the topic on a deeper level.

Examples of Stylistic/Persuasive Elements

This final category of examples is the top layer of argument building. The foundation of a good argument is evidence, which is often explained and elucidated by reasoning, but it is often the addition of stylistic or persuasive elements like an ironic tone or a rhetorical flourish that seals the deal.

Example Type 5: Vivid Language

Vivid language is truly the icing on the persuasive cake. As with explanations of evidence, vivid language can be found across all topics of essay prompts (although it usually plays a larger role when the passage is lacking in more convincing facts or logic).

Vivid language is pretty easy to spot—it shows itself in similes, metaphors, adjectives, or any words that jump out at you that don’t seem to have purely functional purposes . Here are a couple of examples—the first is Paul Bogard again:

…show that what was a very dark country as recently as the 1950s is now nearly covered with a blanket of light.

This example is relatively restrained, using the metaphor of "a blanket of light" to add emphasis to Bogard's discussion of light pollution. A more striking example can be found in another official SAT essay prompt, adapted from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s speech "Beyond Vietnam—A Time To Break Silence":

Vietnam continued to draw men and skills and money like some demonic destructive suction tube.

Vivid language is an effective argument building device because it puts the reader in the author’s shoes and draws them into the passage . If used in moderation, vivid language will also make the topic more interesting for the reader to read, thus engaging them further.

In the excerpt taken from Martin Luther King Jr.'s speech above, the phrase "demonic destructive suction tube" is startling and provocative, meant to rouse the audience's indignation at the injustice and waste of the Vietnam war. If King had left out the second part of the sentence and only said, "Vietnam continued to draw men and skills and money," his point would not have had as big of an impact.

Example Type 6: Direct Addresses and Appeals to the Reader

The last category I'll be discussing in this article are direct addresses and appeals to the reader. These stylistic elements are found across all sorts of different passage topics, although as with the previous category, these elements usually play a larger role when the passage is light on facts or logic.

Direct addresses and appeals to the reader are wordings or other stylistic devices specifically designed to provoke a response (often emotional) in the reader . This category covers many different elements, from appeals to emotion to rhetorical questions. Here's an example of an appeal to emotion, taken again from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s speech:

Perhaps a more tragic recognition of reality took place when it became clear to me that the war was doing far more than devastating the hopes of the poor at home. It was sending their sons and their brothers and their husbands to fight and to die in extraordinarily high proportions relative to the rest of the population.

And here's an example of a rhetorical question (from the Paul Bogard article):

Who knows what this vision of the night sky might inspire in each of us, in our children or grandchildren?

Appealing to the emotions , as Martin Luther King, Jr. does in his speech, is an alternate route to persuasion, as it causes readers to emotionally (rather than logically) agree with the author . By describing how the war was causing "their sons and their brothers and their husbands to fight and die," King reminds the reader of the terrible costs of war, playing upon their emotions to get them to agree that the Vietnam War is a mistake, particularly for the poor.

Rhetorical questions , on the other hand, get the readers to step into the author's world. By reading and thinking about the author's question, the reader engages with the topic on a deeper level than if the reader were just given a statement of what the author thinks . In the case of the Bogard example above, the rhetorical question draws the reader into thinking about his/her descendants, a group of people for whom the reader (presumably) only wishes the best, which then puts the reader into a positive mood (assuming the reader likes his/her descendants).

As you can see, these examples of different argumentative techniques can be extracted from a lot of different article types for a wide range of topics . This is because the examples themselves are so meaningful and complex that they can be used to discuss a lot of issues.

The main point is, you don't have to wait until you see the prompt to develop an arsenal of types of argument-building techniques you can use to support your points. Instead, preparing beforehand how you’ll discuss these techniques will save you a lot of time and anxiety when the test rolls around .

What's Next?

If you're reading this article, you probably want to excel on the SAT essay. We've written a bunch of detailed guides to make sure you do.

Start to scratch the surface with our 15 tips to improve your SAT essay score .

Follow our step-by-step guide to writing a high-scoring essay and learn how to get a perfect 8/8/8 on the SAT essay .

Took the old SAT and not sure how the new essay compares to the old? Start with our article about what’s changed with the new SAT essay , then follow along as we  investigate the SAT essay rubric .

Want to score a perfect SAT score? Check out our guide on how to score a perfect SAT score , written by our resident perfect scorer.

Laura graduated magna cum laude from Wellesley College with a BA in Music and Psychology, and earned a Master's degree in Composition from the Longy School of Music of Bard College. She scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and GRE and loves advising students on how to excel in high school.

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40 Strong Persuasive Writing Examples (Essays, Speeches, Ads, and More)

Learn from the experts.

The more we read, the better writers we become. Teaching students to write strong persuasive essays should always start with reading some top-notch models. This round-up of persuasive writing examples includes famous speeches, influential ad campaigns, contemporary reviews of famous books, and more. Use them to inspire your students to write their own essays. (Need persuasive essay topics? Check out our list of interesting persuasive essay ideas here! )

• Persuasive Essays
• Persuasive Speeches
• Advertising Campaigns

Persuasive Essay Writing Examples

From the earliest days of print, authors have used persuasive essays to try to sway others to their own point of view. Check out these top persuasive essay writing examples.

Professions for Women by Virginia Woolf

Sample lines: “Outwardly, what is simpler than to write books? Outwardly, what obstacles are there for a woman rather than for a man? Inwardly, I think, the case is very different; she has still many ghosts to fight, many prejudices to overcome. Indeed it will be a long time still, I think, before a woman can sit down to write a book without finding a phantom to be slain, a rock to be dashed against. And if this is so in literature, the freest of all professions for women, how is it in the new professions which you are now for the first time entering?”

The Crisis by Thomas Paine

Sample lines: “These are the times that try men’s souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value.”

Politics and the English Language by George Orwell

Sample lines: “As I have tried to show, modern writing at its worst does not consist in picking out words for the sake of their meaning and inventing images in order to make the meaning clearer. It consists in gumming together long strips of words which have already been set in order by someone else, and making the results presentable by sheer humbug.”

Letter From a Birmingham Jail by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Sample lines: “We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. Frankly, I have yet to engage in a direct action campaign that was ‘well timed’ in the view of those who have not suffered unduly from the disease of segregation. For years now I have heard the word ‘Wait!’ It rings in the ear of every Negro with piercing familiarity. This ‘Wait’ has almost always meant ‘Never.’ We must come to see, with one of our distinguished jurists, that ‘justice too long delayed is justice denied.'”

Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau

Sample lines: “Even voting for the right is doing nothing for it. It is only expressing to men feebly your desire that it should prevail. A wise man will not leave the right to the mercy of chance, nor wish it to prevail through the power of the majority. There is but little virtue in the action of masses of men.”

Go Gentle Into That Good Night by Roger Ebert

Sample lines: “‘Kindness’ covers all of my political beliefs. No need to spell them out. I believe that if, at the end of it all, according to our abilities, we have done something to make others a little happier, and something to make ourselves a little happier, that is about the best we can do. To make others less happy is a crime.”

The Way to Wealth by Benjamin Franklin

Sample lines: “Methinks I hear some of you say, must a man afford himself no leisure? I will tell thee, my friend, what Poor Richard says, employ thy time well if thou meanest to gain leisure; and, since thou art not sure of a minute, throw not away an hour. Leisure is time for doing something useful; this leisure the diligent man will obtain, but the lazy man never; so that, as Poor Richard says, a life of leisure and a life of laziness are two things.”

The Crack-Up by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Sample lines: “Of course all life is a process of breaking down, but the blows that do the dramatic side of the work—the big sudden blows that come, or seem to come, from outside—the ones you remember and blame things on and, in moments of weakness, tell your friends about, don’t show their effect all at once.”

Open Letter to the Kansas School Board by Bobby Henderson

Sample lines: “I am writing you with much concern after having read of your hearing to decide whether the alternative theory of Intelligent Design should be taught along with the theory of Evolution. … Let us remember that there are multiple theories of Intelligent Design. I and many others around the world are of the strong belief that the universe was created by a Flying Spaghetti Monster. … We feel strongly that the overwhelming scientific evidence pointing towards evolutionary processes is nothing but a coincidence, put in place by Him. It is for this reason that I’m writing you today, to formally request that this alternative theory be taught in your schools, along with the other two theories.”

Open Letter to the United Nations by Niels Bohr

Sample lines: “Humanity will, therefore, be confronted with dangers of unprecedented character unless, in due time, measures can be taken to forestall a disastrous competition in such formidable armaments and to establish an international control of the manufacture and use of the powerful materials.”

Persuasive Speech Writing Examples

Many persuasive speeches are political in nature, often addressing subjects like human rights. Here are some of history’s most well-known persuasive writing examples in the form of speeches.

I Have a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Sample lines: “And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.”

Woodrow Wilson’s War Message to Congress, 1917

Sample lines: “There are, it may be, many months of fiery trial and sacrifice ahead of us. It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance. But the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts—for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free.”

Chief Seattle’s 1854 Oration

Sample lines: “I here and now make this condition that we will not be denied the privilege without molestation of visiting at any time the tombs of our ancestors, friends, and children. Every part of this soil is sacred in the estimation of my people. Every hillside, every valley, every plain and grove, has been hallowed by some sad or happy event in days long vanished. Even the rocks, which seem to be dumb and dead as they swelter in the sun along the silent shore, thrill with memories of stirring events connected with the lives of my people, and the very dust upon which you now stand responds more lovingly to their footsteps than yours, because it is rich with the blood of our ancestors, and our bare feet are conscious of the sympathetic touch.”

Women’s Rights Are Human Rights, Hillary Rodham Clinton

Sample lines: “What we are learning around the world is that if women are healthy and educated, their families will flourish. If women are free from violence, their families will flourish. If women have a chance to work and earn as full and equal partners in society, their families will flourish. And when families flourish, communities and nations do as well. … If there is one message that echoes forth from this conference, let it be that human rights are women’s rights and women’s rights are human rights once and for all.”

I Am Prepared to Die, Nelson Mandela

Sample lines: “Above all, My Lord, we want equal political rights, because without them our disabilities will be permanent. I know this sounds revolutionary to the whites in this country, because the majority of voters will be Africans. This makes the white man fear democracy. But this fear cannot be allowed to stand in the way of the only solution which will guarantee racial harmony and freedom for all. It is not true that the enfranchisement of all will result in racial domination. Political division, based on color, is entirely artificial and, when it disappears, so will the domination of one color group by another. … This then is what the ANC is fighting. Our struggle is a truly national one. It is a struggle of the African people, inspired by our own suffering and our own experience. It is a struggle for the right to live.”

The Struggle for Human Rights by Eleanor Roosevelt

Sample lines: “It is my belief, and I am sure it is also yours, that the struggle for democracy and freedom is a critical struggle, for their preservation is essential to the great objective of the United Nations to maintain international peace and security. Among free men the end cannot justify the means. We know the patterns of totalitarianism—the single political party, the control of schools, press, radio, the arts, the sciences, and the church to support autocratic authority; these are the age-old patterns against which men have struggled for 3,000 years. These are the signs of reaction, retreat, and retrogression. The United Nations must hold fast to the heritage of freedom won by the struggle of its people; it must help us to pass it on to generations to come.”

Freedom From Fear by Aung San Suu Kyi

Sample lines: “Saints, it has been said, are the sinners who go on trying. So free men are the oppressed who go on trying and who in the process make themselves fit to bear the responsibilities and to uphold the disciplines which will maintain a free society. Among the basic freedoms to which men aspire that their lives might be full and uncramped, freedom from fear stands out as both a means and an end. A people who would build a nation in which strong, democratic institutions are firmly established as a guarantee against state-induced power must first learn to liberate their own minds from apathy and fear.”

Harvey Milk’s “The Hope” Speech

Sample lines: “Some people are satisfied. And some people are not. You see there is a major difference—and it remains a vital difference—between a friend and a gay person, a friend in office and a gay person in office. Gay people have been slandered nationwide. We’ve been tarred and we’ve been brushed with the picture of pornography. In Dade County, we were accused of child molestation. It is not enough anymore just to have friends represent us, no matter how good that friend may be.”

The Union and the Strike, Cesar Chavez

Sample lines: “We are showing our unity in our strike. Our strike is stopping the work in the fields; our strike is stopping ships that would carry grapes; our strike is stopping the trucks that would carry the grapes. Our strike will stop every way the grower makes money until we have a union contract that guarantees us a fair share of the money he makes from our work! We are a union and we are strong and we are striking to force the growers to respect our strength!”

Nobel Lecture by Malala Yousafzai

Sample lines: “The world can no longer accept that basic education is enough. Why do leaders accept that for children in developing countries, only basic literacy is sufficient, when their own children do homework in algebra, mathematics, science, and physics? Leaders must seize this opportunity to guarantee a free, quality, primary and secondary education for every child. Some will say this is impractical, or too expensive, or too hard. Or maybe even impossible. But it is time the world thinks bigger.”   

Persuasive Writing Examples in Advertising Campaigns

Ads are prime persuasive writing examples. You can flip open any magazine or watch TV for an hour or two to see sample after sample of persuasive language. Here are some of the most popular ad campaigns of all time, with links to articles explaining why they were so successful.

Nike: Just Do It

The iconic swoosh with the simple tagline has persuaded millions to buy their kicks from Nike and Nike alone. Teamed with pro sports-star endorsements, this campaign is one for the ages. Blinkist offers an opinion on what made it work.

Dove: Real Beauty

Beauty brand Dove changed the game by choosing “real” women to tell their stories instead of models. They used relatable images and language to make connections, and inspired other brands to try the same concept. Learn why Global Brands considers this one a true success story.

Wendy’s: Where’s the Beef?

Today’s kids are too young to remember the cranky old woman demanding to know where the beef was on her fast-food hamburger. But in the 1980s, it was a catchphrase that sold millions of Wendy’s burgers. Learn from Better Marketing how this ad campaign even found its way into the 1984 presidential debate.

De Beers: A Diamond Is Forever

A diamond engagement ring has become a standard these days, but the tradition isn’t as old as you might think. In fact, it was De Beers jewelry company’s 1948 campaign that created the modern engagement ring trend. The Drum has the whole story of this sparkling campaign.

Volkswagen: Think Small

Americans have always loved big cars. So in the 1960s, when Volkswagen wanted to introduce their small cars to a bigger market, they had a problem. The clever “Think Small” campaign gave buyers clever reasons to consider these models, like “If you run out of gas, it’s easy to push.” Learn how advertisers interested American buyers in little cars at Visual Rhetoric.

American Express: Don’t Leave Home Without It

AmEx was once better known for traveler’s checks than credit cards, and the original slogan was “Don’t leave home without them.” A simple word change convinced travelers that American Express was the credit card they needed when they headed out on adventures. Discover more about this persuasive campaign from Medium.

Skittles: Taste the Rainbow

These candy ads are weird and intriguing and probably not for everyone. But they definitely get you thinking, and that often leads to buying. Learn more about why these wacky ads are successful from The Drum.

Maybelline: Maybe She’s Born With It

Smart wordplay made this ad campaign slogan an instant hit. The ads teased, “Maybe she’s born with it. Maybe it’s Maybelline.” (So many literary devices all in one phrase!) Fashionista has more on this beauty campaign.

Coca-Cola: Share a Coke

Seeing their own name on a bottle made teens more likely to want to buy a Coke. What can that teach us about persuasive writing in general? It’s an interesting question to consider. Learn more about the “Share a Coke” campaign from Digital Vidya.

Always: #LikeaGirl

Talk about the power of words! This Always campaign turned the derogatory phrase “like a girl” on its head, and the world embraced it. Storytelling is an important part of persuasive writing, and these ads really do it well. Medium has more on this stereotype-bashing campaign.   

Editorial Persuasive Writing Examples

Newspaper editors or publishers use editorials to share their personal opinions. Noted politicians, experts, or pundits may also offer their opinions on behalf of the editors or publishers. Here are a couple of older well-known editorials, along with a selection from current newspapers.

Yes, Virginia, There Is a Santa Claus (1897)

Sample lines: “Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus. He exists as certainly as love and generosity and devotion exist, and you know that they abound and give to your life its highest beauty and joy. Alas! How dreary would be the world if there were no Santa Claus. It would be as dreary as if there were no Virginias.”

