violence solution essay

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Domestic Violence Solution, Essay Example

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Domestic violence can be defined as an outline of activities and behaviors whereby one partner tries to dictate and take control of the other through intimidation, threats, emotional harm and the use of physical force. Domestic violence occurs daily and includes forms like physical, financial and sexual abuse, neglect and maltreatment of children as well as elder abuse. It can also mean criminal coercion, endangerment, kidnapping, trespassing, stalking, unlawful imprisonment and harassment among others.

Unlike other crimes and offenses, domestic violence is habitually not an unexpected or a sudden incident. It may take years of psychological and emotional suffering as well as physical harm, which may occur frequently and develop to a more severe situation. Domestic violence has a distressing impact to those involved and exposed to such violence, for example, children experiencing it and living with it as witnesses. It is difficult to comprehend precisely how domestic violence is, because individuals usually don’t report it. Domestic Violence normally affects people of all ages, ethnic backgrounds, educational and income levels. The consequences are that any kind of abusive behavior is never tolerable, whether it comes from an older adult, a man, woman or even a teenager. Everyone deserves to feel appreciated, respected and secure (Davis 10).

Effective Solution To Domestic Violence

There exists no simple solution to the issue of domestic violence since its removal requires transformations in the same nature of society. Unless individuals develop a sense of respect and recognition for others, domestic violence will still be there, and the weaker individuals of the society will mostly be the victims.

Recognizing abuse

Domestic violence often rises from verbal abuse and threats to violence. Physical injury is the obvious danger along psychological and emotional torture. Emotionally abusive relationships can lead to loss of self-esteem, depression, anxiety and makes one feel helpless. Nobody should bear this kind of torture; therefore, the first point is to known that the situation is abusive after which the individual is to accept the reality of the situation, and then seek the necessary help that is required.

Counselling

It is well-known that young adults and children raised in environments where violence is experienced are likely to become the perpetrators themselves or the victims. It is essential to break the sequence of such violent activities in these families where it occurs frequently. Therefore, counselling is the appropriate solution for all family members affected. Counselling may take forms such as methods of conflict management, anger control and negotiation among others. Community and society funding should be accessible so as to ensure ease of access to all those who require it (Davis, 280-288).

Education and Empowerment

The family is predominantly accountable for building an individual’s character. Therefore, it is from the same families that feelings of self worth, conflict resolutions skills and respect for others are developed. In this case, it is essential that support is offered to families in enabling them nurture these vital qualities. If such qualities are not developed early enough, it will be very difficult to instill them later. The most considerable issue is to empower young children to decline violence psychologically.

Violent behavior demeans the perpetrator and injures the victims. In a situation where the abuser seeks for help to control his/her behavior, help ought to be available. It should be provided and not be seen as a form of punishment for the crime.  The society or community should recognize the unlawful nature of domestic violence and settle on the appropriate corrective sanctions to it (Lee 6-50).

Developing a safety plan

When violent behavior occurs, it is useful to have a strategy of dealing with a crisis or emergency. It is necessary for people to think of ways and means of providing a safer environment for themselves and their children. The victims involved must plan on how to get out of their homes securely and speedily, so that once violence begins, they may do so. Such a plan needs to consider several important details, for example, where to keep keys and extra clothes among others, for a speedy departure (Buzawa 36-54).

Intervention orders and legal framework

Intervention orders are vital legal mechanisms in managing domestic violence. Once an order is given out, it should contain the information about the possibility of counselling also being offered. If an order is contravened, attendance at counselling must be compulsory in addition to any corrective sanctions. Better sanctioning penalties, legal framework and providing protection ought to evolve where none exists (Davis 280-290).

Call for help

It is also necessary for children to know how to use a telephone so that in case of an emergency they can call the fire department or even the police. Since domestic violence is a crime, people should not fear to ask for assistance. This is because calling the police officers can make an abuser to consider the matter before using any violence in the future. The work of the police is to investigate the matter and make any relevant arrests. They will also prepare a report of abuse and alternatively provide the casualty with referral information for domestic violence services in the area. It is crucial for victims involved as well as their relatives, neighbors or even friends of the victims to call the police officers for help (Sizemore, 3).

Seek community help

Several services are available to help the families that struggle with domestic violence. People should make use of the various programs in the community/society and the domestic violence hotlines. Such resources offer emergency referrals and shelter as well as counselling. The victims involved may seek for support from the local police department, from their churches or even agencies of domestic violence.

Seek medical treatment

Several injuries require medical attention. Sexually or physically abused victims need to visit a physician for a complete medical assessment. A medical report, which documents the injured person, may be relevant in any legal situation. If possible, it is also important for the physician to take color photographs of the victims injured.

The consequences of domestic violence in the society are undoubtedly enormous and immeasurable. The effects are seen in the entire nation, for example, in schools, jails etc. The effects can be seen in people’s faces at home, work or even on the streets. Pessimism, hopelessness, meanness and hard-headedness are what individuals experience on their day to day activities. People need to think about the price of domestic violence in terms of cents and dollars, which is indeed devastating and demoralizing. The abused victims need counselling and medical care for full medical assessment (McCue, 206).

There is a huge cost to the entire nation in the form of time and resources spent by the law enforcement officials, lawyers, public health workers and many others. There is the cost to the social organizations in the form of counselling, money used, time, hotline services and many more. Furthermore, there is also the cost to the productivity and efficiency of work place in form of worker re-training, absenteeism and decreased productivity. The system of education is required to offer dedicated services to children and young adults who are suffering from behavioral problems, which result from domestic violence.

Works cited

Bogue, Ellie. “Domestic Violence Awareness Month Draws Attention to Persistent Problem.”   McClatchy – Tribune Business News Oct 09 2012. ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. 6 Dec. 2012.

Buzawa, Eva S, Carl G. Buzawa, Evan Stark, and Eva S. Buzawa. Responding to Domestic  Violence: The Integration of Criminal Justice and Human Services . Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 2012. Print.

Davis, Richard L. Domestic Violence: Intervention, Prevention, Policies, and Solutions . Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2008. Print.

Dixon, Ken. “Solutions Sought by Task Force to Stem Domestic Violence.” McClatchy – Tribune          Business News Dec 01 2009. ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. 6 Dec. 2012.

Harne, Lynne, and Jill Radford. Tackling Domestic Violence: Theories, Policies and Practice .   Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press, 2008. Print.

http://www.aaets.org/article145.htm

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1279919/

Lee, Mo Y, John Sebold, and Adriana Uken. Solution-focused Treatment of Domestic Violence Offenders: Accountability for Change . New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

McCue, Margi L. Domestic Violence: A Reference Handbook . Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO,          2008. Print.

Sizemore, Nola. “Domestic Violence Victims Get a Special make-Over.” McClatchy – Tribune   Business News Jun 30 2010. ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. 7 Dec. 2012.

Twigg, Tim, and Rebecca Crane. “Ending the Silence on Domestic Violence in the Workplace.”            Dental Economics 99.5 (2009): 33-4. ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. 6 Dec. 2012.

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• Indian J Psychiatry
• v.57(2); Apr-Jun 2015

Violence against women: Where are the solutions?

Indira sharma.

Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

“If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?”

Mary Astel 1668-1731: Some Reflections upon Marriage (1706 ed.)

Dear friends, I am deeply honoured by the trust you have reposed in me and elected me to the highest office of the Indian Psychiatric Society. At this point of time, I would like to pay my respects to my revered teachers and seniors who taught me the ABC of psychiatry, mentored and blessed me all along my journey to this point. I salute (Late) Professor BB Sethi who admitted me to psychiatry. Dear Sirs, Prof. A. K. Agarwal, Prof. N. Lal, Prof. S. C. Gupta, Prof. Mata Prasad, Prof. C. K. Rastogi, Prof. A. K. Tandon, Prof. Prabhat Sitholey, and Dr. Ashok Trivedi, I thank you all wholeheartedly for all that you have taught me. I would like to give the credit to you all for this achievement. At this moment, I would like to remember my father (Late) Pandit Harish Chandra Sharma, a practicing lawyer at the Allahabad High court, for the enthusiasm he infused in me and for his lofty ideals, a few of which I have imbibed. I would like to dedicate this address to him.

