what is unit presentation

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Units of Presentation

NCI Thesaurus OID: 2.16.840.1.113883.3.26.1.1

NCI concept code for potency units: C48470

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Unit of Presentation Attributes

• Created by Linda Bird on 2021-Jun-04

The following sections discuss the attribute concepts that are used to represent the unit of presentation of concepts in the medicinal product hierarchy.

Unit of Presentation

A unit of presentation is a qualitative concept that describes a countable entity in which the clinical drug is presented, or by which it is bounded.  It is used to support expression of presentation strength, where it provides the denominator for the strength ratio, and to differentiate different clinical drug products when the "intimate container" (see below) is clinically important (e.g. differentiating pre-filled syringes from ampoules for a solution for injection product). As described in the Strength section above and detailed further in Appendix A, there are various patterns for describing how unit of presentation and expression of strength relate together, based on whether the unit of presentation relates to the basic dose form or the intimate container (which is therefore the countable unit) of the medicinal product.  As the countable entity for a medicinal product, unit of presentation is also important in describing packages, which although out of scope of the international edition, may be of major importance for national extensions describing medicinal products. There are three types of unit of presentation:

• in this type, the solid dosage form, because of its discrete nature, is the countable unit; it provides the physical boundary in which the active ingredient substance(s) of the medicinal product are presented
• in this type, the countable unit is the "actuation" provided by the metering valve; it is the valve that determines (bounds) the physical amount of the active ingredient substance(s) of the medicinal product are presented
• see below for detail

Intimate container

The "intimate container" of a medicinal product is the receptacle or vessel used to contain (or bound) liquid and some solid or semi-solid medicinal products into countable entities. A medicinal product presented in an intimate container will almost always have at least one layer of additional packaging added to it in order to make it into a packaged medicinal product; this external packaging is not described in the international edition.  For example: an ampoule is an intimate container to present a solution for injection dosage form; the ampoule will always be supplied in a box or a moulded carton, possibly additionally with a blister strip as intermediate packaging. Particularly for liquid parenteral products for nebuliser liquids, and for some semi-solid presentations, the intimate container/unit of presentation may have clinical significance: providing a patient heparin in a pre-filled syringe is different from supplying that same concentration of heparin in a (multi-dose) vial.  Similarly, hormone replacement gels may be supplied in single dose sachets to provide the correct administration amount.

IDMP Compatibility

In IDMP, the " one countable instance of a whole of medicinal product " is managed through the information model: it is (generally) one instance of the Manufactured Item, with its manufactured dose form and unit of presentation or one instance of the Pharmaceutical Product (with its administrable dose form and unit of presentation). The Manufactured Item is therefore the concept/class that most closely resembles the SNOMED CT Clinical Drug, but both Manufactured Item and Pharmaceutical Product contain the key "unit of presentation" attribute. However, the Manufactured Item is a representation of something that is real, with (at least in theory) all its excipient substances described and therefore is not directly compatible to the Clinical Drug - indeed the Clinical Drug could be seen as a grouper concept for similar Manufactured Items, if excipient substances etc. and packaging are disregarded.  The unit of presentation in IDMP is what specifies the "real world" units in which the quantity of the manufactured item is described. The unit of presentation can be specified in accordance with ISO 11239 and ISO/TS 20440 and its resulting terminology [implemented through EDQM. IDMP goes on to state: "For items where their quantity is a measured quantity of weight or volume, the "unit of presentation" shall not be given since it is the same as the units of that quantity (that is ml, mg or %). For solid dose forms and other items that are measured by counting integer quantities, the unit for quantity shall be "unit" and the "unit of presentation" shall be the item that is counted." In EDQM, unit of presentation is defined as the "Qualitative term describing the discrete countable entity in which a pharmaceutical product or manufactured item is presented, in cases where strength or quantity is expressed referring to one instance of this countable entity."

EXAMPLE 1: To describe strength: "Contains 100 mg per tablet" ('tablet' is the unit of presentation). EXAMPLE 2: To describe quantity: "Contains 100 mL per bottle" ('bottle' is the unit of presentation).

Unit of Presentation is therefore sometimes known as "the countable unit".

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The Units ppm, ppb, and ppt

Dimensionless quantities, which are also sometimes called quantities of dimension one, are generally defined as the ratio of two quantities of the same kind. Examples are refractive index n (defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed in a medium, n = c 0 /c ); and mole fraction x i – more properly called amount of substance fraction (defined as the ratio of the amount of a particular substance i in a mixture to the total amount of substance x i = n i / Σ j n j ). Thus the value of a dimensionless quantity is simply a number, and it would seem that no unit is required. The International System of units, the SI, includes no units for dimensionless quantities as it is at present defined.

However important situations arise where the value of a dimensionless quantity is a number, which is very small compared to one, small by many powers of ten, or sometimes very large compared to one. For example the mole fraction of a minor constituent in a mixture may be of the order 10 −6 or 10 −9 or even smaller. When there is a unit in the value of a quantity it is customary and convenient to make use of the SI prefixes, so that instead of writing a small mass as, for example, 2.6×10 −6 g or 2.6×10 −9 g, we would write 2.6 µg or 2.6 ng, using the SI prefixes micro- or nano- for 10 −6 or 10 −9 . The convenience of the SI prefixes avoids the need to use powers of ten with large negative (or positive) exponents, which are clumsy to say and to type. However they are not available for dimensionless quantities, because there is no unit to which they may be prefixed.

The symbols ppm, ppb, and ppt are used to escape this problem. They are best thought of as non-SI units for dimensionless quantities with the meanings 10 −6 , 10 −9 , and 10 −12 respectively. They are abbreviations for the words parts-per-million, parts-per-billion, and parts-per-trillion. These symbols have become commonplace in everyday use, in the media for example, as well as in scientific and technical contexts. If we regard them as units it is important to note that they are not part of the SI. SI units have an unambiguous definition provided by the BIPM, which is accepted for use worldwide. It follows that if we accept the use of symbols like ppm then we have to ensure that they are unambiguously defined. Advice on the use of these symbols is provided by the SI Brochure, 1 the ISO 80000 series of standards, 2 the IUPAC Green book, 3 and the NIST Special Publication 330, 4 in addition to a number of other similar sources. There is also useful advice in a paper by Cvitas. 5

It is sometimes argued that the use of non-SI units should always be deprecated. However there is little point in deprecating their use if almost everyone continues to use them, which is the situation at present regarding ppm, ppb, and ppt. Because there is no official authority for defining their meaning, users of these units must consider these problems for themselves, and if necessary add extra words to ensure that their meaning is unambiguous. A particular problem arises in the meaning of a billion and a trillion: the usual meaning of these words today is 10 9 and 10 12 respectively, but there are still a few countries (notably Scandinavia) where a billion and a trillion are taken to mean 10 12 and 10 18 respectively, with corresponding changes to the meaning of ppb and ppt. For this reason ISO and the SI Brochure recommend that the symbols ppb and ppt should never be used at all, but nonetheless they are still in common use.

Table 1. Some commonly used symbols for dimensionless numbers, with their commonly accepted meanings and examples of their use. The last three entries in this table are rarely seen, and are best not used. See also comments in the text concerning the meaning of billion and trillion.

Table 1 gives a number of examples of symbols for dimensionless units of the kind discussed here which are to be found in published literature. There are also a few other rules to note. The SI Brochure advises that none of these non-SI symbols should ever be combined with SI units. It is also a general rule that in specifying the value of a quantity, the definition of the quantity should always be specified—if possible by giving the recommended symbol in addition to the name. Never assume that the unit alone provides sufficient information to specify the quantity involved. The quantity should be clearly distinguished from the definition of the unit, which should preferably not be decorated with information on the quantity involved. Thus symbols such as ppm-V (intended to imply that the quantity is a volume fraction) should not be used; instead specify the quantity involved explicitly (see the examples in the table).

Some of the views expressed in this note are my personal views, with which others may not always agree. Different authors have different levels of tolerance towards the use of non-SI units, and it is a characteristic of the units discussed here that there is not really any general authority to advise on these units.

Ian Mills < [email protected] > is an emeritus professor of chemistry at the University of Reading, UK, and is the former president of CCU (CCU is the Consultative Committee on Units of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM)).