What’s the Matter With Kansas? (1896)

Sample lines: “Oh, this IS a state to be proud of! We are a people who can hold up our heads! What we need is not more money, but less capital, fewer white shirts and brains, fewer men with business judgment, and more of those fellows who boast that they are ‘just ordinary clodhoppers, but they know more in a minute about finance than John Sherman,’ we need more men … who hate prosperity, and who think, because a man believes in national honor, he is a tool of Wall Street.”

America Can Have Democracy or Political Violence. Not Both. (The New York Times)

Sample lines: “The nation is not powerless to stop a slide toward deadly chaos. If institutions and individuals do more to make it unacceptable in American public life, organized violence in the service of political objectives can still be pushed to the fringes. When a faction of one of the country’s two main political parties embraces extremism, that makes thwarting it both more difficult and more necessary. A well-functioning democracy demands it.”

The Booster Isn’t Perfect, But Still Can Help Against COVID (The Washington Post)

Sample lines: “The booster shots are still free, readily available and work better than the previous boosters even as the virus evolves. Much still needs to be done to build better vaccines that protect longer and against more variants, including those that might emerge in the future. But it is worth grabbing the booster that exists today, the jab being a small price for any measure that can help keep COVID at bay.”

If We Want Wildlife To Thrive in L.A., We Have To Share Our Neighborhoods With Them (Los Angeles Times)

Sample lines: “If there are no corridors for wildlife movement and if excessive excavation of dirt to build bigger, taller houses erodes the slope of a hillside, then we are slowly destroying wildlife habitat. For those people fretting about what this will do to their property values—isn’t open space, trees, and wildlife an amenity in these communities?”   

Persuasive Review Writing Examples

Book or movie reviews are more great persuasive writing examples. Look for those written by professionals for the strongest arguments and writing styles. Here are reviews of some popular books and movies by well-known critics to use as samples.

The Great Gatsby (The Chicago Tribune, 1925)

Sample lines: “What ails it, fundamentally, is the plain fact that it is simply a story—that Fitzgerald seems to be far more interested in maintaining its suspense than in getting under the skins of its people. It is not that they are false: It is that they are taken too much for granted. Only Gatsby himself genuinely lives and breathes. The rest are mere marionettes—often astonishingly lifelike, but nevertheless not quite alive.”

Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone (The Washington Post, 1999)

Sample lines: “Obviously, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone should make any modern 11-year-old a very happy reader. The novel moves quickly, packs in everything from a boa constrictor that winks to a melancholy Zen-spouting centaur to an owl postal system, and ends with a scary surprise. Yet it is, essentially, a light-hearted thriller, interrupted by occasional seriousness (the implications of Harry’s miserable childhood, a moral about the power of love).”

Twilight (The Telegraph, 2009)

Sample lines: “No secret, of course, at whom this book is aimed, and no doubt, either, that it has hit its mark. The four Twilight novels are not so much enjoyed, as devoured, by legions of young female fans worldwide. That’s not to say boys can’t enjoy these books; it’s just that the pages of heart-searching dialogue between Edward and Bella may prove too long on chat and too short on action for the average male reader.”

To Kill a Mockingbird (Time, 1960)

Sample lines: “Author Lee, 34, an Alabaman, has written her first novel with all of the tactile brilliance and none of the preciosity generally supposed to be standard swamp-warfare issue for Southern writers. The novel is an account of an awakening to good and evil, and a faint catechistic flavor may have been inevitable. But it is faint indeed; novelist Lee’s prose has an edge that cuts through cant, and she teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about Southern life.”

The Diary of Anne Frank (The New York Times, 1952)

Sample lines: “And this quality brings it home to any family in the world today. Just as the Franks lived in momentary fear of the Gestapo’s knock on their hidden door, so every family today lives in fear of the knock of war. Anne’s diary is a great affirmative answer to the life-question of today, for she shows how ordinary people, within this ordeal, consistently hold to the greater human values.”   

What are your favorite persuasive writing examples to use with students? Come share your ideas in the WeAreTeachers HELPLINE group on Facebook .

Plus, the big list of essay topics for high school (120+ ideas) ..

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50 Essay Examples with High-Scoring Answers - PTE Academic

The Essay is the final question in part 1 of the Pearson Test of English (PTE) Academic.

You will be given a prompt and you have 20 minutes to write an essay response that is 200 to 300 words long. The prompt usually has a sentence that introduces the topic. Then, you will be asked a question or a few to guide your response.

In this article, I’m going to provide high-scoring answers to 50 example essay prompts.

Example Essays with Answers

With the rise of digital media, books are becoming less significant in everyday life. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Support your argument with examples and reasons.

The statement that books are becoming less significant in everyday life with the rise of digital media captures a current trend but does not fully encompass the continued relevance and evolution of books in our society. While it is true that digital media has altered how we consume information and entertainment, it has not rendered books obsolete.

Firstly, digital media, including ebooks, audiobooks, and online articles, has expanded the accessibility and convenience of reading. People can now carry entire libraries on their devices, making reading possible anywhere and at any time. This shift to digital does represent a change in the medium through which many people read, but it doesn't necessarily diminish the importance of books; rather, it transforms their format. For example, the increasing popularity of audiobooks has opened up the world of literature to busy commuters and those who may struggle with traditional printed text.

Furthermore, despite the digital surge, physical books continue to hold a unique appeal. Many readers prefer the tactile experience of holding a book and the absence of screen glare. Physical books do not require batteries or an internet connection, making them particularly valuable in areas with limited digital infrastructure. Additionally, books as physical objects can have sentimental value and aesthetic qualities that enhance personal libraries or serve as meaningful gifts.

In conclusion, although digital media has changed how we access and consume literature, it has not decreased the significance of books in everyday life. Instead, it has broadened the ways in which literature can be appreciated and accessed, indicating an evolution rather than a decline in the importance of books.

With the increasing prevalence of fast food, health issues related to diet have become more common. Should there be stricter regulations on fast food restaurants? Support your argument with reasons and examples.

In the face of rising health issues associated with diet, largely propelled by the widespread availability of fast food, there is a compelling argument for the implementation of stricter regulations on fast food restaurants. Primarily, such regulations could directly address the nutritional content of the foods offered, ensuring healthier options are available and prominent. This could include mandatory calorie counts on menus and restrictions on certain harmful ingredients like trans fats, which have been linked to heart disease.

Moreover, stricter regulations could also mandate fast food chains to provide clear and accessible nutritional information, empowering consumers to make more informed choices about their food consumption. For instance, detailed descriptions of ingredients and potential allergens could prevent health risks among individuals with dietary restrictions or allergies.

In addition, implementing regulations on marketing practices, especially those targeted at children, could reduce the appeal of unhealthy fast food options to vulnerable groups. The compelling nature of fast food advertising significantly influences eating habits, particularly in children, leading to poor dietary choices that carry into adulthood.

By enforcing these measures, not only could the immediate health of consumers improve, but it could also instigate a broader cultural shift towards healthier eating practices across society.

The arts (music, visual arts, theater) are as important as the sciences in education. How far do you agree with this statement? Justify your viewpoint with examples from your own experiences or observations.

I strongly agree that the arts are as essential as the sciences in education, as they contribute uniquely to the development of well-rounded individuals. Integrating arts into the curriculum fosters creativity, emotional expression, and cultural awareness, which are vital in today’s diverse society.

From my own experience, participation in school theater productions not only honed my public speaking skills but also enhanced my ability to work collaboratively within a team. These are practical skills that are valuable in any professional environment, not just in the arts. Moreover, the confidence I gained from performing in front of an audience has been instrumental in other areas of my academic and personal life, such as during presentations in science classes or leading group projects.

Observationally, I’ve noticed that students who engage in artistic activities seem more adept at problem-solving and thinking outside the box—skills that are crucial in scientific fields as well. For instance, a friend who excels in both music and mathematics often explains how studying music theory has improved her ability to recognize patterns and solve complex equations, suggesting a complementary relationship between these disciplines.

Therefore, I believe that sidelining the arts in favor of a more science-heavy curriculum could hinder the development of diverse skills that are applicable across various fields. Both the arts and sciences are fundamental to fostering a holistic educational environment that prepares students for the multifaceted challenges of the future.

Privacy in the digital age is increasingly becoming a myth. How far do you agree with this statement? Discuss the implications and provide examples to support your viewpoint.

I agree significantly with the statement that privacy in the digital age is increasingly becoming a myth. In today’s world, the proliferation of digital technologies means that vast amounts of personal data are collected, stored, and analyzed by various entities, often without the explicit consent of individuals.

For instance, social media platforms gather data on users' browsing habits, personal interests, and even location histories to tailor advertisements and content. This data collection is so pervasive that escaping it completely is nearly impossible unless one entirely opts out of using digital services, which is impractical for most people.

Moreover, the use of smartphones and other connected devices has led to a situation where privacy breaches are not just possible but are occurring with alarming regularity. Hackers can gain unauthorized access to personal information, leading to identity theft and financial fraud. Companies might also suffer data breaches that expose sensitive user information.

The implications of this erosion of privacy are profound. It affects individuals’ sense of security and can lead to a chilling effect on free expression online. People may feel less inclined to share honest opinions or explore sensitive topics if they fear that their activities are being monitored.

In conclusion, while technology has brought many benefits, the cost to personal privacy is a significant concern. The digital age indeed challenges the notion of privacy, turning it into something that feels more like a privilege than a guaranteed right.

Globalization brings more positive impacts than negative ones on cultures around the world. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Support your view with examples and reasons.

I agree that globalization tends to have more positive impacts than negative ones on cultures around the world. Globalization encourages the exchange of ideas, traditions, and values among diverse cultures, leading to greater understanding and cooperation among people.

One positive impact of globalization is the increased exposure to different cultures, which can enrich a society. For example, through globalization, culinary traditions from around the world have been introduced to different countries. This means that people can enjoy a wide variety of foods, such as sushi from Japan, tacos from Mexico, or curry from India, right in their hometowns. This not only enhances the culinary experience but also promotes appreciation and respect for other cultures.

Another benefit of globalization is the spread of technology and innovation. When cultures collaborate, they share technologies that can improve lives. For instance, many developing countries have experienced rapid technological advances due to globalization, such as access to smartphones and the internet. This connectivity helps bridge cultural gaps and fosters global awareness among populations.

However, it is important to acknowledge that globalization can also lead to the dilution of cultural identities if not managed properly. When cultures adopt aspects of others too rapidly, they may lose parts of their own traditions and heritage. Nonetheless, with conscious efforts to preserve cultural uniqueness while embracing beneficial exchanges, globalization can significantly enrich cultures rather than diminish them.

In conclusion, while there are some drawbacks, the positive impacts of globalization on cultures around the world generally outweigh the negatives, leading to a more interconnected and harmonious global society.

Renewable energy should completely replace fossil fuels in the next 20 years. Discuss the feasibility and implications of this statement. Provide arguments and examples to support your viewpoint.

The idea of replacing fossil fuels entirely with renewable energy within the next 20 years is ambitious and reflects a growing concern about environmental issues and climate change. Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power offer numerous benefits, such as reducing carbon emissions and diminishing pollution, which are crucial for sustaining our environment.

However, the complete replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energy in just two decades poses several challenges. First, the infrastructure for renewable energy is not yet fully developed in many parts of the world. Building this infrastructure, including solar farms, wind turbines, and hydroelectric plants, requires significant investment and time. Moreover, the technology for storing energy generated from renewable sources is not as advanced as needed for consistent and reliable energy supply, especially in regions with fluctuating weather conditions.

Additionally, the global economy is heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Many industries use fossil fuels not only for energy but also as raw materials in products like plastics and pharmaceuticals. Transitioning these sectors to alternative materials could be complex and costly.

While aiming to replace fossil fuels entirely in 20 years might not be fully feasible, a gradual transition with increasing reliance on renewable sources is more practical. This approach allows for the development of necessary technologies and infrastructure, and provides time for industries to adapt to new methods, making the shift towards renewable energy sustainable and less disruptive to the global economy.

Public transportation should be made free to reduce environmental pollution. Discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of this policy. Use examples to support your argument.

Making public transportation free could offer significant environmental benefits. Primarily, it could lead to a decrease in the number of cars on the road. As public transit becomes a more attractive option due to being cost-free, more people might choose it over driving their personal vehicles. This shift could reduce traffic congestion and the emission of pollutants like carbon dioxide, which are major contributors to air pollution and climate change.

Additionally, free public transit could be particularly beneficial in urban areas where traffic congestion is a common issue. For example, in cities like New York or London, where public transport systems are already heavily utilized, making them free could encourage even more commuters to leave their cars at home, further decreasing environmental pollution.

However, there are also potential drawbacks to consider. One major concern is funding. Public transportation systems are expensive to operate, and without fare revenue, money would need to come from other sources, such as increased taxes. This could be unpopular among taxpayers who do not use public transit regularly.

Moreover, if public transportation were free, there could be a surge in usage, potentially leading to overcrowded trains and buses. This could result in a decline in service quality and comfort, possibly deterring people from using public transit despite the lack of cost.

In summary, while offering free public transportation could help reduce environmental pollution and ease urban congestion, it also poses challenges related to funding and capacity.

Mental health awareness should be integrated into school curriculums from a young age. How far do you agree with this statement? Support your opinion with reasons and examples from your own experiences.

I strongly agree with the statement that mental health awareness should be integrated into school curriculums from a young age. Educating children about mental health can foster a positive and supportive environment, where mental well-being is prioritized alongside physical health.

Introducing mental health awareness in schools can equip children with the knowledge to identify and understand their emotions and the emotions of others. This understanding can help reduce the stigma surrounding mental health issues. For example, in my own school years, we rarely discussed mental health, which led to a lot of misconceptions and a general lack of support among peers facing mental health challenges.

Furthermore, incorporating mental health education into the curriculum can provide students with crucial coping mechanisms for stress, anxiety, and other mental health issues. In my experience, many students struggle with stress due to academic pressures but lack the tools to manage it effectively. If I had been taught strategies for dealing with stress in school, I believe I would have been better prepared to handle academic and personal challenges.

Lastly, mental health education can promote a healthier future generation. Children who learn about mental health from a young age are more likely to grow into adults who prioritize their mental well-being, seek help when needed, and support others in their community.

Overall, integrating mental health awareness into the school curriculum is essential for fostering a well-rounded, supportive, and empathetic society.

Education systems should focus more on practical skills than academic knowledge in the modern world. How far do you agree with this assertion? Provide reasons and examples to support your opinion.

In the modern world, the debate between prioritizing practical skills over academic knowledge in education systems is significant. I agree to a large extent that education should focus more on practical skills, as these are crucial in preparing students for real-world challenges.

Firstly, practical skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, and technical abilities directly apply to various occupational fields. For example, a mechanic uses hands-on skills to repair vehicles, which he would learn more effectively through practical instruction rather than theoretical knowledge alone. Similarly, a nurse benefits more from simulated practice and real-life internships than just textbook information.

Secondly, focusing on practical skills in education systems can make learning more engaging for students. When learners see the direct application of their studies, it can enhance their interest and motivation. For instance, when students engage in projects or experiments, they often find the lessons more memorable and relevant compared to traditional lecture-based learning.

Moreover, in today's rapidly changing job market, employers increasingly value practical skills. They are looking for candidates who can perform tasks effectively from day one, rather than those who only have theoretical knowledge.

While academic knowledge remains important for foundational understanding and critical analysis, integrating more practical skills into the curriculum prepares students better for future careers and daily life. Therefore, education systems should adapt to include a greater emphasis on these practical skills.

With the increasing globalization of business, many people are required to work in countries other than their own. What are the advantages and disadvantages of working abroad? Discuss with reference to cultural and economic aspects.

One major advantage is the opportunity for cultural exchange. Individuals working abroad immerse themselves in a new culture, learn a new language, and experience daily life in a different context. This broadens their perspectives, fosters personal growth, and enhances their adaptability and communication skills. Economically, working abroad can offer higher salaries, better employment opportunities, and the chance to work in industries that may not be available or developed in one’s home country. This can lead to professional advancement and financial benefits.

However, there are notable disadvantages as well. On a cultural level, expatriates might face significant challenges such as language barriers, homesickness, and cultural shock. These factors can lead to feelings of isolation or difficulty in adjusting to the new environment. Economically, while one might earn more, the cost of living in a foreign country can be higher. Additionally, job security can be a concern, especially in countries where foreign workers might be the first to face layoffs during economic downturns.

