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What is the osi model.
How a single bit travels from one computer to the next is a complex concept. In 1984, the open systems interconnection (OSI) model was published as a framework for network communication. The model breaks down computer network communication into seven layers. All of the layers work together to create a digital message. The message is built as it moves down the protocol stack. However, it is not sent to another network until it reaches the physical layer.
The model helps IT, computer science, and cybersecurity professionals understand how a single bit travels from one computer to the next by breaking the system into these layers.
From physical devices to user interfaces (UI), this model explains the communication role of each layer in overall computer networking. This article will start by introducing the Physical Layer (Layer 1).
The physical layer is where data moves across network interfaces as digital signals. Additionally, this is where the transmitting and receiving of network communication occurs. Starting with the Application Layer the message moves down the OSI model, and it eventually reaches the Physical Layer for transmission. When the message is received by the physical layer, the message will then move up the OSI layers until it reaches the final application layer.
Electrical signals received (or transmitted) to the physical layer are linked and translated to digital logic in the data-Link layer . Computer devices may be networked at the Data-Link layer, but only as a Local Area Network (LAN). Connecting a LAN to another LAN occurs at Layer 3.
Within Layer 2, the Protocol Data Unit (PDU) known as a frame consists of a header, footer, and data. Understanding how a frame is structured is important for network traffic analysis.
Additionally, within Layer 2, physical addresses are assigned and are also known as MAC addresses and/or hardware addresses in networking. MAC addresses are unique to each device on a local network. They are 48-bits in length and are assigned in hexadecimal characters.
Some other things to note about Layer 2 is that there are a few protocols that reside in it that we should know about:
Additionally, Layer 2 is split into two sublayers:
When we think of the internet, we are thinking of interconnected networks. Interconnecting networks refer to a Local Area Network (LAN) connection to neighboring or remote networks. Layer 3 of the OSI model, the network layer , is where internetworking takes place and is where logical addresses are assigned to networked devices. A primary function of this layer is to route network packets from one LAN to another. Routing requires IP addresses and logical mapping of other networks across the internet to properly deliver messages. Another important function of Layer 3 is its ability to fragment and reassemble large communication. When Layer 3 passes a message down to Layer 2 for transmission, message length limits may be encountered in some cases.
Additionally, Layer 3 is the layer where the protocols used to route communication between networks reside. A few common network protocols are:
Within Layer 3, the Protocol Data Unit (PDU) is the packet . Packets encapsulate data intended for transmission with header and footer data.
The IPv4 protocol encapsulates data with IPv4 header information necessary for delivery. For example, the 32-bit packet format contains the source address, the destination address, protocol, time-to-live (TTL), etc. in the IPv4 header data.
The transport layer , Layer 4, is responsible for being the go-between the abstract layers of the OSI model (Layers 7-5) and the concrete communication layers (Layers 3-1).
Depending on the type of application, the transportation of that application’s communication will need to be handled in a specific way. For example, basic web browsing communication uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) . HTTP communicates via a specific connection service type and port. The transport layer is responsible for delivering/receiving the HTTP communication and maintaining the connection throughout the HTTP communication.
The Protocol Data Unit (PDU) at Layer 4 is known as a data segment . Segmentation is the process of dividing raw data into smaller pieces. Once the raw data is packaged from the higher application layers it is segmented at the transport layer before being passed to the Network Layer.
The transport layer protocols are divided into two categories depending on their connection service type:
This connection type establishes a logical connection between two devices prior to beginning communication across a network. Connection-oriented protocols typically maintain service connection by following a set of rules that initiate, negotiate, manage, and terminate the communication. The Transport Layer protocols will also retransmit any data that is received without acknowledgment. The most common Connection-Oriented protocol is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and its process to manage a connection between two devices is called the Three-Way Handshake . In TCP communication, the communicating devices typically share a client/server relationship where a client initiates communication with a service. The handshake involves the process of sending special TCP messages to synchronize a state of negotiated connection in communication.
In connectionless communication, the protocol does not establish a connection between client and server. Instead, once a request is made to the server, the server sends all data without initiation, negotiation, or management of connection. Connectionless protocols also do not attempt to correct any interruptions in data transmission. Once the server sends the data, the server is not concerned if the client receives it.
When TCP or UDP are used to establish communication, the communication is assigned a port as the Layer 4 address. A port is a logical assignment given to processes and their respective application protocols on a computing system. A few important facts to memorize about ports are:
The session layer starts, manages, and terminates sessions between end-user application processes. Sessions are considered the persistent connection between devices. A session is application-focused; sessions are not concerned with layers 1-4. Instead, the session layer controls dialog between two networked devices. It is considered to facilitate host-to-host communication. Sessions dialog may be controlled through synchronization checkpoints, and through management of communication modes. There are two modes of communication permitted at Layer 5:
The session layer resembles a phone conversation. For example, when a person picks up a phone and calls someone else a session is created. Once the communication on the call is completed, the session is terminated by hanging up the phone. In computing, software applications are making the phone call and establishing a session.