1. The International System of Units (the SI Brochure), published by the BIPM, www.bipm.org ; see particularly Chapter 4 on units outside the SI. Search in Google Scholar

2. The International Organisation for Standardisation; see particularly ISO TC12 and ISO TC25, www.iso.org. Search in Google Scholar

3. Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (the IUPAC Green Book), 3rd edition, the Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007. Search in Google Scholar

4. The International System of Units, NIST Special publication 330, 2008 edition. Search in Google Scholar

5. T. Cvitaš, Quantities describing the compositions of mixtures, Metrologia , 33, 35-39 (1996). Search in Google Scholar

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How to Structure your Presentation, with Examples

August 3, 2018 - Dom Barnard

For many people the thought of delivering a presentation is a daunting task and brings about a  great deal of nerves . However, if you take some time to understand how effective presentations are structured and then apply this structure to your own presentation, you’ll appear much more confident and relaxed.

Here is our complete guide for structuring your presentation, with examples at the end of the article to demonstrate these points.

Why is structuring a presentation so important?

If you’ve ever sat through a great presentation, you’ll have left feeling either inspired or informed on a given topic. This isn’t because the speaker was the most knowledgeable or motivating person in the world. Instead, it’s because they know how to structure presentations – they have crafted their message in a logical and simple way that has allowed the audience can keep up with them and take away key messages.

Research has supported this, with studies showing that audiences retain structured information  40% more accurately  than unstructured information.

In fact, not only is structuring a presentation important for the benefit of the audience’s understanding, it’s also important for you as the speaker. A good structure helps you remain calm, stay on topic, and avoid any awkward silences.

What will affect your presentation structure?

Generally speaking, there is a natural flow that any decent presentation will follow which we will go into shortly. However, you should be aware that all presentation structures will be different in their own unique way and this will be due to a number of factors, including:

• Whether you need to deliver any demonstrations
• How  knowledgeable the audience  already is on the given subject
• How much interaction you want from the audience
• Any time constraints there are for your talk
• What setting you are in
• Your ability to use any kinds of visual assistance

Before choosing the presentation’s structure answer these questions first:

• What is your presentation’s aim?
• Who are the audience?
• What are the main points your audience should remember afterwards?

When reading the points below, think critically about what things may cause your presentation structure to be slightly different. You can add in certain elements and add more focus to certain moments if that works better for your speech.

What is the typical presentation structure?

This is the usual flow of a presentation, which covers all the vital sections and is a good starting point for yours. It allows your audience to easily follow along and sets out a solid structure you can add your content to.

1. Greet the audience and introduce yourself

Before you start delivering your talk, introduce yourself to the audience and clarify who you are and your relevant expertise. This does not need to be long or incredibly detailed, but will help build an immediate relationship between you and the audience. It gives you the chance to briefly clarify your expertise and why you are worth listening to. This will help establish your ethos so the audience will trust you more and think you’re credible.

Read our tips on  How to Start a Presentation Effectively

2. Introduction

In the introduction you need to explain the subject and purpose of your presentation whilst gaining the audience’s interest and confidence. It’s sometimes helpful to think of your introduction as funnel-shaped to help filter down your topic:

• Introduce your general topic
• Explain your topic area
• State the issues/challenges in this area you will be exploring
• State your presentation’s purpose – this is the basis of your presentation so ensure that you provide a statement explaining how the topic will be treated, for example, “I will argue that…” or maybe you will “compare”, “analyse”, “evaluate”, “describe” etc.
• Provide a statement of what you’re hoping the outcome of the presentation will be, for example, “I’m hoping this will be provide you with…”
• Show a preview of the organisation of your presentation

In this section also explain:

• The length of the talk.
• Signal whether you want audience interaction – some presenters prefer the audience to ask questions throughout whereas others allocate a specific section for this.
• If it applies, inform the audience whether to take notes or whether you will be providing handouts.

The way you structure your introduction can depend on the amount of time you have been given to present: a  sales pitch  may consist of a quick presentation so you may begin with your conclusion and then provide the evidence. Conversely, a speaker presenting their idea for change in the world would be better suited to start with the evidence and then conclude what this means for the audience.

Keep in mind that the main aim of the introduction is to grab the audience’s attention and connect with them.

3. The main body of your talk

The main body of your talk needs to meet the promises you made in the introduction. Depending on the nature of your presentation, clearly segment the different topics you will be discussing, and then work your way through them one at a time – it’s important for everything to be organised logically for the audience to fully understand. There are many different ways to organise your main points, such as, by priority, theme, chronologically etc.

• Main points should be addressed one by one with supporting evidence and examples.
• Before moving on to the next point you should provide a mini-summary.
• Links should be clearly stated between ideas and you must make it clear when you’re moving onto the next point.
• Allow time for people to take relevant notes and stick to the topics you have prepared beforehand rather than straying too far off topic.

When planning your presentation write a list of main points you want to make and ask yourself “What I am telling the audience? What should they understand from this?” refining your answers this way will help you produce clear messages.

4. Conclusion

In presentations the conclusion is frequently underdeveloped and lacks purpose which is a shame as it’s the best place to reinforce your messages. Typically, your presentation has a specific goal – that could be to convert a number of the audience members into customers, lead to a certain number of enquiries to make people knowledgeable on specific key points, or to motivate them towards a shared goal.

Regardless of what that goal is, be sure to summarise your main points and their implications. This clarifies the overall purpose of your talk and reinforces your reason for being there.

Follow these steps:

• Signal that it’s nearly the end of your presentation, for example, “As we wrap up/as we wind down the talk…”
• Restate the topic and purpose of your presentation – “In this speech I wanted to compare…”
• Summarise the main points, including their implications and conclusions
• Indicate what is next/a call to action/a thought-provoking takeaway
• Move on to the last section

5. Thank the audience and invite questions

Conclude your talk by thanking the audience for their time and invite them to  ask any questions  they may have. As mentioned earlier, personal circumstances will affect the structure of your presentation.

Many presenters prefer to make the Q&A session the key part of their talk and try to speed through the main body of the presentation. This is totally fine, but it is still best to focus on delivering some sort of initial presentation to set the tone and topics for discussion in the Q&A.

Other common presentation structures

The above was a description of a basic presentation, here are some more specific presentation layouts:

Demonstration

Use the demonstration structure when you have something useful to show. This is usually used when you want to show how a product works. Steve Jobs frequently used this technique in his presentations.

• Explain why the product is valuable.
• Describe why the product is necessary.
• Explain what problems it can solve for the audience.
• Demonstrate the product  to support what you’ve been saying.
• Make suggestions of other things it can do to make the audience curious.

Problem-solution

This structure is particularly useful in persuading the audience.

• Briefly frame the issue.
• Go into the issue in detail showing why it ‘s such a problem. Use logos and pathos for this – the logical and emotional appeals.
• Provide the solution and explain why this would also help the audience.
• Call to action – something you want the audience to do which is straightforward and pertinent to the solution.

Storytelling

As well as incorporating  stories in your presentation , you can organise your whole presentation as a story. There are lots of different type of story structures you can use – a popular choice is the monomyth – the hero’s journey. In a monomyth, a hero goes on a difficult journey or takes on a challenge – they move from the familiar into the unknown. After facing obstacles and ultimately succeeding the hero returns home, transformed and with newfound wisdom.

Storytelling for Business Success  webinar , where well-know storyteller Javier Bernad shares strategies for crafting compelling narratives.

Another popular choice for using a story to structure your presentation is in media ras (in the middle of thing). In this type of story you launch right into the action by providing a snippet/teaser of what’s happening and then you start explaining the events that led to that event. This is engaging because you’re starting your story at the most exciting part which will make the audience curious – they’ll want to know how you got there.

• Great storytelling: Examples from Alibaba Founder, Jack Ma

Remaining method

The remaining method structure is good for situations where you’re presenting your perspective on a controversial topic which has split people’s opinions.

• Go into the issue in detail showing why it’s such a problem – use logos and pathos.
• Rebut your opponents’ solutions  – explain why their solutions could be useful because the audience will see this as fair and will therefore think you’re trustworthy, and then explain why you think these solutions are not valid.
• After you’ve presented all the alternatives provide your solution, the remaining solution. This is very persuasive because it looks like the winning idea, especially with the audience believing that you’re fair and trustworthy.