In conclusion, working abroad can be immensely rewarding but also challenging. The cultural exposure and economic benefits are significant, yet they come with the potential for cultural disorientation and financial uncertainties. Each individual’s experience will vary depending on their circumstances and the country they choose to work in.

The growth of online education has transformed the way students learn around the world. Do the benefits of studying online outweigh the disadvantages? Support your opinion with specific examples and evidence.

The growth of online education has indeed transformed the educational landscape globally, making learning more accessible and flexible than ever before. This transformation brings numerous benefits, but also several disadvantages, which need to be considered.

One of the primary benefits of studying online is accessibility. Students from remote or underserved areas can access quality education that previously might have been out of reach due to geographic or economic barriers. For example, a student in a rural village can now take courses from prestigious universities without the need to relocate.

Another significant advantage is flexibility. Online education allows students to learn at their own pace and on their own schedule. This is particularly beneficial for those who need to balance other responsibilities, such as work or family care, with their studies. It enables them to attend classes and complete assignments whenever it is most convenient, even if that means engaging in learning activities late at night or early in the morning.

However, online education also has its disadvantages. The lack of face-to-face interaction can hinder the development of interpersonal skills and reduce the opportunities for spontaneous discussion and deeper understanding that physical classroom settings offer. Additionally, students may face challenges with self-discipline and motivation without the structured environment of a traditional classroom.

In conclusion, while online education has disadvantages, its benefits of accessibility and flexibility make it a valuable option for many learners, allowing education to be more inclusive and adaptable to individual needs.

Climate change is one of the most pressing issues of our time. Discuss the role that individual actions can play in combating climate change. Are these actions enough to make a significant difference, or should the focus be on governmental and corporate policies?

Climate change represents a critical challenge that affects everyone globally. It's clear that addressing this issue requires action at various levels, including individual, corporate, and governmental.

Individual actions, such as reducing energy consumption, recycling, and using public transportation, are important. These efforts can lead to significant environmental benefits. For example, when people choose to recycle or cut down on waste, they help reduce pollution and conserve resources. Similarly, opting for public transport or carpooling can decrease the number of vehicles on the road, thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

However, while these actions are beneficial and necessary, they may not be sufficient on their own to combat climate change effectively. This is because individual choices can only do so much when larger structural and systemic issues persist. For instance, if the energy provided to homes and businesses is still largely sourced from fossil fuels, individual efforts to reduce consumption will still indirectly support these harmful industries.

Therefore, the focus should also strongly be on governmental and corporate policies. Governments have the capacity to enact laws and regulations that require businesses to reduce emissions and promote renewable energy sources. Corporations, which are major contributors to pollution, must also be held accountable and encouraged to adopt more sustainable practices.

In conclusion, while individual actions are a part of the solution to climate change, they need to be supported by robust governmental and corporate policies to truly make a significant impact.

Public art plays an important role in cities around the world. What are the benefits of investing in public art, and how does it impact communities? Discuss with examples from different cities that you are familiar with or have researched.

Public art significantly enhances urban environments worldwide, offering numerous benefits to communities. By investing in public artworks, cities can transform mundane spaces into vibrant areas that foster community engagement and cultural expression.

One primary benefit of public art is its ability to beautify cities. For example, sculptures and murals in places like New York City's High Line Park convert an old rail line into a captivating outdoor gallery, making the area more attractive to both locals and tourists. This beautification helps improve the overall atmosphere of urban spaces, making them more welcoming and enjoyable.

Additionally, public art serves as a platform for cultural expression and education. In Melbourne, Australia, the city’s laneways are adorned with ever-changing street art, showcasing works that reflect current social issues and cultural trends. This not only enriches the urban aesthetic but also stimulates discussions among viewers, promoting a deeper understanding of diverse perspectives within the community.

Public art also boosts local economies by attracting tourism. Cities like Lisbon have integrated public art into their tourism strategies, drawing visitors eager to explore unique installations and vibrant street art scenes. This influx of tourists supports local businesses and creates job opportunities, enhancing economic vitality.

In conclusion, investing in public art brings multiple advantages to cities, including beautification, cultural expression, and economic growth. It enriches urban life, making cities not just places to live but places to experience and enjoy.

The rise of remote work has changed how many people work. Discuss the impact of working from home on productivity and work-life balance. Include arguments and examples to support your point of view.

The rise of remote work has significantly transformed the landscape of employment, affecting productivity and work-life balance. On one hand, working from home has led to increased productivity for many. Without the need to commute, employees can save time and start their workday feeling fresher and more focused. Additionally, the flexibility to design their workspace and schedule allows workers to operate during their peak productivity hours, leading to more efficient workdays.

For example, a typical office worker might have spent an hour commuting each way to the office; now, that time can be used for work or personal activities, effectively extending the day without adding stress. This flexibility often results in higher quality of work and faster completion of tasks.

On the other hand, remote work can blur the boundaries between personal life and work, potentially leading to poor work-life balance. The constant presence of work in a home environment can make it difficult to 'switch off' and fully engage in personal activities. Some individuals might find themselves working longer hours than they would in an office because their work is always accessible.

For instance, a parent working from home might continue to answer work emails during family time, finding it hard to fully detach from work responsibilities. This can lead to burnout and reduced overall well-being, as personal time is encroached upon by work demands.

Overall, while remote work offers the advantage of flexibility and potential for increased productivity, it also poses challenges to maintaining a healthy work-life balance.

Urbanization is a trend seen in nearly every country. What are the primary benefits and challenges associated with living in large cities as opposed to rural areas? Use specific examples to illustrate your points.

Urbanization, the migration of people from rural to urban areas, presents both benefits and challenges for those living in large cities.

One of the primary benefits of urban living is the accessibility to amenities and services. Large cities often offer more job opportunities, educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and entertainment options than rural areas. For example, a resident of a large city might have the convenience of using public transportation to commute to work, access to diverse cultural festivals, and multiple choices for shopping and dining.

However, urbanization also comes with significant challenges. One major issue is the high cost of living. Housing in large cities can be much more expensive than in rural areas, making it difficult for many people to afford comfortable living spaces. For instance, a small apartment in a major city like New York or London can cost as much as a large house in a rural area.

Additionally, large cities often struggle with pollution and overcrowding. The concentration of vehicles, factories, and large populations can lead to poor air quality and congested streets. This not only affects daily life by increasing commute times but can also have long-term health impacts on the residents.

In conclusion, while urban areas offer enhanced access to services and job opportunities, they also pose economic and environmental challenges. The decision to live in a city or a rural area often depends on personal priorities and lifestyle choices.

The impact of social media on mental health is a topic of growing concern. Analyze how social media usage affects mental well-being, particularly among adolescents. Discuss both the positive and negative aspects, supported by personal experiences and observations.

The impact of social media on mental health, especially among adolescents, is a complex issue with both positive and negative aspects. On the positive side, social media provides a platform for young people to connect with friends and family, share experiences, and express themselves creatively. It can be especially beneficial for those who feel isolated geographically or socially, as it offers a way to communicate with others who share similar interests and experiences.

However, there are also significant negative impacts associated with social media use. One of the main concerns is the pressure to maintain a perfect image online, which can lead to anxiety and low self-esteem. Adolescents may compare themselves to others and feel inadequate if their own lives do not seem as exciting or happy as what they see on their feeds. Additionally, the need to constantly check updates and respond to messages can lead to addiction and reduce the time spent on other important activities, such as studying or sleeping.

From personal observation, it is clear that excessive use of social media can affect young people's mental health. I have seen peers who are deeply affected by the comments and likes they receive, basing their self-worth on these digital validations. This dependence on social media approval can lead to emotional disturbances, highlighting the need for balance and awareness in its use. In conclusion, while social media has its benefits, it is vital to use it wisely and maintain a healthy perspective on its role in our lives.

Multilingualism is increasingly viewed as a necessary skill in the global marketplace. Discuss the advantages and potential challenges of raising children to be bilingual or multilingual. Include personal examples or observations, if relevant.

Multilingualism, the ability to communicate in multiple languages, is becoming an essential skill in today's interconnected world. Raising children to be bilingual or multilingual can offer numerous advantages. Firstly, children who learn multiple languages often develop better cognitive skills, such as problem-solving and critical thinking. This enhanced cognitive flexibility helps them in various areas of learning throughout their lives. Additionally, multilingual children typically have a deeper understanding and appreciation of different cultures, which is invaluable in our diverse global society.

However, there are also challenges associated with raising bilingual or multilingual children. One potential difficulty is the initial confusion that might occur in young children as they try to differentiate and switch between languages. This can sometimes lead to a temporary delay in language proficiency in one or both languages. Another challenge is maintaining the child's interest and proficiency in each language, especially if one language is less spoken in their everyday environment. For instance, a child learning a language that is not spoken by their peers may feel less motivated to use it.

From personal observation, children who grow up in a bilingual household often find innovative ways to merge their languages, creating a rich, unique way of expressing themselves. Although there are challenges, the long-term benefits of raising multilingual children—such as enhanced cultural empathy and better career prospects in a globalized economy—far outweigh the initial hurdles.

The influence of technology on children's development is a topic of growing interest and concern. Discuss the positive and negative effects of early exposure to technology on children's cognitive, social, and physical development.

Technology has a profound impact on children's development, encompassing cognitive, social, and physical aspects. Starting with the positives, technology enhances cognitive development by providing interactive and engaging educational content. Apps and games designed for learning stimulate problem-solving skills and creativity. Children can access a vast array of information that supports diverse learning experiences, aiding in knowledge acquisition and mental growth.

However, technology also presents several challenges. Excessive screen time can hinder cognitive development by reducing attention spans and impairing learning abilities. When children spend too much time on devices, they may struggle to concentrate on longer tasks or complex problems.

Socially, technology offers benefits such as connecting with peers across the globe and enhancing communication skills through interactive and social media platforms. It allows children to build relationships and learn about different cultures, fostering a sense of global community.

Conversely, early exposure to technology can negatively affect social skills. Physical interactions are often replaced by digital communication, which can limit children's ability to develop empathy and understand non-verbal cues. This might lead to isolation and difficulties in forming real-life relationships.

Physically, technology encourages sedentary behavior, which can lead to health issues like obesity and poor posture. Children who are glued to screens for extended periods may not engage enough in physical activities, which are crucial for healthy growth and development.

In conclusion, while technology provides valuable educational tools and connectivity, it is essential to balance its use to safeguard and nurture all aspects of a child's development.

Evaluate the impact of technology on the role of teachers in the classroom. With the increasing use of digital tools and resources, how might the role of teachers evolve in the next decade?

Technology has significantly influenced the role of teachers in the classroom and is poised to further alter their responsibilities and methods in the coming decade. Traditionally, teachers have been the primary source of knowledge, delivering information directly to students. However, with the advent of digital tools and resources, this dynamic is shifting.

One major impact of technology is the transformation of teachers into facilitators rather than sole providers of knowledge. With abundant information available online, teachers are increasingly guiding students on how to access, assess, and apply this information effectively. This involves teaching critical thinking and digital literacy skills, which are essential in navigating the vast resources available on the internet.

Furthermore, technology allows for more personalized learning experiences. Teachers can use software and applications to track individual student performance, identify areas of need, and tailor educational content accordingly. This shift can help meet diverse learning needs within the classroom, making education more inclusive and effective.

In the next decade, the role of teachers is likely to evolve to incorporate more mentorship and coaching. As educational tools become more sophisticated, teachers will spend less time on traditional lecturing and more on supporting students' individual learning journeys. This could lead to a more collaborative and interactive classroom environment where teachers facilitate discussions and project-based learning, enhancing critical thinking and problem-solving skills among students.

Overall, technology does not diminish the teacher's role but rather enriches it, requiring them to adapt new skills and methods to better serve their students.

Analyze the importance of continuing education in a person's career. How can professionals stay competitive in their fields through lifelong learning?  Should employers support ongoing education for their employees?

Continuing education is crucial for personal and professional development, enabling individuals to stay relevant and competitive in their careers. As industries evolve due to advancements in technology and changes in market demands, the skills that were once sufficient may no longer be adequate. Lifelong learning allows professionals to keep up with new techniques, technologies, and industry standards, ensuring they remain valuable to their employers and on the cutting edge of their fields.

Professionals can engage in lifelong learning in various ways, such as attending workshops, enrolling in courses, or obtaining certifications that are related to their fields. This not only broadens their knowledge and skills but also demonstrates a commitment to their profession and a willingness to invest in their own growth.

Employers play a significant role in supporting ongoing education for their employees. By encouraging and sometimes funding further education and professional development opportunities, employers benefit from a workforce that is skilled, innovative, and efficient. This support can be provided in the form of tuition reimbursement, time off for educational purposes, or access to training programs.

Ultimately, ongoing education is beneficial for both employees and employers. It leads to improved job performance, fosters innovation, and contributes to job satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, it is in the interest of employers to invest in the continuous education of their workforce.

Cultural heritage is important for national identity. To what extent do you think governments should invest in preserving cultural landmarks? Support your view with examples and reasons.

Cultural heritage plays a crucial role in shaping national identity by connecting people to their history and traditions. Governments should invest significantly in preserving cultural landmarks for several reasons.

Firstly, cultural landmarks are physical representations of a country's history and achievements. They remind citizens of their shared past, fostering a sense of unity and pride. For example, historic buildings, monuments, and sites tell the story of a nation's journey through time. Without these landmarks, future generations might lose touch with their heritage and identity.

Secondly, preserving cultural landmarks can boost tourism, which benefits the economy. Tourists are often attracted to countries with rich histories and well-preserved sites. For instance, the preservation of ancient ruins or historic districts can draw visitors from around the world, creating jobs and generating revenue for local businesses.

Additionally, maintaining cultural landmarks can also support education and cultural awareness. Schools and universities can use these sites as real-life classrooms, allowing students to learn about their heritage in an engaging way. This hands-on experience can make history more tangible and memorable for learners.

However, it is important for governments to balance their investments. While preserving cultural landmarks is essential, they should also ensure that funds are allocated to other critical areas such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure. By striking the right balance, governments can protect their cultural heritage without neglecting other societal needs.

In conclusion, governments should invest in preserving cultural landmarks to maintain national identity, boost tourism, and support education. These efforts help ensure that future generations remain connected to their heritage while benefiting from the economic and educational advantages such preservation brings.

Education systems around the world are emphasizing STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering, and math). Should there be equal emphasis on humanities and social sciences? Explain your viewpoint with examples from your own experiences or observations.

Education systems globally are prioritizing STEM subjects to prepare students for the modern workforce. While STEM education is undoubtedly important, I believe that humanities and social sciences deserve equal emphasis. These fields offer critical insights into human behavior, culture, ethics, and communication, which are essential for a well-rounded education.

From my experience, studying humanities subjects such as history, literature, and philosophy has significantly broadened my perspective. For instance, learning about historical events helps us understand current societal structures and challenges. Literature encourages empathy by allowing us to experience diverse lives and viewpoints. Philosophy teaches us to question, reason, and develop strong arguments, fostering critical thinking skills.

Moreover, social sciences like psychology, sociology, and economics equip students with an understanding of societal dynamics and human behavior. These subjects are crucial in developing effective communication skills, conflict resolution, and the ability to work collaboratively in diverse teams. For example, understanding economic principles can help individuals make informed financial decisions, while knowledge of psychology can improve interpersonal relationships.

In today's interconnected world, problems are rarely isolated within one discipline. Addressing global challenges such as climate change, poverty, and healthcare requires interdisciplinary approaches. STEM provides the technical solutions, but humanities and social sciences offer the ethical and social frameworks necessary for implementing these solutions responsibly.

In conclusion, equal emphasis on humanities and social sciences alongside STEM subjects is vital for nurturing well-rounded individuals capable of critical thinking, ethical reasoning, and effective communication. These skills are indispensable in both personal and professional spheres, contributing to a more empathetic and informed society.

Climate change is often described as the greatest challenge of our time. How far do you agree with this statement? Support your argument with examples and reasons.

Climate change is often considered the greatest challenge of our time, and I agree with this statement to a significant extent. The reasons are clear and multifaceted, affecting both the environment and human life on a global scale.

