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India’s achievements after 75 years of Independence

India's achievements after 75 years of Independence: Article talks about the progress India has made in the last 75 years in the field of economic growth, scientific innovations and in other fields.

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India’s achievements after 75 Years of India’s Independence: India’s achivement after August 15th, 1947, has become a prime illustration of a remarkable growth tale. The journey demonstrates India’s development in areas such as agricultural production, nuclear and space technology, world-class educational institutions, Ayurveda, biotechnology, giant steel plants, and becoming a leader in information technology, as well as having the third-largest start-up ecosystem in the world.

India’s achievements after 75 years of Independence: Historic Events, Significant Achievements & Milestones

As India marks its 75th year of independence, let’s examine the historical occurrences, notable accomplishments, and noteworthy milestones that occurred during this time:

15 th August 1947: India’s Independence Day

India became independent from British rule on August 15, 1947. On August 14, 1947, just before the clock struck twelve, our first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, gave the renowned “Tryst with Destiny” speech to the Indian Constituent Assembly in the Parliament. On August 15 in Delhi’s Red Fort, Pandit Nehru raised the Indian National Flag over the Lahori Gate.

26 th January 1950: India became a Republic Country

The Indian Constituent Assembly ratified the Constitution on November 26, 1949. Later, on January 26, 1950, the Indian Constitution went into effect. The Dominion of India became the Republic of India when the Constitution of India took the place of the Government of India Act 1935 as the primary law governing the nation. The Indian Constitution is the country’s highest law. Every year, India celebrates its Republic Day on January 26.

1951: India’s First Five-year Plan was launched

In 1951, Jawaharlal Nehru, our first prime minister, gave the First Five-Year Plan to the Indian Parliament. The Harrod-Domar model, with a few modifications, served as the foundation for the First Five-Year Plan, which concentrated primarily on the growth of the primary sector. Agricultural growth served as the first five-year plan’s guiding principle. The major goal was to find solutions to the various issues that the nation’s division had created. The objective of this strategy was to rebuild the nation once it gained independence.

1952: India witnessed the first Lok Sabha Election

India held general elections from October 25, 1951, to February 21, 1952. These were the first Lok Sabha elections held following the country’s independence in August 1947. On May 13, 1952, this Lok Sabha’s first session officially opened. There were 489 seats in the Lok Sabha overall, and 17.3 crore people were eligible to vote. 364 seats were won by the Indian National Congress (INC). The first Lok Sabha was dissolved on April 4, 1957, after serving its entire five-year term. Jawaharlal Nehru became India’s first prime minister to be chosen democratically.

1953: Air India was nationalized

Nine airlines—Air India, Air Services of India, Airways (India), Bharat Airways, Deccan Airways, Himalayan Aviation, Indian National Airways, Kalinga Airlines, and Air India International—were nationalised by Nehru under the Air Corporations Act of 1953 and placed under the control of two PSEs, Indian Airlines and Air India International.

1954: India and China signed the Panchsheel

In the Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the Tibet region of China and India signed on April 29, 1954, the two governments first formally stated the Panchsheel, or Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, stating in its preamble that they “have resolved to enter into the present Agreement based on the following principles: –

Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty,
Mutual non-aggression,
Mutual non-interference,
Equality and mutual benefit, and
Peaceful co-existence.”

1955: State Bank of India (SBI) was founded

The State Bank of India was established on July 1st, 1955. In 1955, the Indian government nationalised the Imperial Bank of India, changing the bank’s name to State Bank of India and giving the Reserve Bank of India a 60% ownership interest.

1957: The decimalization of the rupee

On April 1, 1957, ten years after gaining independence from the British, Indian coins became decimal. In September 1955, the Indian Coinage Act was revised to include the decimal system. A circular from the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India stated, “Government accounting with effect from April 1, 1957 is to be maintained in terms of rupees and naye paise instead of rupees, annas, and pies,” in April 1956, after the modified Act became law. Therefore, all challans supporting funds submitted for payment of government dues must be represented in the new coinage. All withdrawal bills must be specified in terms of rupees and naye paise as well.

1960: Green Revolution Began

Norman Borlaug started the Green Revolution movement in the 1960s. He is referred to as the “Father of the Green Revolution” globally. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 as a result of his work creating high-yielding wheat varieties (HYVs).

1961: Liberation of Goa

The Republic of India’s process of annexing Estado da India, the former Portuguese Indian territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu, known as the Annexation of Goa, began with an armed intervention by the Indian Armed Forces in December 1961. This event is known as the “Liberation of Goa” in India.