Transitions

When delivering presentations it’s important for your words and ideas to flow so your audience can understand how everything links together and why it’s all relevant. This can be done  using speech transitions  which are words and phrases that allow you to smoothly move from one point to another so that your speech flows and your presentation is unified.

Transitions can be one word, a phrase or a full sentence – there are many different forms, here are some examples:

Moving from the introduction to the first point

Signify to the audience that you will now begin discussing the first main point:

• Now that you’re aware of the overview, let’s begin with…
• First, let’s begin with…
• I will first cover…
• My first point covers…
• To get started, let’s look at…

Shifting between similar points

Move from one point to a similar one:

• In the same way…
• Likewise…
• Equally…
• This is similar to…
• Similarly…

Internal summaries

Internal summarising consists of summarising before moving on to the next point. You must inform the audience:

• What part of the presentation you covered – “In the first part of this speech we’ve covered…”
• What the key points were – “Precisely how…”
• How this links in with the overall presentation – “So that’s the context…”
• What you’re moving on to – “Now I’d like to move on to the second part of presentation which looks at…”

Physical movement

You can move your body and your standing location when you transition to another point. The audience find it easier to follow your presentation and movement will increase their interest.

A common technique for incorporating movement into your presentation is to:

• Start your introduction by standing in the centre of the stage.
• For your first point you stand on the left side of the stage.
• You discuss your second point from the centre again.
• You stand on the right side of the stage for your third point.
• The conclusion occurs in the centre.

Key slides for your presentation

Slides are a useful tool for most presentations: they can greatly assist in the delivery of your message and help the audience follow along with what you are saying. Key slides include:

• An intro slide outlining your ideas
• A  summary slide  with core points to remember
• High quality image slides to supplement what you are saying

There are some presenters who choose not to use slides at all, though this is more of a rarity. Slides can be a powerful tool if used properly, but the problem is that many fail to do just that. Here are some golden rules to follow when using slides in a presentation:

• Don’t over fill them  – your slides are there to assist your speech, rather than be the focal point. They should have as little information as possible, to avoid distracting people from your talk.
• A picture says a thousand words  – instead of filling a slide with text, instead, focus on one or two images or diagrams to help support and explain the point you are discussing at that time.
• Make them readable  – depending on the size of your audience, some may not be able to see small text or images, so make everything large enough to fill the space.
• Don’t rush through slides  – give the audience enough time to digest each slide.

Guy Kawasaki, an entrepreneur and author, suggests that slideshows should follow a  10-20-30 rule :

• There should be a maximum of 10 slides – people rarely remember more than one concept afterwards so there’s no point overwhelming them with unnecessary information.
• The presentation should last no longer than 20 minutes as this will leave time for questions and discussion.
• The font size should be a minimum of 30pt because the audience reads faster than you talk so less information on the slides means that there is less chance of the audience being distracted.

Here are some additional resources for slide design:

• 7 design tips for effective, beautiful PowerPoint presentations
• 11 design tips for beautiful presentations
• 10 tips on how to make slides that communicate your idea

Group Presentations

Group presentations are structured in the same way as presentations with one speaker but usually require more rehearsal and practices.  Clean transitioning between speakers  is very important in producing a presentation that flows well. One way of doing this consists of:

• Briefly recap on what you covered in your section: “So that was a brief introduction on what health anxiety is and how it can affect somebody”
• Introduce the next speaker in the team and explain what they will discuss: “Now Elnaz will talk about the prevalence of health anxiety.”
• Then end by looking at the next speaker, gesturing towards them and saying their name: “Elnaz”.
• The next speaker should acknowledge this with a quick: “Thank you Joe.”

From this example you can see how the different sections of the presentations link which makes it easier for the audience to follow and remain engaged.

Example of great presentation structure and delivery

Having examples of great presentations will help inspire your own structures, here are a few such examples, each unique and inspiring in their own way.

How Google Works – by Eric Schmidt

This presentation by ex-Google CEO  Eric Schmidt  demonstrates some of the most important lessons he and his team have learnt with regards to working with some of the most talented individuals they hired. The simplistic yet cohesive style of all of the slides is something to be appreciated. They are relatively straightforward, yet add power and clarity to the narrative of the presentation.

Start with why – by Simon Sinek

Since being released in 2009, this presentation has been viewed almost four million times all around the world. The message itself is very powerful, however, it’s not an idea that hasn’t been heard before. What makes this presentation so powerful is the simple message he is getting across, and the straightforward and understandable manner in which he delivers it. Also note that he doesn’t use any slides, just a whiteboard where he creates a simple diagram of his opinion.

The Wisdom of a Third Grade Dropout – by Rick Rigsby

Here’s an example of a presentation given by a relatively unknown individual looking to inspire the next generation of graduates. Rick’s presentation is unique in many ways compared to the two above. Notably, he uses no visual prompts and includes a great deal of humour.

However, what is similar is the structure he uses. He first introduces his message that the wisest man he knew was a third-grade dropout. He then proceeds to deliver his main body of argument, and in the end, concludes with his message. This powerful speech keeps the viewer engaged throughout, through a mixture of heart-warming sentiment, powerful life advice and engaging humour.

As you can see from the examples above, and as it has been expressed throughout, a great presentation structure means analysing the core message of your presentation. Decide on a key message you want to impart the audience with, and then craft an engaging way of delivering it.

By preparing a solid structure, and  practising your talk  beforehand, you can walk into the presentation with confidence and deliver a meaningful message to an interested audience.

It’s important for a presentation to be well-structured so it can have the most impact on your audience. An unstructured presentation can be difficult to follow and even frustrating to listen to. The heart of your speech are your main points supported by evidence and your transitions should assist the movement between points and clarify how everything is linked.

Research suggests that the audience remember the first and last things you say so your introduction and conclusion are vital for reinforcing your points. Essentially, ensure you spend the time structuring your presentation and addressing all of the sections.

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How to Make a “Good” Presentation “Great”

• Guy Kawasaki

Remember: Less is more.

A strong presentation is so much more than information pasted onto a series of slides with fancy backgrounds. Whether you’re pitching an idea, reporting market research, or sharing something else, a great presentation can give you a competitive advantage, and be a powerful tool when aiming to persuade, educate, or inspire others. Here are some unique elements that make a presentation stand out.

• Fonts: Sans Serif fonts such as Helvetica or Arial are preferred for their clean lines, which make them easy to digest at various sizes and distances. Limit the number of font styles to two: one for headings and another for body text, to avoid visual confusion or distractions.
• Colors: Colors can evoke emotions and highlight critical points, but their overuse can lead to a cluttered and confusing presentation. A limited palette of two to three main colors, complemented by a simple background, can help you draw attention to key elements without overwhelming the audience.
• Pictures: Pictures can communicate complex ideas quickly and memorably but choosing the right images is key. Images or pictures should be big (perhaps 20-25% of the page), bold, and have a clear purpose that complements the slide’s text.
• Layout: Don’t overcrowd your slides with too much information. When in doubt, adhere to the principle of simplicity, and aim for a clean and uncluttered layout with plenty of white space around text and images. Think phrases and bullets, not sentences.

As an intern or early career professional, chances are that you’ll be tasked with making or giving a presentation in the near future. Whether you’re pitching an idea, reporting market research, or sharing something else, a great presentation can give you a competitive advantage, and be a powerful tool when aiming to persuade, educate, or inspire others.

• Guy Kawasaki is the chief evangelist at Canva and was the former chief evangelist at Apple. Guy is the author of 16 books including Think Remarkable : 9 Paths to Transform Your Life and Make a Difference.

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Why the Logitech G502 Will Forever Be My Favorite Mouse

Paramount+ will make big changes under new ownership, 8 things you should do after purchasing a new windows laptop, quick links, change powerpoint's measurement unit on windows 10, change powerpoint's measurement unit on mac.

Most of the world uses the Metric system, whereas the U.S. still uses the Imperial system of measurement. Depending on what you are used to, you may want to change the measurement unit in Microsoft PowerPoint. Here's how.

While there's a built-in option for changing the measurement unit in Microsoft Word , that's not the case for PowerPoint. Microsoft PowerPoint actually uses the system of measurement that the computer it's installed on uses, which means that you need to adjust your computer's system settings---not PowerPoint's.

Related: The Best Free Programs and Websites for Converting Units and Currency

Go ahead and close any Microsoft Office applications currently running on your Windows 10 PC. Next, open the Control Panel by clicking the Windows icon found at the bottom of your screen, type "Control Panel" in the Search bar, and select the "Control Panel" app in the search results.