I have chosen “Violence against Women: Where are the Solutions?” as the theme of my address on the following accounts:

• Violence against women is a social, economic, developmental, legal, educational, human rights, and health (physical and mental) issue.
• It is a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in women
• The relationship between violence against women and mental illness has not been adequately explored.
• Application of laws related to violence in the setting of mental illness is difficult
• Despite the social and religious sanctions against it in all cultures, it has continued.

Responses by communities, religious institutions, government (various commissions), international conventions, stringent legislations and penal measures have failed miserably in containing the menace.

The recent gang rape of a medical student on 16.12.2012, by 6 persons (under the effect of alcohol) in a bus (the safest transport), in the presence of her friend (a male), during busy traffic hours (9.30 pm), for an extended period (>1 h), in the National Capital Region, whose Chief Minister is a lady, and with a lady as the president of the ruling party has rocked the country.

Violence against women is on the national agenda. Government is making frantic efforts to find solutions. The Justice JS Varma Commission has been set up.

The world has entered into a new millennium, but from the dawn of civilization till date, the woman of the patriarchal society of India continues to be oppressed and ill-treated. She is dependent, weak, exploited and faces gender discrimination in every sphere of life. The gender-based violence that threatens the well-being, dignity and rights of women, extends across social, cultural, economic and regional boundaries.

Instances of violence against women in ancient India are mentioned. Mahabharat cites the violence meted out to Dropti. Yudhishtir staked his wife Dropti in gambling and lost her, following which Duryodhana ordered his brother Dushasan to strip her in the royal palace and he attempted to do so, but Lord Krishna came to her rescue. Kans killed seven newborn babies of his sister Devaki. In modern societies also violence against women is a major public health problem affecting women and children.

While deliberating on violence against women and mental illness two cases deserve mention. First, the “Bobbitt” case[ 1 ] of an American couple, whose difficult relationship gained worldwide notoriety for an incident in 1993 when the wife severed her husband's penis with a knife. The penis was subsequently surgically re-attached. The wife stated that her husband sexually, physically, and emotionally abused her during their marriage, flaunted his infidelities, and had forced her to have an abortion. Her defense attorneys maintained that she was suffering from clinical depression and a possible bout of posttraumatic stress disorder due to the abuse. The jury found her not guilty due to insanity causing an irresistible impulse to sexually wound her husband. As a result, she could not be held liable for her actions.

Second, is AM,[ 2 ] a high profile rape case from Orissa. She was driven out of her house by her husband, disowned by her parents and brutally raped in front of her friend in 1999. She accused the former advocate-general of Orissa to have attempted to rape her and to have played a role in the incident of gang rape. Mishra alleged that her husband tried to prove her insane so that he could divorce her. She was admitted to a psychiatric nursing home in Rourkela, where she received six ECTs. Thereafter, she was admitted in Central Institute Psychiatry for over 9 months. However, mental disorder could neither be confirmed, nor refuted.

WOMAN'S PLACE IN SOCIETY

Indian Society has always revered women. In Hinduism, man and woman represent the two halves of the divine body. There is no question of superiority or inferiority between them. Hindu history is witness to the super-women, such as Gargi, Maitreyi and Sulabha, whose faculty of reasoning was far superior to that of ordinary mortals. Many female deities Saraswati, Durga, Laxmi, Kali etc., are worshipped across the country. According to the Mahabharat by cherishing the woman one virtually worships the goddess of prosperity.

On the darker side, the patriarchal system has continued since the time of Rig Veda. Customs and values were made by men to favour men. Women suffer this discrimination in silence.

Historically, the Indian woman has been made to adopt contradictory roles. The strength of a woman is evoked to ensure that women effectively play their traditional roles of nurturance as daughters, mothers, wives, and daughters-in-laws. On the other hand, the stereotype of “a weak and helpless woman” is fostered to ensure complete dependence on the male sex.[ 3 ]

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: THE EVIDENCE

Violence against women occurs throughout the life cycle from prebirth, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood to senescence.[ 4 ] Most of the data are believed to be unreliable as many cases go unreported.

Cases of violence against women are steadily increasing in the country. According to the National Crime Record Bureau, India, there is one dowry death in the country every 78 h, one act of sexual harassment every 59 min, one rape every 34 min, one act of torture every 12 min and almost one in every three married women experienced domestic violence.[ 5 ]

Studies from India reported violence in 19– 76% of women (75%[ 6 ]–76%[ 7 ] in lower caste women; 42–48% in Uttar Pradesh and 36–38% in Tamil Nadu;[ 8 ] and 19% in an urban slum community of childless women.[ 9 ]) In Western India, 15.7% pregnancy-related deaths in the community series and 12.9% in the hospital series were associated with domestic violence.[ 10 ] In Uttar Pradesh, 30% men reported beating wives.[ 11 ] 22% of woman of childbearing age from a potter community were physically assaulted. 34% of those physically assaulted required medical attention.[ 12 ]

The population-based, multicenter based collaborative project of the study of abuse in the family environment (India-survey of abuse in family environment) was established in seven sites in India.[ 13 ] It looked at the association with poor mental health. A total of 9938 women participated (from rural, urban slum, urban nonslum areas). 40% reported experiencing any violence during their marriage. 56% had self-report questionnaire scores indicating poor mental health.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

The home is often equated with a sanctuary, a place where individuals seek love, safety, security and shelter. For some women, the home is a place that imperils lives and breeds some of the most drastic forms of violence perpetrated against girls and women. Violence is usually perpetrated by males who are, or who have been in positions of trust and intimacy and power e.g. husbands, fathers, fathers-in law, stepfathers, brothers, uncles, sons, or other relatives.

The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA), 2005[ 14 ] defines domestic violence as any act, omission or commission or conduct of the respondent, which includes threat or actual abuse.

In the 1996 survey of 6902 men in the state of Uttar Pradesh, up to 45% of married men acknowledged physically abusing their wives.[ 4 ] The National Health Survey conducted under the stewardship of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, reported that >1/3 of women (34%) between the ages of 15–49 years have experienced spousal physical violence.[ 15 ] The adverse health consequences that women experience due to violence are wide-ranging with physical, reproductive and sexual and mental health outcomes.

In a community-based study involving 450 women in Gujarat,[ 16 ] 42% experienced physical beatings and sexual abuse, and 23% experiences abusive language, belittlement and threats. It is interesting to note that 56% women belief that wife beating is justified.

The International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) in multiple centers in India reported that 85% of men admit they had indulged in violent behavior against their wives at least once in last 12 months. 57% of men admitted to have sexual abuse with their wives. 32% of men admitted to committing violence on their pregnant wives. The men indulged in violence to establish their power over the weaker sex. Subtle and insidious forms of violence include repeated humiliation, insults, forced isolation, limitations on social mobility, the constant threat of violence and injury, and denial of economic resources.[ 17 ]

SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORK PLACE

A social worker (BD) was gang-raped by a group of the upper class, influential men, because she had tried to stop the practice of child marriage. The accused was acquitted by the trial court. This inspired several women's groups and NGOs to file a petition in the Supreme Court under the collective platform of Vishaka (Vishaka and others vs. State of Rajasthan and others).[ 18 ] It is a landmark case as it was the basis for Supreme Court guidelines on sexual harassment at workplace.

DOWRY RELATED VIOLENCE

The age-old practice of dowry has persisted and driven many women to suicide.[ 19 ] In 50 district court judgments, 1987–1989, Maharashtra, West India, there was dowry related violence. 120 cases of dowry deaths and 20 cases of intentional injury related to dowry were identified. There were intentional injuries, including physical violence (59%), mental torture 28%, molestation by family members and perversity (10%), and starving 3%.[ 20 ] The causes of death in the women who died were: Burns 46% and drowning 34%. It is worth noting that the women were very young-88% below 25 years; 58% of them were childless, and 22% had only female children.[ 20 ] Harassment by in-laws on issues related to dowry emerged as a risk factor for poor mental health. It is characteristic of the Indian setting.[ 13 ] Dowry related violence is on the rise in India. More than 5000 women are killed annually by their husbands and in-laws, who burn them in “accidental” kitchen fires if their ongoing demands for dowry before and after marriage are not met. On an average five women a day are burned, and many more cases go unreported.[ 4 ]

CAUSES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: RISK FACTORS

Psychiatric morbidity.