1962: India-China War

In October and November of 1962, China and India fought a war known as the Sino-Indian War. The conflict was mostly sparked by a contested Himalayan border. On November 20, 1962, China announced a cease-fire and its withdrawal to its alleged “Line of Actual Control,” which marked the end of the war”.

1963: India’s first-ever rocket launch

The launch of the first sounding rocket from Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala on 21 November 1963, marked the beginning of the Indian Space Programme. Sounding rockets made it possible to probe the atmosphere in situ using rocket-borne instrumentation. This was the first milestone in modern India’s space odyssey. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai and his then accomplice Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam were the brainchild of this achievement.

1965: Indo-Pakistani War

The Second Kashmir War, also known as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, was the result of clashes between Pakistan and India between April 1965 and September 1965. Operation Gibraltar, a Pakistani operation intended to infiltrate troops into Jammu and Kashmir and spark an uprising against Indian sovereignty, was the direct cause of the conflict and brought it to a head. Indian troops crossed the line of the cease-fire on 15 August. The United Nations Security Council unanimously approved a resolution on September 20 calling for a 48-hour unconditional ceasefire between the two countries. Pakistan accepted the demand on September 23 while India did so right away.

1966: Indira Gandi Became First Female PM of India

Following Shastri’s unexpected passing in January 1966, Indira Gandhi was appointed Congress Party leader and subsequently became prime minister as part of a deal between the party’s right and left wings. However, the right wing of the party, led by the former minister of finance Morarji Desai, consistently opposed her leadership.

1969: Formation of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

In order to advance planetary exploration and space science research while advancing national development, ISRO was established in 1969. The Indian space program’s founding fathers, scientist Vikram Sarabhai and India’s first prime minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, who founded INCOSPAR (Indian National Committee for Space Research) in 1962, are credited with creating ISRO, which succeeded INCOSPAR.

1970: White Revolution Began

Operation Flood, the largest dairy development programme ever initiated on January 13th, 1970, was an important undertaking for India’s National Dairy Development Board.

1971: India-Pakistan War

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military conflict between India and Pakistan that took place in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 till Dacca (Dhaka) fell on 16 December 1971 as part of the Bangladesh Liberation War.

1975: The Emergency was imposed

India’s “Emergency” was a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 during which Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed a national state of emergency. The Emergency was formally declared by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352 of the Constitution as a result of the ongoing “internal disturbance” and lasted from June 25, 1975, to March 21, 1977, when it was lifted. The majority of Indira Gandhi’s political rivals were put behind bars, elections were annulled, civil freedoms were suspended, and the press was restricted. During that time, many human rights were broken. One of the most contentious eras in independent India’s history is the Emergency.

1982: Colour television began its journey in India

When it began airing national programming in 1982, DD officially became a national broadcaster. Colour TVs were released in Indian markets the same year. The first colour television broadcast was the Independence Day parade on August 15, 1982, which was followed by the Asian Games in Delhi.

1983: India won the cricket World Cup for the first time

The Indian Cricket Team made history on June 25, 1983, when it defeated the two-time defending champion West Indies to win the World Cup. The turning point in cricket history is widely regarded as being India’s victory in 1983. The 1983 World Cup was held in England’s Lord’s Stadium. India reached the World Cup Final for the first time, and the West Indies were competing in their third straight World Cup final.

1987: Goa became one of the States of India

Goa became a state on May 30, 1987, and was divided into North Goa and South Goa as a result (Daman and Diu got their own union territory). The first Chief Minister of Goa, Daman, and Diu is Dayanand Bandodkar. On May 30, 1987, Goa became the 25th state of India.

1988: The SEBI was established

The Government established the Securities and Exchange Board of India on April 12, 1988, as a non-statutory body to handle all issues pertaining to the growth and regulation of the securities market, investor protection, and to provide guidance to the Government on all of these issues.

1989: Agni Missile was successfully launched

Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation were the three pillars of the new economic strategy of 1991. A severe balance of payments crisis that occurred in the same year served as the immediate catalyst for India’s economic reforms in 1991. India’s balance of payments issue first showed signals in late 1990 when its foreign exchange reserves started to decline.

1995: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited was founded

On May 3, 1995, the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) was established in partnership by the governments of Delhi and India under the leadership of Prime Minister H.D. Deve Gowda[19].