The "All Control Panel Items" window will appear. Click "Region."

The Region window will appear. In the "Formats" tab, which you'll already be in, click "Additional Settings."

You'll now be in the "Numbers" tab of the "Customize Format" window. Here, click the down arrow in the box next to "Measurement System," choose the measurement system you'd like to use (the Imperial system is listed as "U.S." here), and then click "Apply."

The next time you open PowerPoint, the measurement units will have changed to the selected measurement system.

On your Mac, quit any Office applications that are currently running. Next, click the Apple icon in the menu bar and select "System Preferences" from the drop-down menu.

In the "System Preferences" window, click "Language & Region."

Here, click "Advanced."

In the "General" tab, click the up or down arrow next to the "Measurement Units" box and, from the context menu that appears, select your desired measurement system.

Finally, click "OK." The next time you open Microsoft PowerPoint, the measurement units will have changed to the selected measurement system.

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FinTech + AI 413 Startup Launch Series Receives MassMutual Support

Young entrepreneurs turn ideas into action.

Left to right: Sears Merritt, Head of Enterprise Technology and Experience, MassMutual; Patrick Larkin, Deputy Director, Massachusetts Technology Collaborative; WNE Board Chair Nicholas LaPier; WNE Trustee Elena Gervino, Senior Vice President, Travelers; Dr. Robert E. Johnson, President, Western New England University.

Western New England University (WNE) has launched its first FinTech + AI 413 Startup Launch Series, made possible by the generous support of MassMutual. With a donation of $75,000 over three years, MassMutual is the first sponsor of the FinTech + AI 413 Startup Launch Series , comprised of a series of events designed to connect college students and local entrepreneurs who have innovative startup ideas with the training and resources needed to bring those ideas to life. This initiative is further set to make significant contributions to the economic landscape of western Massachusetts by providing an avenue for participants to channel their academic scholarship into entrepreneurial ventures using some the latest financial technology (FinTech) and artificial intelligence (AI) ideas.

MassMutual’s Head of Enterprise Technology and Experience Sears Merritt presented a check to WNE President Dr. Robert E. Johnson during the FinTech + AI 413 Summer Incubator Fellowship (SIF), a six-week residential fellowship in which startup teams advance their FinTech ideas to a prototype phase. 

During the official check presentation on July 10, President Johnson emphasized the importance of preparing students for the future, highlighting the University’s commitment to advancing innovation and entrepreneurship and inviting other partners to join the effort. He stated, “Western New England University is committed to fostering a dynamic environment where innovation and entrepreneurship can thrive. This partnership with MassMutual empowers our students by providing them with the resources, mentorship, and practical experiences necessary to bring their FinTech ideas to life. Our mission is to equip students with the skillset and mindset necessary to excel in an ever-evolving technological landscape, ensuring they are well-prepared to contribute meaningfully to the future of the industry and our community. We look forward to working with other sponsors and partners to further build the impact of this program.”

Merritt underscored the shared vision of both institutions to drive economic growth and innovation in western Massachusetts, saying, “We’re proud to support Western New England University as they launch the 413 FinTech & AI accelerator and excited about the impact this program will have in helping students innovate and launch startups that will shape the future. This program also serves to bridge innovation across the state – from Boston to Worcester and now Springfield – and the collaboration demonstrates our commitment to contributing to a thriving ecosystem for innovation right here in western Massachusetts.”

The Mass Fintech Hub , which Merritt recently began to co-chair, was a key driver in helping launch this accelerator, as its mission is to make Massachusetts the global FinTech hub. WNE has been one of the Mass Fintech Hub’s academic partners since the inception of the organization three years ago. The Massachusetts Technology Collaborative also played a key role in launching the Mass Fintech Hub, along with WNE and other leading academic institutions across Massachusetts.

Western New England University and MassMutual are longstanding partners, having previously collaborated on innovative projects that benefit the community and enhance educational opportunities. For example, they launched the  Free Legal Kiosk initiative , providing accessible legal resources to underserved populations. WNE and MassMutual also spearheaded the  COVID Relief Coalition , offering critical support and services during the pandemic. Additionally, their Consumer Debt Initiative (CDI) aims to educate and assist individuals in managing and overcoming financial challenges. The partnership also supports student development through internships and mentorship programs, offering invaluable real-world experience and professional networking opportunities. These initiatives reflect a shared commitment to social responsibility and community engagement.

About the FinTech + AI 413 Startup Launch Series

The WNE FinTech + AI 413 Startup Launch Series kicked off in April with 11 participants from area institutions including WNE, Springfield College, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and The Hartford participating in the Idea Jam to share ideas for feedback with industry mentors. The Pitch Camp followed, where mentors helped the participants prepare and practice an elevator pitch of their startup idea in advance of the Elevator Pitch Contest. Judges selected five winning teams to receive the Summer Incubator Fellowship (SIF) and up to a $1,000 micro-grant to launch their startup.

About WNE’s FinTech Incubator

Western New England University’s FinTech Incubator (FTI), housed in the College of Business, is emerging as a central hub for FinTech growth in western Massachusetts. The FTI aims to provide workforce development and technical resources to promote local FinTech initiatives, fostering partnerships with enterprises to drive research and innovation in the region. This initiative is set to make significant contributions to both academic scholarship and practical applications in the fields of finance and technology.

The FinTech + AI 413 Startup Launch Series aims not only to enhance general education about financial technology but also to elevate awareness of the regional resources and culture of entrepreneurship available beyond Boston. By showcasing student innovation and engagement, WNE and MassMutual are setting the stage for broad community and regional benefits through their collaboration.

For more information about the FinTech + AI 413 Startup Launch Series and the FinTech Incubator at WNE, visit  wne.edu .

related stories

Free Small Business Legal Clinic Now Accepting Applications

Western New England University Hosts Attorney General Andrea Joy Campbell’s Reproductive Justice Unit Convening

WNE Creates a Campus Where Everyone Feels Welcome

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Hextar Capital unit secures RM97.04mil contract for student hostels

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KUALA LUMPUR: Hextar Capital Bhd's wholly-owned subsidiary T&J Engineering Sdn Bhd has secured a contract from landasan Kapital (M) Sdn Bhd valued at RM97.04mil to supply materials, labour, tools and equipment for the construction of student hostels at Universiti Malaysia Kelantan in Bachok.

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Home Blog Education How to Present a Lesson Plan

How to Present a Lesson Plan

First days are always exciting, and expectation builds up about the contents of the task ahead, especially if you’re starting a class as a student or professor. This interaction will be significant because it will establish and define the subjects to be covered and the set of expectations flowing from the instructor towards the audience. 

Perhaps you are ready to begin your career as a teacher and need some guidance; otherwise, you are a seasoned instructor searching for a refresher in your program. No matter which of the above you represent, the truth of the matter is that you are probably seeking a better way to introduce the subjects you’ll be teaching to your students. 

What is a lesson plan? 

A lesson plan will be the set of subject matter materials you will be teaching during a specific timeframe. The lesson plan should be an index that students can constantly consult to understand better the parts of the learning journey they will go through during each session. 

Teachers and professors should have a lesson plan template that happens in every session. This is different from a syllabus because, in the latter case, the whole curriculum of the program will be laid out; however, for each lesson, there should be one individual lesson plan example to guide the instructor in the set timeframe. 

When building the materials for the class or lesson’s attention, it’s always essential to share elements like the purpose or rules that guide the learning process . This article will explore the best way to present a lesson plan and drive a learning session successfully from the instructor or professor’s view. 

How to write a lesson plan 

Education nowadays guides different sorts of students and target specific learning needs. Therefore, it’s important and relevant to understand how lesson plans can change and be varied to truly implement the best learning path for your students. Once you have this part figured out, the next step is to understand how you will transmit the information and use a PowerPoint Presentation to simplify creating and presenting a lesson plan to your students. 

Lesson plans will comprise several different sections that will clarify the first questions students can have: How long will the course be? Will it be an online course ? What will be the main objectives? Which subjects will be discussed along with the class? 

1. Introduction 

As the lesson begins, it’s essential to place a brief yet descriptive introduction about what the session will cover. A good practice is to create a catchy title for each lesson to have an overall understanding of the information they will be receiving.