Regular consumption of alcohol by the husband has been strongly associated with poor mental health of women.[ 13 , 21 ] Alcohol has consistently emerged as a risk marker for partner violence that is specially consistent across a range of settings[ 22 ] for all types of violence.[ 23 ] Alcohol operates as a situational factor, increasing the likelihood of violence by reducing inhibitions, clouding judgment and impairing an individual's ability to interpret cues.[ 24 ] Others morbidities such as bipolar disorder, paranoid schizophrenia, delusional and antisocial personality disorder make the man more vulnerable to commit sexual crimes. There is evidence from many forensic cases (Bobbit, Manu Sharma, Nirbhaya etc.,) that alcohol was the common denominator in violence against women.

Sociodemographic factors

Patriarchy has been cited as the main cause of violence against women. Early (15–19 years;[ 25 ] 10–19 years),[ 26 ] and young age (31–39 years),[ 26 ] illiteracy,[ 26 ] coupled with low level of education, poor socioeconomic status,[ 13 , 16 ] women with no income of their own,[ 16 ] and urban domicile[ 23 ] have been cited as risk factors for domestic violence. Women engaged in small business and farming were more likely to be abused than women who were housewives or who had occupational status equal to that of husbands.[ 23 ] Where women have a higher economic status than their husbands and are seen as having sufficient power to change traditional gender roles, risk for violence is high.[ 23 , 27 ] Unmarried,[ 26 ] separated or divorced status or being in a live-in relationship[ 23 , 25 ] have been reported to be associated with violence against women.

Family factors

Exposure to harsh physical discipline during childhood and witnessing the father beating the mother during childhood is a predictor of victimization and perpetration of violence against his wife in adulthood.[ 13 , 16 , 21 ] Childlessness,[ 28 ] longer marital duration, having more children, extended family and large family size have been associated with victimization and perpetration of domestic violence.[ 13 ] In addition, the age-old custom of dowry and gifts for husband and in-laws has been found to be strongly related to violence against women in India.[ 13 , 21 , 23 ]

Married women with mental illness: The triple tragedy[ 29 ]

Women with severe mental illness are ostracized on three accounts, the female status, psychosis and separated/divorced status, which together constitute the triple tragedy.[ 29 ] For many women, it is a no-win situation. They are neither wanted at parents’ homes nor at their husbands’ homes. These women are helpless and suffer from a multitude of stresses that are unique to Indian culture[ 30 ] such as partial desertions, forced to live with the husband she hates, not being granted permission to enter her own home, being sent back to her parents every time her symptoms increase, parents being forced to pay for her medical expenses, not allowed to take her medication etc.

The situation with respect to marriage of women with mental illness in India is intriguing. It has been aptly described as the “Indian paradox” by Sharma and Tripathi.[ 31 ] All women must marry irrespective of the presence of mental illness. It is possible to marry women with mental illness, sometimes even when there is active psycho-pathology, because most marriages are arranged, and it is often possible to lure the other party with a handsome dowry. Despite violence being meted out to these women, they make frantic attempts for restitution of conjugal rights rather than for separation or divorce.[ 31 ]

Traditional and cultural practices perpetuating violence against women[ 4 ]

Female genital mutilation.

Two million/year undergo female genital mutilation (FGM) in the world. It takes place in 28 countries in Africa, in some regions of Asia and the Middle East and in certain immigrant communities in North America, Europe, and Australia. FGM can lead to death, infertility, and long-term psychological trauma combined with increased physical suffering.

Acid attacks

In Bangladesh, it estimated that there are over 200 acid attacks each year. Sulfuric acid attacks have emerged as a cheap and readily accessible weapon to disfigure and sometimes kill women and girls for reasons as varied as family feuds, inability to meet dowry demands, and rejection of marriage proposals.

Killing in the name of family honour

In several countries of the world including Bangladesh, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Turkey, and India, women are killed to uphold the honour of the family due to varied reasons such as-alleged adultery, premarital relationship (with or without sexual relations), rape, falling in love with a person the family disapproves, which justify a male member of the family to kill the woman concerned. It is rather disturbing that in certain countries (Jordan) the penal laws governing such crimes are lenient if the person committing the crime is below the age of 18 years. In India honour killings appear to be on the rise.

Early marriages

Early marriage with or without the consent of the girl, constitutes a form of violence as it undermines the health and autonomy of millions of girls. Nearly 12% were married by age 12, 26% by age 15, and 24% married by age 18.[ 16 ] The legal minimum age for marriage is usually lower for females as compared to males. In many countries, the minimum legal age for marriage with parental consent is considerably lower, than without it. More than 50 countries allow marriage at 16 and below with parental consent.[ 4 ]

Sociocultural factors disfavouring women

Stereotypes of gender roles have continued over the ages. The primary roles for women have been marriage and motherhood. Women must marry because an unmarried, separated or divorced status is a stigma. The custom of dowry is still prevalent in Indian marriages. Marriage cannot be dissolved. In the settlement of marriage, it is generally ensured that the woman is younger, nonworking, and less educated than her husband. Thus, the “brother-sister” or “father-daughter” model continues into marriage with the husband having the right to dominate and discipline his wife. After marriage the girl has to go to her husband's home, never to return to her parent's place. At her husband's place, she has to accept the prevailing norm of an inferior status of the “Bahu” (daughter-in-law), which means she should adjust and be tolerant and respectful toward all members of the family, including those much younger to her. She should not disclose her problems to anyone outside the home, nor take help from outside (not even parents). Husband is given a divine status. Relatives bless the husband “ Suhagvati raho ” (may your husband live long), or “ Phalo puto ” (may you bear fruits [children]); not the wife. She should bring money and gifts from parents on various festivals. She has nothing of her own. Without husband life has no meaning for her. Although the practice of Sati has declined, enforced widowhood is still prevalent. These sociocultural factors have continued over the years and have put women at risk for various forms of abuse.

Modernisation

Modern styles of living and rapid technological advances have also been blamed. Mobiles, ipads, television, computers, internet have become the order of the day. Women are moving out of the houses more freely and there is free mixing of the two genders. “Fashion, Drink, Dine and Make Merry” or “You live only once” culture is being promoted amongst the youth. Television and cinemas are portraying sexual material for making fast money. Pornographic material is easily available to many on the internet and through other ways.

Late marriages

Marriages are being delayed for various reasons with a trend toward getting married around 30, or even later.

Life stress

Poor quality of education, high competition in education and employment, corruption and inflation are the common stresses of the youth. The high-risk individual could be a young person, who lives away from his home, anxious and depressed, frequently views pornography and resorts to alcohol for recreation and relaxation.

Judiciary and law enforcement machinery

An insensitive, inefficient, corrupt and unaccountable judicial system and law enforcement machinery fails to deter against various forms of crimes.

Decline in moral and religious values

Population explosion.

Unplanned increase in population leads to many types of stresses, which indirectly contribute to the risk of violence against women.

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: WHAT HAS BEEN DONE

Communities’ response to violence.

A few women-initiated community-level responses to domestic violence are praise worthy. The Nari Adalat and Sahara Sangh initiatives have been organized by the Department of Education's Mahila Samakya Program in two districts of Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. Salishe, a traditional method, is being utilized by the Nongovernment Organisation Shramajibee Mahila Samiti in West Bengal. The ICRW conducted a television program in four channels entitled “Bol”. It created awareness among women.

Legislative response

International: There are a number of international Instruments to curb violence against women. The United Nations General Assembly resolution endorsed the urgent need for the universal application of women's rights of equality, security, liberty integrity and dignity. Article 55 and 56 of United Nations charter cast a legal obligation on United Nations organization to promote respect for equality and human rights.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 5, states that no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.[ 32 ] There have been three United Nations world conferences on women. One in Mexico in 1975, the second in Copenhagen in 1980, and the third one in Nairobi, wherein strategies were framed to promote gender equality and opportunities for women. These were based on three objectives: Equality, development and peace.

The Vienna Declaration, 1993[ 33 ] calls for action to integrate the equal status human rights of women. It stresses toward elimination of violence against women in public and private life. The Beijing conference, 1995[ 34 ] provided a platform for concentration on some of the key issues identified as fundamental obstacles to the advancement of majority of women in the world. It focused on issues such as discrimination against women, violence against women, etc.

The Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 1981,[ 35 ] to which 166 countries are members, is a landmark document because it framed violence against women within the framework of human rights. It identified female as the primary risk factor for violence and broadened the definition of gender violence (to include all aspects of women's life).

Domestic legal remedies in India

The Constitution of India:[ 36 ] Article 14 is on equality.

Difference in treatment between men and women by the state is totally prohibited on grounds of religion race, caste, sex or place of birth. Article 21 is on right to live; right to live with human dignity.

The National Commission for Women: It was set up as a statutory body in January 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990[ 37 ] to review the constitutional and legal safeguards for women; recommend remedial legislative measures, facilitate redress of grievances and advise the Government on all policy matters affecting women.

The Supreme Court guidelines on sexual harassment at work place: For the first time, the Court drew upon an international human rights law instrument, the CEDAW to pass a set of guidelines. The Court defined sexual harassment at work place as any unwelcome gesture, behavior, words or advances that are sexual in nature. “It shall be the duty of the employer or other responsible persons in work places or other institutions to prevent or deter the commission of acts of sexual harassment and to provide the procedures for the resolution, settlement or prosecution of acts, of sexual harassment by taking all steps required.”

The legislation relating to violence against women comprises the Indian Penal Code (IPC),[ 38 ] civil law and special laws.

Dowry and dowry death: The Dowry Prohibition Act (DPA), 1961[ 39 ] applies to all people, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Parsis and Jews. Giving, taking or abetting the giving or taking of dowry is an offence, which is punishable. Several states (Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Punjab) amended the DPA to give it more teeth. The law was found to fail to stall the evil.

Where the death of a woman is caused by any burns or bodily injury or occurs otherwise than under normal circumstances, within 7 years of marriage, and if shown that soon before her death, she was subjected to cruelty or harassment by her husband or any relative of her husband for or in connection with any demand of dowry, such death shall be called “dowry death” and such husband or relative shall be deemed to have caused her death (IPC 304-B).[ 38 ] 113-B Indian Evidence Act, 1872, was inserted for the presumption as to dowry death.

Abetment of suicide of child or insane person: If any person under 18 years of age, any insane person, any delirious person, any idiot, or any person in a state of intoxication, commits suicide, whoever abets the commission of such suicide, shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years and shall also be liable for fine (305 IPC).[ 38 ] However, the difficulty is that if it is shown the victim has major mental illness, the benefit of doubt is given to the accused and he is acquitted.

Abetment of suicide: If any person commits suicide, whoever abets the commission of such suicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to 10 years and shall also be liable for fine (306 IPC).[ 38 ] 113-A of Indian Evidence Act, 1872, relates to the presumption as to abetment of suicide. The offences of dowry and abetment of suicide are cognizable, nonbailable and noncompoundable.

Sexual offences: A man is said to have committed rape if he has sexual intercourse with a woman against her will and consent; or with her consent when the man knows that he is not her husband or when she thinks that he is her lawful husband; or with her consent when she is of unsound mind or is intoxicated by herself or the man. However, sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under 15 years, is not rape (375 IPC).[ 38 ] The latter provision seems deficient as it does not include marital rape.

Voluntarily having carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman, or animal is an offence for which the person shall be imprisoned for life and shall also be liable for fine. This provision is hardly used (377 IPC).[ 38 ]

Of cruelty by husband and relatives of husband: The willful conduct of the husband or his relative that is likely to drive the women to commit suicide or cause physical or mental trauma to her or harassment of a woman with a view to coercing her or any of her relative to meet any unlawful demand for property would be punishable by imprisonment for 3 years and fine (498A IPC).[ 38 ] This is the most widely used provision against domestic violence.

• Other offences in mentioned in IPC[ 38 ] are: Causing miscarriage (312 IPC), causing miscarriage without woman's consent (313 IPC), death caused by an act done with intent to cause miscarriage; if act was done without woman's consent (314 IPC), act done with intent to prevent child being born alive or to cause it to die after birth (315 IPC) and causing death of quick unborn child by act not amounting to culpable homicide (316 IPC).
• The Family Courts Act, 1984:[ 40 ] The Act was established with a view to promote conciliation in, and secure speedy settlement of disputes relating to marriage and family affairs.
• The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986.[ 41 ]: This Act prohibits the indecent representation of women through advertisements or in publications, writings, paintings, figures or in any other manner is prohibited.

The Commission of Sati (prevention) Act, 1987:[ 42 ] This Act is for the prevention and glorification of sati.

Protection of Women From Domestic Violence Act, 2005:[ 14 ] The Protection of Women From Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA), 2005 was enacted to provide for more effective protection of the rights of women guaranteed under the constitution who are victims of violence of any kind occurring within the family and for matters connected thereto. It recognizes 4 types of domestic violence: Physical, verbal, and emotional (including not having a child or a male child, marrying without consent), and economic (including violence related to stridhan, dowry, property) and sexual (includes sexual abuse and marital rape).

The aggrieved person (AP) is a woman who has been in a domestic relationship with the respondent. The respondent is any adult male person who is, or has been in a domestic relationship with the AP and against whom the AP has sought relief. The AP or any person can complain directly (verbal), telephonically or via E-mail. There is provision for various orders (protection, residence, maintenance (monetary relief), custody orders and emergency help. There is also provision for assistance (counselor, police, and assistance for initiating criminal proceedings, shelter home, medical facilities, and legal aid).

The PWDVA is good in many ways. It is friendly to even to poor and illiterate women; it educates the woman regarding the rights and available assistance; provides many reliefs (which facilitate psychosocial rehabilitation), free legal advice and help to initiate legal proceedings against respondent; it attempts to restore the family; and last, but not the least, it empowers the woman. The main criticism against PWDVA is that mental illness in AP or respondent is ignored. Apart from this, there are mixed reactions toward few legislations, especially PWDVA, DPA and IPC 498A, because they have been frequently abused and are considered as “anti-men.”

DO WE HAVE SOLUTIONS?

Once rape has been committed, it confirms that all measures to stall violence have failed. Reaction in the form of declaration of enhanced punishment is largely an expression of helplessness and frustration. The emphasis should be on prevention and rehabilitation.

Legislation by itself would not suffice because violence against women is a deep rooted social problem. It is worth quoting late Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, who remarked: “Legislation cannot by itself normally solve deep rooted social problems. One has to approach them in other ways too, but legislation is necessary and essential and hence that it may give that push and have educative factors, as well as the legal sanctions behind it, which help public opinion to be given a certain shape.”[ 43 ]

Women cannot solve the problems by themselves. Women should understand men and men should understand women. Both should work together to eradicate the menace.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COMBATING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

Mental illness.

Psychiatric illness should be identified and treated promptly. Patients with active symptoms should be kept in a protected environment till substantial improvement takes place. Many patients may need life-long protection e.g. those suffering from mental retardation or chronic schizophrenia.

Women with severe mental illness need special attention. Public awareness needs to be created with respect to the following:

• Women need protection but those with mental illness need more care and protection.
• The real problem is not mental illness, but the negative attitude toward it.
• Many medical illnesses create more problems in marriage, than mental illnesses.
• There should no double standard? If a woman can continue the marriage after her husband develops a mental illness, so can the husband. Similarly, people should be made to understand that if it is right to marry a son or daughter with mental illness, then the reverse is also true. A daughter in-law with mental illness should also be accepted.
• Good family support greatly improves the prognosis.
• Many women with mental illness prove to be better marriage partners and daughter-in-laws than those without mental illness.
• If the husband's family accepts the woman with mental illness, the society will also follow
• Woman with mental illness should be accepted with her illness.
• Violence is not the solution. Mental illness in the victim (e.g. depression) or perpetrator (e.g. alcoholism or schizophrenia) should be promptly treated.

Restriction on use of alcohol

There should be prohibition of alcohol use in mass gatherings in institutions, public places like trains and buses. The number of alcohol outlets should be decreased. The age for purchasing alcohol may be raised to 30 years. Special checks on festive occasions are recommended with the help of breath analyzers. Involuntary treatment of persons with alcohol dependence should be carried out.

Control on media

Sexual material should be censored. Good themes, which condemn violence and glorify rehabilitation of the victim, should be projected. Ban on pornography should be strictly implemented. The sites may be blocked.