Two common Layer 5 protocols still used today are:
The presentation layer is primarily responsible for presenting data so that the recipient will understand the data. Data formatting and encoding protocols apply at Layer 6 to ensure data is legible and presented properly in the application receiving it. Data compression is also a function of Layer 6. If necessary, data may be compressed to improve data throughput over network communication.
Some common Layer 6 protocols are ASCII , JPEG , GIF , MPEG , and PNG .
Another main function of the presentation layer is the encryption and decryption of data sent across a network. Most encryption communication protocols straddle multiple layers of the OSI model, but the actual encryption function is Layer 6.
Two of the most common secure communication protocols are:
The topmost layer of the OSI model is the application layer . On computer systems, applications display information to the user via the UI.
Note : Software applications running on a computer are NOT considered to reside in the application layer. Instead, they leverage application layer services and protocols that enable network communication.
For example, the user can craft messages and access the network from the application layer. A web browser application allows a user to access a web page. The user may input information and receive information through the web browser. However, the application layer protocol HTTP performs the network communication function. The web browser and HTTP work closely together, and the distinction between the two may be subtle. Yet, HTTP is the web browsing protocol for all web browser applications. In contrast, no single web browser software exclusively utilizes HTTP.
HTTP is one of many common application layer protocols. Below are a few additional protocols to know. It is also good practice to memorize the associated port assigned to the protocols:
Protocol | Port Number(s) | Description |
---|---|---|
(DNS) | 53 | Translates internet names to their globally registered IP addresses. For example, “google.com” is registered in global DNS as IP address 8.8.8.8. |
(HTTPS) | 443 | Sends data to and from web browsers and web servers, but securely with the Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol. |
FTP | 20, 21 | Transfers files from a client to a server and vice versa. |
(SSH) | 22 | Connects to computers remotely and in a secure, encrypted way. |
(SMTP) | 25 | Sends and receives email. |
(DHCP) | 67 | Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network. |
(IRC) | 194 | Used in a client/server method. IRC clients communicate through an IRC server. |
(POP3) | 110 (unsecured), 995 (secured) | Used for email where the client receives mail by downloading it locally to a computer from a server mailbox. |
The OSI model breaks down computer network communication into seven layers. All of the layers work together to create a digital message. Understanding the OSI model will help you communicate with other network technologists. Computer networking may seem complex, but, with a bit of study, you can gain this knowledge to become an effective Cybersecurity Analyst.
Cybersecurity analyst interview prep, code foundations.
In this tutorial, we will be covering the Presentation layer of the OSI reference model in Computer Networks.
The presentation layer is layer-6 of the OSI reference model . This layer mainly responds to the service requests from the application layer(that is layer-7) and issues the service requests to layer-6 that is (the session layer).
This layer mainly acts as the translator of the network. Another name of the presentation layer is the Syntax layer.
The primary goal of this layer is to take care of the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two communicating systems. The presentation layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way that the receiver will understand the information(data) and will be able to use the data. Languages(syntax) can be different between the two communicating systems. Under this condition, the presentation layer plays a role as translator.
In order to make it possible for computers with different data representations to communicate, the data structures to be exchanged can be defined in an abstract way. The presentation layer manages these abstract data structures and allows higher-level data structures(eg: banking records), to be defined and exchanged.
We can say that the presentation layer may represent or encode the data in various ways (like data compression, data encryption). But the receiving device mainly decodes or converts the encoded message into its original form.
For the same data, the sender and receiver must need to agree upon a messaging format that is commonly known as the Presentation format.
Also, the presentation layer is a part of the operating system that mainly converts the data from one presentation format to another presentation format.
Given below are some of the protocols used at the presentation layer:
AFP(Apple filling protocol)
Secure Socket Layer(SSL)
FTP(file transfer protocol)
Lightweight Presentation Protocol(LPP)
SSH(Secure shell)
Translation: Before being transmitted, the information in the form of characters and numbers should be changed to bitstreams. The presentation layer is responsible for interoperability between encoding methods as different computers use different encoding methods. It translates data between the formats the network requires and the format of the computer.
Encryption: It carries out encryption at the transmitter and decryption at the receiver.
Compression: It carries out data compression to reduce the bandwidth of the data to be transmitted. The primary role of Data compression is to reduce the number of bits to be 0transmitted. It is important in transmitting multimedia such as audio, video, text, etc.
To manage and maintain the Syntax and Semantics of the information transmitted.
Encoding data in a standard agreed-upon way. Eg: String, double, date, etc.
Perform Standard Encoding on the wire.
In the vast landscape of computer networks, the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model stands as a fundamental framework for understanding how data is transmitted from one device to another. Among its seven layers, the presentation layer holds an important place, acting as a translator and formatter to ensure seamless communication between different systems. Through this article, we will try to know what is presentation layer in OSI model, what is its role in the field of networking and what is its importance.
Table of Contents
The Presentation Layer, within the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, is the sixth layer. It focuses on the representation of data, ensuring that information exchanged between applications is formatted appropriately for transmission and receipt across a network. This layer handles tasks such as data translation, encryption, compression, and formatting. Its primary function is to ensure that data remains readable and understandable by both the sender and receiver, regardless of differences in data formats. In essence, the Presentation Layer acts as a translator and formatter, facilitating seamless communication between different systems and enhancing the reliability and security of data transmission.