1998: India conducted Pokhran-II tests

Twenty-four years after Pokhran-I, on May 11 and 13, 1998, the Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) carried out five more nuclear tests at the Pokhran range, called “Pokhran-II.” Dr. R. Chidambaram, the Director of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), and Dr. Abdul Kalam, the Chief Scientific Advisor and Director of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), served as the principal coordinators for this test planning.

1999: Kargil War

The Kargil War, commonly referred to as the Kargil conflict, was an armed battle that took place between India and Pakistan in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir as well as other locations along the Line of Control from May to July 1999. By proclaiming victory over Pakistan in the Kargil war on July 26, 1999, India celebrated the successful conclusion of “Operation Vijay” and put an end to the three-month conflict along the Line of Control. Since then, the day has been recognised as “Kargil Vijay Diwas.”.

2000: Jharkhand became India’s 26th state

On November 15, 2000, Jharkhand was separated from Bihar’s 18 districts to form its own state. Later, six additional districts were created by rearranging the existing ones.

2007: First Woman President of India

Pratibha Patil, an Indian politician and attorney, presided over India as its first female president from 2007 until 2012.

2008: Chandrayaan-1 launched

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched Chandrayaan-1 on October 22, 2008, the nation’s first lunar probe under the Chandrayaan programme. India’s space programme received a big boost from the expedition as our nation created its own technologies to study the Moon.

2010: Education became a fundamental right of children

On August 4, 2009, the Indian Parliament passed the Right to Education Act (RTE), also known as the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act. In accordance with Article 21A of the Indian Constitution, it outlines the specifics of the significance of free and mandatory education for children in India between the ages of 6 and 14. India became one of the nations in the world to declare education to be a fundamental right when the Act went into effect on April 1, 2010.

2015: NITI Aayog was formed

The NITI Aayog, the country’s top public policy think tank and the nodal organisation charged with fostering cooperative federalism and accelerating economic development by involving state governments in the formulation of economic policy, was established on January 1, 2015.

2017: GST was launched by the Indian government

The GST, or Goods and Services Tax, was introduced by the Indian government and President of India at midnight on July 1, 2017. It was commemorated by a historic midnight session of both Houses of Parliament (June 30-July 1), which met in the Central Hall and was attended by prominent figures from the business and entertainment industries.

2020: COVID-19 Pandemic and India’s lockdown

India experienced the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020, and as a result of the ensuing lockdown, residents were confined to their houses. The story of lockdown started on the evening of March 24, 2020, when the Indian government imposed a 21-day statewide lockdown, restricting the movement of the whole populace in an effort to stop the pandemic from spreading. It came following a 14-hour voluntary public curfew on March 22 and the implementation of a number of rules in the areas of the nation affected by COVID-19.

2022: India gets its first tribal President

On July 25, 2022, Draupadi Murmu took the oath of office as India’s fifteenth president. She ran against Yashwant Sinha, the candidate for the top constitutional position put up by the unified opposition. Tribal leader Draupadi Murmu hails from Rairangpur in the Odisha district of Mayurbhanj.

Important Facts on India’s Achievement after Independence

Below is a brief list of some of India’s notable post-independence accomplishments:

The Indian Railways were founded in the year 1951.
With over 7000 stations, India’s rail system is the largest and busiest in the world.
India had its first general election in 1951.
The Apsara nuclear reactor, which was created in 1956, was Asia’s first nuclear reactor.
On the moon, Chandrayaan 1 was established in 2008.
Sir M Visvesvaraya, the pioneer of Indian economic planning, contributed to the development of the most effective form of the Indian economy.

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India's achievements after 75 years of Independence FAQs

What did india achieved after 75 years of independence.

In 1974, India conducted “Smiling Buddha”, its first nuclear test, making its place on the list of five nuclear-powered nations. This is one of the biggest achievements of India since 1947. Today, India has the 2nd largest military force and largest voluntary army in the world.

What we achieved in 75 years?

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75 Years of Independence: The Changing Landscape of India

75 Years of Independence: The Changing Landscape of India Blogs Home

14 Aug 2022

There is an old saying that India is a new country but an ancient civilization, and this civilization has seen tremendous changes throughout its history.

From being an education hub of the world in ancient times to becoming the IT hub of the world today, the Indian landscape has come a long way. Taking 15 th August 1947 as our frame of reference, we find that there are several fields like Science and Technology, economy, and human development where India has shown remarkable progress. However, some fields like health and education still seem to be taken care of. Let us look at these aspects of Indian development individually.