Marriage of boys and girls should preferably be in early 20s, as soon as feasible, so that sexual needs could be satisfied in a socially appropriate manner.

Strengthening the institution of marriage

Strong marital bond would act as a deterrent. The “Shiv-Parvati” model should be promoted for Hindus.

Law enforcement

Efficient and accountable law enforcement machinery at all levels (administration, government, police and judiciary) is needed.

Legislation

Change in mind set of the judiciary.

This is the need of the day. Indira Jaising, Additional Solicitor General of India, aptly stated “It's time for India's courts to gaze inward and throw out deeply embedded patriarchal notions that stop judgments from being fair to women. Sexism within the system has to go before it does more damage in the country.”[ 44 ] A High Court judge in Orissa in his judgment once famously held “It was not possible for a man, acting alone, to rape a woman in good health.”[ 44 ]

Amendments in existing legislations

The Hindu Marriage Act (1955):[ 45 ] Mental illness may be removed from conditions of Hindu marriage. Not informing about past illness of mental illness should not be a ground for nullity of marriage.

PWDVA, 2005 and DPA, 1961: Assessment for mental illness may be incorporated in the code civil procedure so that the mental illness is identified in the victim (woman) and/or perpetrator (male relative) and promptly treated. This way violence can be prevented.

New legislations

New legislation is needed to provide for granting “Interim Relief” (A big sum of money that is paid by the perpetrator) to a victim of severe sexual assault. The money may be utilized for rehabilitation of the victim. Rehabilitation of the victims of brutal sexual assaults should be the State's responsibility. The legislation should provide for enhanced punishment for violence perpetrated against women with mental illness.

Appropriate application of laws in the setting of mental illness

This is often very difficult, nevertheless very important. Judiciary handling such cases should desirably have both legal (LLB) as well as medical (MD Psychiatry/DPM) qualifications.

Code of conduct

Code of conduct at work place, school and home, with respect to interaction with persons of opposite sex should be outlined and implemented.

Gender sensitization

Gender sensitization by parents and teachers is needed regarding the sensitivities and boundaries of man-woman relationships.

Education and employment

Improvement in quality of education and employment opportunities for youth.

Recreation and talent

Recreational avenues and opportunities for talent development in young people.

Moral and religious values

Parents and teachers should strive to infuse good moral and religious values in children and serve as role models.

Population control

Last, but not the least, If we are sincere we will get the results. Let us all say “No” to violence against women.

Take action: 10 ways you can help end violence against women

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During the annual 16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence , UN Women stands united with survivors, activists, decision-makers, global citizens, and the UN system. Together, we are spotlighting the urgent need for robust funding, essential services, and financing of prevention initiatives and data collection that shape better-informed responses to gender-based violence.

Ending violence against women is everyone’s business. Here are ten ways you can make a difference, safely and impactfully.

1. Listen to and believe survivors

When a woman shares her story of violence, she takes the first step to breaking the cycle of abuse.

It is on all of us to give her the safe space she needs to speak up and be heard.

It is important to remember that when discussing cases of sexual violence, a victim’s sobriety, clothes, and sexuality are irrelevant.

The perpetrator is the sole reason for assault and must bear the responsibility alone. Call out victim-blaming and counter the idea that it is on women to avoid situations that might be seen as “dangerous” by traditional standards.

Survivors of violence are speaking out more than ever before, and everyone has a role to play to ensure they can have justice.

Do not say, “Why didn’t she leave?”

Do say: “We hear you. We believe you. We stand with you.”

2. Teach the next generation and learn from them

The examples we set for the younger generation shape the way they think about gender, respect, and human rights. Start conversations about gender roles early on, and challenge the traditional features and characteristics assigned to men and women. Point out the stereotypes that children constantly encounter, whether in the media, on the street, or at school, and let them know that it is OK to be different. Encourage a culture of acceptance.

Talk about consent, bodily autonomy, and accountability in an age-appropriate way to boys and girls. For example, discuss the importance of a clear “yes” from all involved, the fact your body is yours and you make choices over what happens to it, and of how we must always take responsibility for our actions. It is important to also listen to what children have to say about their experience of the world. By empowering young advocates with information and educating them about women’s rights, we can build a better future for all.

3. Call for responses and services fit for purpose

Services for survivors are essential services.

This means that shelters, helplines, counseling, and all support for survivors of gender-based violence need to be available for those in need.

Every year, the 16 Days of Activism campaign calls for united, global action to end all forms of violence against women and girls.

This year the United Nations, together with our partners, are demanding increased investments to end violence against women and girls.

Join us in calling on governments to bridge funding gaps to address violence against women and girls , invest in prevention initiatives, ensure essential services for survivors of violence are maintained, implement prevention measures, and invest in collecting the data necessary to adapt and improve life-saving services for women and girls.

4. Understand consent

Freely given clear consent is mandatory, every time.

Rather than listening for a “no”, make sure there is a clear “yes”, from all involved. Adopt clear consent in your life and talk about it.

Phrases like “she was asking for it” or “boys will be boys” attempt to blur the lines around sexual consent, placing blame on victims, and excusing perpetrators from the crimes they have committed.

While those that use these lines may have fuzzy understandings of consent, the definition is crystal clear. When it comes to consent, there are no blurred lines.

Learn more about consent .

5. Learn the signs of abuse and how you can help

There are many forms of abuse and all of them can have serious physical and emotional effects. If you’re concerned about a friend who may be experiencing violence or feels unsafe around someone, review these signs and learn about the ways to help them find safety and support.

If you think someone is abusing you, help is available . You are not alone. If you’d like to talk with a trained advocate at a helpline, we compiled this list of resources around the world .

6. Start a conversation

Violence against women and girls is a human rights violation that’s been perpetuated for decades. 

It is pervasive, but it is not inevitable, unless we stay silent. 

Show your solidarity with survivors and where you stand in the fight for women’s rights by oranging your social media profile for the 16 Days of Activism – you can download banners for Facebook and Twitter here . 

On Instagram, you can use UN Women’s face filter to spread the word and encourage your community to do the same. 

Use #orangetheworld, #16Days, and #GenerationEquality to start your own conversation about gender-based violence, or share some of the content from our social media package .

7. Stand against rape culture

Rape culture is the social environment that allows sexual violence to be normalized and justified, fueled by the persistent gender inequalities and attitudes about gender and sexuality. Naming it is the first step to dismantling rape culture.

Every day we have the opportunity to examine our behaviours and beliefs for biases that permit rape culture to continue. Think about how you define masculinity and femininity, and how your own biases and stereotypes influence you.

From the attitudes we have about gender identities to the policies we support in our communities, we can all take action to stand against rape culture.

Learn more ways to stand against rape culture .

8. Fund women’s organizations

Donate to local organizations that empower women, amplify their voices, support survivors, and promote acceptance of all gender identities and sexualities. 

UN Women works with women’s organizations everywhere to end violence against women, assist survivors, and secure equal rights for women and girls everywhere. Donate now . 

Find out more about how women ’ s organizations prevent violence against women and girls.

9. Hold each other accountable

Violence can take many forms, including sexual harassment in the workplace and in public spaces.

Take a stand by calling it out when you see it: catcalling, inappropriate sexual comments, and sexist jokes are never okay.

Create a safer environment for everyone by challenging your peers to reflect on their own behaviour and speaking up when someone crosses the line, or by enlisting the help of others if you don’t feel safe.

As always, listen to survivors and make sure they have the support they need.

10. Know the data and demand more of it

To effectively combat gender-based violence, we need to understand the issue.  

Relevant data collection is key to implementing successful prevention measures and providing survivors with the right support. 

Gaps in gender sensitive data collection have become more glaring than ever. Call on your government to invest in the collection of data on gender-based violence.

Find out at how UN Women works to bring about a radical shift in how gender statistics are used, created and promoted .

Originally published on Medium.com/@UN_Women .

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Violence Against Women Essay

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Introduction

Efforts in addressing violence against women at the global level, challenges in addressing violence against women at global level, conclusion and recommendations.

Violence against women is undoubtedly an international concern. Despite the numerous global legislations and policies on violence against women, different states have their own versions of laws that assist them in dealing with violation against women. These versions are in adherence to the international policies and laws that attempt to eradicate this evil. Several policies are in place to augment the global standardized laws.