The Presentation Layer acts like a language translator and document formatter in the OSI model. It takes data from applications and prepares it for transmission over the network by translating it into a language that both the sender and receiver understand. Think of it as converting a letter into a universal format before mailing it overseas. Additionally, the Presentation Layer ensures that the data looks right by formatting it properly, like adjusting the font and spacing in a document. It also adds extra security by encrypting the data if needed, making it like a secret code that only the intended recipient can understand. Lastly, it might shrink the data down to save space during transmission, similar to compressing a file before emailing it. In short, the Presentation Layer makes sure data is ready for its journey across the network, keeping it secure, readable, and efficient along the way.
Protocols are Use in Presentation layer
The Presentation Layer primarily focuses on data representation and formatting rather than specific protocols. However, some protocols or standards are commonly associated with the Presentation Layer due to their role in data representation and formatting. Here are a few examples.
the Presentation Layer of the OSI Model acts as a translator and formatter, ensuring that data exchanged between applications remains readable and compatible across diverse systems. By handling tasks such as data translation, encryption, compression, and formatting, it enhances the reliability, efficiency, and security of data transmission over networks. Essentially, the Presentation Layer plays a crucial role in facilitating seamless communication between different systems, ensuring that information is accurately represented and securely transmitted, thus contributing to the smooth functioning of modern networking environments.
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OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a reference model for how applications communicate over a network. This model focuses on providing a visual design of how each communications layer is built on top of the other, starting with the physical cabling, all the way to the application that's trying to communicate with other devices on a network.
A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships. The purpose of the OSI reference model is to guide technology vendors and developers so the digital communications products and software programs they create can interoperate and to promote a clear framework that describes the functions of a networking or telecommunications system that's in use.
Most vendors involved in telecommunications try to describe their products and services in relation to the OSI model. This helps them differentiate among the various transport protocols, addressing schemes and communications packaging methods. And, although it's useful for guiding discussion and evaluation, the OSI model is theoretical in nature and should be used only as a general guide. That's because few network products or standard tools keep related functions together in well-defined layers, as is the case in the OSI model. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ( TCP/IP ) suite, for example, is the most widely used network protocol, but even it doesn't map cleanly to the OSI model.
In the 1970s, technology researchers began examining how computer systems could best communicate with each other. Over the next few years, several competing models were created and published to the community. However, it wasn't until 1984 when the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) took the best parts of competing networking reference models to propose OSI as a way to finally create a framework that technology companies around the world could use as the basis of their networking technologies .
From ISO's perspective, the easiest way to create a conceptual model was to organize the models into different abstraction layers required to organize and send data between computing systems. Looking inside each abstracted layer to see the details shows one part of this network communication process. Each layer can be thought of as a separate communication module or piece of the puzzle. But, to actually accomplish the goal of sending data from one device to another, each module must work together.
Information technology (IT) networking professionals use OSI to model or conceptualize how data is sent or received over a network. Understanding this is a foundational part of most IT networking certifications, including the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) and CompTIA Network+ certification programs. As mentioned, the model is designed to break down data transmission standards, processes and protocols over a series of seven layers, each of which is responsible for performing specific tasks concerning sending and receiving data.
The main concept of OSI is that the process of communication between two endpoints in a network can be divided into seven distinct groups of related functions, or layers. Each communicating user or program is on a device that can provide those seven layers of function.
In this architecture, each layer serves the layer above it and, in turn, is served by the layer below it. So, in a given message between users, there will be a flow of data down through the layers in the source computer, across the network and then up through the layers in the receiving computer. Only the application layer at the top of the stack doesn't provide services to a higher-level layer.
The seven layers of function are provided by a combination of applications, operating systems (OSes), network card device drivers, networking hardware and protocols that enable a system to transmit a signal over a network through various physical mediums, including twisted-pair copper, fiber optics, Wi-Fi or Long-Term Evolution (LTE) with 5G .
What is the function of each layer of the OSI model? The seven Open Systems Interconnection layers are the following.
The application layer enables the user -- human or software -- to interact with the application or network whenever the user elects to read messages, transfer files or perform other network-related tasks. Web browsers and other internet-connected apps, such as Outlook and Skype, use Layer 7 application protocols.
The presentation layer translates or formats data for the application layer based on the semantics or syntax the application accepts. This layer also handles the encryption and decryption that the application layer requires.
The session layer sets up, coordinates and terminates conversations between applications. Its services include authentication and reconnection after an interruption. This layer determines how long a system will wait for another application to respond. Examples of session layer protocols include X.225 and Zone Information Protocol (ZIP).
The transport layer is responsible for transferring data across a network and provides error-checking mechanisms and data flow controls. It determines how much data to send, where it gets sent and at what rate. TCP within the TCP/IP suite is the best-known example of the transport layer. This is where the communications select TCP port numbers to categorize and organize data transmissions across a network.
The primary function of the network layer is to move data into and through other networks. Network layer protocols accomplish this by packaging data with correct network address information, selecting the appropriate network routes and forwarding the packaged data up the stack to the transport layer. From a TCP/IP perspective, this is where IP addresses are applied for routing purposes.