Firstly, climate change leads to extreme weather conditions such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts. These events disrupt lives, destroy homes, and cause significant economic damage. For instance, stronger and more frequent hurricanes devastate coastal regions, displacing families and requiring massive rebuilding efforts. Similarly, prolonged droughts affect agricultural productivity, leading to food shortages and higher prices, which hit the poorest communities the hardest.

Secondly, climate change affects biodiversity. As temperatures rise, many species are unable to adapt quickly enough, leading to extinction or forced migration. The loss of biodiversity affects ecosystems, which in turn impacts human life. For example, bees are crucial for pollinating many of the crops we rely on for food. A decline in bee populations due to changing climates can threaten food security.

Furthermore, climate change has health implications. Increased temperatures contribute to the spread of diseases such as malaria and dengue fever, which thrive in warmer climates. Additionally, heatwaves can cause heat strokes and exacerbate existing health conditions, especially among the elderly and children.

Addressing climate change requires a global effort. It is not just an environmental issue but one that affects economies, health, and social stability. Governments, businesses, and individuals all have roles to play in reducing carbon emissions and mitigating the impacts. In conclusion, given its widespread and profound effects, climate change indeed stands as one of the greatest challenges of our time.

Video games are often blamed for violence in youth. Do you think video games influence behavior? Provide reasons and examples to support your view.

Video games are a popular form of entertainment, especially among young people. Some believe that these games can lead to violent behavior, but this connection is not straightforward. While it's true that some video games contain violent content, whether they cause violent behavior depends on various factors.

First, it's important to consider the environment in which a young person is playing these games. If a child is raised in a supportive and understanding family, they are more likely to distinguish between game violence and real-life behavior. Parents and guardians play a crucial role in guiding their children and helping them understand that what happens in a game should not be imitated in real life.

Second, video games can have positive effects. Many games require strategic thinking, problem-solving, and teamwork. For instance, multiplayer games encourage cooperation and communication skills. These positive aspects can contribute to a child's development in beneficial ways, showing that video games are not entirely negative.

Additionally, it's worth noting that not all children who play violent video games become violent. Many children can play these games and still lead peaceful, productive lives. This suggests that individual personality and external influences, like family, friends, and community, are more significant factors in determining behavior than video games alone.

In conclusion, while video games with violent content might influence behavior to some extent, they are not the sole cause of violence in youth. A child's environment, guidance from adults, and individual personality are much more crucial in shaping behavior. Therefore, blaming video games alone for youth violence oversimplifies a complex issue.

Recycling should be mandatory for everyone. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Discuss your reasons and give examples.

I strongly agree that recycling should be mandatory for everyone. Recycling helps reduce waste and conserve natural resources. When we recycle, materials like paper, plastic, glass, and metal can be reused to make new products. This reduces the need to extract raw materials from the earth, which can harm the environment.

One of the main reasons recycling should be mandatory is to reduce the amount of waste that ends up in landfills. Landfills take up a lot of space and can produce harmful chemicals that pollute the soil and water. By recycling, we can decrease the amount of waste in landfills and protect our environment.

Another important reason is that recycling can save energy. Producing new products from raw materials requires a lot of energy, but recycling uses less energy. For example, recycling aluminum cans saves about 95% of the energy needed to make new ones from raw materials. This energy savings can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.

Moreover, mandatory recycling can create jobs and boost the economy. Recycling programs need workers for collection, sorting, and processing materials. This can provide employment opportunities in communities and contribute to economic growth.

Some people might argue that making recycling mandatory is inconvenient or expensive. However, the long-term benefits of recycling far outweigh these short-term challenges. Many communities have already implemented successful recycling programs, proving that it is feasible and effective.

In conclusion, mandatory recycling is a crucial step toward a sustainable future. It helps protect the environment, saves energy, and creates jobs. Everyone should participate in recycling to ensure a cleaner, healthier planet for future generations.

Eating together as a family is important. Do you agree? Justify your answer with reasons and personal experiences.

I strongly agree that eating together as a family is important. Sharing meals brings family members closer and strengthens relationships. In today’s busy world, finding time to connect with loved ones can be challenging, and mealtime offers a perfect opportunity for this connection.

One reason eating together is important is that it allows family members to communicate and share their experiences. When I was growing up, my family always made it a point to have dinner together. During these meals, we would talk about our day, discuss any problems we were facing, and celebrate our achievements. This open communication helped us understand each other better and provided emotional support.

Another reason is that eating together creates a sense of routine and stability. For children, especially, having a set time to eat with the family can provide a sense of security and belonging. I remember looking forward to dinner time because it was a moment when we could all be together, regardless of how busy our schedules were. This routine helped me feel grounded and gave me something to rely on.

Additionally, eating together can promote healthier eating habits. When families eat together, they are more likely to prepare home-cooked meals, which tend to be healthier than fast food or takeout. In my family, we often cooked meals together, which taught me valuable cooking skills and the importance of a balanced diet.

In conclusion, eating together as a family is important because it fosters communication, creates stability, and encourages healthy eating habits. These benefits have a lasting impact on family relationships and individual well-being.

Online shopping is becoming more popular than going to physical stores. Do you think this is a positive or negative development? Explain your opinion with examples.

Online shopping has become increasingly popular in recent years, and this trend brings both positive and negative aspects. Overall, I believe the positives outweigh the negatives, making it a beneficial development for many reasons.

Firstly, online shopping offers unparalleled convenience. People can browse and purchase items from the comfort of their homes without the need to travel to physical stores. This saves time and effort, especially for those with busy schedules or limited mobility. Additionally, online stores are open 24/7, allowing people to shop whenever it suits them, unlike physical stores with fixed operating hours.

Secondly, online shopping provides access to a wider range of products. Customers can easily compare prices and features from different sellers around the world, often finding unique or better-priced items that are not available locally. This increased variety enhances the shopping experience and often leads to more informed purchasing decisions.

However, there are also some drawbacks to online shopping. One significant concern is the impact on local businesses. As more people choose to shop online, small local stores may struggle to compete, potentially leading to their closure. This can negatively affect communities by reducing the availability of personalized customer service and the charm of local shopping areas.

Additionally, online shopping can lead to impulsive buying due to the ease of making purchases. Without the physical act of going to a store, people might buy things they don’t really need, leading to unnecessary spending and waste.

In conclusion, while online shopping presents some challenges, its benefits of convenience, variety, and accessibility make it a positive development overall. With mindful shopping habits and support for local businesses, we can enjoy the advantages of online shopping while mitigating its downsides.

Sports are important in the development of young people. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give examples and reasons to explain your view.

Sports play a crucial role in the development of young people for several reasons. Firstly, sports promote physical health. Engaging in regular physical activity helps young people maintain a healthy weight, develop strong muscles and bones, and improve cardiovascular health. This foundation of physical fitness can lead to a healthier lifestyle as they grow older.

Secondly, sports teach valuable life skills. Participating in sports requires discipline, time management, and teamwork. Young people learn how to set goals, work hard to achieve them, and manage their time effectively to balance sports with academic and other responsibilities. Team sports, in particular, teach cooperation, communication, and how to work with others towards a common goal. These skills are essential in both personal and professional life.

Additionally, sports can boost mental health and social development. Physical activity is known to reduce stress and anxiety, and participating in sports can improve mood and overall mental well-being. Being part of a team or sports community provides a sense of belonging and can help young people build friendships and social networks. This social interaction is important for developing communication skills and self-confidence.

Finally, sports can instill a sense of discipline and perseverance. The challenges and setbacks faced in sports teach young people resilience and the importance of hard work and dedication. These qualities can be applied to various aspects of life, helping young people overcome obstacles and achieve their goals.

In conclusion, sports significantly contribute to the physical, mental, and social development of young people. By promoting health, teaching life skills, and providing social interaction, sports help shape well-rounded and resilient individuals.

"Televised sports are as important to society as live sports events." Debate this claim, considering both the social and economic impacts of each.

Televised sports and live sports events both hold significant importance in society, each bringing unique social and economic impacts.

Televised sports have revolutionized the way people engage with sports. They offer accessibility, allowing millions to watch games from the comfort of their homes. This inclusivity means that regardless of location or financial capability, people can enjoy major sporting events. Televised sports also bring families and friends together, fostering social bonds as they gather to watch their favorite teams. Economically, televised sports generate substantial revenue through advertising and broadcasting rights, supporting various industries such as media, hospitality, and retail.

On the other hand, live sports events provide an irreplaceable experience. The atmosphere in a stadium, with its excitement and energy, creates a sense of community among fans. Attending a live game can be a memorable experience, one that televised events can't fully replicate. Live events also boost local economies significantly. From ticket sales to merchandise and food, the spending associated with attending games supports local businesses and provides jobs.

However, live events have limitations. They can be costly, making them less accessible to many people. Travel and accommodation can add to the expense, making it a luxury for some. In contrast, televised sports break down these barriers, offering a more democratic form of entertainment.

In conclusion, both televised and live sports events are crucial to society. Televised sports provide broad access and significant economic benefits through widespread viewership. Live sports events, while less accessible, offer unique experiences and support local economies directly. Together, they complement each other, enhancing the overall impact of sports on society.

"Libraries are no longer necessary in the digital age." Challenge or support this statement using specific examples and reasoning.

Libraries have always been vital centers for learning and community engagement. Despite the advent of the digital age, libraries remain necessary, and their roles have evolved rather than diminished.

Firstly, libraries offer access to resources that many people might not afford otherwise. Not everyone has the luxury of owning a computer or subscribing to various online databases. Libraries provide free internet access and computers, making them essential for bridging the digital divide. They ensure that all members of the community, regardless of their financial situation, have access to information and technology.

Additionally, libraries serve as community hubs. They host events, workshops, and programs that cater to various interests and age groups. These activities promote lifelong learning, cultural exchange, and social interaction. For instance, children's story hours, job search workshops, and book clubs are just a few examples of how libraries foster a sense of community and support personal development.

Moreover, the digital age has brought about an overwhelming amount of information, and not all of it is reliable. Libraries offer a curated collection of resources, both physical and digital, ensuring that the information is accurate and trustworthy. Librarians play a crucial role in helping people navigate this information landscape, teaching them how to find, evaluate, and use information effectively.

In conclusion, libraries are more important than ever in the digital age. They provide equal access to technology, serve as community centers, and offer reliable information. Rather than becoming obsolete, libraries have adapted to meet the changing needs of society, continuing to be indispensable resources for learning and connection.

Explore the potential consequences of eliminating cash and moving to a fully digital economy. What might be the benefits and drawbacks of such a shift?

Eliminating cash and transitioning to a fully digital economy can bring about significant changes in how we manage and use money. One of the main benefits is convenience. Digital payments are quick and easy, allowing people to make transactions with just a tap or a click. This can save time and reduce the need to carry physical money, which can be lost or stolen. Digital transactions also create a record, making it easier to track spending and manage finances.

Another advantage is security. Digital payments can be more secure than cash, as they often include protections against theft and fraud. If money is stolen or lost, digital systems can sometimes recover it, unlike cash, which is gone once taken.

However, there are also drawbacks to consider. One major concern is privacy. Digital transactions can be tracked, and this data could be used in ways that infringe on personal privacy. For example, companies could use this information for targeted advertising, or governments could monitor financial activities more closely.

Additionally, moving to a fully digital economy could exclude those who are not tech-savvy or who do not have access to digital devices. This includes older adults, people in remote areas, and those who cannot afford smartphones or computers. These groups might find it challenging to adapt to a cashless society, leading to greater inequality.

In conclusion, while a fully digital economy offers convenience and security, it also raises important issues around privacy and accessibility. It is crucial to consider these factors to ensure that everyone can benefit from such a shift.

Discuss the role of social media in shaping public opinion during election campaigns. Evaluate whether social media platforms should have a greater responsibility in regulating misinformation. Provide examples to support your argument.

Social media plays a significant role in shaping public opinion during election campaigns. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram provide a space where people can share their views, follow political leaders, and access news. These platforms make it easy for information to spread quickly, allowing voters to stay informed and engage in discussions about the candidates and their policies.

However, social media can also be a breeding ground for misinformation. False news and misleading content can influence people's opinions and decisions, sometimes without them even realizing it. For instance, during election campaigns, fake news stories can go viral, spreading incorrect information about candidates. This can sway public opinion unfairly and affect the outcome of an election.

Given this, social media platforms should take on a greater responsibility in regulating misinformation. They have the tools and technology to detect and remove false content. By implementing stricter policies and improving their fact-checking processes, social media companies can help ensure that the information people see is accurate. This would help voters make more informed decisions based on facts rather than falsehoods.

For example, platforms can flag suspicious posts and provide users with links to verified information. They can also work with independent fact-checkers to review content and take down posts that spread false information. By taking these steps, social media platforms can play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of election campaigns and supporting a healthy democratic process.

Mental health awareness has increased significantly in the past decade. Discuss the impact of this greater awareness on societal attitudes and healthcare policies. Support your discussion with examples of changes in public perception or policy shifts.

The past decade has seen a significant increase in mental health awareness, which has had a profound impact on societal attitudes and healthcare policies. This greater awareness has led to a shift in how people view mental health, moving from a taboo subject to an important topic of public conversation. Society is now more accepting and understanding of mental health issues, which has helped reduce the stigma that once surrounded them. People are more willing to talk about their experiences, seek help, and support others who are struggling.

In terms of healthcare policies, this shift in awareness has prompted changes that aim to improve mental health services and accessibility. For example, many countries have implemented policies that require health insurance to cover mental health treatments just as they would physical health treatments. This ensures that more people can afford to get the help they need. Additionally, there has been an increase in funding for mental health programs, including those in schools and workplaces, which focus on early intervention and prevention.

Public campaigns and educational programs have also played a crucial role in changing perceptions and policies. Campaigns such as World Mental Health Day and Mental Health Awareness Month bring attention to the importance of mental health, encouraging people to seek help and support each other. Schools and workplaces are increasingly offering mental health training and resources, which helps create environments where mental well-being is prioritized.

Overall, the increase in mental health awareness has led to a more supportive and understanding society, as well as significant improvements in healthcare policies, making mental health care more accessible and equitable for all.

Examine the influence of artificial intelligence on creative industries such as music, writing, and art. Discuss whether AI can truly be creative or if it merely mimics human creativity. Use specific examples to support your points.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly impacted creative industries such as music, writing, and art. AI tools like deep learning algorithms and neural networks can produce music compositions, generate written content, and create visual art pieces. These advancements have sparked debates about whether AI can be truly creative or if it merely mimics human creativity.

In the music industry, AI can compose songs by analyzing patterns in existing music. For example, AI programs have created symphonies in the style of famous composers like Beethoven. These compositions can be impressive, but they often lack the emotional depth and personal touch that human composers bring to their work. While AI can generate new music, it does so by processing and combining existing patterns, which suggests it is mimicking rather than creating original content.

In writing, AI tools like language models can generate articles, stories, and even poetry. These models analyze vast amounts of text to learn grammar, style, and structure. While AI-generated writing can be coherent and well-structured, it often lacks the nuanced understanding and emotional resonance of human writing. For instance, an AI can write a news article, but it may miss the subtle insights and perspectives that a human journalist provides.

In the art world, AI can create paintings and digital art by learning from a database of images. AI-generated art can be visually striking and innovative, but it typically relies on pre-existing styles and techniques. This reliance on existing data suggests that AI is imitating rather than inventing new artistic expressions.

In conclusion, while AI has made impressive strides in creative industries, its creations often lack the emotional and personal elements that characterize true human creativity. AI mimics patterns and styles, producing content that is impressive yet fundamentally derivative. Thus, AI's role in creative fields is more about enhancing and augmenting human creativity rather than replacing it.

The aging population in many countries presents economic and social challenges. Discuss the implications of this demographic shift and propose solutions that could alleviate potential problems. Include examples of successful aging policies from around the world.

The aging population in many countries presents both economic and social challenges that need addressing. Economically, an increasing number of elderly people means a higher demand for pensions and healthcare services. This puts pressure on government budgets and can lead to higher taxes or reduced spending in other areas. Additionally, a smaller working-age population can result in a shortage of workers, which can hinder economic growth and productivity.

Socially, the aging population may face issues such as loneliness, inadequate care, and age discrimination. Older individuals often require more healthcare and support services, which can strain family members and social systems. Without proper care, the quality of life for the elderly can significantly decline, leading to increased rates of depression and other health issues.

