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Viking Cuisine Explored: Diet, Meals & Feasts of Norse Life

The Vikings, known for their seafaring prowess, were equally remarkable in their culinary customs. Their diet was a reflection of the rugged landscapes and the bountiful seas that surrounded them.

This post delves into the depths of Viking cuisine, exploring the nourishment that fueled these legendary warriors and settlers.

Introduction to Viking Culinary Traditions

The culinary traditions of the Vikings were deeply intertwined with their lifestyle, environment, and the changing seasons.

They were not just raiders but also farmers, fishermen, and traders, with a diet that reflected the diversity of these roles.

The Historical Context of Viking Cuisine

The Viking Age, from the late 8th to the early 11th century, was a time of great exploration and cultural exchange.

The Vikings’ diet evolved with their travels, incorporating elements from the lands they visited, traded with, or settled in.

Understanding the Viking Age Through Food

Food is a powerful indicator of a civilization’s way of life. By examining the remains of Viking meals, we gain insights into their daily life, health, and even social structures.

Primary Food Sources in the Viking Age

Vikings depended largely on their local environment for food. Their primary sources were agriculture, hunting, and fishing, which together provided a balanced diet.

Agricultural Practices and Crops

Agriculture in the Viking Age included the cultivation of barley, oats, and rye. The grains were used to make bread, porridge, and ale, which were staples in the Viking diet.

Livestock and Meat Consumption

Livestock such as cattle, sheep, and pigs were central to Viking farming, providing meat, milk, cheese, and wool.

Meat was often preserved through smoking or salting to last through the winter months.

Fishing Techniques and Seafood

The seas and rivers provided a rich source of food. Vikings were adept at fishing, and their catches included herring, salmon, and cod, which were also dried or salted for preservation.

Everyday Meals: From Field to Table

The daily meals of a Viking were simple yet nourishing, often comprising of a stew or porridge, with meat and fish being more common during feasts or in wealthier households.

Typical Daily Diet of a Viking Family

A typical Viking family ate two meals a day: ‘dagmal’ in the morning and ‘nattmal’ in the evening.

These meals consisted of a base of grains with additions of vegetables, legumes, and occasionally meat or fish.

Cooking Methods and Kitchen Tools

Viking cooking methods were straightforward, involving boiling or roasting over an open fire. Kitchen tools included iron pots, wooden utensils, and stone querns for grinding grain.

The Role of Women in Food Preparation

Women played a crucial role in Viking society as the primary food preparers. They managed the farms, preserved food for the long winters, and cooked meals for their families.

Feasts and Festivities: Celebratory Foods

Feasts were a significant part of Viking culture, marking important events with an abundance of food and drink that went beyond their daily fare.

Special Occasion Dishes and Recipes

During feasts , dishes such as roasted meats, thick stews, and bread made with finer flour were served. Sweetened with honey, desserts, and fruits were also enjoyed when available.

Alcoholic Beverages and Brewing Methods

Mead, ale, and beer were the primary alcoholic beverages of the Vikings , brewed from barley and flavored with herbs or fruits. These drinks were a staple at any large gathering.

Rituals and Food: The Spiritual Connection

Food also had a spiritual significance for Vikings, with certain meals and toasts being an integral part of their rituals and offerings to the gods.

Trading and Influence: Exotic Foods and Spices

Trade expanded the Viking palate with spices, fruits, and other luxuries that were previously unknown, showcasing their connections with the wider medieval world.

Trade Routes and Imported Ingredients

Viking traders brought back goods like wheat, honey, wine, and exotic spices from their travels, which were then incorporated into their cuisine.

The Impact of Foreign Culinary Practices

These imported goods influenced Viking cooking, introducing new flavors and techniques that added variety to their diets.

Viking Cooking Techniques and Preservation

To survive the harsh northern winters, Vikings developed effective food preservation techniques, which also enhanced their food’s flavor and longevity.

Smoking, Drying, and Salting: Preserving Food

Methods like smoking fish and meats over fires, drying them in the open air, or salting were commonplace and essential for ensuring a year-round food supply.

Fermentation: A Taste of Viking Innovation

Fermentation was another preservation method, leading to foods like skyr (a type of yogurt) and various pickled vegetables.

Nutrition and Diet: The Health of a Viking

While the Vikings are often associated with robust health, their diet was varied enough to provide them with the necessary nutrients to survive in their harsh environment.