Example: Digital Marketing Basics: Industry background, historical review years 1980-2010. In this session, we will cover the birth of digital marketing, including all the touchpoints that shaped today’s industry. 

2. Audience

If your class is a one-time-only or recurring session, or even a blended learning journey, it’s essential to explain to your students who this class is for; this will allow them to calibrate their expectations about the matter to be taught ahead. 

Example: This lesson is directed to professionals who work in traditional marketing, business owners, or communication specialists seeking to have a profound understanding of how digital marketing came to be. 

3. Lesson Objectives 

This piece is critical because it will allow the students to assess the intention of each lesson. When thinking about the objectives, it’s vital to consider the acquired skills we expect our students to have at the end of the class. Like any other goals in life or business, each one should be actionable and measurable, meaning after each class, students should be able to use what they have learned and put into action the concepts. 

Example : Understand and be able to create a timeline framework of reference to explain the story of the Internet.

4. Materials 

Suppose the lesson requires using any specific materials, physical or not, including any software or hardware necessary. In that case, it´s important to list or include within the lesson plan so students can set clear expectations on what they might require. This is particularly important if the session you will be delivering requires them beforehand to bring anything. 

Example : 

• Computer 
• Scratch paper 

5. Learning Activities 

We´ve covered all the logistics by this point; however, now we need to start sharing the actual activities during the lesson. Ideally, this is a play-by-play of how each activity will guide the lesson towards the already established objectives. To add the list of learning activities that will be helpful for your students, take into account how all of them align with each goal and the requirements students need. 

Make sure that you add variety to the activities that you are proposing, go ahead and research trends of how many other teachers or professors, students will appreciate your search to engage them in learning. 

Also, consider how much time they will take so that you can note it in the next section. 

• Create a timeline on the wall with the most important moments of digital marketing history, including creation of social media, mainstream of email, etc.

Time periods

Pairing each learning activity with a specific timeframe will be useful both for instructors and students. Make sure you calculate a reasonable amount of time for each activity and list it within the lesson plan so everyone can set correct expectations. Assigning time slots for each exercise will also help students and teachers stay on track with the lesson and not waste valuable time invested in learning.

Example : Creation of a timeline – 45 min

How to present a lesson plan 

We have now listed the components of the lesson plan structure, everything looks beautiful in the draft, but now we need to start planning how we will present the program to the students. This part is challenging because you have to choose a template that makes sense for you and will be helpful for your students to understand.

A PowerPoint presentation is a great way to showcase all the contents of the lesson plan, however, the trick is to decide how you want to structure it.

Lesson Plan Design

By this point, you’ve structured a lesson plan template that can go through any test. Nevertheless, creating the materials to accompany it can be a key in the commitment generates between the students and the professor.

Design and Style

Before adding any text to your presentation template , think about the requirements you have: Does the academic institution where you work require the use of logos? Do you have to follow any visual guidelines? This might be important for the cohesiveness of your presentation.

It’s essential to think about how you would like to present the lesson plan. You may want to keep it simple and have a 1 pager and talk through it to understand your students fully, or perhaps you need to create one full presentation where every slide will be a relevant piece of information. Let’s explore this a bit further. 

One Pager Lesson Plan 

If your style is more towards simplicity, this is a great solution: succinct, minimalistic, and straight to the point. You can complete a one-page lesson plan with bullets of the relevant data and send it out to students. A great advantage of this format is that you can either send it as a PDF or even as a single image (JPG or PNG), exporting it directly from PowerPoint. 

One significant advantage is that your students will only have to check for one source by choosing this simple format when revising the lesson during the class or afterward. 

Several pages lesson plan 

Almost like a syllabus, a more extended presentation will include several slides so you can include the information in different formats. 

For example, you can use the first slide to include the lesson title; afterward, a new slide can define the purpose or introduction of the lesson. In the upcoming slides, you can include materials, contents, and even ad charts or similar to explain how grades will be affected by each lesson’s assignments on the upcoming slides. 

Text in the presentation 

It’s always good to follow the reliable practices of presentations and include the necessary information without overwhelming students. Don’t add an excessive amount of text to one slide; actually, make sure that every piece of data is helpful for students to plan their time both during and after class. 

However, if you will be sending out the presentation to your students before reviewing it, consider that they will be using it for their reference to follow through with your lesson. So make sure all the information is easy to read and accessible. 

Additional elements 

Learners of all sorts have become increasingly visual, so don’t be afraid to add infographics, images, photographs, icons or any other elements to make your lesson plan presentation more appealing visually. 

Final Words 

Remember the lesson plan presentation will be the first approach your students will have with the subject matter. Take your time, enjoy the process, and create comprehensive and attractive lesson plan slides that will inspire your students to have thoughtful and deep learning. 

1. 1-Slide Lesson Plan PowerPoint Template

Create a simple and minimalist one-pager lesson plan for your academic uses, course planning, and even as student handouts, with this eye-catching PowerPoint template. 

Use This Template

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Unit 32: Presentations – An Overview

Learning objectives.

• demonstrate how to plan a presentation
• understand how to construct the different parts of any presentation
• identify the use of different organizing principles for a presentation
• identify the different methods of speech delivery
• utilize specific techniques to enhance speech delivery

Introduction

To get started, let’s review the video below to gain an understanding of what is required to develop world class and effective presentations.

Planning Your Presentation

Planning a presentation is much like planning other business documents.  There is importance to undertaking and applying a systematic process of planning, researching, drafting, and revising before delivering the final product.  Completing this process can take a considerable amount of time.  Figure 32.1 provides the planning process

Planning in any presentation is helpful both to you and to your audience. Your audience will appreciate receiving the information presented in an organized way, and being well organized will make the presentation much less stressful for you.

Successful presenters know their material, are prepared, do not read a script or PowerPoint presentation, do not memorize every single word in order (though some parts may be memorized), and do not make it up as you go along. Your presentation is scripted in the sense that it is completely planned from start to finish, yet every word is not explicitly planned, allowing for some spontaneity and adaptation to the audience’s needs in the moment.

Your organization plan will serve you and your audience as a guide, and help you present a more effective speech. Just as there is no substitute for practice and preparation, there is no substitute for planning.

Knowing the Purpose

Speeches have traditionally been seen to have one of three broad purposes: to inform, to persuade, and — well, to be honest, different words are used for the third kind of speech purpose: to inspire, to amuse, to please, or to entertain. These broad goals are commonly known as a speech’s general purpose, since, in general, you are trying to inform, persuade, or entertain your audience without regard to specifically what the topic will be. Perhaps you could think of them as appealing to the understanding of the audience (informative), the will or action  (persuasive), and the emotion or pleasure.

Before getting into the specifics of how to create a purpose statement for a presentation, the following video provides an overview of the process.

Now that you know your general purpose (to inform, to persuade, or to entertain), you can start to move in the direction of the specific purpose. A specific purpose statement builds on your general purpose (to inform) and makes it more specific (as the name suggests). So if your first speech is an informative speech, your general purpose will be to inform your audience  about a very specific realm of knowledge.

In writing your specific purpose statement, you will take three contributing elements (shown in figure 32.2) that will come together to help you determine your specific purpose :

• You (your interests, your background, past jobs, experience, education, major),
• Your audience
• The context or setting.

Keeping these three inputs in mind, you can begin to write a  specific purpose statement , which will be the foundation for everything you say in the speech and a guide for what you do not say. This formula will help you in putting together your specific purpose statement:

To _______________ [Specific Communication Word (inform, explain, demonstrate, describe, define, persuade, convince, prove, argue)] my [ Target Audience (my classmates, the members of the Social Work Club, my coworkers]  __________________. [T he Content (how to bake brownies, that Macs are better than PCs].

Example:  The purpose of my presentation is to demonstrate for my coworkers the value of informed intercultural communication.

Formulating a Central Idea Statement

While you will not actually say your specific purpose statement during your speech, you will need to clearly state what your focus and main points are going to be. The statement that reveals your main points is commonly known as the central idea statement (or just the central idea). Just as you would create a thesis statement for an essay or research paper, the central idea statement helps focus your presentation by defining your topic, purpose, direction, angle and/or point of view. Here are two examples:

Specific Purpose  –  To explain to my classmates the effects of losing a pet on the elderly.

Central Idea  –  When elderly people lose their animal companions, they can experience serious psychological, emotional, and physical effects.