The data-link , or protocol layer, in a program handles moving data into and out of a physical link in a network. This layer handles problems that occur as a result of bit transmission errors. It ensures that the pace of the data flow doesn't overwhelm the sending and receiving devices. This layer also permits the transmission of data to Layer 3, the network layer, where it's addressed and routed.
The data-link layer can be further divided into two sublayers. The higher layer, which is called logical link control (LLC), is responsible for multiplexing, flow control, acknowledgement and notifying upper layers if transmit/receive (TX/RX) errors occur.
The media access control sublayer is responsible for tracking data frames using MAC addresses of the sending and receiving hardware. It's also responsible for organizing each frame, marking the starting and ending bits and organizing timing regarding when each frame can be sent along the physical layer medium.
The physical layer transports data using electrical, mechanical or procedural interfaces. This layer is responsible for sending computer bits from one device to another along the network. It determines how physical connections to the network are set up and how bits are represented into predictable signals as they're transmitted either electrically, optically or via radio waves.
Cross-layer functions, or services that may affect more than one layer, include the following:
The OSI model has a number of advantages, including the following:
The disadvantages of the OSI model include the following:
The OSI reference model describes the functions of a telecommunication or networking system, while TCP/IP is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP/IP and OSI are the most broadly used networking models for communication.
The OSI and TCP/IP models have similarities and differences. The main similarity is in their construction, as both use layers, although the OSI model consists of seven layers, while TCP/IP consists of just four layers.
Another similarity is that the upper layer for each model is the application layer, which performs the same tasks in each model but may vary according to the information each receives.
The functions performed in each model are also similar because each uses a network and transport layer to operate. The OSI and TCP/IP model are mostly used to transmit data packets, although they each use different means and paths to reach their destinations.
Additional similarities between the OSI and TCP/IP models include the following:
Differences between the OSI and TCP/IP models include the following:
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The presentation layer is one of the three main layers in object-oriented programming.
The three main layers include:
Now, these three layers are typically related to enterprise web applications. It's a design pattern used to help separate your code out in three distinct areas that (if need be) can easily be switched out with another programming language or technology.
So if you keep all of your presentation layer code in one area of your application, switching presentation layer technologies shouldn't be too difficult.
Same rules apply to the business and data layers. If you separated your code out properly, switching databases shouldn't be too big of an issue.
Having said that, we'll be focusing on the presentation layer.
The four big players (in terms of technology) in the presentation layer are as follows:
Let’s dive into the overviews of each of these big players, shall we?
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is a technology used to communicate with web browsers. All browsers follow the rules laid out in HTML (currently in its 5th iteration).
HTML defines a bunch of different HTML elements known as tags that are put together to make up the basic layout of a web page. These tags are used to define things like the title of the webpage (which appears in the tab of your browser), the actual text that appears on the page, images, buttons and more.
Thankfully HTML isn’t too tough to learn as it’s more of a game of memorizing the most popular tags and using them to create your simple web pages. HTML is not a programming language, as it doesn’t define variables, data types, control structure or the like. This is also what makes it fairly easy to learn.
We’ll be diving into examples of HTML “code” later, so stay tuned.
CSS (cascading style sheets) is used to add some “pizazz” to your web pages. CSS is used to add a design look and feel to your web pages through the use of its cascading rules. We won’t get into the exact rules that CSS uses to apply its designs just yet, but again, stay tuned for a more in depth explanation.
All you need to know is that CSS is used to make a web page look nice. You can use it to choose which parts of the web page should be which color, how big or small elements should be, what fonts should be used and more.
If you’ve ever landed on a web page that wasn’t able to properly load its CSS, you’d likely think that the website was completely broken. It is often fixed by forcing the page to reload and then the CSS usually gets picked up the second time and everything loads properly and the website goes back to looking great. This situation is quite rare, but I thought I’d mention it because it’s a great example of just how powerful CSS is.
JavaScript is used to make your web pages interactive. It allows you to put some real programming functionality into web pages (as HTML is not a programming language and thus cannot add real programming elements to a page).
Examples of what JavaScript can do is when you’re logging into an application and you forget to provide information in one of the fields. JavaScript can detect that you’ve forgotten to type in your username or password and can provide you with a prompt explaining that you need to fill in your username and password before you can continue.
JavaScript shouldn’t be confused with Java, as they are two different technologies. Java is part of the business layer and has no place in the presentation layer. Java is known as a server side language, as it exists and runs on servers. JavaScript is known as a client side technology, and thus lives where the “clients” are, which is inside the actual web browsers.
A good way to think of the difference between the two languages is that when you land on a web page and it loads in your browser, it will also load any JavaScript code inside the page and you’ll actually be able to access that code and read it. Whereas, you’d never be able to read the Java code, as it’s not loaded in your browser because it’s a server side technology.
That simple distinction between the two languages makes for two very different languages in terms of their use and functionality.
The syntax for JavaScript, however, is fairly similar to Java. This is nice since you’ll be able to look at a piece of JavaScript code and more or less understand what’s going on. So you should be able to pick up the JavaScript language a lot quicker if you already have a good command of the Java language.