To some extent, the individual states run advertisements that promote equality and campaign against unhealthy practices that undermine women’s rights at their local and international platforms. The inequality aspect cuts across the economic, social, and economic dynamics. The paper addresses how the violence targeting women in the parameters of ethnicity, nationality, race, and religion among others is quite traversed.

Violence against women is any action of aggression based on gender discrimination that by any account contravenes the rights of women. Such acts may entail threats and intimidations aimed at denying women autonomy in either private or public life.

Often, these actions likely result in physical, psychological, sexual harm, or distress to women. Internationally, people of all ages unanimously acknowledge that it is every person’s right to live free from violence. Yet, women of all ages, ranging from toddlers to old age, suffer excessively from violence both in peaceful regions as well as in war torn areas ( Violence against women , 2014). Notably, these violations could be witnessed at their homes, communities, or at the hands of officers envisioned to protect them.

Empirical research indicates that violence against women is not confined to a particular culture, country, community, region, or even to a specific group within a defined society, but rather is a global phenomenal (Fedorova & Wolf, 2005). Even though the act is prevalent to date, violence against women is a grave violation of human rights that requires an immediate solution.

Despite decades of marshal by women movements, civil societies, state agencies, and other stakeholders to end this nuisance, there are still numerous instances of violence targeting the womenfolk. Some of these cases go unreported to the relevant bodies. For these reasons, there is an effort to address this problem at a global level. According to Rao (2000), women of all ages, races, social status, as well as those women at the forefront in the fight against women violation too are abused.

Both scholars and gender experts alike share a similar estimation that violence against women has copious negative outcomes that vary from instantaneous, gradual, as well as long-term consequences to their lives. They may be of different forms such as sexual, psychological, physical, emotional, or economic, but are all interrelated in one way or another.

Subsequently, the situation impoverishes women and their families, thus affecting the fight against equality among communities, nations, and the world in general. Nevertheless, the challenges faced in addressing this issue globally are numerous, thus it cannot be solved from a sole intervention. Some of the most observed issues in addressing this problem are discussed below.

Creating awareness about violence against women

Even though violence against women has always existed, Newman and White (2006) note that it was until the last decade that the international community started to define systematically and, at the same time, began to draw the public’s attention to this act and its dangers. In this, the international communities designate violence against women as a gender-based violence, as well as an abuse to human rights.

This further helps the international community to demarcate acts that are vile and, therefore, can be used in creation of public awareness. This could be achieved by exposing incidences or individual perpetrators of violation of women’s rights to public shame. Alternatively, in creating awareness, the international communities use instances of negative effects of violence on women’s rights to sway the public to shun violation against women (Fedorova & Wolf, 2005).

In addition, in an effort to expose violence against women globally, some women movement groups have created websites that collect, store, and share information about violence against women. The women movements have received support from international organizations that fight for the rights of women in the society.

This information can help the supposed victims acquire abundant knowledge on avoiding situations or dealing with situations that violate their rights (Fedorova & Wolf, 2005). Consequently, this step of conception of awareness has resulted in creation of several women movements that support gender equality in order to address violations against women.

Legal and policy creations

Until recently, several acts of violence against women were not regarded as crime, especially the acts that were committed within families or close relationship settings. Newman and White (2006) affirm that in most of the states, once a woman had accepted to get married to a man, the husband had the responsibility to modify her behaviors by whichever means available. This was not limited to battering in order to restrain the wife from mischievous behaviors.

Because the husbands had the authority over their families, the law thought it was reasonable for men to give their wives any kind of punishment that would restrain them from impish behaviors. In this dimension, the police and other government law enforcing agencies, including the courts were unwilling to punish such acts ( Violence against women , 2014). However, with the initiation and development of international legal frameworks that handle crimes against women, the situation has drastically changed.

Rao (2000) points out that since the 1993 UN declaration on elimination of violence against women and the subsequent international agreements, such as Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), violence against women has reduced tremendously, except that it has not been eradicated fully.

Additionally, in the fight against global violation of women, the international policymakers have integrated numerous policies with international legislations that tackle this vice. As a result, there are international legal resolutions as well as instruments that handle violation of rights of women at the global level.

Whereas it is obvious that the issue of violence against women is an international threat and should involve international communities to be resolved, the differences in forms, causes, as well as the environments that this menace prevail differ, thus commanding distinct challenges in their resolutions. Some of the unique situations that hinder international resolution of violence against women are discussed bellow.

Long-held assumptions

One of the greatest obstacles in addressing violence against women is long-held cultural assumptions. For instance, in some communities men are naturally respected, and are viewed as the dominant ones in the society. Undoubtedly, men in this situation are at the top of the social ladder while women are at the bottom, hence are seen as properties.

Under this circumstance, such women are not in a position to recognize the actions that are internationally considered violations as crimes, but rather as normal day-to-day practices (Dua & Robertson, 1999).

Alternatively, the women may lack the forums to express their disappointments. Nevertheless, international campaigns and awareness might create realization of such vise, which may eventually help the individuals at risk of violations to recognize their rights. On the other hand, the global legislations and laws that prohibit women violation might not be effective, as the women might not report such cases for fear of the consequences.

Differences in perceptions, culture and beliefs regarding gender equality

This situation is also witnessed in the feminism debate about combating family violence. Newman and White (2006) note that in the past decades, policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and the society viewed homes as sacred. As a result, whatever was done behind closed doors internally was not the business of the outside world. Even though this perception is losing ground, feminism scholars and experts alike admit that it is present to date in some communities.

Therefore, addressing such a community on the issue of violence against women at the international level is likely to bear no fruit. Instead, to eradicate women violations efficiently in this circumstance, there should be local laws and groups that address the specific beliefs and taboos that violate the women’s rights. At the same time, the groups should educate both women and men on the benefits of abandoning such beliefs.

Race is another outstanding obstacle in addressing violence against. Dua and Robertson (1999) note that the situation for non-white immigrants in the white dominated countries is totally different to those who speak the native language. Racism and related intolerances do not affect all members of victim groups with the same intensity or in the same way. Even in racism aspects, women are amongst the vulnerable group in this scenario, thus suffering intersection of discrimination based on both gender and race.

Besides, racism presents a situation of double standards that merge communalization from high-level management and the infringed individuals. This double standard in treatment of individuals in relation to skin color creates a situation of informal apartheid. In essence, the double standards in treatment of individuals based on the color of their skin propel the cultural identities that already exist (Evans & Wekerle, 1997).

At the same time, the culture of apartheid flourishes, rendering greater risks to the endangered community. These complexities of the societal structure offer the problematic nature of dealing with unique situations of violence against women. Subsequently, this group demands a unique solution to violence against women as opposed to the global laws and policies that tend to eliminate the vice.

Social Class

In discussing the issue of violence against women, the social class is an issue that should be given a discrete consideration other than the general address at the global level. Primarily, Rao (2000) asserts that literacy level, exposure, and awareness are issues of concern in addressing violence against women. In relation to the social class, the privileged community has access to revenue; therefore, they are well-informed on all aspects including their rights.

On the other hand, the low class individuals are deprived of the basic amenities including education and access to justice. Therefore, this group is vulnerable to exploitation both with and without intent. In addition, the social class demarcates the boundaries within which the poor and the rich interact. Therefore, the higher social class is characterized by abundant wealth, as opposed to the lower social class that flounders in poverty.

According to Class notes (2014), in cases of violence against women, the lower class exposes women to vulnerable situations. For instance, women seeking for employment may be victims of violence such as trafficking as well as rape. The Global Report on Trafficking in Persons of 2009 noted that women are the highly affected in human trafficking globally; they represent close to 70% of the trafficked population.

Handling state involved perpetrations

A vast literature that analyze violence against individuals by the states indicate that dealing with violation of women rights that involve state agencies is an obstacle in eliminating violence against women. The case of violation against women by government agencies is mostly reported in warring regions where the soldiers perceived liable to protect the vulnerable citizens in turn violate them, and, eventually, go scot-free. In rare situations, the governments are reluctant in addressing issues that violate women’s rights.