Specific Purpose  –  To demonstrate to my audience the correct method for cleaning a computer keyboard.

Central Idea  –  Your computer keyboard needs regular cleaning to function well, and you can achieve that in four easy steps.

Knowing the audience

Given the diverse nature of audiences, the complexity of the communication process, and the countless options and choices to make when preparing your presentation, you may feel overwhelmed. One effective way to address this is to focus on ways to reach, interact, or stimulate your audience. All audiences fall into four categories: friendly, neutral, uninterested, or hostile (see Figure 32.3).  No matter the audience, your job is to deliver a presentation that will address the needs of your audience.  Ask yourself these questions to determine how well your presentation will meet the needs of your audience:

• How will this topic appeal to this audience?
• Does the presentation meet my audience’s needs?
• What strategy or strategies will be most effective in communicating the information to my audience?
• What activities will encourage the audience to remember the main points of the presentation?

Developing and Organizing Content

Presentation outline.

You’re now ready to prepare an outline for your presentation. To be successful in your presentation, you’ll need two outlines: a preparation outline , and a speaking outline .

Preparation outlines are comprehensive outlines that include all of the information in your presentation. Your presentation outline will consist of the content of what the audience will see and hear. Eventually, you will move away from this outline as you develop your materials and practice your presentation.

Your speaking outline will contain notes to guide you; notes that are usually not shared with your audience. It will summarize the full preparation outline down to more usable notes. You should create a set of abbreviated notes for the actual delivery.

Your organizational model will help determine how you will structure (see below) your preparation outline. You can use your presentation outline as a starting point to developing your speaking outline. It’s a good idea to make speaking notes to align with your main points and visuals in each section.  See Unit 12 for more information on constructing an outline.  Figure 33.4 provides the basic parts of a presentation outline.

Developing the Content

The general organization for presentations include:

• Attention Statement : an engaging or interesting statement that will cause your audience to sit up and take notice.
• Introduction : setting out your general idea statement (LINK) and giving the audience an idea of what to expect.
• Body : This section contains your research, main points and other relevant information. It will follow your organizational pattern.
• Conclusion : reiterating your idea statement, and/or includes a call-to-action — what you want the audience to do or think about following your presentation.
• Residual Message : this is an optional section, but a powerful one. It is the final message you want the audience to remember.

In putting together a presentations, presenters will often use examples and scenarios to help illustrate the their message. The main difference between examples and scenarios is that while both help “show” the audience what you mean, an example is the “thing” itself, while a scenario would include more detail about the sequence or development of events. Scenarios also tend to be longer and more nuanced.

Storytelling can be an effective way to convey your message to your audience. Stories are a fundamental part of the human experience, and, if well-told, can resonate with listeners. Some of the most inspiring  speakers use storytelling effectively in their presentations. You can find out more about how to incorporate storytelling techniques into presentations from the video below.

“ The next 10 minutes might save your life”

“ In the end we will not remember the words of our enemies but the silence of our friends ”

Did these quotes heighten your interest in what the speaker is about to say?.  During the first two to three minutes of a presentation, gaining the attention of listeners is crucial.  Using words and phrases (like the ones above) and effective visual aids will make an immediate impact on listeners and capture their attention.  Presentations that are able to immediately capture the audience’s attention are also more likely to keep the audience’s attention throughout.  Take a minute to view these effective presentations attention getters from experienced and established speakers at TedTalks.

Effective attention getting strategies that you can incorporate into a presentation include:

• Tell a compelling story that illustrates an important and relevant point.
• Ask a question that will get your audience thinking about your message.
• Share an intriguing, unexpected, or shocking detail.
• Open with an amusing observation about yourself, the subject, or circumstances surrounding the presentation.

In addition to stimulate the listener’s interest,  the introduction must also establish the speaker’s credibility, and preview the main points of the presentation.

To establish credibility with an audience, provide information on the qualification that empower you to speak about the topic: your job, experience, education, knowledge, etc.  Credibility is established by connecting your qualifications to the presentations subject matter.  If you are not a well known authority on the matter, establishing your credibility will go along way to influence the audience’s decision to listen to your presentation and to take it seriously.

The Introduction must also preview the main points the presentation will discuss.  The preview will provide a broad overview of the presentation’s main points and indicate the order each point will be discussed.  Using a visual aid to present the points and their order is often an effective strategy.

Most of your presentation will be spent filling in the details of the main points first announced in the Introduction of your presentation.  Effective presenters do not overwhelm their audience with too much information.  Instead, effective presenters streamline their presentations by including only one or two important details for each main point.  To accomplish this task, a presenter must be very informed on the topic and very aware of the audience in order to determine what information will be most impactful to a particular audience.  No matter the audience, too much information can confuse listeners and conceal the central message of the presentation.  So keep presentations simple and logical.  Applying one of several organizing systems to a presentation will assist in streamlining information. For example: Chronology, Comparison/Contrast , Importance , or Best/Worst Cases .

An important part of any presentation is knowing how to connect your main points in a relevant manner, so that your presentation appears fluid?  Using t ransitional words and phrases provide is one method to help the audience follow the speaker’s ideas, connect the main points to each other, and see the relationships you’ve created in the information you are presenting. Transitions are used by the speaker to guide the audience in the progression from one significant idea, concept or point to the next issue. They can also show the relationship between the main point and the support the speaker uses to illustrate, provide examples for, or reference outside sources. Depending your purpose, transitions can serve different roles as you help create the glue that will connect your points together in a way the audience can easily follow.

The concluding section of a presentation acts very much like a concluding paragraph for an essay: it summarizes the information presented.  However, for presentations, the concluding section also provide additional benefits for presentations.  An effective conclusion will

• Provide a transition signalling the end of the presentation
• Summarize the main themes of the presentation
• Leave the audience with specific and noteworthy takeaways
• Motivate the audience to take action

The conclusion should be memorable.  Ask yourself the question: what do you want my audience to remember most?  The answer to that question is the subject of your conclusion.  Don’t just say the same things you said during the presentation.  Breath fresh air into the information or come at the information from another angle.  End on a strong and positive note.  Think through and plan your last remarks to ensure the audience walks away with a positive impression of you and your company.

Types of Business Presentations

As we’ve discussed, a presentation will have one of three general purposes: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain.  However, each of these purposes may be required to deliver many different types of information.  In business, you will be involved in different projects, assignments, departments, etc., and be required to provide updates, reports, and overviews of the various activities.  A presentation about an ongoing project to your supervisor will not be the same type of presentation provided to the sales team; the type presentation students give for a class assignment, is not the same type of weekly presentation your instructor provides.  There are many types of business presentations.  Understanding each type will help to ensure you target your message at the right audience in the right way.

Briefings: A condensed account of  business situation.  Briefings bring the members of a department or project together so information can be shared and discussed.

Reports: Routine reports on ongoing projects, issues, problems, or proposals are expected.  There are many types of routine reports, including: progress, convention, incident, trip, etc. (see Chapter 13 ).  During your career, you may be required to present one or more of these types of reports to your superior, colleagues, or rank-and-file employees, inside and outside your organization.  This type of presentation range from very simple presentations with minimal audio-visual and multimedia integration to  presentations that include elaborate audio-visual and multimedia integration.

Podcasts: A podcast is an online, prerecorded audio clip delivered online.  Podcasts are used by companies to present up-to-date information on current products and services.  In addition, podcasts are be used to introduce and train employees.

Virtual Presentations: Business teams are often composed of individuals who are not in the same geographic location or perhaps have to work collaboratively outside of normal office hours.  This type of collaborative effort is greatly facilitated by the availability of information technology.  In your career, you may be required to work with a remote team to develop and present a project or different types of reports by making a virtual presentation. The steps to developing effective virtual presentations are the same as any other type of presentation.

Webinars: A webinar is a web-based presentation that is transmitted digitally, with or without video.  Companies use webinars in a similar manner to podcasts.  Company products and services as well as employee training and introductions are presentations common to webinars.

Additional information on developing presentations can be found at The Learning Portal .

 Key Takeaway

• All presentation must have a general purpose, specific purpose and central idea statements is 
• Correctly profiling an audience will ensure your presentation delivers the right message in the most effective manner
• All presentations include an attention getter, introduction, body, and conclusion.
• Correctly the matching the message to the correct type of presentation will increase the effectiveness of the message

• Interview one or two  individuals in your professional field.  How is oral communication important in this profession.  Does the need for oral skills change as one advances?  What suggestion can these people make to newcomers to the field for developing proficient oral communication skills?