Analyzing the Nutritional Value of Viking Meals

Studies of Viking remains indicate a diet rich in protein and vitamins but also show evidence of diseases related to diet and lifestyle.

Common Diseases and Diet-Related Health

Dental wear and deficiencies point to some of the challenges Vikings faced, possibly due to a lack of certain vegetables and fruits during the long winters.

Archaeological Insights: What Remains Tell Us

Archaeological discoveries continue to shed light on the Viking diet, providing a tangible link to the past through the study of food residues, utensils, and even ship remains.

Discoveries from Viking Settlement Excavations

Excavations of Viking settlements have unearthed kitchen middens, which are full of clues about their daily meals, such as bones, seeds, and shells.

Reconstructing Diets from Bones and Seeds

Analysis of these materials allows researchers to reconstruct the Viking diet in detail, offering a window into their everyday life.

Recreating Viking Cuisine Today

Today, there is a growing interest in recreating Viking cuisine. Modern cooks and historians alike are bringing ancient recipes to life, using them to connect with Viking heritage.

Modern Interpretations of Viking Recipes

Chefs and enthusiasts experiment with historical ingredients and methods to create dishes that provide a taste of the Viking age, adapted for the modern palate.

Themed Viking Feasts and Culinary Experiences

Themed events and restaurants offer immersive experiences, allowing people to dine like Vikings and engage with their history in a unique and flavorful way.

Conclusion: The Legacy of Viking Cuisine

The legacy of Viking cuisine is not only in the dishes that have been passed down or the historical records but also in the enduring curiosity and fascination with the Viking way of life.

Viking Influence on Modern Nordic Cuisine

Modern Nordic cuisine owes much to its Viking roots, with a focus on simplicity, purity, and freshness that echoes the diet of these ancient seafarers.

Preserving History Through Food Culture

By exploring and recreating Viking cuisine, we preserve a vital part of history, connecting the past to the present through the universal language of food.

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• Year 4 History Links
• Online Learning
• Key Stage 2
• BBC Bitesize - Vikings This site has learner guides and video clips about the Vikings.
• Children's British History Encyclopedia - The Vikings This site has lots of information about the Vikings and their invasion of Britain.
• DK Find Out - Vikings Click on the pictures to learn more about the Vikings.
• Primary Homework Help - Vikings This site covers lots of topics including settlements, food, clothes and Viking houses.
• Cook it! - Historical Cookbook - Saxons and Vikings This site has lots of information about Viking life as well as authentic recipes from the time you can make at home.
• BBC Viking Quest In this activity you need to build a ship and go exploring.
• BBC Schools Radio - Viking Sagas Listen to a selection of tales from Viking mythology featuring Thor and Loki.
• Write Your Name in Runes Type in your name and see what it would look like in the runic alphabet.
• BBC Schools Radio - Tudor Sketches Listen to audio clips about Tudor life and Tudor kings and queens.
• Children's British History Encyclopedia - The Tudors This site has lots of information about the Tudors including life in Tudor times, clothes and the royalty.
• DK Find Out - Tudors Learn about a range of topics including childhood, exploration and entertainment.
• BBC Class Clips - Tudors and Stewarts Watch videos about life in Tudor times.
• Primary Homework Help - Tudors This site covers lots of topics including Tudor houses, food, schools and the Mary Rose.
• Cook it! - Historical Cookbook - Tudors This site has information about the Tudors as well as authentic recipes from the time you can make at home.
• Tudor Britain This site has pictures of real documents and objects from Tudor times.
• BBC Schools - Famous People - Henry VIII This archived site covers the life of King Henry VIII.
• Object Lessons - Tudors This site lets you explore objects from the Tudor era and other periods from history.

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The Vikings

Who were the Vikings?

The Vikings came from all around Scandinavia (where Norway, Sweden and Denmark are today). They sent armies to Britain about the year 700 AD to take over some of the land, and they lived here until around 1050.

Even though the Vikings didn’t stay in Britain, they left a strong mark on society – we’ve even kept some of the same names of towns. They had a large settlement around York and the Midlands, and you can see some of the artefacts from Viking settlements today.