The Landscape of Science and Technology

When the Britishers left India, they left behind a broken, needy, underdeveloped, and economically unstable country. After independence, India prioritized scientific research in its first five-year plan. It paved the way for prestigious scientific institutes like IITs and IISC. After just three years of independence, the Indian Institute of Technology has established in 1950. These institutions promoted research in India with the aid of foreign institutions. From launching its first satellite Aryabhatta in 1975 to being the first country to reach the orbit of Mars, India has taken confident strides in the field of space research technology, thanks to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). We can proudly state that India is standing at par with countries like USA and China, same goes with the field of biotechnology also where India is producing vaccines for the entire world. The success of UPI is also a case study for the world with 9.36 billion transactions worth Rs. 10.2 trillion in Q1 of 2022 only.

Economic Landscape

India faced several issues following its independence, including illiteracy, corruption, poverty, gender discrimination, untouchability, regionalism, and communalism. Numerous issues have acted as major roadblocks to India's economic development. When India declared its independence in 1947, its GDP was mere 2.7 lakh crore accounting for 3% of the world GDP. In 1965, the Green Revolution was started in India by M. S. Swaminathan, the father of the Green Revolution. During the Green Revolution, there was a significant increase in the crop area planted with high-yielding wheat and rice types. From 1978–1979, the Green Revolution led to a record grain output of 131 million tonnes. India was then recognized as one of the top agricultural producers in the world. With the construction of linked facilities like factories and hydroelectric power plants, a large number of jobs for industrial workers were also generated in addition to agricultural workers.

Today India is the 5 th largest economy in the world with 147 lakh crore GDP, accounting for 8% of global GDP. In recent years, India has seen a whopping rise of 15,400% in the number of startups, which rose from 471 in 2016 to 72,993 as of June 2022. This phenomenal rise in startups has also produced millions of new jobs in the country.

Infrastructure

The India of today is different from India at the time of freedom. In the 75 years of independence, Indian Infrastructure has improved drastically. The overall length of the Indian road network has grown from 0.399 million km in 1951 to 4.70 million km as of 2015, which makes it the third largest roadway network in the world. Additionally, India's national highway system now spans 1, 37, 625 kilometres in 2021, up from 24,000 km (1947–1969).

After over 70 years of independence, India has risen to become Asia's third-largest electricity generator. It increased its ability to produce energy from 1,362 MW in 1947 to 3, 95, 600 MW. In India, the total amount of power produced increased from 301 billion units in 1992–1993 to 400990.23 MW in 2022. The Indian government has succeeded in lighting up all 18,452 villages by April 28, 2018, as opposed to just 3061 in 1950, when it comes to rural electrification.

The Landscape of Human Development

In 1947 India had a population of 340 million with a literacy rate of just 12%, today it has a population of nearly 1.4 billion and a literacy rate of 74.04%. The average life expectancy has also risen from 32 years to 70 years in 2022.

The Landscape of Education and Health

In 1947, India had a population of 340 million with a literacy rate of just 12%, today it has a population of nearly 1.4 billion and a literacy rate of 74.04%. The average life expectancy has also risen from 32 years to 70 years in 2022. Though India has shown remarkable progress In terms of literacy rate, the quality of higher education is still a cause of major concern. There is not a single Indian University or Institute in the top 100 QS World University Ranking. With the largest youth population in the world, India can achieve wonders if its youth get equipped with proper skills and education. The health, sector is also worrisome. The doctor-to-patient ratio is merely 0.7 doctors per 1000 people as compared to the WHO average of 2.5 doctors per 1000 people. A recent study shows that 65% of medical expenses in India are paid out of pocket by patients and the reason is that they are left with no alternative but to access private healthcare because of poor facilities in public hospitals.

The Political Landscape

Jawaharlal Nehru was appointed as India's first prime minister in 1947, following the end of British rule. He promoted a socialist-economic system for India, including five-year plans and the nationalization of large sectors of the economy like mining, steel, aviation, and other heavy industries. Village common areas were taken, and a massive public works and industrialization drive led to the building of important dams, roads, irrigation canals, thermal and hydroelectric power plants, and many other things. India's population surpassed 500 million in the early 1970s, but the “Green Revolution” significantly increased agricultural productivity, which helped to end the country's long-standing food problem.

From 1991 to 1996, India's economy grew quickly as a result of the policies implemented by the late Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao and his Finance Minister at the time, Dr Manmohan Singh. Poverty had decreased to about 22%, while unemployment has been continuously reducing. Growth in the gross domestic product exceeded 7%.