To alleviate these potential problems, several solutions can be considered. Firstly, policies that encourage higher birth rates, such as family-friendly work policies, child care support, and parental leave, can help balance the age distribution. Secondly, immigration policies that attract younger workers can help mitigate the labor shortage and support the economy.

Implementing successful aging policies is also crucial. For example, in Japan, the government has introduced programs that promote lifelong learning and active aging, encouraging older adults to stay engaged in the workforce and community. Similarly, in Nordic countries, comprehensive social welfare systems ensure that elderly citizens receive adequate healthcare and financial support, reducing the burden on families and improving overall well-being.

By adopting and adapting these policies, countries can better manage the economic and social challenges posed by an aging population, ensuring a more balanced and supportive society for all ages.

The importance of cybersecurity has never been more evident. Discuss the key challenges that individuals and companies face in maintaining digital security. Propose strategies that could improve overall cybersecurity readiness.

The importance of cybersecurity has never been more evident in today's digital age. Both individuals and companies face numerous challenges in maintaining digital security. One key challenge is the increasing sophistication of cyber-attacks. Hackers are constantly developing new methods to breach systems, making it difficult to stay ahead of threats. Another challenge is the human factor. Many security breaches occur due to human error, such as weak passwords or falling for phishing scams. Additionally, the vast amount of data being generated and stored online makes it a lucrative target for cybercriminals.

Companies face the additional challenge of protecting not only their own data but also the data of their customers. This responsibility requires significant resources, both in terms of technology and personnel. Smaller companies, in particular, may struggle to allocate sufficient funds for comprehensive cybersecurity measures.

To improve overall cybersecurity readiness, several strategies can be implemented. First, education and training are crucial. Individuals and employees should be regularly trained on best practices for digital security, such as creating strong passwords and recognizing phishing attempts. Second, companies should invest in robust cybersecurity infrastructure. This includes up-to-date antivirus software, firewalls, and encryption tools to protect sensitive data.

Third, adopting a proactive approach to cybersecurity can make a significant difference. This involves regularly updating software and systems to fix vulnerabilities and conducting frequent security audits to identify potential weaknesses. Lastly, fostering a culture of cybersecurity within organizations can help. Encouraging employees to prioritize security and report suspicious activities can lead to a more secure digital environment.

By addressing these challenges and implementing these strategies, individuals and companies can enhance their cybersecurity readiness and better protect themselves against digital threats.

Explore the ethical implications of genetic engineering in humans. Discuss the potential benefits and risks of editing human DNA, using examples from scientific research or speculative scenarios.

Genetic engineering in humans is a fascinating and controversial topic. On one hand, it offers the potential to eliminate genetic diseases, improve human capabilities, and extend life expectancy. On the other hand, it raises significant ethical concerns about the impact on society and the natural course of human evolution.

One potential benefit of genetic engineering is the ability to eradicate hereditary diseases such as cystic fibrosis or Huntington's disease. By editing the DNA of embryos, scientists can remove or alter genes that cause these conditions, leading to healthier individuals and potentially reducing the overall burden on healthcare systems. This technology could also be used to enhance human abilities, such as improving intelligence, physical strength, or resistance to diseases.

However, these advancements come with serious ethical risks. One major concern is the possibility of creating a genetic divide in society. If only wealthy individuals can afford genetic enhancements, it could lead to increased inequality and social division. Additionally, there is the risk of unintended consequences. Editing the human genome is complex and not fully understood, and changes could have unforeseen effects on the individual and their descendants.

Furthermore, the idea of "playing God" by altering human DNA raises moral questions. Some argue that it is unnatural and that humans should not interfere with the fundamental aspects of life. Others worry about the loss of genetic diversity and the potential for new forms of discrimination based on genetic characteristics.

In conclusion, while genetic engineering in humans has the potential to bring significant benefits, it also poses serious ethical challenges. Society must carefully consider these implications and establish regulations to ensure that this powerful technology is used responsibly and equitably.

The rise of veganism and plant-based diets has implications for health, the environment, and the economy. Discuss the potential impacts of a widespread shift to plant-based eating.

The rise of veganism and plant-based diets is a significant trend that can affect health, the environment, and the economy in various ways.

Firstly, on health, shifting to a plant-based diet can lead to numerous benefits. Plant-based foods are often rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber, and can help in reducing the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. People who adopt vegan diets may experience improved digestion and overall well-being. However, it is essential to ensure that a plant-based diet is balanced and includes all necessary nutrients, which might require more careful meal planning.

Secondly, the environmental impact of widespread plant-based eating can be profound. The production of plant-based foods generally requires fewer resources, such as water and land, compared to animal-based foods. Additionally, it generates fewer greenhouse gas emissions, which are a significant contributor to climate change. A global shift towards plant-based diets could help reduce deforestation and biodiversity loss, contributing to a healthier planet.

Lastly, the economic implications of a move towards plant-based diets can be both positive and challenging. The demand for plant-based products could spur innovation and growth in the food industry, creating new jobs and market opportunities. However, it might also disrupt traditional agricultural sectors that rely heavily on livestock farming. Farmers and businesses might need support and adaptation strategies to transition to new methods and crops.

In conclusion, a widespread shift to plant-based eating holds potential benefits for health and the environment, while also presenting economic opportunities and challenges. Careful planning and support will be essential to manage this transition effectively.

Debate the pros and cons of implementing a four-day workweek in various industries. Consider productivity, work-life balance, and economic impacts. Provide case studies or hypothetical scenarios to illustrate your points.

Implementing a four-day workweek has both advantages and disadvantages, impacting productivity, work-life balance, and the economy in various ways.

One of the main benefits of a four-day workweek is improved work-life balance. Employees have more time to spend with their families, pursue hobbies, or rest, which can lead to higher job satisfaction and overall well-being. This can also reduce stress and burnout, resulting in happier and healthier employees.

Productivity might also see a boost. With longer weekends, employees may return to work more refreshed and motivated. For instance, some companies that have adopted a four-day workweek report that their workers accomplish the same amount, if not more, in less time. This suggests that shorter workweeks could lead to more focused and efficient work.

However, there are potential downsides. In industries where continuous service is crucial, such as healthcare or customer service, a four-day workweek might be challenging to implement without affecting service quality. Companies may need to hire more staff or adjust shift patterns, which can increase operational costs.

Economic impacts can be mixed. On one hand, reduced work hours can lead to lower operational costs for businesses, such as savings on utilities and office supplies. On the other hand, if productivity does not increase proportionally, companies might face higher labor costs per hour worked, which can affect their competitiveness.

In a hypothetical scenario, consider a tech company that switches to a four-day workweek. Employees might initially enjoy the extra day off, but if deadlines remain tight, the pressure to deliver could increase, potentially leading to stress. Conversely, a creative agency could benefit greatly, as employees might produce higher-quality work due to reduced burnout.

In conclusion, while a four-day workweek offers significant benefits for work-life balance and potential productivity gains, it also presents challenges in maintaining service levels and economic viability in certain industries. Each company must weigh these factors carefully before making a decision.

Examine the role of women in leadership positions within corporations and government. Discuss the barriers they face and propose solutions to increase female representation in leadership roles.

Women in leadership positions within corporations and government play a crucial role in fostering diversity, promoting innovative ideas, and driving social progress. However, they often face significant barriers that hinder their advancement to these roles.

One major barrier is the persistent gender stereotypes that suggest women are less capable leaders compared to men. These stereotypes can lead to biases in hiring and promotion practices, making it harder for women to reach top positions. Additionally, women often struggle with work-life balance due to societal expectations regarding family responsibilities. This challenge can limit their career growth and opportunities for leadership roles.

Another barrier is the lack of mentorship and support networks for women. Men are more likely to have mentors who can guide them and advocate for their career advancement. Without similar support, women may find it more difficult to navigate their career paths and access leadership positions.

To increase female representation in leadership roles, several solutions can be implemented. First, organizations and governments should actively promote gender diversity by setting clear goals and policies to ensure equal opportunities for women. This can include initiatives such as gender quotas or diversity training programs to address unconscious biases.

Second, creating supportive environments for women in the workplace is essential. This can involve offering flexible work arrangements, such as remote work or flexible hours, to help women balance their professional and personal responsibilities. Additionally, establishing mentorship programs specifically for women can provide them with the guidance and support they need to succeed.

Lastly, raising awareness about the importance of gender diversity in leadership can help change societal attitudes and reduce stereotypes. Education and advocacy campaigns can highlight the benefits of having women in leadership positions, encouraging more organizations to prioritize gender equality.

By addressing these barriers and implementing these solutions, we can create a more inclusive and equitable environment where women can thrive in leadership roles, benefiting both organizations and society as a whole.

Write an essay on the impact of social media on modern communication. Discuss how it has changed the way people interact and the consequences for personal relationships and professional communications.

Social media has significantly transformed modern communication, affecting both personal relationships and professional interactions. One of the most noticeable changes is the speed and convenience with which people can now connect. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram allow individuals to share updates, photos, and messages instantly, regardless of geographical distances. This ease of communication has helped people maintain relationships that might have otherwise faded over time due to physical separation.

In personal relationships, social media has enabled people to stay connected with friends and family, sharing life events and daily experiences. However, it also has downsides. The constant influx of information and the pressure to maintain a certain online image can lead to stress and anxiety. Moreover, online interactions often lack the depth and emotional connection of face-to-face conversations, which can weaken the quality of personal relationships.

Professionally, social media has opened new avenues for networking, marketing, and collaboration. LinkedIn, for example, has become a vital tool for job seekers and employers, enabling them to connect and interact in ways that were not possible before. Businesses use social media to engage with customers, promote products, and build brand loyalty. Despite these benefits, there are challenges as well. Miscommunications can occur easily through text, leading to misunderstandings and conflicts. Additionally, the line between personal and professional lives can become blurred, sometimes leading to issues with privacy and professionalism.

In conclusion, social media has revolutionized communication by making it faster and more accessible. While it has brought many advantages in maintaining relationships and facilitating professional interactions, it also poses challenges that need to be managed carefully to maintain the quality and integrity of our communications.

Discuss the role of renewable energy sources in combating climate change. Evaluate the potential of solar and wind power in replacing fossil fuels and the challenges that might arise during this transition. Use examples from various countries.

Renewable energy sources play a crucial role in combating climate change by reducing the reliance on fossil fuels, which are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Among these renewable sources, solar and wind power stand out for their potential to significantly replace fossil fuels.

Solar power harnesses energy from the sun using photovoltaic panels. Countries like Germany and Australia have made great strides in integrating solar power into their energy grids. Germany, for instance, has implemented policies that encourage the installation of solar panels on rooftops, making solar energy more accessible to households and businesses. Similarly, Australia benefits from its sunny climate, allowing it to generate substantial solar power.

Wind power is another promising renewable energy source. It involves using wind turbines to convert wind energy into electricity. Denmark and the United States are leading examples of countries investing heavily in wind power. Denmark aims to be completely fossil fuel-free by 2050, largely through wind energy. The U.S. has significant wind farms, particularly in states like Texas, which contribute to a cleaner energy mix.

Despite the promise of solar and wind power, several challenges must be addressed during the transition from fossil fuels. One major challenge is the intermittency of these energy sources; the sun doesn’t always shine, and the wind doesn’t always blow. This intermittency requires the development of efficient energy storage systems and smart grids to ensure a reliable supply of electricity.

Another challenge is the initial cost of setting up renewable energy infrastructure. While long-term savings and environmental benefits are substantial, the upfront investment can be a barrier for many countries. Additionally, existing fossil fuel industries may resist the transition due to economic and employment concerns.

In conclusion, while solar and wind power have the potential to replace fossil fuels and mitigate climate change, addressing their intermittency and the economic challenges of transitioning are essential for a successful shift to a sustainable energy future.

Discuss the importance of preserving indigenous languages. What are the broader cultural and societal implications if these languages continue to disappear, and what steps can be taken to revitalize them?

Preserving indigenous languages is crucial for maintaining the cultural heritage and identity of native communities. These languages are not just means of communication but are deeply embedded with the traditions, knowledge, and worldviews of their speakers. When an indigenous language disappears, it takes with it a unique way of understanding and interacting with the world.

The loss of indigenous languages has broader cultural and societal implications. It often leads to the erosion of cultural diversity, as each language carries its own set of stories, practices, and perspectives. This diversity is valuable because it enriches the global tapestry of human culture and provides different ways of thinking and solving problems. Additionally, the disappearance of these languages can lead to a loss of community cohesion and identity, as language is a key component of group solidarity and continuity.

To revitalize indigenous languages, several steps can be taken. First, education systems should incorporate indigenous languages into their curricula, allowing children to learn and use these languages from a young age. Community programs can also play a role, offering classes and activities that encourage the use of indigenous languages in daily life. Additionally, technology can be a powerful tool, with apps and online resources developed to support language learning and usage.

Governments and organizations should support these efforts by providing funding and resources. Policies that recognize and protect indigenous languages can also create an environment where these languages can thrive. By taking these steps, we can help ensure that indigenous languages continue to be a living part of our world, preserving the cultural richness they bring to all of humanity.

Immigration has complex effects on a country's economy and cultural landscape. What are the challenges and benefits of immigration? What steps can governments take to encourage the advantages and mitigate the disadvantages?

Immigration is a multifaceted issue that brings both challenges and benefits to a country's economy and cultural landscape. One major benefit is that immigrants often fill labor shortages, contributing to economic growth and bringing diverse skills and perspectives. They can start businesses, create jobs, and add to the cultural richness of a society by introducing new traditions, foods, and ideas.

However, immigration also presents challenges. Economically, there may be increased competition for jobs, which can lead to tensions with local workers. Socially, there might be difficulties in integrating immigrants into the community, leading to issues such as discrimination or cultural clashes.

Governments can take several steps to maximize the benefits and minimize the challenges of immigration. Firstly, they can implement policies that facilitate the integration of immigrants into society, such as language and cultural education programs. This helps immigrants adapt to their new environment and promotes mutual understanding with the local population.

Secondly, governments can create fair and efficient immigration systems that match immigrants' skills with labor market needs. This ensures that immigrants can contribute effectively to the economy without displacing local workers. Additionally, offering support for immigrant entrepreneurs can stimulate economic growth and innovation.

Lastly, fostering a culture of inclusivity and respect is crucial. Anti-discrimination laws and community-building initiatives can help create a welcoming environment for immigrants, reducing social tensions and fostering a sense of belonging for everyone.

In conclusion, while immigration poses challenges, it also offers significant benefits. With thoughtful policies and a commitment to inclusivity, governments can harness the positive aspects of immigration while addressing its potential downsides.

The future of work is being reshaped by automation and robotics. What are the potential benefits for the workforce and employers, and what strategies can be implemented to address the challenges this change brings?

Automation and robotics are transforming the future of work, bringing both benefits and challenges. For the workforce, these technologies can improve job efficiency and safety by taking over repetitive or dangerous tasks. This shift allows workers to focus on more complex and creative activities, potentially increasing job satisfaction and opening up new career opportunities. For employers, automation and robotics can lead to cost savings, higher productivity, and consistent quality in production. These benefits can enhance a company's competitiveness and profitability.

However, the transition to a more automated workplace also presents challenges. Workers may face job displacement, requiring new skills to stay relevant in the changing job market. This can lead to economic instability for those unable to adapt quickly. Employers, on the other hand, must invest in new technologies and manage the integration of robots and automation systems, which can be costly and complex.

To address these challenges, several strategies can be implemented. For the workforce, continuous education and training programs are essential. These programs can help workers acquire new skills and adapt to new roles created by automation. Additionally, promoting a culture of lifelong learning can encourage employees to stay updated with technological advancements.

For employers, a phased approach to automation can be beneficial. Gradually introducing new technologies allows time for adjustment and reduces the risk of large-scale disruptions. Collaborating with educational institutions and governments can also help create a supportive ecosystem for both workers and businesses.

In conclusion, while automation and robotics offer significant benefits, careful planning and proactive strategies are crucial to ensuring a smooth transition for both the workforce and employers.

"Fast fashion" refers to the rapid production of large quantities of stylish clothing. It often leads to a lot of waste because once a particular style goes out of fashion, no one wants the clothing any longer. Why is "fast fashion" so popular? Should anything be done to address to the issues associated with it?