Top 10 facts

• The Vikings are also called Norsemen, and came from Scandinavia.
• They spoke Norse , which had an alphabet made up of characters called runes.
• They travelled over the sea in longships, which are long, narrow wooden boats that could be sailed in both deep and shallow water.
• The Vikings left their homeland because they were looking for better places to farm than the kind of terrain that Scandinavia had.
• The Vikings first attacked Britain in 787 AD, but didn’t start to invade and settle in the British Isles until 793 .
• In 878, King Alfred the Great defeated the Vikings in battle and had them sign a treaty saying they had to keep to their own land in England – this section of land was called Danelaw.
• Jorvik was a large Viking kingdom around York ; the last king of Jorvik was Eric Bloodaxe in 954.
• Viking warriors believed that when they died in battle, they went to Valhalla – this is where the king of the gods lived, named Odin.
• England once had a Viking king: King Canute ruled from 1016-1035, and his descendants ruled until 1042.
• A few weeks before the Anglo-Saxons were defeated in the Battle of Hastings in 1066 , they defeated Viking warriors near York, led by Harald Hardrada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.

• 793 The Vikings attacked a monastery at Lindisfarne in Northumbria and started to settle in England
• 866 The Vikings raided and conquered York, and established the Viking Kingdom of Jorvik

• 878 Alfred the Great defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Ethandun
• 886 The boundary between Anglo-Saxon and Viking territories was established, called Danelaw
• 950 Viking armies raided Wales
• 954 The Viking Kingdom of Jorvik became part of England again
• 994 Viking armies from Denmark and Norway attempted to raid London, but were defeated

• 25 September 1066 The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place near York, between the Anglo-Saxons and Viking invaders led by Harald Hardrada
• 14 October 1066 William from Normandy, "William the Conqueror", won the Battle of Hastings and the Normans began to rule England

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Did you know?

• The word ‘Viking’ means ‘a pirate raid’ in the Norse language, which is what the Vikings spoke.
• ‘-by’, as in Corby or Whitby, means ‘farm’ or ‘town’
• ‘-thorpe’, as in Scunthorpe, means ‘village’
• The Viking alphabet, ‘Futhark’, was made up of 24 characters called runes. Each one stood for entire words or gods, as well as sounds.
• There was a large Viking community around York called Jorvik. Archaeologists have found out a lot about the Vikings thanks to the artefacts they found there.
• The Vikings kept long benches in their homes that they’d use to sit on during the day, and then to sleep on at night. Only rich people had beds.
• In Viking times, people usually just took baths once a week! This was often on Saturdays.
• The Normans from France who defeated the Anglo-Saxons in the Battle of Hastings were actually descendants of Vikings! Vikings settled around more places than just Britain – they went to Ireland , Iceland, Greenland, France and Spain too.

Can you find the following in the gallery below?

• A map showing where the Vikings originally lived, and where they settled in Britain and Ireland
• A map showing the Danelaw
• A replica of a Viking longboat
• What a Viking warrior would have looked like
• A Viking warrior’s helmet
• What a Viking man would have worn
• What a Viking woman would have worn
• The names of clothing that the Vikings wore
• Weapons that the Vikings used
• A Viking ship reconstruction
• A Viking village reconstructed in Ukranenland, an archeological village-museum in Germany
• Viking gold bracelets
• A Viking boat sculpture in Iceland
• An illustration of a Viking boat
• A re-enactment of Viking life

The Vikings wanted new land because the places where they came from in Scandinavia – Norway, Sweden and Denmark – weren’t very easy to live in. It was hard to grow crops, which meant there wasn’t a lot of food as the population got bigger. Britain and Europe had plenty of good farmland , so the Vikings tried to claim some of that land for themselves.

Even though the Anglo-Saxons were pretty well established in England, the Vikings would turn up every now and then to raid towns and take a bit of land. Sometimes, instead of fighting the Vikings, the Anglo-Saxons decided it was better to pay them money so they’d stay away. This payment was called Danegeld.

The first Viking attack on England was in 787 on the Isle of Portland. The Vikings went home straight afterwards, but they came back to England in 793 and raided a monastery at Lindisfarne. Monastaries made easy targets because the monks who lived there didn’t have any weapons, and they did have money and food.

The Vikings believed in many different gods , and they thought making sacrifices to the gods kept them all happy. They also told stories about the gods, called Norse mythology . Some of the gods included:

• Thor , the god of thunder
• Idun , the goddess of spring
• Odin , the king of gods and the god of war

The Vikings believed that if a warrior died while fighting in battle, he’d go to Valhalla , which is where Odin was. Other heroes who had died would also be there. Odin would send his warrior maidens, called Valkyries, across the sky to ferry dead warriors to Valhalla.