JQuery is a technology that’s used in tandem with JavaScript. JQuery makes your life as a web programmer so much easier for one reason, it allows you to write code once and have it work across all the browsers.
In today’s world we have so many browsers that can be downloaded for free and used to peruse the web. This actually makes building websites a bit challenging, as every browser has made up their own minds on how to “render” an HTML web page.
This means that a webpage loaded on Safari might not look the same as if it’s loaded on Internet Explorer, or Firefox, or Chrome.
These inconsistencies drive web programmers crazy, so that’s why jQuery was introduced. It allows you to write your JavaScript in a sort of “browser agnostic” way. You can write it once, and jQuery will execute the code appropriately depending on which browser it’s loaded it. VERY COOL!
The best part of all of these technologies is that they are all free to use.
And thankfully, they are also free to learn via these tutorials!
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What is the difference between a presentation layer and an user-interface?
They are close in execution, but they come from different directions. They aren't well defined, depending on the specific context, they may be almost identical or overlap only slightly.
Presentation layer is term in the taxonomy of code and associated resources.
User Interface is the implementation of the intended User Experience in terms of page layout, page transitions and page control elements. (I am using "page" loosely here - you can replace it with "form" or "window").
The distinction is important when you consider how a user interface gets created. If you come from the code, you are basically working with the needs and mechanisms of the code - what data is there to show? , and in what ways your code can change that?
If you come from the user, the questions are rather what data the does the user need? and what data the user wants to change?
(The first one isn't necessarily worse - it's perfect for users who have a good idea of the inner workings of the application, and it makes it often easier to make use of the full capabilities of the code.)
The link in the John's answer refers to the OSI model, which is not the term intended here IMHO.
I think presentation layer and UI are overlapping concepts, though not 100% overlapping.
Form one angle: The term presentation layer suggests a layered structure in the application, while the term UI does not suggest anything about the inner structure of the application.
From another angle: The term UI might only include the collection of controls and their event handlers, while the term presentation layer could include some deeper non visual parts of the application like ViewModels or Presenters.
The presentation layer delivers information to the application layer for display.
The presentation layer, in some cases, handles data translation to allow use on a particular system.
The user interface shows you the data once the presentation layer has done any translations it needs to.
More here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_Layer
Here's my own interpretation:
Presentation layer loosely refers to the layer which is responsible for somehow displaying the data for the users. It is often spoken of in the context of a software architecture along with other layers such persistence layer, business logic layer, etc, and rarely by itself.
User interface simply refers to the point of interfacing between the users and some software programs. User interface do not always have to have a nice graphical windows capabilities. A console program, one which runs on the prompt, is also said to have a user interface, just not a graphical one.
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Microsoft 365 Life Hacks > Presentations > How many slides does your presentation need?
When you’re creating a presentation, it’s important to consider the amount of information you’re sharing with your audience. You don’t want to overwhelm them, but you also want to be comprehensive and ensure that you’re covering all your bases. Whether you’re giving a 10, 15, or 30-minute presentation, see how many slides your presentation needs to get your point across.
PowerPoint is a powerful visual aid for introducing data, statistics, and new concepts to any audience. In PowerPoint, you can create as many slides as you want—which might sound tempting at first. But length doesn’t always guarantee a successful presentation . Most presentations last around 10-15 minutes, and anything longer than that (such as a 30-minute presentation) may have additional visual aids or speakers to enhance your message.
A handy rule to keep in mind is to spend about 1-2 minutes on each slide. This will give you ample time to convey your message, let data sink in, and allow you to memorize your presentation . When you limit each slide to this length of time, you also need to be selective about how much information you put on each slide and avoid overloading your audience.
Ten minutes is usually considered the shortest amount of time you need for a successful presentation. For a shorter 10-minute presentation, you’ll need to be selective with your content. Limit your slide count to approximately 7 to 10 slides.
When preparing for a 15-minute presentation, concise and focused content is key. Aim for around 10 to 15 slides to maintain a good pace, which will fit with the 1-2 minute per slide rule.
A longer presentation gives you more room to delve deeper into your topic. But to maintain audience engagement, you’ll need to add interactivity , audience participation, and elements like animations . Aim for around 20 to 30 slides, allowing for a balanced distribution of content without overwhelming your audience.
Powerpoint empowers you to develop well-designed content across all your devices
The 10-20-30 rule is an effective way to structure your presentation. It calls for no more than 10 slides and no longer than 20 minutes (as well as a 30-point font).
No matter how long a presentation is, there are guidelines for crafting one to enhance understanding and retention. Keep these tips in mind when creating your PowerPoint masterpiece:
Ultimately, the ideal number of slides for your presentation depends on the allocated time frame and how detailed your content is. By striking a balance between informative content and engaging delivery, you can create a compelling presentation that can teach your audience something new.
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By Arden Farhi , Hunter Woodall , Jui Sarwate , Julia Ingram , Layla Ferris , Laura Doan , James LaPorta , Daniel Klaidman , Alexander Tin , Pete Villasmil, Sierra Sanders
Updated on: June 28, 2024 / 9:46 AM EDT / CBS News
Here's the fact check of some of the statements made by President Biden and former President Donald Trump during the first 2024 presidential debate , which took place in Atlanta on Thursday, June 27. The two tangled on topics including immigration, the economy, abortion and their respective records. Mr. Biden seemed to ramble during many of his responses.