India's first female Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, held office from 1966 until 1977 for three consecutive terms before serving a fourth term (1980–84). India elected Pratibha Patil as its first female president in 2007.

India's economy has expanded significantly in the twenty-first century. Under the Prime ministership of Narendra Modi (BJP), many significant changes have taken place like the scraping of Section 370, strengthening the Defence systems, creating a startup-friendly environment and much more. To expand infrastructure and manufacturing, the Modi administration launched several programs and campaigns, including “Make in India”, “Digital India”, and the “Swachh Bharat project.”

The Legal Landscape

Before independence, the Privy Council was the highest appellate authority in India. This Council was abolished as the first action following independence. The abolition of the Privy Council Jurisdiction Act was passed by the Indian Constituent Assembly in 1949 to eliminate the Privy Council's authority over appeals from India and to make provisions for outstanding appeals. It was B. R. Ambedkar's sharp legal intellect to draft a constitution for the newly sovereign country. In all executive, legislative, and judicial matters in the nation, the Constitution of India serves as the supreme law. The Indian legal system has developed into a key component of the largest democracy in the world and a pivotal front in the fight to protect constitutional rights for all citizens. Since it was first adopted in 1950, the Indian Constitution has had 105 modifications as of October 2021. The Indian Constitution is divided into 22 parts with 395 articles. Later, through various changes, further articles were added and amendments were made. According to the online repository maintained by the Legislative Department of the Ministry of Law and Justice of India as of July 2022, there are around 839 Central laws. The Indian legal system has a promising and forward-thinking future, and in the twenty-first century, young, first-generation lawyers are entering the field after graduating from the best law schools.

The Landscape of the Defence Sector

The Indian military ranked 4 of 142 out of the countries considered for the annual GFP review. From being defeated by the Chinese army in 1962 to becoming one of the largest defence systems in the world, India has surely learnt from its past errors. One of the reasons the Indian defence system has been able to attain its present reputation is the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) which was established in 1958. Since its founding, it has created many significant programs and critical technologies, including missile systems, small and big armaments, artillery systems, electronic warfare (EW) systems, tanks, and armoured vehicles. India began working on nuclear energy in the late 1950s and had indigenous nuclear power stations by the 1970s. India had also begun developing nuclear weapons and producing fissile material concurrently, which allowed for the purportedly harmless nuclear explosion in Pokhran in 1971. The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP), under the direction of APJ Abdul Kalam and with the support of the Ordnance Factories, was established in 1983. In 1989, the longer-range Agni was independently designed and tested. Later, India and Russia collaborated to design and produce the Brahmos supersonic cruise missile. India currently leads several other nations in the production of defences. India is one of about a dozen nations that have built and produced their fighter jets, helicopters, submarines, missiles, and aircraft carriers.

Analyzing the different landscapes of India we find that we have come a long way in our journey but still, there is a lot to be done if we want to make India a ‘super power’. A lot will depend on our people’s willingness to change, ensuring the equal participation of women in the workforce, including marginalized communities in our economic growth, and last but not least is having a liberal and progressive and unbiased mindset.

As we are celebrating “Azaadi ka Amrit Mahotsav”, the completion of 75 years of independence can be taken as a new opportunity to build an India of our aspirations and make positive contributions to the changing landscape of India.

Aarifa Nadeem

https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/how-we-have-done-since-gaining-freedom-from-our-colonial-masters-seven-decades-ago

https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/qs-world-university-rankings-2023-top-10-universities-globally-and-top-10-in-india-1960806-2022-06-10

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/5-reasons-why-indias-healthcare-system-is-struggling/article34665535.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/economic-survey-high-out-of-pocket-expenses-for-health-can-lead-to-poverty/article33699314.ece

https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/technology/development-in-india-after-independence#:~:text=Infrastructure%20Development,%2C37%2C625%20km%20(2021) .

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)#: ~:text=India%20became%20a%20sovereign%20democratic,the%2042nd%20Constitution %20Amendment%201976.

http://www.barcouncilofindia.org/about/about-the-legal-profession/history-of-the-legal-profession/

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75 Years of India's Independence: Post August 15 1947 Journey, Historic Events, Achievements & Milestones

75 years of india's independence: let’s look at india’s 75 years of journey post-independence from 15th august 1947 till now including major historic events, significant achievements, & milestones..