Viking warriors were very good fighters. They’d wear helmets and carry shields to defend themselves, and they’d also have one of these weapons:

• spear – a leaf shape or spike at the end of a wooden shaft
• sword – these were expensive to make and usually double-edged, and warriors would decorate the hilts
• battle axe – an axe with a long handle, and cheaper to make than a sword

Boats that the Vikings built are called longships – they are long, narrow boats that can be used in both deep and shallow water, making them perfect for travelling over the ocean and carrying lots of warriors onto the shore. Longships were symmetrical, meaning they looked the same at the front as they did at the back. They’d often have dragon heads carved at either end.

VIkings sailed all the way across the Atlantic Ocean to Newfoundland in North America in their longships!

Viking homes were long too – they were called longhouses ! They were rectangular, made from wood and were usually just one big room without any inside walls. There would be one big fire pit in the centre for cooking and keeping the house warm. The roof was covered in thatch, and there was a hole in the middle for smoke from the fire to go through. Benches around the house would be used both to sit on and to sleep on.

Most clothes that the Vikings had were made from wool, but they also had some clothes made from linen. They used dyes made from plants and minerals to make red, green, brown, yellow and blue, so their clothes were very colourful.

Viking men wore a long shirt, trousers with a drawstring tie and a coat with a belt around the waist. Viking women wore long dresses with a tunic over the top that was held up by two brooches pinned at the shoulders. Both men and women wore woollen socks and leather shoes.

Alfred the Great defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Ethandun (in modern day Wiltshire). After this, he and the Vikings agreed to set boundaries for their kingdoms. The area that the Vikings lived in was called Danelaw, and it meant that the land south of the diagonal line between London and Chester belonged to King Alfred (Wessex). Danelaw eventually became smaller and smaller as the Anglo-Saxons took more and more control.

Jorvik was a large Viking kingdom around York. The last king of Jorvik was Eric Bloodaxe, who was driven out in 954. The Vikings in England then agreed to be ruled by the king of England rather than having their own king.

But, that doesn’t mean that the king of England couldn’t be a Viking! The first Viking king of England was King Canute in 1016. He ruled until 1035, and then his sons were kings after that – but only for a total of seven years. Harold Harefoot was king until 1040, then Hardicanute was king until 1042.

Names to know:

King Canute (ruled as king of England from 1016-1035) – Canute was the first Viking king of England. He won a battle against Edmund II that divided their kingdoms, but when Edmund died Canute ruled both kingdoms. His sons, Harold Harefoot and then Hardicanute, ruled until 1042.

Harald Hardrada (c.1015-1066) – Harald Hardrada was the king of Norway. He led Viking armies into England, but was defeated at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in York by King Harold II.

Leif Erikson (c.970-1020) – Leif Erikson was a famous Viking explorer who sailed all the way to North America. 

Eric Bloodaxe (died in 954) – Eric Bloodaxe was king of the Viking kingdom of Jorvik between 947-948 and 952-954. He was the last king of Jorvik before it became part of England.

Related Videos

Just for fun...

• Type your name into the box and see how it looks written in Viking runes!
• Have Mum or Dad help you make some porridge in the way that the Vikings would have had it
• Watch Horrible Histories songs about the Vikings, the  Vikings & Garkunkel Song and  The Vikings - Literally
• Print some Viking colouring sheets  and a  Viking Age boat to colour in
• Make your own Viking tortoise brooches and try  Viking cord winding
• You'll find amazing artefacts from the Viking Age on the Jorvik Discover from Home  webpage, as well as Viking colouring, puzzles, crafts, stories and videos
• Quiz yourself on the Vikings
• Make your own Viking name
• Bake your own Viking flatbread
• The Cbeebies television show Gudrun the Viking Princess offers a glimpse of what life might have been like for the Vikings a thousand years ago
• Listen to a collection of Viking sagas  told by Loki, Viking god of fire, on BBC Schools Radio
• Read a National Geographic kids comic set on a Viking longboat
• Make your own Viking shield , Viking longboat and Viking helmet with step-by-step instructions and videos from Hobbycraft
• Try some Viking puzzles from the Yorvik Centre
• Step back to 876AD and make your own Viking longship, Viking longship figurehead and Viking helmet

Children's books about the Vikings

See for yourself

• Visit Jorvik Viking Centre  in York to go back in time and see what it was like to live as a Viking
• See a Viking coin made in England  for a Viking ruler
• Step into a  Viking Longhouse reconstruction at the Ancient Technology Outdoor Education Centre
• At the National Museum of Scotland, see the Galloway Hoard , the richest collection of rare and unique Viking-age objects ever found in the British Isles