CBS News covered the debate live as it happened .
Trump : "We had the greatest economy in the history of our country. And we have never done so well. Every- everybody was amazed by it. Other countries were copying us."
Details : Trump's claim is false that during his presidency the U.S. had the greatest economy in the history of the country by many of the common metrics used to judge economic performance. The claim struggles when looking at GDP. If the 2020 pandemic is excluded, growth after inflation under Trump averaged 2.49%, according to figures from the World Bank . This is far from the GDP growth under Democratic President Bill Clinton of 3.88%, according to World Bank data . Including the time period after COVID spread, that average drops to 1.18%.
Trump's claim also falls short when compared to historical figures. Growth between 1962 to 1966 ranged from 4.4% to 6.6%. In 1950 and 1951, GDP ranged between 8.7% and 8%.
Under Mr. Biden, annual GDP growth is averaging 3.4%, according to the Associated Press .
*An earlier version of this fact check misstated World Bank figures for growth after inflation under Trump at 2.65%, rather than 2.49%, and 1.45%, instead of 1.18%, and also rounded the growth number for Clinton. This has been updated.
Unemployment
Trump's claim is also false even when evaluating the unemployment rate. In February 2020, a month before the COVID pandemic affected the economy, the unemployment rate stood at 3.5% — which was the lowest since December 1969 — but not the lowest ever. When Trump's term ended, the unemployment rate was 6.3%.
In 1953, the unemployment rate fell as low as 2.5%. Under Mr. Biden, the unemployment rate is 4%, according to the most recent data from May 2024.
In January 2023 and again in April 2023, the unemployment rate was 3.4%, lower than the best month during Trump's term.
Stock market performance
On Jan. 19, 2021, the S&P 500-stock average closed at 67.8% above where it had been the day before Trump was inaugurated in 2017.
According to Investopedia , at the end of President Barack Obama's first term in office, the S&P closed 84.5% higher. Additionally the S&P gained 79% during President Bill Clinton's first term, and 70% during President Dwight Eisenhower's first term. So far, under President Biden, the S&P 500 has increased almost 40% , according to calculations on June 13.
By Laura Doan and Hunter Woodall
Biden: "I'm the only president this century that doesn't have any — this decade — that doesn't have any troops dying anywhere in the world."
Details : At least 16 U.S. service members have died while serving overseas during Mr. Biden's presidency. Thirteen U.S. service members died in an attack at the Kabul airport in Afghanistan in August 2021. Three soldiers were killed in an attack in Jordan in January of this year.
By Layla Ferris
Trump: "First of all, that was a made-up quote. 'Suckers and losers,' they made it up."
Details : Current and former U.S. military service members have detailed to CBS News multiple instances when Trump made disparaging remarks about members of the U.S. military who were captured or killed, including referring to the American war dead at the Aisle-Marne American Cemetery in France in 2018 as "losers" and "suckers."
A senior Defense Department official and a former U.S. Marine Corps officer with direct knowledge of what was said detailed how Trump said he did not want to visit the cemetery because it was "filled with losers." These accounts were backed independently by two other officials — a former senior U.S. Army officer and a separate, former senior U.S. Marine Corps officer.
In another conversation on the trip, Trump referred to the 1,800 Marines who died in the World War I battle of Belleau Wood as "suckers" for getting killed. The Atlantic was first to report Trump's comments in 2020. His former chief of staff John Kelly later confirmed to CNN the essence of what Trump had said.
By James LaPorta and Sierra Sanders
Biden: "I've changed it in a way that now you're in a situation where there 40% fewer people coming across the border illegally; it's better than when he left office."
Details : Since Mr. Biden issued a proclamation banning most migrants from asylum at the U.S.-Mexico border in early June, illegal crossings there have dropped. In the past week, daily illegal border crossings have averaged roughly 2,000, according to internal Department of Homeland Security data obtained by CBS News. That's a 47% drop from the 3,800 daily average in May.
During the height of a spike in migration faced by the Trump administration in 2019, Border Patrol recorded an average of 4,300 daily illegal crossings, government data show. But there were months during the Covid-19 pandemic when the Trump administration averaged fewer than 2,000 illegal border crossings.
By Camilo Montoya-Galvez
Trump: "People are coming in and killing our citizens at a level like we've never seen before."
Details : Some migrants who are believed to have entered the U.S. along the southern border in recent years have been charged with murder and other heinous crimes in different parts of the country. They include the suspect in the high-profile murder of Georgia nursing student Laken Riley .
But while the data on this question is not comprehensive, available studies have found that migrants living in the country illegally do not commit crimes at a higher rate than native-born Americans.
Government statistics also show a very small fraction of migrants processed by Border Patrol have criminal records in the U.S. or other countries that share information with American officials.
Trump: "Remember, more people died under his administration — even though we had largely fixed it — more people died under his administration than our administration, and we were right in the middle of it, something which a lot of people don't like to talk about. But [Biden] had far more people dying in his administration."