Fast fashion is popular for several reasons. Firstly, it offers trendy clothing at affordable prices, making it accessible to a wide range of people. Consumers can quickly update their wardrobes with the latest styles without spending a lot of money. This instant gratification appeals to many, especially younger generations who are influenced by social media and celebrity trends. Additionally, fast fashion brands often release new collections frequently, creating a sense of urgency and excitement among shoppers.

However, fast fashion has significant drawbacks, primarily its environmental impact. The rapid production cycle leads to a high turnover of clothing, resulting in a massive amount of waste. Many of these clothes end up in landfills because they are made of low-quality materials that do not last long. Moreover, the production processes of fast fashion often involve harmful chemicals and significant water usage, contributing to pollution and resource depletion.

To address these issues, several steps can be taken. One approach is to promote sustainable fashion practices. Consumers can be encouraged to buy fewer, higher-quality items that last longer. Additionally, brands can adopt more eco-friendly production methods and use sustainable materials. Another solution is to increase awareness about the environmental impact of fast fashion. Educating people on the consequences of their purchasing choices can lead to more responsible consumer behavior.

In conclusion, while fast fashion's popularity is driven by affordability and trendiness, its negative environmental effects cannot be ignored. By promoting sustainability and raising awareness, we can help mitigate the issues associated with fast fashion.

Mental health has long been an overlooked aspect of our health. However, mental health issues are increasingly discussed more openly. What has caused this increased awareness of the importance of mental health? What other measures could be taken to further increase awareness?

The increased awareness of mental health can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, the rise of social media and digital platforms has played a significant role. These platforms allow people to share their personal experiences and struggles with mental health more openly, creating a community of support and understanding. Stories that once went untold are now shared widely, helping to reduce stigma and encourage others to seek help.

Secondly, there has been a growing recognition within the healthcare community of the importance of mental health. Doctors and healthcare professionals now emphasize that mental health is just as crucial as physical health. This shift in perspective has led to more discussions about mental well-being in medical settings and more resources being allocated to mental health services.

Celebrities and public figures have also contributed to this increased awareness. When well-known individuals speak out about their mental health struggles, it resonates with the public and normalizes the conversation around mental health. Their influence helps to break down the barriers and misconceptions associated with mental health issues.

To further increase awareness, educational institutions should integrate mental health education into their curriculums. Teaching students about mental health from a young age can help them understand and manage their emotions better. Additionally, workplaces should implement mental health programs and provide resources for employees to seek help without fear of judgment.

Public campaigns and community programs can also play a significant role. By organizing events, workshops, and seminars, communities can foster a more supportive environment for discussing mental health. Increased funding for mental health research and services is crucial to ensure that those who need help can access it easily. Overall, continued efforts in education, community support, and resource allocation are essential for sustaining and furthering the awareness of mental health.

Debate the necessity and effectiveness of international aid. Is aid beneficial to developing countries, or does it lead to dependency? Provide examples to support your argument.

International aid is a topic of great debate, with arguments both for and against its necessity and effectiveness. On one hand, international aid is seen as crucial for helping developing countries overcome poverty, improve healthcare, and build infrastructure. For example, aid can provide immediate relief in times of crisis, such as natural disasters, by supplying food, clean water, and medical assistance. It can also support long-term development projects, like building schools and hospitals, which are essential for a country's growth and stability.

However, there are concerns that international aid can lead to dependency. When countries rely heavily on aid, they may not develop the necessary skills and resources to sustain themselves. This dependency can create a cycle where aid is continuously needed, rather than fostering self-sufficiency. For instance, some argue that aid can discourage local businesses and agricultural industries, as people may prefer free or subsidized goods over locally produced ones.

Moreover, the effectiveness of aid is often questioned due to issues like corruption and mismanagement. In some cases, aid money does not reach the intended recipients but is instead lost through bureaucratic inefficiencies or siphoned off by corrupt officials. This not only wastes resources but can also undermine trust in international aid efforts.

In conclusion, while international aid has the potential to bring significant benefits to developing countries, it must be carefully managed to avoid fostering dependency and to ensure that the aid reaches those who need it most. Building sustainable systems and empowering local communities are essential to making aid truly effective.

Celebrity endorsements play a significant role in modern marketing strategies. Analyze their impact on consumer behavior and how they influence the perception of brands.

Celebrity endorsements are a powerful tool in modern marketing, significantly impacting consumer behavior and brand perception. When celebrities endorse products, their fans and followers often view these products more favorably. This is because people tend to trust and admire their favorite celebrities, believing that if a product is good enough for them, it must be good enough for everyone.

This influence can be seen in various ways. For instance, a sports star endorsing a particular brand of sneakers can lead to increased sales among their fans who aspire to emulate their success and lifestyle. Similarly, when a popular actor promotes a skincare brand, consumers might believe that using these products will help them achieve similar beauty and confidence.

Celebrity endorsements also help in building brand credibility. A well-known and respected celebrity can lend their positive image to a brand, making it appear more trustworthy and high-quality. This can be especially important for new or lesser-known brands trying to establish themselves in a competitive market.

However, there are potential downsides to this strategy. If a celebrity faces a scandal or public backlash, the brands they endorse can suffer as a result. Consumers might also feel deceived if they find out that the celebrity does not genuinely use or believe in the product they are promoting.

In conclusion, celebrity endorsements can greatly influence consumer behavior and brand perception, making them a valuable marketing strategy. However, companies must carefully choose the right celebrities and manage these relationships to avoid potential risks.

Discuss the role of scientific research in shaping public policy on health issues such as the COVID-19 pandemic. How can governments better utilize scientific advice to make informed decisions?

Scientific research plays a crucial role in shaping public policy, especially in health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. During such times, governments rely heavily on scientific findings to formulate effective strategies to protect public health. Researchers provide essential information on virus transmission, effective treatments, and preventive measures, guiding policymakers in their decisions.

One significant aspect of scientific research is its ability to offer evidence-based recommendations. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists conducted numerous studies to understand how the virus spreads and which interventions are most effective. This information helped governments implement measures such as social distancing, mask-wearing, and vaccination campaigns. Without scientific input, these policies might have been less effective or even harmful.

To better utilize scientific advice, governments can take several steps. Firstly, they should establish clear communication channels between scientists and policymakers. This ensures that scientific findings are promptly and accurately conveyed to those making decisions. Secondly, governments should foster a culture of trust in science among the public. By promoting transparency and explaining the rationale behind policies, they can improve compliance and reduce misinformation.

Additionally, governments should invest in continuous scientific research and ensure that funding is available for studies that address emerging health threats. This proactive approach enables a quicker and more efficient response to future crises. Finally, involving a diverse range of experts from various fields can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the situation, leading to more robust policy decisions.

In conclusion, scientific research is vital for informing public health policy, especially during pandemics. By improving communication, fostering trust, investing in research, and involving diverse experts, governments can better utilize scientific advice to make informed decisions and protect public health.

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Model papers from the disciplines.

Professional writers often read works by other writers to think about new techniques. Although reading a good paper cannot teach you everything you need to know about writing in a given discipline, it can be enormously helpful. The papers below are past winners of the  Writing Center essay contest . We hope you find some of these helpful for expanding your writing repertoire.

It can be even more valuable to ask your professors for sample essays that they admire. In fact, if your field is not represented below, please encourage your professors to send us a model paper in that discipline.

Currently, we have winning essays posted from the 2019-20 and 2020-21 academic years. 21-22 and 22-23 will be posted during Spring 2024. If you are looking for earlier essays, they won’t be available online again until January 2025, but please email Alfred Guy if you are looking for specific essays or genres. (You may see more essays listed near the bottom of this page, but those links are currently not working.)

Professional writers often read works by other writers to think about new techniques. Although reading a good paper cannot teach you everything you need to know about writing in a given discipline, it can be enormously helpful. The papers below are past winners of the Writing Center essay contest . We hope you find some of these helpful for expanding your writing repertoire.

The headings below expand to show a list of downloadable papers within the selected department or discipline.

English 114

“ Occupy Wall Street: Creating a Successful Movement from a Chaotic Structure ,” by Kelsea Jeon ’20. ENGL 114: Writing Seminar, Professor Annie Killian.

“ The Limits of Moral Ideology in Foreign HIV/AIDS Intervention ,” by Akielly Hu ’19. ENGL 114: Acting Globally, Professor Karin Gosselink.

" Treat the Problem, Not the Disease: The Necessary Shift from Vertical Programs to Horizontal Programs for Treating HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa ," by Xiuqi Cao ’17. ENGL 114: Writing Seminar, Professor Karin Gosselink.

“ Muahaha!: Defining Evil Laughter ,” by Spencer Katz ’13. ENGL 114: Writing Seminar, Professor Ryan Wepler.

“‘ The Moral Meaning of a Pause’: Ethics Committees and the Cloning Debate ,” by Lindsay Gellman ’12. ENGL 116: Writing Seminar, Professor Raymond Malewitz.

“ My Secret ,” by Lydia Martin ’12. ENGL 114: Writing Seminar, Professor Paula Resch.

“ The Camera as Dictator: Photography and Fascism at Abu Ghraib ,” by Stephanie Lynch ’09. ENGL 114: Writing Seminar, Professor Raymond Malewitz.

“ Israel’s Withdrawal from Gaza: Legitimizing Civil Disobedience from Both Sides ,” by Aya Shoshan ’10. ENGL 114: Writing Seminar, Professor Andrew Ehrgood.

“ The Curiosity of Humanity ,” by Michael Rodriguez ’10. ENGL 114: Writing Seminars 1, Professor Suzanne Young.

“ The Corrective Lens of Satire ,” by Benjamin Solarz ’09. ENGL 114: Writing Seminars I, Professor Alfred E. Guy Jr.

Literary Analysis

“ Obscuring Gender into Oneness: in Canto 21 of ‘Song of Myself ,’” by Minh Vu ’20. ENGL 127: Readings in American Literature, Professor Caleb Smith.

“ Vision, Voice, and Women in The Winter’s Tale ,” by Oriana Tang ’19. ENGL 200: Shakespeare, Comedies & Romances, Professor Catherine Nicholson, Teaching Fellow Clay Greene.

“ License to Build: Readership and Authorship in Pynchon and Melville ,” by Marc Shkurovich ’19. ENGL 127: Readings in American Literature, Professor John Durham Peters.

" ‘A Pattern of Your Love’: Sainthood as Erotic Example in ‘The Canonization’ and ‘The Relic ,’" by Eve Houghton ’17. ENGL 125: Major English Poets, Professor Benjamin Glaser.

“ How Mary Hillhouse Read Her Gray: Commonplacing the Elegy, 1768 – 1816 ,” by Eve Houghton ’17. ENGL 238: Poetry and Modernity, Restoration to Romantic, Professor Jonathan Kramnick.

“ The Governess Question: Modes of social engagement in Agnes Grey and Jane Eyre ,” by Helen Knight ’13. ENGL 431: The Brontes & Their Afterlives, Professor Linda Peterson.

“ Whither Hast Thou, Fortune, Led? ,” by Daniel Pollack ’16. ENGL 129: Tragedy, Professor Margaret Homans.

“ The Limited Potential of True Reform ,” by Bianca Yuh ’12. ENGL 117: Literature Seminars II, Professor Andrew Karas.

“ The Prophet Who Protested Too Much ,” by Sam Ayres ’09. ENGL 395: The Bible as Literature, Professor Leslie Brisman.

“ Want, Need, and Reason: Milton and Cause ,” by Annie Atura ’11. ENGL 125: Major English Poets, Professor Christopher Miller.

“ Within You, Without You: Cannibalism and Consciousness in the Transatlantic World ,” by Carina del Valle Schorske ’10. ENGL 420: Literature of the Middle Passage, Professors Shameem Black and Caryl Phillips.

“ Holiest Love: The Spiritual Valediction in ‘A Hymne to Christ ,’” by Alexandra Schwartz ’09. ENGL 125: Major English Poets, Professor George Fayen.

“ Harmony of the Flesh: The Primitivist Poetry of Disgrace ,” by Samuel Ayres ’09. ENGL 328: Fiction Without Borders, Professor Shameem Black.

“ Creation, Destruction, and Stasis in Three Poems by Shelley ,” by Noah Lawrence ’09. ENGL 249: Eng Lit & the French Revolution, Professor David Bromwich.

“ The Collapse of Difference in Stoppard’s Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ,” by Maria Spiegel ’09. ENGL 129: The European Literary Tradition, Professor Andrea Walkden.

“ From Ass to Audience: Imagination as an Act of Translation ,” by Carina del Valle Schorske ’09. ENGL 129: The European Literary Tradition, Professor Laura Frost.

“ The Convergence of American Identity and Experience: Walt Whitman’s Concept of Democracy in ‘Song of Myself’ ,” by Alexandra Schwartz ’09. ENGL 127: Introduction to the Study of American Literature, Professor Elizabeth Dillon.

“ Love Overheard ,” by Tian Ying “Tina” Wu ’08. ENGL 125: Major English Poets, Professor Matthew Giancarlo.

“ Heart and Soul ,” by Meredith Williams ’09. ENGL 125: Major English Poets, Professor Leslie Brisman.

“ When Hell Freezes Over: Dante as Pilgrim and Poet in Inferno XXXII ,” by Lukas Cox ’19. DRST001: Literature, Professor Kathryn Slanski.

“ The essay (which others call the List) ,” by Caroline Sydney ’16. DRST 002: Directed Studies Literature, Professor Mark Bauer.

“ Paradise Lost, Again ,” by Eliana Dockterman ’13. Directed Studies: Literature, Professor Mark Bauer.

“‘ Both Soles of Every Sinner Were On Fire’: Contrapasso in Canto XI ,” by Alice Baumgartner ’10. Directed Studies: Literature, Professor Shameem Black.

“ Knocking Down the Puppet Show: Dangerous Readers in Cervantes’ Don Quixote ,” by Katy Waldman ’10. Directed Studies: Literature, Professor Richard Maxwell.

“ Sanity’s Dream: Reason and Madness, Modernity and Antiquity in King Lear and Don Quijote ,” by Joshua Tan ’09. Directed Studies: Literature, Professor Charles Hill.

" The Preserved Party: A Metonymical Still Life ," by Janine Chow ’15. LITR 202: Nabokov and World Literature, Professor Marijeta Bozovic, Teaching Fellow Daria Ezerova.

“ A-Foot and Under-Foot: Peripheries and the Footnote ,” by Catherine Reilly ’08. LITR 142: World Literature, Professor Barry McCrea.

Directed Studies

" Formulating Maxims to Test Their Morality: Sources of Ambiguity in Kant's Moral Philosophy ," by Dan Friedman ’17. Directed Studies: Philosophy, Professor Daniel Greco.

“ Charlotte’s Finite Web: Causality in Aristotle’s Metaphysics ,” by Anya Richkind ’16. Directed Studies: Philosophy, Professor Epifanio Elizondo.

“ A Reconstruction and Critique of the Refutation of Idealism ,” by Minh Alexander Nguyen ’15. Directed Studies: Philosophy, Professor Matthew Noah Smith.

“ The Cost of Duty-Free and Duty: John Stuart Mill’s Failed Critique of Immanuel Kant, and Further Critiques of Both Philosophers ,” by Noah Lawrence ’09. Directed Studies: Philosophy, Professor Jonathan Gilmore.

“ Telling a Lie to Save a Life: Kant’s Moral Failure and Mill’s Mere Suitability ,” by Brian Earp ’10. Directed Studies: Philosophy, Professor Gregory Ganssle.

Personal Essays

“ Self-Service ,” by Lucy McCurdy ’21. ENGL 120: Reading and Writing the Modern Essay, Professor Andrew Ehrgood.

“ Remembering the Treehouse: The Magic Between the Lines ,” by Oscar Lopez Aguirre ’20. ENGL 115: Literature Seminar, Professor Ryan Wepler.

" Laura Lee, Ink on Skin, Personal Collection of the Artist ," by Maia Hirschler ’17. ENGL 120: Reading and Writing the Modern Essay, Professor Briallen Hopper.

“ To Rufus, Who Was a Shitty Gerbil ,” by Abigail Bessler ’17. ENGL 255: Writing Humor, Professor Ryan Wepler.

" Not Today ," by Emile Greer ’15. ENGL 121: Styles of Academic and Professional Prose, Professor John Loge.