Find out more:

• Watch BBC Bitesize animations about the Vikings
• A children's introduction to the Vikings from DKfindout!
• See an animated film about the life of a ten-year-old Viking boy
• Learn about everyday life in the Viking age
• Find out about the Vikings in Scotland with BBC Bitesize animations
• Watch a virtual tour of the British Museum's  Vikings Live  exhibition
• Discover the  secrets of Viking ships
• "Walk" through a real Viking village
• Read stories and sagas from the Viking world – we've collected the best kids' books about the Vikings
• Find out about the Viking words we use in English place names . Did you know that words like berserk, ugly, muck, knife, die and cake come from Old Norse, the Viking language ?
• Information about  Viking gods and mythology
• Did Vikings have horned helmets? Find out!
• See some images of Viking clothes  and Viking jewellery  and find out about Viking pets
• The Vikings were warriors of the sea. Find out more about Viking voyages and sea-faring life
• Download a  Viking information booklet, packed with pictures
• Watch a video about the Vikings Eric the Red and his son Leif Ericson, who explored areas of Greenland and North America

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Vikings — An Introduction (Years 5-6)

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Who were the Vikings and where do they fit in to history? This PowerPoint is a great resource to introduce the class to the Viking era, or equally to recap their general learning of the topic. Children will think about where the Vikings fit in on a timeline of history, where they came from, the transport that they used and the importance of their raids.

• Key Stage: Key Stage 2
• Subject: History
• Topic: Vikings
• Topic Group: Settlers & Invaders in Britain
• Year(s): Years 5-6
• Media Type: PowerPoint
• Resource Type: PowerPoint
• Last Updated: 19/07/2022
• Resource Code: H2PAT85

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WGS 84 coordinate reference system is the latest revision of the World Geodetic System, which is used in mapping and navigation, including GPS satellite navigation system (the Global Positioning System).

Geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) define a position on the Earth’s surface. Coordinates are angular units. The canonical form of latitude and longitude representation uses degrees (°), minutes (′), and seconds (″). GPS systems widely use coordinates in degrees and decimal minutes, or in decimal degrees.

Latitude varies from −90° to 90°. The latitude of the Equator is 0°; the latitude of the South Pole is −90°; the latitude of the North Pole is 90°. Positive latitude values correspond to the geographic locations north of the Equator (abbrev. N). Negative latitude values correspond to the geographic locations south of the Equator (abbrev. S).

Longitude is counted from the prime meridian ( IERS Reference Meridian for WGS 84) and varies from −180° to 180°. Positive longitude values correspond to the geographic locations east of the prime meridian (abbrev. E). Negative longitude values correspond to the geographic locations west of the prime meridian (abbrev. W).

UTM or Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system divides the Earth’s surface into 60 longitudinal zones. The coordinates of a location within each zone are defined as a planar coordinate pair related to the intersection of the equator and the zone’s central meridian, and measured in meters.

Elevation above sea level is a measure of a geographic location’s height. We are using the global digital elevation model GTOPO30 .

Elektrostal , Moscow Oblast, Russia

Time in Elektrostal , Moscow Oblast, Russia now

• Tokyo 05:51PM
• Beijing 04:51PM
• Kyiv 11:51AM
• Paris 10:51AM
• London 09:51AM
• New York 04:51AM
• Los Angeles 01:51AM

Time zone info for Elektrostal

• The time in Elektrostal is 8 hours ahead of the time in New York when New York is on standard time, and 7 hours ahead of the time in New York when New York is on daylight saving time.
• Elektrostal does not change between summer time and winter time.
• The IANA time zone identifier for Elektrostal is Europe/Moscow.

Time difference from Elektrostal

Sunrise, sunset, day length and solar time for elektrostal.

• Sunrise: 03:43AM
• Sunset: 09:07PM
• Day length: 17h 24m
• Solar noon: 12:25PM
• The current local time in Elektrostal is 25 minutes ahead of apparent solar time.

Elektrostal on the map

• Location: Moscow Oblast, Russia
• Latitude: 55.79. Longitude: 38.46
• Population: 144,000

Best restaurants in Elektrostal

• #1 Tolsty medved - Steakhouses food
• #2 Ermitazh - European and japanese food
• #3 Pechka - European and french food

Find best places to eat in Elektrostal

• Best pubs & bars in Elektrostal
• Best steak restaurants in Elektrostal
• Best bbqs in Elektrostal

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