Such is witnessed in nations like Canada where the federal government is reluctant in tackling the issue of killings of the aboriginals ( Class notes , 2014). Likewise, in most states the governments are reported to reluctantly address issues of devaluation of women. Subsequently, the prevailing violence against women in such regions is reluctantly resolved. In sum, these situations highlight the need to address the violation against women at the local level other than at the global level.

Clearly, progress has undeniably been made in the global based fight against violation of women’s rights; this may be evident in terms of improving public awareness, as well as giving women who suffer from violence supplementary places for rehabilitation. This is not an exclusive solution to women’s problems across the globe as many women continue to suffer violence at the hands of abusive partners in silence or fear of the consequence.

Probably to address the issue effectively, the international organization should involve the public in challenging the traditional attitudes toward gender perceptions. In order to address this, the campaigns against this vice should possibly be devolved into the grass-root level. Recently, several cases that would have gone undisclosed have been reported and handled legally, thereby reducing the instances of such violations.

However, feminism scholars ascertain that most of the cases that go unreported to date occur when perpetrators of violence use the state and its agents to intimidate the offended. However, there are unique cases in specific regions that require special attention to eradicate violence. This is witnessed in the reluctance by the law enforcing agencies to take firm actions against the perpetrators. Notably, addressing such situations on a global level could possibly bear no fruit.

Therefore, there is a need to initiate local-based actions that are specific and tailored to every unique situation in order to get rid of this menace. Arguably, the introduction of legislation at different levels within regions and states is a clear indication that the issue of violation against women cannot be handled at global level alone, but must rather be supplemented by the local legal frameworks.

Class notes (2014).

Dua, E., & Robertson, A. (1999). Scratching the surface: Canadian, anti-racist, feminist thought . Toronto: Women’s Press.

Evans, P. M., & Wekerle, G. R. (1997). Women and the Canadian welfare state: Challenges and change . Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Fedorova, M., & Wolf, W. J. (2005). The United Nations and the protection of the rights of women . Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Wolf Legal Publishers.

Newman, J. A., & White, L. A. (2006). Women, politics, and public policy: The political struggles of Canadian women . Toronto: Oxford University Press.

Rao, D. (2000). Status and Advancement of Women. New Delhi: APH Publishing.

Violence against women . (2014). Web.

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Essay on Violence

Students are often asked to write an essay on Violence in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Violence

Understanding violence.

Violence refers to acts that cause harm to others. It can be physical like hitting, or emotional like bullying. It’s a serious issue that can lead to pain, fear, and even death.

Types of Violence

There are various types of violence such as domestic, school, or gang violence. Each type is harmful and can negatively affect a person’s life.

Effects of Violence

Violence can cause physical injuries and mental trauma. It can also lead to societal problems like crime and unrest.

Preventing Violence

Education and understanding are key to preventing violence. It’s important to treat others with respect and kindness.

Violence is a harmful act that we should strive to prevent. By promoting peace and understanding, we can make a difference.

Also check:

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250 Words Essay on Violence

Introduction.

Violence, an act of physical force resulting in harm or damage, is a pervasive and complex issue in society. It manifests in various forms, from interpersonal violence in families to mass violence in wars, affecting individuals and societies at large.

Forms of Violence

Violence takes multiple forms, including physical, mental, and emotional. Physical violence is the most visible, involving direct harm or threat. Mental and emotional violence, though less apparent, can be equally devastating, involving manipulation, coercion, and psychological abuse.

The Roots of Violence

The roots of violence often lie in power dynamics, socio-economic factors, and cultural norms. Factors such as poverty, social inequality, and cultural practices can perpetuate violent behaviors. Moreover, exposure to violence in early life often leads to a cycle of violence, as victims may become perpetrators.

Impact of Violence

Violence has far-reaching impacts, not only causing immediate harm but also long-term physical, mental, and social consequences. It hinders social development and economic growth, perpetuating cycles of poverty and inequality.

Addressing Violence

Addressing violence requires a comprehensive approach that involves legal, educational, and social measures. Legal measures include laws and regulations to prevent and punish violence. Educational measures involve teaching empathy and conflict resolution skills. Social measures, such as economic empowerment and social support, can help address underlying factors.

In conclusion, violence is a significant issue with deep roots and broad impacts. Addressing it requires concerted efforts from individuals, communities, and societies to create a world free from violence.

500 Words Essay on Violence

The concept of violence.

Violence, a pervasive element in society, is a complex, multifaceted issue that demands careful examination. It is characterized by behaviors involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something. Violence has been a part of human history since time immemorial, with its roots deeply embedded in the human psyche, societal norms, and cultural practices.

The Manifestations of Violence

Violence manifests in numerous forms, from physical aggression and verbal abuse to systemic oppression and psychological harm. It can be categorized into interpersonal violence, collective violence, and self-directed violence. Interpersonal violence includes domestic abuse and child maltreatment, while collective violence involves social, political, or economic conflicts such as wars or terrorism. Self-directed violence, on the other hand, includes self-harm and suicidal behaviors.

The Psychological Underpinnings of Violence

Psychologically, violence can be viewed as an outcome of a complex interplay of individual, relational, and societal factors. At the individual level, factors such as personality disorders, low self-esteem, or a history of violence can predispose a person towards violent behavior. Relational factors include family dynamics, peer influence, and intimate relationships. Societal factors encompass broader issues like economic disparities, social inequality, and cultural norms that perpetuate violence.

The Impact of Violence

The impact of violence extends beyond the immediate harm to the victim. It has far-reaching consequences on the mental, physical, and social well-being of individuals, families, and communities. Victims of violence often experience psychological trauma, physical injuries, and in severe cases, death. The societal consequences include a cycle of violence passed down generations, increased healthcare costs, and reduced social cohesion.

Preventing violence requires a comprehensive, multi-level approach. At the individual level, interventions include mental health support and skill development programs. At the relational level, family and community-based interventions can help create a supportive environment. At the societal level, policy measures aimed at reducing social inequalities and promoting cultural change are crucial.

Concluding Thoughts

Violence is a complex issue that cannot be reduced to a single cause or solution. Its roots lie in the intricate web of individual, relational, and societal factors. Understanding these factors is crucial for effective interventions. As we move forward, it is essential to foster a culture of empathy, respect, and non-violence, promoting a more peaceful and inclusive society for all.

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Essay On Domestic Violence

500 words essay on domestic violence.

Domestic violence refers to the violence and abuse which happens in a domestic setting like cohabitation or marriage. It is important to remember that domestic violence is not just physical but any kind of behaviour that tries to gain power and control over the victim. It can affect people from all walks of life and it basically subjects towards a partner, spouse or intimate family member. Through an essay on domestic violence, we will go through its causes and effects.

Causes of Domestic Violence

Often women and children are the soft targets of domestic violence. Domestic violence is a gruesome crime that also causes a number of deaths. Some of the most common causes of domestic violence are illiteracy and economical dependency on the menfolk.

The male-dominated society plays an important role in this problem. Further, dowry is also one of the leading causes which have the consequence of violence against newly-wed brides. In many parts of the world, physically assaulting women and passing horrendous remarks is common.

Moreover, children also become victims of this inhuman behaviour more than often. It is important to recognize the double standards and hypocrisy of society. A lot of the times, the abuser is either psychotic or requires psychological counselling.

However, in a more general term, domestic violence is the outcome of cumulative irresponsible behaviour which a section of society demonstrates. It is also important to note that solely the abuser is not just responsible but also those who allow this to happen and act as mere mute spectators.

Types of Domestic Violence

Domestic violence has many ill-effects which depend on the kind of domestic violence happening. It ranges from being physical to emotional and sexual to economic. A physical abuser uses physical force which injures the victim or endangers their life.

It includes hitting, punching, choking, slapping, and other kinds of violence. Moreover, the abuser also denies the victim medical care. Further, there is emotional abuse in which the person threatens and intimidates the victim. It also includes undermining their self-worth.

It includes threatening them with harm or public humiliation. Similarly, constant name-calling and criticism also count as emotional abuse. After that, we have sexual abuse in which the perpetrator uses force for unwanted sexual activity.

If your partner does not consent to it, it is forced which makes it sexual abuse. Finally, we have economic abuse where the abuser controls the victim’s money and their economic resources.

They do this to exert control on them and make them dependent solely on them. If your partner has to beg you for money, then it counts as economic abuse. This damages the self-esteem of the victim.