Bovee, C.L., Thill, J. V., & Scribner J. A. (2016). Business communication essentials (4th ed.). Don Mills, ON: Pearson Canada Inc.

COMMpadre Media. (n.d.).  Speech purpose & central idea [Video file].  Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsOxyci_CNM

Communication Coach Alex Lyon. (2017). How to end a presentation [Video file].  Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBO0riisOzU

eCampusOntario. (2020). Chapter 5: Presentation organization. Communication for business professionals . Retrieved from https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/commbusprofcdn/chapter/introduction-3/

Duarte, Inc. (n.d.). Five simple rules for creating world changing presentations [Video file].  Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hT9GGmundag&t=1s

Guffey, M., Loewry, D., & Griffin, E. (2019). Business communication: Process and product (6th ed.). Toronto, ON: Nelson Education. Retrieved from http://www.cengage.com/cgi-wadsworth/course_products_wp.pl?fid=M20b&product_isbn_issn=9780176531393&template=NELSON

Reed, G. (2017). Your go-to presentation outline. Ethos3.com . Retrieved from https://www.ethos3.com/2017/01/your-go-to-presentation-outline-template/

Rule the Room. (2013).  How to do a presentation: 5 steps to a killer opener [Video file].  Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEDcc0aCjaA

Standford Graduate School of Business. (2013).  Nancy Duarte: How to tell a story [Video file].  Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9JrRQ1oQWQk

A presentation that presents the history of an issue or circumstance in time order

A presentation presenting the pros and cons of two or more issues, products, methods, etc.

Presentations of reasons to do or not to do something moving from most to least important or visa versa

Presenting the best and/or worst scenario of an action or inaction.

Communication at Work Copyright © 2019 by Jordan Smith is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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• Acceleration
• Temperature

• ppt (%) to ppm

(Salinity Percentage to Parts per Million)

Other ppt (%) Conversions

• ppt (%) to ppt ⇄ [ Salinity Percentage to Parts per Thousand ⇄ ] (You are Here) (Biggest)
• ppt (%) to ppt ⇄ [ Salinity Percentage to Parts per Thousand ⇄ ] (Base Unit)
• ppt (%) to ppm ⇄ [ Salinity Percentage to Parts per Million ⇄ ] (You are Here) (Smallest)

ppt (%) to ppm Conversion

The abbreviation for ppt (%) and ppm is salinity percentage and parts per million respectively. 1 ppt (%) is 10000 times bigger than a ppm. To measure, units of measurement are needed and converting such units is an important task as well. unitsconverters.com is an online conversion tool to convert all types of measurement units including ppt (%) to ppm conversion.

Salinity Percentage to ppm

Check our Salinity Percentage to ppm converter and click on formula to get the conversion factor. When you are converting salinity from Salinity Percentage to ppm, you need a converter that is elaborate and still easy to use. All you have to do is select the unit for which you want the conversion and enter the value and finally hit Convert.

ppt (%) to Parts per Million

The formula used to convert ppt (%) to Parts per Million is 1 Salinity Percentage = 10000 Parts per Million. Measurement is one of the most fundamental concepts. Note that we have Salinity Percentage as the biggest unit for length while Parts per Million is the smallest one.

Convert ppt (%) to ppm

How to convert ppt (%) to ppm? Now you can do ppt (%) to ppm conversion with the help of this tool. In the length measurement, first choose ppt (%) from the left dropdown and ppm from the right dropdown, enter the value you want to convert and click on 'convert'. Want a reverse calculation from ppm to ppt (%)? You can check our ppm to ppt (%) converter .

ppt (%) to ppm Converter

Units of measurement use the International System of Units, better known as SI units, which provide a standard for measuring the physical properties of matter. Measurement like salinity finds its use in a number of places right from education to industrial usage. Be it buying grocery or cooking, units play a vital role in our daily life; and hence their conversions. unitsconverters.com helps in the conversion of different units of measurement like ppt (%) to ppm through multiplicative conversion factors. When you are converting salinity, you need a Salinity Percentage to Parts per Million converter that is elaborate and still easy to use. Converting ppt (%) to Parts per Million is easy, for you only have to select the units first and the value you want to convert. If you encounter any issues to convert Salinity Percentage to ppm, this tool is the answer that gives you the exact conversion of units. You can also get the formula used in ppt (%) to ppm conversion along with a table representing the entire conversion.

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AP Psych PowerPoint Slides

Google Drive Access: Psych Slides  Good luck on the exam! 

Anatomy of a PowerPoint Presentation

The basic building block of a PowerPoint presentation is the slide a block of content the size of a computer screen that typically contains a title, some text, and perhaps a picture or chart. A PowerPoint presentation typically contains many slides.

Figure 1 illustrates a PowerPoint presentation made up of 30 slides. The default (Normal) view includes notes attached to the current slide, and a navigation panel on the left side that allows you to switch between a text outline and slide thumbnails.

Figure 1. PowerPoint's Normal view includes most of the information you need to assemble a presentation.

A fully loaded slide (see Figure 2 ) includes at most six parts:

Figure 2. All the components of a PowerPoint slide are shown here, with slide thumbnails in place of a text outline.

The title, which usually sits at the top of the slide.

Body text, the main part of the slide. More often than not, the text on a slide consists of a series of bulleted or numbered items. However, you can enter any kind of text in this part of a slide bullets and numbers are not required.

Some slides contain content in addition to text. You can add charts, tables, pictures, diagrams, and video clips to help illuminate your presentation.

Text and content sit inside resizable and movable containers called placeholders, which you can see if you click the text or graphic in the slide pane. PowerPoint help screens sometimes refer to the placeholder and the text or content it contains as a "text object" or a "graphic object."

If you choose to display the date and time, these items appear at the lower-left corner by default.

The footer, another optional element, appears by default at the bottom of the slide, in the middle.

Finally, you can choose to display a slide number; its default position is in the lower-right corner.

Most presentations begin with a title slide, which typically includes the title of the presentation, the speaker's name, and other introductory details. If you're planning a presentation as a class project, you might include the class name and number Sociology 101, for instance; for a presentation to a business or civic group, you might include your name and the name of the organization you represent. Other slides in a presentation can also be title slides you might use a title slide to introduce different portions of a long presentation, for example but in most cases, you'll have just one title slide in a presentation, and it will serve as the first slide.

Don't be confused by the terminology. A title slide is, in most cases, a slide that introduces a presentation. A slide title, on the other hand, is usually the first line on a slide.

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Business Jargons

A Business Encyclopedia

Presentation

Definition : A presentation is a form of communication in which the speaker conveys information to the audience. In an organization presentations are used in various scenarios like talking to a group, addressing a meeting, demonstrating or introducing a new product, or briefing a team. It involves presenting a particular subject or issue or new ideas/thoughts to a group of people.

It is considered as the most effective form of communication because of two main reasons:

• Use of non-verbal cues.
• Facilitates instant feedback.

Business Presentations are a tool to influence people toward an intended thought or action.

Parts of Presentation

• Introduction : It is meant to make the listeners ready to receive the message and draw their interest. For that, the speaker can narrate some story or a humorous piece of joke, an interesting fact, a question, stating a problem, and so forth. They can also use some surprising statistics.
• Body : It is the essence of the presentation. It requires the sequencing of facts in a logical order. This is the part where the speaker explains the topic and relevant information. It has to be critically arranged, as the audience must be able to grasp what the speaker presents.
• Conclusion : It needs to be short and precise. It should sum up or outline the key points that you have presented. It could also contain what the audience should have gained out of the presentation.

Purpose of Presentation

• To inform : Organizations can use presentations to inform the audience about new schemes, products or proposals. The aim is to inform the new entrant about the policies and procedures of the organization.
• To persuade : Presentations are also given to persuade the audience to take the intended action.
• To build goodwill : They can also help in building a good reputation

Factors Affecting Presentation

Audience Analysis

Communication environment, personal appearance, use of visuals, opening and closing presentation, organization of presentation, language and words, voice quality, body language, answering questions, a word from business jargons.