“ Why I Powerlift ,” by Chelsea Savit ’13. ENGL 120: Reading and Writing the Modern Essay, Professor Andrew Ehrgood.

“ Collecting Time ,” by Kathryn Culhane ’15. ENGL 121: Styles of Academic and Professional Prose, Professor John Loge.

“ Choice ,” by Joanna Zheng ’14. ENGL 120: Reading and Writing the Modern Essay, Professor Kim Shirkhani.

“ The Flood ,” by Michael Schulson ’12. ENGL 120: Reading and Writing the Modern Essay, Professor Barbara Stuart.

“ Choosing Terms ,” by Sarah Nutman ’11. ENGL 120: Reading and Writing the Modern Essay, Professor Richard Deming.

“ Mid-winter Walk on the Beach ,” by Kathryn Mathis ’07. ENGL 248: Nature Writing in Britain and the Colonies, Professor Linda Peterson.

“ Reindeer Bells ,” by John Thornton ’09. ENGL 120: Reading and Writing the Modern Essay, Professor William Broun.

“ The History of a Mushroom Enthusiast ,” by Sita Sunil ’19. ENGL 120: Reading and Writing the Modern Essay, Professor Kimberly Shirkhani.

“ Waking Up the Warriors: The Rise of Cancer Immunotherapy ,” by Malini Gandhi ’17. ENGL 121: Styles of Academic and Professional Prose, Professor Randi Epstein.

" Choosing to Walk the Tightrope ," by Emma Fallone ’16. ENGL 240: Writing Narrative Nonfiction, Professor Edward Ball.

" Unthinkable ," by Karen Tian ’15. ENGL 121: Styles of Academic and Professional Prose, Professor Randi Epstein.

“A Security Debriefing with R. Rosarbo on the Subject of Wilbur Cross High School ,” by Sophie Dillon ’17. ENGL 120: Reading and Writing the Modern Essay, Professor Ryan Wepler.

“ Prove It ,” by Jeremy Lent ’11. ENGL 467: Journalism, Professor Jill Abramson.

“ Round Up These Characters ,” by Presca Ahn ’10. ENGL 469: Advanced Nonfiction Writing, Professor Anne Fadiman.

“ When Culture Trumps Law ,” by Emma Sokoloff-Rubin ’11. ENGL 454: Non-Fiction Writing, Voice & Structure, Professor Fred Strebeigh.

“ Vignettes From a Carpetbagger: Four Parables of the Katrina Era ,” by Easha Anand ’08. ENGL 454: Non-Fiction Writing, Voice & Structure, Professor Fred Strebeigh.

“ 17 Genesis ,” by Isaac Selya ’08. ENGL 450: Daily Themes, Professor Bill Deresiewicz.

“ Rapha ,” by Allison Battey ’08. ENGL 454: Nonfiction, Voice and Structure, Professor Fred Strebeigh.

“ Breaking Rock ,” by Paul Gleason ’06. ENGL 469: Advanced Non-Fiction: At Home in America, Professor Anne Fadiman.

“ La Barbieria ,” by Edward Scheinman ’07. ENGL 469: Advanced Non-Fiction: At Home in America, Professor Anne Fadiman.

Cultural Criticism

“ Prom King ,” by Aaron Orbey '19. ENGL 121: Cultural Critique: Style as Argument, Professor Kimberly Shirkhani.

" The Beauty of Illness ," by Jacquelyn Nakamura ’15. ENGL 121: Styles of Academic and Professional Prose, Professor Kim Shirkhani.

“ Privatization as Violence: Iraqi Oil and a Contractor Army ,” by Rosa Shapiro-Thompson ’19. HIST 042: Oil and Empire, Professor Rosie Bsheer.

" Silencing the Past  by Michael-Rolph Trouillot: A Revolutionary History ," by Chentian (Lionel) Jin ’18. HIST 007: The History of U.S.-Latin American Relations, Professors Jennifer Van Vleck and Taylor Jardno.

“ Selling Dentifrice from New Delhi: Chester Bowles in India, 1951-53 ,” by Harrison Monsky ’13. HIST 134: Yale and America, Professor Jay Gitlin.

“ Silent Protection and the Burden of Silence ,” by Emma Sokoloff-Rubin ’11. HIST 160: Topics in Lesbian and Gay History, Professor George Chauncey.

“ Modern Blood Libels and the Masking of Egyptian Insecurities ,” by Matthew Bozik ’10. HIST 434: Anti-Semitism in Modern Times, Professor Paula Hyman.

“ The Progressives’ Attempts to Link America’s Rural Past and Modern Future ,” by Brooks Swett ’09. HIST 496: Nationalism in American Politics and Culture, Professor Samuel Schaffer.

“ Meanings in Canada’s Vimy Ridge Memorial ,” by Michael Birnbaum ’08. HIST 423: Cultural History of World War I, Professor Bruno Cabanes.

“ Lollard Bible Translation: Severing the Connection Between Language and Intellectual Privilege ,” by Louisa Inskip ’08. HIST 406: Medieval Heresy and Inquisition, Professor Brian Noell.

“ The Samuel and Mary Attempted Piracy Outside the Port of Cephalonia: A Case Study of Piracy Law as a Transitional Factor Away from Lex Mercatoria ,” by Michael A. Gousgounis ’06. HIST 416: Venice & The Mediterranean, 1400-1700, Professor Francesca Trivellato.

“ Entrepreneur, Democrat, Patriot: Sameness and Difference in Charles Willson Peale’s Philadelphia Museum ,” by Jordan Cutler-Tietjen ’20. HUMS 220: Collecting Nature and Art, 1500–1850, Professor Paola Bertucci, Teaching Fellow Sarah Pickman.

“ The Impossibility of P. Grad. 4 in the Thebaid and Implications for Ptolemaic Rule ,” by Jennifer Barrows ’12. CLCV 204: Alexander and the Hellenistic World, Professor Joseph Manning, Teaching Fellow Caroline Stark.

History Junior Seminar

“ Following Thread: Understanding History and Materiality in Frida Kahlo’s Clothes ,” by Deborah Monti ’19. HIST 358J: Mexico Since Independence, Professor Gilbert Joseph.

“‘ The Tories of 1812’: Decoding the Language of Political Insults in the Early Republic ,” by Zoe Rubin ’17. HIST 133J: Creation of the American Politician, Professor Joanne Freeman.

" Big Trouble in the Big Easy: The Battle of Canal Street and the Independence of Black Political Power ," by Jacob Wasserman ’16. HIST 139J: The American South Since Reconstruction, Professor Glenda Gilmore.

" Thomas Clap, Ezra Stiles, and Yale's First Revolution ," by Thomas Hopson ’16. HIST 135J: The Age of Hamilton and Jefferson, Professor Joanne Freeman.

" The Trolley Problem: The Demise of the Streetcar in New Haven ," by Jacob Wasserman ’16. HIST 116J: Roads and Cars in American Life, Professor David Spatz.

“‘ In the Fold of America’: Immigration Politics in the Alien and Sedition Era ,” by Jacob Anbinder ’14. HIST 135J: Age of Hamilton and Jefferson, Professor Joanne B. Freeman.

“ Managing History: The Federalist Attempt To Shape the Hartford Convention’s Legacy ,” by Nathaniel Zelinsky ’14. HIST 133J: The Creation of the American Politician, 1789–1820, Professor Joanne Freeman.

“ Hearts of Darkness: Opium Dens and Urban Exploration in Late Victorian London ,” by Teo Soares ’13. HIST 225J: London and Modernity, Professor Becky Conekin.

“ Mr. Madison Meets His Party: The Appointment of a Judge and The Education of a President ,” by Ryan Jacobs ’11. HIST 135J: The Age of Hamilton and Jefferson, Professor Joanne Freeman.

“ Stages of Modernity: The Thaw-Nesbit-White Scandal, the New York Press and the Drama of the Century ,” by Randall Spock ’11. HIST 126J: Murder and Mayhem in Old New York, Professor Mary Lui.

“ Dissidence in China and Eastern Europe and the Search for a New Pragmatism ,” by Eli Bildner ’10. HIST 231J: Responses to Totalitarianism, Professor Marci Shore.

“ Dancing with Knives: Voguing and Black Vernacular Dance ,” by Eliza Robertson ’18. THST 380: History of Dance, Professor Brian Seibert.

“ Having Her Pie and Eating It Too: Sara Bareilles’ Representation of Women through the Convergence of Singer-Songwriter, Stage Character, and Composer in Waitress: The Musical ,” by Sofía Campoamor ’20. MUSI 335: Women on Stage, Professors Gundula Kreuzer and Annelies Andries.

“City of Elms: The Myth of the Urban Pastoral ,” by Rebecca Ju ’21. EVST 120: American Environmental History, Professor Paul Sabin, Teaching Fellow Kelly Goodman.

“ Avoiding the sublime: Photography and the ongoing legacy of nuclear technology ,” by Colin Hemez ’18. HSAR 401: Critical Approaches to Art History, Professors Erica James and Monica Bravo.

“ Public health in the age of nuclear fallout: St. Louis and the Baby Tooth Survey 1958-1963 ,” by Kathleen Yu ’17. HSHM 448: American Medicine and the Cold War, Professor Naomi Rogers.

“ Walking With, Moving Through ,” by Holly Taylor ’17. THST 244: Writing about Movement, Professor Brian Seibert.

" From Sanctuary to Cemetery: The Fate of Astoria and the Italian Immigrant Community ," by Giovanni Bacarella ’15. AMST 348: Space, Place, & Landscape, Professor Laura Barraclough.

“‘ That’s What It Is’: Musical Potential and Stylistic Contrast in Act One, Scene One of The Most Happy Fella ,” by Dan Rubins ’16. MUSI 246: American Musical Theatre History, Professor Daniel Egan.

“ An Unattainable Salvation: Dirt, Danger & Domesticity in Old New York ,” by Catherine Carson Evans ’13. AMST 207: American Cultural Landscapes, Professor Dolores Hayden, Teaching Fellow Chloe Taft.

“ Pruitt-Igoe: Utopic Expectations Meet Tenement-Infused Realities ,” by Evan Frondorf ’14. AMST 207: American Cultural Landscapes, Professor Dolores Hayden, Teaching Fellow Liz Bondaryk.

“ The Numerous Faces of South Korea’s Burgeoning Medical Tourism Industry ,” by Lisa Wang ’12. AMST 192: Work and Daily Life in Global Capitalism, Professor Michael Denning.

“ The Prisoner Dis-Analogy as a Defense of Stem Cell Research on Spare Embryos ,” by Ilana Yurkiewicz ’10. CSDC 362: Bioethics and the Law, Professor Dov Fox.

“ Regarding the Body: The Spectacle of Dissection and Its Uses in the 18th Century ,” by Mihan Lee ’10. HSHM 431: Science/Spectacle in Enlightenment, Professor Paola Bertucci.

“ Ignoring the Call to Murder: The Evolution of Surrealist French Cinema ,” by Christopher Adler ’09. FILM 240: World Cinema, Professor Dudley Andrew.

“ The Photograph: A Personal Exploration ,” by Hannah Shearer ’09. FILM 099: Film and the Arts, Professor Dudley Andrew.

“ That Make the Strong Heart Weak ,” by Justin Jannise ’09. FILM 099: Film and the Arts, Professor Dudley Andrew.

“ Save Yourself from Yourself ,” by Ryan Hollander ’12. PLSC 114: Intro to Political Philosophy, Professor Steven Smith, Teaching Fellow Meredith Edwards.

“ Feel Like a Natural Human: The Polis by Nature, and Human Nature in Aristotle’s The Politics ,” by Laura Zax ’10. PLSC 114: Intro to Political Philosophy, Professor Steven Smith, Teaching Fellow Justin Zaremby.

“ Federal Funding for Embryonic Stem Cell Research ,” by Jurist Tan ’09. BENG 090: Stem Cells: Science & Politics, Professor Erin Lavik.

Film, Visual Arts, & Performing Arts

Political science.

“ A Tale of Two States: Takeaways from Massachusetts and Louisiana in the Quest for a New Federal Education Policy ,” by Emil Friedman ’20. PLSC 214: Politics of U.S. Public Policy, Professor Jacob Hacker, Teaching Fellow Baobao Zhang.

“ Fools & Self-Representation: A Defense of Faretta v. California ,” by Daniel Cheng ’13. PLSC 252: Crime & Punishment, Professor Gregory Huber, Teaching Fellow Jeremy Kaplan-Lyman.

“ Reconsidering Broken Windows: A Critique of Moral and Pragmatic Justifications ,” by Aseem Mehta ’14. PLSC 252: Crime and Punishment, Professor Gregory Huber, Teaching Fellow Jeremy Kaplan-Lyman.

“ Pressured Justice: Activating the Courts for the Protection of Female Laborer ,” by David Wheelock ’09. PLSC 373: Comparative Judicial Politics, Professor Frances Rosenbluth, Teaching Fellow Stephen Engel.

“ Fixing Poverty: What Government Can and Cannot Do To Make America Better ,” by James Kirchick ’06. PLSC 203: Inequality and American Democracy, Professor Jacob S. Hacker, Teaching Fellow Nicole Kazee.

“ Suffering and Redemption in the Eyes of Lincoln ,” by Katerina Apostolides ’06. PLSC 314: Lincoln—Principle, Statesmanship, and Persuasion, Professors Steven Smith and David Bromwich.

Sociology, Anthropology, & Linguistics

“ The Presentation of Disability in Everyday Life ,” by Jack Lattimore ’20. SOCY 152: Topics in Contemporary Social Theory, Professor Ron Eyerman, Teaching Fellow Roger Baumann.

“ Across the Islands: Lexical and Phonetic Variation in Hawai‘ian Dialects ,” by Jackson Petty ’21. LING 112: Historical Linguistics, Professor Jonathan Manker, Teaching Fellow Martín Fuchs.

" A Diachronic Perspective on Semantic Maps ," by Robert Yaman ’15. LING 121: Historical Linguistics, Professor Claire Bowern, Teaching Fellow Sean Gleason.

" Preserving Values in a Market for Kidneys ," by Cynthia Hua ’15. SOCY 321: Sociology of Markets, Professors Devin Singh and Frederick Wherry, Teaching Fellow Andrew Cohen.

" Unweaving the ‘Development Narrative’: Bt Cotton and Farmer Suicides in India ," by Alina Aksiyote Bernardete ’16. ANTH 276: South Asian Social Worlds, Professor Sara Shneiderman.

“ Imagined Identities: The Tibetan Government-in-exile and the Western Vision of Tibet ,” by Emily Kruger ’08. ANTH 455: Religion and Globalization in East Asia, Professor Gareth Fisher.

Women’s, Gender, & Sexuality Studies

“ Congratulations, It’s a Social Construct: Production and Reproduction of (Trans) Gendered Bodies ,” by Laura Goetz ’17. WGSS 340: Feminist and Queer Theory, Professor Margaret Homans.

" Chronicles of My Life: A Minority Reading of the Dominant Narrative ," by Cathy Shen ’17. WGSS 327: Constructing Self: Autobiography, Professor Geetanjali Chanda.

Environmental Studies

“ Sex-Based Effects of Positive vs. Negative Message Framing on Intended Alcohol Use ,” by Sarah Stein ’19. PSYC 235: Research Methods in Psychology, Professor Woo-Kyoung Ahn, Teaching Fellow Natalie Wittlin.

“Effect of Excuses on Making Moral Judgments ,” by Angela Choi ’12. PSYC 235: Research Methods in Psychology, Professor Woo-Kyoung Ahn, Teaching Fellow Sarah Hailey.

“ Positive, Math-Unrelated Priming and Women’s Math Performance ,” by Jason Parad ’12. PSYC 235: Research Methods in Psychology, Professor Woo-kyoung Ahn, Teaching Fellow Jacqueline Smith.

“ Infants’ Use of Kind Information in Object Individuation and Implications for Conceptual Development ,” by Elizabeth Rawson ’07. PSYC 140: Developmental Psychology, Professor Frank Keil.

Health Studies

" Nutrition in Zambia ," by Christina de Fontnouvelle ’16. HLTH 230: Global Health Challenges and Responses, Professor Richard Skolnik, Teaching Fellow Jordan Emont.