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Conclusion of the Essay on Domestic Violence

To conclude, domestic violence has many forms which include physical aggression like kicking and biting and it can also be sexual or emotional. It is essential to recognize the signs of domestic violence and report the abuser if it is happening around you or to you.

FAQ of Essay on Domestic Violence

Question 1: Why is domestic violence an issue?

Answer 1: Domestic violence has a major impact on the general health and wellbeing of individuals. It is because it causes physical injury, anxiety, depression. Moreover, it also impairs social skills and increases the likelihood that they will participate in practices harmful to their health, like self-harm or substance abuse.

Question 2: How does domestic violence affect a woman?

Answer 2: Domestic violence affects women in terms of ill health. It causes serious consequences on their mental and physical health which includes reproductive and sexual health. It also includes injuries, gynaecological problems, depression, suicide and more.

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How to Identify and Prevent School Violence

Sanjana is a health writer and editor. Her work spans various health-related topics, including mental health, fitness, nutrition, and wellness.

Ann-Louise T. Lockhart, PsyD, ABPP, is a board-certified pediatric psychologist, parent coach, author, speaker, and owner of A New Day Pediatric Psychology, PLLC.

Yasser Chalid / Getty Images

Recognizing the Signs of School Violence

School violence refers to violence that takes place in a school setting. This includes violence on school property, on the way to or from school, and at school trips and events. It may be committed by students, teachers, or other members of the school staff; however, violence by fellow students is the most common.

An estimated 246 million children experience school violence every year; however, girls and gender non-conforming people are disproportionately affected.

"School violence can be anything that involves a real or implied threat—it can be verbal, sexual, or physical, and perpetrated with or without weapons. If someone is deliberately harming someone or acting in a way that leaves someone feeling threatened, that‘s school violence,” says Aimee Daramus , PsyD, a licensed clinical psychologist.

This article explores the types, causes, and impact of school violence and suggests some steps that can help prevent it.

Types of School Violence

School violence can take many forms. These are some of the types of school violence:

• Physical violence , which includes any kind of physical aggression, the use of weapons, as well as criminal acts like theft or arson.
• Psychological violence , which includes emotional and verbal abuse . This may involve insulting, threatening, ignoring, isolating, rejecting, name-calling, humiliating, ridiculing, rumor-mongering, lying, or punishing another person.
• Sexual violence , which includes sexual harrassment, sexual intimidation, unwanted touching, sexual coercion, and rape .
• Bullying , which can take physical, psychological, or sexual forms and is characterized by repeated and intentional aggression toward another person.
• Cyberbullying , which includes sexual or psychological abuse by people connected through school on social media or other online platforms. This may involve posting false information, hurtful comments, malicious rumors, or embarrassing photos or videos online. Cyberbullying can also take the form of excluding someone from online groups or networks.

Causes of School Violence

There often isn’t a simple, straightforward reason why someone engages in school violence. A child may have been bullied or rejected by a peer, may be under a lot of academic pressure, or may be enacting something they’ve seen at home, in their neighborhood, on television, or in a video game.

These are some of the risk factors that can make a child more likely to commit school violence:

• Poor academic performance
• Prior history of violence
• Hyperactive or impulsive personality
• Mental health conditions
• Witnessing or being a victim of violence
• Alcohol, drug, or tobacco use
• Dysfunctional family dynamic
• Domestic violence or abuse
• Access to weapons
• Delinquent peers
• Poverty or high crime rates in the community

It’s important to note that the presence of these factors doesn’t necessarily mean that the child will engage in violent behavior.

Impact of School Violence

Below, Dr. Daramus explains how school violence can affect children who commit, experience, and witness it, as well as their parents.

Impact on Children Committing Violence

Children who have been victims of violence or exposed to it in some capacity sometimes believe that becoming violent is the only way they‘ll ever be safe.

When they commit violence, they may experience a sense of satisfaction when their emotional need for strength or safety is satisfied. That‘s short-lived however, because they start to fear punishment or retribution, which triggers anger that can sometimes lead to more violence if they’re scared of what might happen to them if they don’t protect themselves. 

Children need help to try and break the cycle; they need to understand that violence can be temporarily satisfying but that it leads to more problems.

Impact on Children Victimized by School Violence

Victims of school violence may get physically injured and experience cuts, scrapes, bruises, broken bones, gunshot wounds, concussions, physical disability, or death.

Emotionally speaking, the child might experience depression , anxiety, or rage. Their academic performance may suffer because it can be hard to focus in school when all you can think about is how to avoid being hurt again.

School violence is traumatic and can cause considerable psychological distress. Traumatic experiences can be difficult for adults too; however, when someone whose brain is not fully developed yet experiences trauma, especially if it’s over a long time, their brain can switch to survival mode, which can affect their attention, concentration, emotional control, and long-term health. 

According to a 2019 study, children who have experienced school violence are at risk for long-term mental and physical health conditions, including attachment disorders, substance abuse, obesity, diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and respiratory conditions.

The more adverse childhood experiences someone has, the greater the risk to their physical and mental health as an adult.

Impact on Children Who Witness School Violence

Children who witness school violence may feel guilty about seeing it and being too afraid to stop it. They may also feel threatened, and their brain may react in a similar way to a child who has faced school violence.

Additionally, when children experience or witness trauma , their basic beliefs about life and other people are often changed. They no longer believe that the world is safe, which can be damaging to their mental health.

For a child to be able to take care of themselves as they get older, they need to first feel safe and cared for. Learning to cope with threats is an advanced lesson that has to be built on a foundation of feeling safe and self-confident.

Children who have experienced or witnessed school violence can benefit from therapy, which can help them process the trauma, regulate their emotions, and learn coping skills to help them heal.

Impact on Parents

Parents react to school violence in all kinds of ways. Some parents encourage their children to bully others, believing that violence is strength. Some try to teach their children how to act in a way that won’t attract bullying or other violence, but that never works and it may teach the child to blame themselves for being bullied. 

Others are proactive and try to work with the school or challenge the school if necessary, to try and keep their child safe. 

It can be helpful to look out for warning signs of violence, which can include:

• Talking about or playing with weapons of any kind
• Harming pets or other animals
• Threatening or bullying others
• Talking about violence, violent movies, or violent games
• Speaking or acting aggressively

It’s important to report these signs to parents, teachers, or school authorities. The child may need help and support, and benefit from intervention .

Preventing School Violence

Dr. Daramus shares some steps that can help prevent school violence:

• Report it to the school: Report any hint of violent behavior to school authorities. Tips can be a huge help in fighting school violence. Many schools allow students to report tips anonymously.
• Inform adults: Children who witness or experience violence should keep telling adults (parents, teachers, and counselors) until someone does something. If an adult hears complaints about a specific child from multiple people, they may be able to protect other students and possibly help the child engaging in violence to learn different ways.
• Reach out to people: Reach out to children or other people at the school who seem to be angry or upset, or appear fascinated with violence. Reach out to any child, whether bullied, bullying, or neither, who seems to have anxiety, depression, or trouble managing emotions. Most of the time the child won’t be violent, but you’ll have helped them anyway by being supportive.

A Word From Verywell

School violence can be traumatic for everyone involved, particularly children. It’s important to take steps to prevent it because children who witness or experience school violence may suffer physical and mental health consequences that can persist well into adulthood.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing school violence .

UNESCO. What you need to know about school violence and bullying .

UNESCO. School violence and bullying .

Nemours Foundation. School violence: what students can do .

Ehiri JE, Hitchcock LI, Ejere HO, Mytton JA. Primary prevention interventions for reducing school violence . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2017;2017(3):CD006347. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006347.pub2

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Understanding school violence .

Ferrara P, Franceschini G, Villani A, Corsello G. Physical, psychological and social impact of school violence on children . Italian Journal of Pediatrics . 2019;45(1):76. doi:10.1186/s13052-019-0669-z

By Sanjana Gupta Sanjana is a health writer and editor. Her work spans various health-related topics, including mental health, fitness, nutrition, and wellness.

Home / Essay Samples / Social Issues / Violence Against Women / Breaking the Silence: Shedding Light on Violence Against Women

Breaking the Silence: Shedding Light on Violence Against Women

• Category: Social Issues
• Topic: Domestic Violence , Sexual Abuse , Violence Against Women

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