Presentation is a mode of conveying information to a selected group of people live. An ideal presentation is one that identifies and matches the needs, interests and understanding level of the audience. It also represents the facts, and figures in the form of tables, charts, and graphs and uses multiple colours.

Related terms:

• Verbal Communication
• Visual Communication
• Non-Verbal Communication
• Communication
• 7 C’s of Communication

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What is a Governmental Component Unit?

Jan 9, 2019.

A governmental component unit is a legally separate organization for which the elected officials of the primary government are financially accountable. In addition, component units can be other organizations for which the nature and significance of their relationship with a primary government are such that exclusion would cause the reporting entity’s financial statements to be misleading due to close relations and financial integration with the primary government.

When Does a Government Have Financial Accountability for An Organization?

Typically when the answer to these three questions below is “yes.”

• Are the economic resources received or held by the separate organization entirely or almost entirely for the direct benefit of the primary government, its component units or its constituents?
• Is the primary government or its component units entitled to, or have the ability to otherwise access, a majority of the economic resources received or held by the separate organization?
• Are the economic resources received or held by an individual organization that the specific primary government is entitled to, or has the ability to otherwise access, significant to that primary government?

Ultimately, it is up to the professional judgment of the primary government’s management to ultimately determine what entities should be included as component units. Most often, governmental component units are typically entities or nonprofits whose purpose is to benefit a government by soliciting contributions and managing those funds. Examples of governmental component units include:

• Utility companies (water, electricity, wastewater, etc.)
• Foundations
• Charter schools
• Alumni associations
• Housing authorities
• Not-for-profit corporations

Depending on the relationship to the government, a government’s component units are presented one of two ways: blended or discretely presented. A blended component unit’s financial information is reported within the government’s financial statements (as if it were part of the government), and a discretely presented component unit’s financial information is reported in a separate column in the government’s government-wide financial statements.

Let CRI Help You Assess Your Accountability for Any Governmental Component Units

Do you need assistance determining what, if any, governmental component units may be your entity’s financial responsibility? If so, then please  contact your CRI advisor.

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• Charts and Graphs

Change Major and Minor Units of Value Axis in PowerPoint 2013 for Windows

Change major and minor units of the value axis in PowerPoint 2013 for Windows. We also explore other value axis options.

Author: Geetesh Bajaj

Product/Version: PowerPoint 2013 for Windows

OS: Microsoft Windows 7 and higher

Date Created: November 27, 2014 Last Updated: November 27, 2014

Learn PowerPoint

Learn how to turn off Animation Preview in PowerPoint.

While learning about chart axes , you will come across two terms, Major and Minor units. These are the intervals at which the axis spaces itself, as the name itself suggests, you can choose to space the axis at two levels: Major and Minor. Look at Figure 1 , below and you can see a chart that has both Major and Minor units displayed on the Value axis. All the units pointed with blue arrows are Major units, and green arrows display Minor units.

PowerPoint sets the Major and Minor units on its own, many times, this may be exactly what you need. At other times, you may want to set specific intervals for the Major and Minor units for several reasons. But before you do so, a word of caution, do remember that any of these changes can have three implications:

The values that you see placed on the value axis reflect the major units you choose. However, any changes you make to minor units do not influence the displayed values, since minor unit values are not displayed on the axis.

The tick marks you see again change depending upon the intervals you choose for both Major and Minor units, of course this depends upon whether you have opted to display tick marks or not. Refer to our Tick Marks on Chart Axes in PowerPoint 2013 tutorial to learn more.

The gridlines shown change as well, again the appearance of these gridlines will be influenced by whether you have made them visible or not.

The Major unit influences the difference between the two major tick marks on the value axis. Similarly, the minor unit influences the difference between the two minor tick marks on the value axis. By default these values are automatically decided by the Minimum and Maximum scale values on the value axis. Still, you can change them to suit your needs, as explained in this tutorial.

Changing Major Units of value axis

Follow these steps to change the Major units of the Value axis:

• To start with, you need a chart inserted on your slide, for this tutorial we have selected a Column chart, as shown in Figure 2 , below. As you can see, the default chart in PowerPoint 2013 for Windows shows only Primary Major Gridlines, and there are no Tick Marks .

• To see the effect of the change in Major and Minor units on your chart, turn on the major and minor tick arks on the vertical (value) axis, as shown highlighted in red within Figure 3 , below.

• Now, select the value axis of the chart, carefully right-click to access the contextual menu, as shown in Figure 4 , below. Within this contextual menu, choose the Format Axis option (refer to Figure 4 again). If you do not get the Format Axis option in the contextual menu, you may have right-clicked on another chart element, make sure you then deselect anything in the chart, and then right-click on the value axis.

• Doing so opens the Format Axis Task Pane , as shown in Figure 5 , below. Make sure that the Axis Options button is selected as shown highlighted in red within Figure 5 . Note that Major unit option is set to Auto by default which is indicated by Auto option mentioned next to the Major value. Also note that Major value is set to 1.0 (highlighted in blue within Figure 5 ).

• Now, let us change the major unit value. Click within the box provided with the Major option, and then type a new major value, as shown highlighted in red within Figure 6 , below. We changed the value to 2 . This may change the Minor value too because it is still set to Auto option, as shown in Figure 6 . The Reset button that shows up next to the Major option can be clicked if you want to get back the automatic value ( Auto option).

• Now, you can see that the value axis' major unit values now show an interval of 2 points, as shown in Figure 7 . This makes the chart look cleaner and gives it more visual breathing space (compare Figures 3 and 7 ).

• Save your presentation.

Changing Minor Units of Value Axis

Follow these steps to change the minor units of the value axis:

• To change the minor unit, access the Format Axis Task Pane again (as explained in Steps 3 and 4 in the preceding section on this page).
• Make sure that the Axis Options button is selected as shown highlighted in red within Figure 8 , below.

• Notice that the default Minor unit value is set to 0.2 as shown highlighted in blue within Figure 8 , above. Now, click within the box provided with the Minor option, and then type a new minor value, as shown highlighted in red within Figure 9 , below. We changed the value to 0.5 .

• In Figure 10 , you can see that the value axis' minor unit values now show a difference of 0.5 points. Compare Figures 3 and 10 .

10 08 05 - Chart Axes: Change Major and Minor Units of Value Axis (Glossary Page)

Change Major and Minor Units of Value Axis in PowerPoint 2011 for Mac Change Major and Minor Units of Value Axis in PowerPoint 2010 for Windows Change Major and Minor Units of Value Axis in PowerPoint 2007 for Windows Change Major and Minor Units of Value Axis in PowerPoint 2003 and 2002 for Windows

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What is the unit of measure for PowerPoint slides using VBA?

I am using VBA to paste charts/graphs from Access to PowerPoint. Once pasted, I am resizing them using VBA, but it does not allow me to use inches (even though when I do it manually through the shape Properties, the size values there are in inches).

My question is what unit of measure is the number I use in VBA? I assumed pixels and tried to convert using a 96 pixel per inch factor, but that wasn't just right. Now I'm curious about whether it's based on my screen resolution? I can quickly code it (through trial and error) to look good on my machine, but I worry then if somebody else runs it, and they have a different resolution, the slide will look different. (Note that the graphs are having to fit within other shapes.)

If it's not based on screen resolution, does anybody know the dimensions of a slide in whatever unit it's in?

• 3 Units in ppt VBA are Points (a point is about 1/72 of an inch) –  Tim Williams Commented Jun 28, 2012 at 20:07
• 3 @TimWilliams: That is a valid answer :) Why not post it as an answer? –  Siddharth Rout Commented Jun 28, 2012 at 20:13

3 Answers 3

Units in ppt VBA are Points (a point is about 1/72 of an inch)

Pardon the pedanticism, but an inch is exactly 72 points, at least as far as PowerPoint and pretty much any digital system is concerned.

Before computers took over, "about" did indeed apply. All the more so because there were several different "standard" definitions of the point.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(typography)

AAMOF, at one ... er ... point, Microsoft redefined the cm (2.4 to the inch instead of 2.54) to suit its own purposes, leading to confusion when people in the metric climes precisely specified measurements in PowerPoint then found out that things didn't print at the expected size.

They fixed this in PPT 2002, but I'd be there are still files floating around that, when opened in current versions of the app, show odd page sizes.

On Windows, it's 96 pixels per inch .

On Mac, it's 72 pixels per inch .

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