" Importing Prescription Drugs from Canada: A Public Health Solution ," by Stephanie Heung ’15. PHYS 320: Science and Public Policy, Professor Bonnie Fleming.

“ Cardiovascular Disease in China ,” by Sudhakar Nuti ’13. HLTH 230: Global Health: Challenges and Responses, Professor Richard Skolnik, Teaching Fellow Nidhi Parekh.

“Neurometabolic Biomarkers for the Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease ,” by Ludivine Brunissen ’19. BENG 485: Fundamentals of Neuroimaging, Professors D.S. Fahmeed Hyder and Douglas L. Rothman, Teaching Fellow John J. Walsh.

“ The Construction of a Universal Entry Vector to Facilitate Genetic Modification of Rhizobia ,” by Sarah McAlister ’16. MCDB 201L: Molecular Biology Laboratory, Professor Maria Moreno.

“ Visualization of localization and expression of Arabidopsis thaliana gene AT1G52340, an ortholog of Tasselseed2 ,” by Kevin Hochstrasser ’15. MCDB 201L: Molecular Biology Laboratory, Professor Maria Moreno, Teaching Fellow Christopher Bartley.

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Essay – examples & model answers | C2 Proficient (CPE)

CPE Model Essay: Advertising

Example exam task:.

Write an essay summarising and evaluating the four key points from both texts . Use your own words throughout as far as possible, and include your own ideas in your answers.

Model Answer (Grade: 4-5)

Example answer:.

The two texts contrast the pros and cons of outdoor advertising, in particular in its latest digital form. Text 1 claims that outdoor advertising, like any advertising, is designed to appeal to potential customers, even creating in them a need for which it promises immediate satisfaction. In this respect, outdoor advertising is the most effective type and digitalisation considerably broadens the ways in which advertising professionals can reach and hence manipulate customers.

While outdoor advertising undoubtedly has an alluring power for customers, I seriously doubt its importance and overall impact. At least from the point of view of a European citizen, everyday exposure to outdoor advertising, digital or not, appears to be minimal. And the cheapness of digital media has to be offset against the continuous need for power to run these media, a fact that renders the term ‘cheap’ short-sighted and unconvincing.

Text 2 argues that traditional, paper–based outdoor advertising was unobtrusive and overall, unimportant. Digital advertising, however, is seen as intrusive, its attractiveness simply boiling down to it being a novelty. People sharing these opinions regard advertising practices, particularly those focusing on the young and those in need of help, as deplorable, especially when it damages the environment at the same time.

I agree with the statements in text 2 as far as the environmental damage and advertising practices, in general, are concerned. However, those practices are not solely dependent on the medium they use. Paper–based outdoor advertising can be just as unwanted and creepingly commercialising as its digital counterpart. The fundamental question is: ‘Do we want to be seduced and manipulated in such a way at all? If people answer ‘yes’, I assume that digital outdoor advertising is just another step that will be followed by yet more intrusive ones

FCE, CAE, CPE

Practice, write & improve, cpe model essays: traffic & motoring.

Essay on Motoring and Traffic Congestion

The need of motor vehicles in the modern world is undeniable. But although the benefits of owning a four-wheeled transportation device are numerous, cars can also generate a lot of problems.

On the one hand automobiles are absolutely necessary for some people. For instance, in theUSA, everybody needs a car to go to school or to go to work. With public transport being slow or simply non-existent, having a car gives people a transport solution. Furthermore,travelling by car also helps people avoid stressful situations. Owning a car means no more standing in crowded buses or fighting with people in the subway.

On the other hand, all those cars in the streets mean facing traffic jams and of course pollution. They create congestion and are one of the principal sources of contamination in the cities. As a respond to this situation, governments are implementing a series of strategies to motivate people not to use their cars so often.

Some of these government strategies involve car sharing and using bikes, while others fine drivers who use their vehicles on certain days or at certain times; but this strategy does notseem to be so efficient. Probably because doing something to avoid a fine, does not involve really understanding the nature of the problem.

All in all, I am of the opinion that cars are indispensable in the current lifestyles and living standards. We cannot disregard the impact they had on facilitating our existence,nevertheless, it is irrefutable that their numbers have reached levels where we must not hesitate to act in downsizing them.

The over-arching theme of these two texts is the use of cars in our society.

The first one adopts a more practical viewpoint on this subject , discussing different alternatives to reduce a very common problem that many big cities have to deal with nowadays, namely traffic congestions. This text makes the point that it is important to find ways to tackle this increasing problem; whether it is through raising people’s s consciousness,setting speed limits, or even using congestion charges. The main point made is that it is important that citizen not use their cars so frequently.

In my opinion, it is very important to try to reduce traffic congestions. However, the first text fails to take into consideration reducing the price of public transport. This would enable people to travel with ease and may encourage them to stop using their vehicles as much as they do now.

The second text is possibly more descriptive. It discusses how people use their own car with complete disregard for the drawbacks that this may bring. People accept drawbacks, such as ever-increasing petrol prices, expensive insurances, traffic jams, etc. However, these negative aspects do not discourage them from getting behind the wheel. The benefits of this far outweigh the drawbacks.

Expensive though it may be, using their own car gives people the freedom and independence that they would not be able to have otherwise. In addition, for some people their car is not just a means of transport, it is also, somehow, an extension of their personality.I am of the opinion that because of our fast pace of life, we have become very dependent on our cars to take us everywhere. This is simply where evolution is taking us.

CPE Example/Model Essays: Teenagers

Example Answer (Grade: 3)

The impact of the media on teenagers

Nowadays it has become almost impossible to ignore the media due to the fact that most of us spend some daily time either watching television, listening to the radio or surfing the internet. Specially teenagers who spend a significant part of the day exposed to all types of advertisement. Advertisers consider that teenagers are the perfect target, while some people believe that teenagers have changed marketing worldwide. Who manipulates who? That is the dilemma.

On one hand, the marketing and advertisement industry look upon the young generations as the easiest people to influence. Making them believe that certain items are the key to popularity is the strategy they have developed to sell among that generation.

On the other hand, some people believe that advertising responds to young peoples’ desires and not the other way around. It is the energy of teenagers that has had a huge impact on this industry, making it more innovative and creative. The power of young people have push advertising boundaries to become almost an art form more sophisticated and attractive than ever before.

All in all, there has been a revolution in the adversiment industry globally. While some people may be influenced by it, some others may define trends. Ten years ago people were not so worried about material offered by the media. Globalization has changed everything, advertising has become part of our daily lives and it is unavoidable. The temptation surround us, some of us fall for it.

Examiners comments & grade:

Model Answer (Grade: 3-4)

I have often asked myself whether it is different being a teenager nowadays than when I was that age. Are the problems still the same?

The years between 10 and 20 are certainly a difficult time in everybody’s life because one’s personality is developing and this makes a teenager generally more vulnerable than an adult. I am convinced that when it comes to media it is demanding to deal with for young people today. Advertisements are very prominent in our modern world and teenagers normally spend a lot of hours watching television or surfing the internet, which makes them potential customers. Furthermore, many teenagers have more money to spend than maybe twenty years ago and you often hear about families taking loans for expenses like technical equipment or mobile phone bills for their children. Certainly in the current economic climate many parents face tough decisions especially when it comes to what they can afford for their offspring. The most important point is that teenagers are often an easy target for companies advertising their latest gadgets. Many teenagers will buy it if they just manage to convince them that their product is an absolute ‘must-have’, because the pressure of belonging to a certain group, feeling accepted and not being an outsider is a big issue for a young person.

On the other hand, teenagers are trend setters. They have to create new ideas to be unique or just different from their own parents and this often sets the trend for a whole generation. Being special and fashionable is so important and therefore one needs to spend money on clothes, computers, games or phones to be part of your teenage generation and to find common grounds to make friends and have a fulfilling social life. Personally, I find it quite shocking when reading about the psychological strategies advertising companies use to gain influence on young people to sell a product. They are also often exploiting the creative energy of teenagers and it is almost impossible to escape the world of advertisement.

To conclude, I believe it is not feasible to prohibit adverts for teenagers. Furthermore, parents cannot avoid their children coming into contact with it, but it needs sensible adults helping and supporting teenagers in developing their own personality and sense of taste without the powerful influence of adverts.

Model Answer (Grade: 5)

These texts both deal with the relationship between teenagers and advertising.

The first one focuses on how advertisers exploit young people, taking advantage both of teenage preoccupation with the media and of their susceptibility to peer pressure combined with a wish to appear ‘cool’. The second text is less critical of the relationship between marketing and young people. It presents the young as having a very positive influence on the quality of modern adverts, helping to make them much wittier and more original than ever before. This text maintains that teenagers’ impact on advertising derives partly from their predilection for what is intriguingly new but also, more particularly, from their own creative energy. This energy has been channeled into advertising, raising it arguably to the level of an art form.

While I appreciate the arguments put forward in both texts, I tend to feel more in sympathy with the approach of the first one. I suspect that advertisers are quite cold-heartedly prepared to exploit the youth market, keen to capture the attention – and the cash – of the new generation and well aware of how young people are perhaps more easily influenced than their more cynical elders.

I would accept that advertising can be very creative and I personally often find an advert in a magazine or a TV commercial attractive to look at or enjoyably humorous. It does not seem unreasonable to suggest that many people with artistic talents are attracted into the advertising profession. However, I do not see that as having any direct connection with teenagers. Those who create the most original adverts are certainly likely to be young but in their twenties or early thirties rather than their teens. Moreover the appeal of the more sophisticated advert is surely just as powerful for the older generation as for teenagers.

Concern is often expressed about the negative effects that television can have on young people. As far as I am concerned, the most serious damage that occurs is a result of the constant commercial pressures that vulnerable youngsters are exposed to.

Advertisements every ten minutes or so as children and teenagers watch their favourite programmes are likely to lead them to believe that possessing the latest gadget or item of clothing will bring them happiness and respect from others. To my mind, the result of this can only be a generation whose values are too materialistic for their own ultimate contentment.

This is not to say that all advertisements are lacking in quality. It is not unreasonable, in fact, to consider them as an art form as many are imaginative and make original use of language, music and camerawork. They are indeed often produced by talented young people who find them an appropriate focus for their own creativity.

In my opinion, the answer lies in education. Advertisements are not harmful per se; it is just that we all need to know how to use them. We should take the information that we need from them but we should be aware of the techniques that their makers use with the hope of influencing us to buy things we do not really have any need of. Young people should be taught not only to appreciate the artistic qualities of adverts but also to recognize the tricks that are being employed. Greater sophistication should lead to less vulnerability.

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How to Write an Essay Outline | Guidelines & Examples

Published on August 14, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023.

An essay outline is a way of planning the structure of your essay before you start writing. It involves writing quick summary sentences or phrases for every point you will cover in each paragraph , giving you a picture of how your argument will unfold.

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Table of contents

Organizing your material, presentation of the outline, examples of essay outlines, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about essay outlines.

At the stage where you’re writing an essay outline, your ideas are probably still not fully formed. You should know your topic  and have already done some preliminary research to find relevant sources , but now you need to shape your ideas into a structured argument.

Creating categories

Look over any information, quotes and ideas you’ve noted down from your research and consider the central point you want to make in the essay—this will be the basis of your thesis statement . Once you have an idea of your overall argument, you can begin to organize your material in a way that serves that argument.

Try to arrange your material into categories related to different aspects of your argument. If you’re writing about a literary text, you might group your ideas into themes; in a history essay, it might be several key trends or turning points from the period you’re discussing.

Three main themes or subjects is a common structure for essays. Depending on the length of the essay, you could split the themes into three body paragraphs, or three longer sections with several paragraphs covering each theme.

As you create the outline, look critically at your categories and points: Are any of them irrelevant or redundant? Make sure every topic you cover is clearly related to your thesis statement.

Order of information

When you have your material organized into several categories, consider what order they should appear in.

Your essay will always begin and end with an introduction and conclusion , but the organization of the body is up to you.

Consider these questions to order your material:

• Is there an obvious starting point for your argument?
• Is there one subject that provides an easy transition into another?
• Do some points need to be set up by discussing other points first?

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Within each paragraph, you’ll discuss a single idea related to your overall topic or argument, using several points of evidence or analysis to do so.

In your outline, you present these points as a few short numbered sentences or phrases.They can be split into sub-points when more detail is needed.

The template below shows how you might structure an outline for a five-paragraph essay.

• Thesis statement
• First piece of evidence
• Second piece of evidence
• Summary/synthesis
• Importance of topic
• Strong closing statement

You can choose whether to write your outline in full sentences or short phrases. Be consistent in your choice; don’t randomly write some points as full sentences and others as short phrases.

Examples of outlines for different types of essays are presented below: an argumentative, expository, and literary analysis essay.

Argumentative essay outline

This outline is for a short argumentative essay evaluating the internet’s impact on education. It uses short phrases to summarize each point.

Its body is split into three paragraphs, each presenting arguments about a different aspect of the internet’s effects on education.

• Importance of the internet
• Concerns about internet use
• Thesis statement: Internet use a net positive
• Data exploring this effect
• Analysis indicating it is overstated
• Students’ reading levels over time
• Why this data is questionable
• Video media
• Interactive media
• Speed and simplicity of online research
• Questions about reliability (transitioning into next topic)
• Evidence indicating its ubiquity
• Claims that it discourages engagement with academic writing
• Evidence that Wikipedia warns students not to cite it
• Argument that it introduces students to citation
• Summary of key points
• Value of digital education for students
• Need for optimism to embrace advantages of the internet

Expository essay outline

This is the outline for an expository essay describing how the invention of the printing press affected life and politics in Europe.

The paragraphs are still summarized in short phrases here, but individual points are described with full sentences.

• Claim that the printing press marks the end of the Middle Ages.
• Provide background on the low levels of literacy before the printing press.
• Present the thesis statement: The invention of the printing press increased circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation.
• Discuss the very high levels of illiteracy in medieval Europe.
• Describe how literacy and thus knowledge and education were mainly the domain of religious and political elites.
• Indicate how this discouraged political and religious change.
• Describe the invention of the printing press in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg.
• Show the implications of the new technology for book production.
• Describe the rapid spread of the technology and the printing of the Gutenberg Bible.
• Link to the Reformation.
• Discuss the trend for translating the Bible into vernacular languages during the years following the printing press’s invention.
• Describe Luther’s own translation of the Bible during the Reformation.
• Sketch out the large-scale effects the Reformation would have on religion and politics.
• Summarize the history described.
• Stress the significance of the printing press to the events of this period.

Literary analysis essay outline

The literary analysis essay outlined below discusses the role of theater in Jane Austen’s novel Mansfield Park .

The body of the essay is divided into three different themes, each of which is explored through examples from the book.

• Describe the theatricality of Austen’s works
• Outline the role theater plays in Mansfield Park
• Introduce the research question : How does Austen use theater to express the characters’ morality in Mansfield Park ?
• Discuss Austen’s depiction of the performance at the end of the first volume
• Discuss how Sir Bertram reacts to the acting scheme
• Introduce Austen’s use of stage direction–like details during dialogue
• Explore how these are deployed to show the characters’ self-absorption
• Discuss Austen’s description of Maria and Julia’s relationship as polite but affectionless
• Compare Mrs. Norris’s self-conceit as charitable despite her idleness
• Summarize the three themes: The acting scheme, stage directions, and the performance of morals
• Answer the research question
• Indicate areas for further study

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You will sometimes be asked to hand in an essay outline before you start writing your essay . Your supervisor wants to see that you have a clear idea of your structure so that writing will go smoothly.

Even when you do not have to hand it in, writing an essay outline is an important part of the writing process . It’s a good idea to write one (as informally as you like) to clarify your structure for yourself whenever you are working on an essay.

If you have to hand in your essay outline , you may be given specific guidelines stating whether you have to use full sentences. If you’re not sure, ask your supervisor.

When writing an essay outline for yourself, the choice is yours. Some students find it helpful to write out their ideas in full sentences, while others prefer to summarize them in short phrases.

You should try to follow your outline as you write your essay . However, if your ideas change or it becomes clear that your structure could be better, it’s okay to depart from your essay outline . Just make sure you know why you’re doing so.

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Caulfield, J. (2023, July 23). How to Write an Essay Outline | Guidelines & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved July 5, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/academic-essay/essay-outline/

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A role model is a person whose behaviour, example, or success is or can be emulated by others, especially by younger people.

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