Details : More than 460,000 people had died from COVID-19 by the end of the week that Biden was inaugurated in 2021, while more than 725,000 have died in the three years since then, according to data from the CDC . However, research has found that the counts of COVID-19 deaths, especially in the early days of the pandemic, were likely undercounted .
By Julia Ingram and Jui Sarwate
Trump: "If you look at the former governor of Virginia, he was willing to do this — he said 'we'll put the baby aside and we'll determine what we'll do with the baby'.. .meaning we'll kill the baby."
Details : In a 2019 radio interview then-governor of Virginia Ralph Northam, in discussing late-term abortions, addressed a hypothetical scenario in which a fetus was severely deformed or wasn't otherwise viable. He said, "the infant would be delivered, the infant would be kept comfortable, the infant would be resuscitated if that's what the mother and the family desired."
Northam did not say the fetus should be killed. Killing a newborn baby — or infanticide — is illegal in every state, and not a single state is trying to change that.
By Laura Doan and Daniel Klaidman
Trump: "[Biden] basically went after his political opponent (Trump) because he thought it was going to damage me, but when the public found out about these cases, 'cause they understand it better than he does, he has no idea what these cases are, but when they found out about these cases, you know what they did? My poll numbers went up, way up."
Details : There is no federal jurisdiction over a state case. The Manhattan district attorney's office is a separate entity from the U.S. Department of Justice. The department does not supervise the work of the Manhattan D.A.'s office, does not approve its charging decisions, and it does not try the D.A.'s cases.
By Pete Villasmil
Trump: "I'm the one that got the insulin down for the seniors. I took care of the seniors."
Details : During Trump's time as president, Medicare created a voluntary program in 2020 between some plans and insulin manufacturers that agreed to cap out-of-pocket costs for insulin at $35 per month. Around half of Medicare Advantage or stand-alone prescription drug plans ended up participating by 2021.
David Ricks, CEO of insulin drugmaker Eli Lilly, has taken credit for pioneering the idea with Trump administration officials at a congressional hearing and in an interview . In the same interview with STAT, Seema Verma, former Medicare agency chief in the Trump administration, gave Ricks the credit for the cap: "He is an unsung hero. He was actually the mastermind of all of this."
Medicare ended the policy in 2023, after Mr. Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act , which capped insulin costs for Medicare beneficiaries — not just for the portion of plans participating in the program. The law capped insulin costs at the same amount of $35 per month.
By Alexander Tin and Hunter Woodall
Trump: "He wants open borders. He wants our country to either be destroyed or he wants to pick up those people as voters."
Details : When he took office, Mr. Biden reversed numerous Trump-era immigration policies, including a program that required migrants to await their asylum hearings in Mexico. U.S. Border Patrol has also reported record numbers of migrant apprehensions along the southern border during Mr. Biden's presidency. But Mr. Biden has never endorsed or implemented an "open borders" policy.
In fact, Mr. Biden has embraced some restrictive border policies that mirror rules enacted by his predecessor. In 2023, his administration published a regulation that disqualified migrants from asylum if they crossed into the country illegally after not seeking protection in a third country.
Earlier this month, Mr. Biden enacted an even stricter policy: a proclamation that has partially shut down asylum processing along the border. His administration has also carried out over 4 million deportations, expulsions and returns of migrants since 2021, according to government data .
Only U.S. citizens can vote in federal elections. Most who cross into the U.S. illegally are not on a path to permanent legal status, let alone citizenship. Even those who apply and win asylum — a process that typically takes years to complete — have to wait five years as permanent U.S. residents before applying for American citizenship. There's no evidence to suggest that the Biden administration's border policy is based on a desire to convert migrants into voters.
Biden "[Trump] wants to get rid of Social Security. He thinks there's plenty to cut in social security. He's wanted to cut Social Security and Medicare, both times."
Details : Trump has repeatedly said he will try to protect Medicare and Social Security. Trump said in a March 21 Truth Social post that he would not "under any circumstance" allow Social Security to "be even touched" if he were president. Trump had said in a CNBC interview on March 11 that "there is a lot you can do" in terms of "cutting" spending under Social Security. Mr. Biden said the comments were proof Trump aimed to make cuts in the programs, but a Trump campaign spokesman said Trump was referring to "cutting waste and fraud," not Social Security entitlements.
Trump: "But he's (Biden) got the largest deficit in the history of our country."
Details : The national deficit was the largest it had been in over two decades under Trump's administration, not Mr. Biden's, according to data from the U.S. Treasury . The deficit peaked in fiscal year 2020 at $3.13 trillion, and declined to $1.7 trillion by the end of fiscal year 2023.
By Julia Ingram
Arden Farhi is the senior White House producer at CBS News. He has covered several presidential campaigns and the Obama, Trump and Biden administrations. He also produces "The Takeout with Major Garrett."
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Prerequisite : OSI Model. Introduction : Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. This layer is also known as Translation layer, as this layer serves as a data translator for the network. The data which this layer receives from the Application Layer is extracted and manipulated here as per the required ...
The presentation layer is the lowest layer at which application programmers consider data structure and presentation, instead of simply sending data in the form of datagrams or packets between hosts. This layer deals with issues of string representation - whether they use the Pascal method ...
The presentation layer is the lowest layer at which application programmers consider data structure and presentation, instead of simply sending data in the form of datagrams or packets between hosts. This layer deals with issues of string representation - whether they use the Pascal method (an integer length field followed by the specified ...
The presentation layer is located at Layer 6 of the OSI model. The tool that manages Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP) is an example of a program that loosely adheres to the presentation layer of OSI. Although it's technically considered an application-layer protocol per the TCP/IP model, HTTP includes presentation layer services within it.
What is Presentation Layer? Definition: Presentation layer is 6th layer in the OSI model, and its main objective is to present all messages to upper layer as a standardized format.It is also known as the "Translation layer". This layer takes care of syntax and semantics of messages exchanged in between two communication systems. Presentation layer has responsible that receiver can ...
The presentation layer is a very important layer because it handles encryption, decryption, and the conversion of complex data into flat-byte strings, a format that is easily transmittable. The ...
The presentation layer is the sixth layer of the OSI Reference model. It defines how data and information is transmitted and presented to the user. It translates data and format code in such a way that it is correctly used by the application layer. It identifies the syntaxes that different applications use and formats data using those syntaxes.
Furthermore, understanding the sixth layer benefits cybersecurity professionals, as the presentation layer takes care of data encryption. Some common threats at this level include encoding attacks, encryption attacks, and decryption downgrade attacks. Therefore, professionals use the presentation layer to secure data transmitted over a network.
The presentation layer is the sixth layer of the OSI Reference Model protocol stack, and second from the top. It is different from the other layers in two key respects. First, it has a much more limited and specific function than the other layers; it's actually somewhat easy to describe, hurray! Second, it is used much less often than the other ...
The Presentation Layer formats and encrypts data. OSI Layer 7. Layer 7 is the application layer. True to its name, this is the layer that is ultimately responsible for supporting services used by end-user applications. Applications include software programs that are installed on the operating system, like Internet browsers (for example, Firefox ...
Data Link Layer. Network Layer. Transport Layer. Session Layer. Presentation Layer. Application Layer. Summary. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking model defines a conceptual framework for communications between computer systems. The model is an ISO standard which identifies seven fundamental networking layers, from the physical ...
Specific functionalities of the presentation layer are as follows: 1. Translation. The processes or running programs in two machines are usually exchanging the information in the form of numbers, character strings and so on before being transmitted. The information should be changed to bitstreams because different computers use different ...
The presentation layer is the 6 th layer from the bottom in the OSI model. This layer presents the incoming data from the application layer of the sender machine to the receiver machine. It converts one format of data to another format of data if both sender and receiver understand different formats; hence this layer is also called the ...
Some common Layer 6 protocols are ASCII, JPEG, GIF, MPEG, and PNG. Another main function of the presentation layer is the encryption and decryption of data sent across a network. Most encryption communication protocols straddle multiple layers of the OSI model, but the actual encryption function is Layer 6.
The presentation layer manages these abstract data structures and allows higher-level data structures (eg: banking records), to be defined and exchanged. We can say that the presentation layer may represent or encode the data in various ways (like data compression, data encryption). But the receiving device mainly decodes or converts the ...
Layer 6 is known as the presentation layer. The main purpose of the presentation layer is to deliver and present data to the application layer. This data must be formatted so that the application layer can understand and interpret it. The presentation layer is responsible for items such as: . Encryption and decryption of messages.
The Presentation Layer, within the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, is the sixth layer. It focuses on the representation of data, ensuring that information exchanged between applications is formatted appropriately for transmission and receipt across a network. This layer handles tasks such as data translation, encryption, compression ...
Presentation Layer: The presentation layer is layer 6 of the 7-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It is used to present data to the application layer (layer 7) in an accurate, well-defined and standardized format. The presentation layer is sometimes called the syntax layer.
Web browsers and other internet-connected apps, such as Outlook and Skype, use Layer 7 application protocols. Layer 6. The presentation layer. The presentation layer translates or formats data for the application layer based on the semantics or syntax the application accepts. This layer also handles the encryption and decryption that the ...
The presentation layer is the sixth layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), model. In computer networking, the OSI model is a concept that describes the transmission of data from one computer to another. Each layer in the model is a packet of protocols, or procedures that govern data transmission, which allow the layer to execute ...
The presentation layer is one of the three main layers in object-oriented programming. The three main layers include: Presentation Layer. Business Layer. Data Layer. Now, these three layers are typically related to enterprise web applications. It's a design pattern used to help separate your code out in three distinct areas that (if need be ...
0. The presentation layer delivers information to the application layer for display. The presentation layer, in some cases, handles data translation to allow use on a particular system. The user interface shows you the data once the presentation layer has done any translations it needs to.
Ten minutes is usually considered the shortest amount of time you need for a successful presentation. For a shorter 10-minute presentation, you'll need to be selective with your content. Limit your slide count to approximately 7 to 10 slides. For 15-minute presentations. When preparing for a 15-minute presentation, concise and focused content ...
Trump claims he did not refer to U.S. soldiers who were killed as "suckers and losers": False. Trump: "First of all, that was a made-up quote. 'Suckers and losers,' they made it up."