75 Years of India's Independence: Post 15 th August 1947, India’s journey has become a great example of an impressive growth story. The journey highlights India’s expansion ranging from agricultural production to nuclear and space technology, from affordable health care to world-class educational institutions, from Ayurveda to biotechnology, from giant steel plants to becoming an IT power, and having the third-largest start-up ecosystem in the world.

Know Your National Flag: Interesting and Amazing facts about India’s Tiranga

75 Years of India’s Independence: Historic Events, Significant Achievements & Milestones

August 1947: India’s Independence Day

January 1950: India became a Republic Country

Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty,
Mutual non-aggression,
Mutual non-interference,
Equality and mutual benefit, and
Peaceful co-existence.”

On 25th June 1983, the Indian Cricket Team created history for the first time by winning the World Cup by defeating West Indies who had won the last two world cup. India’s Victory in 1983 is considered to be the landmark moment in Cricket History. 83 World cup was played in Lord's Stadium (England). For the first time, an Asian Nation-India reached the World Cup Final and this was the third consecutive World Cup final appearance for the West Indies.

Draupadi Murmu took oath as the 15th President of India on July 25, 2022. She contested against Yashwant Sinha, the joint opposition’s nominee for the top constitutional job. Draupadi Murmu is a tribal leader from Rairangpur in the Mayurbhanj district in Odisha

Check Draupadi Murmu Biography

Get here current GK and GK quiz questions in English and Hindi for India , World, Sports and Competitive exam preparation. Download the Jagran Josh Current Affairs App .

Q1. In which year will India complete 75 years of independence? + 15th August 2022
Q2. What is the name given to the celebration of India's 75 years of Independence by the Government? + 'Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav' is an initiative of the Government of India to celebrate and commemorate 75 years of independence of progressive India and the glorious history of its people, culture and achievements.
Q3. When was Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav started? + The official journey of “Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav” commences on 12th March 2021 which starts a 75-week countdown to our 75th anniversary of Independence and will end post a year on 15th August 2023.

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Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology

Last updated on September 30, 2022 by ClearIAS Team

What are the achievements of Indians in Science & Technology?

How easy was the indigenization of technology?

What are the new technologies developed by India?

Table of Contents

The decade of the 1950s

The experiment in science and technology that independent India has embarked on began with our leaders’ goal of bringing about social change through public investment in this field.

Atomic Energy Establishment

The year was 1954, and Homi J. Bhabha establishes the Atomic Energy Establishment. After his death, it was renamed the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. A presidential order later established the Department of Atomic Energy.

India’s Scientific Policy Resolution of 1958

It was the first science policy that placed a strong emphasis on fundamental research in almost every field of science.

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The policy also emphasized the development and availability of basic infrastructure for the advancement of scientific research.

India’s first digital computer

TIFRAC, India’s first digital computer, was built by the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Bombay (TIFR Automatic Computer).

The decade of 1960s

Birth of isro.

In 1962, Jawaharlal Nehru established the Indian National Committee for Space Research under the Department of Atomic Energy. In 1969, it was renamed the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Read more on privatization of the space sector.

Age of Rocketry

The first rocket launch facility in India was established by Vikram Sarabhai in 1963 at Thumba, not far from Thiruvananthapuram.

Maestros in Mathematics

The TIFR mathematicians M.S. Narasimhan and C.S. Seshadri created the Narasimhan-Seshadri Theorem in 1965. The most significant mathematical discovery to come out of India since independence maybe this one.

The harvest of the Green revolution

Under Lal Bahadur Shastri’s government, the Green Revolution was started by M.S. Swaminathan with the significant support of C. Subramaniam, the minister of agriculture.

The Green Revolution transformed India from a food-insecure nation to one of the world’s top agricultural powers between 1967–1968 and 1977–1978.

Decade of 1970s

The smiling buddha.

India successfully conducted its first nuclear weapon test in Pokhran, Rajasthan, on May 18, 1974.

After the test, known as “Smiling Buddha,” India became the sixth nuclear state in the world to successfully test a nuclear bomb outside of the five permanent members of the United Nations, which are the US, Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China.

Birth of Satellites

On April 19, 1975, a massive polyhedron-shaped object was sent into space by rocket thrusters at a desolate-looking launch site in the Russian province of Astrakhan.

It was “Aryabhata,” India’s first unmanned satellite, and a significant occasion in the history of the country.

Birth of Durga

On October 3, 1978, Dr. Subhash Mukherjee became the first physician in India and the second in the world to create a test tube baby. The baby, who was given the name Durga, is today known as Kanupriya Agarwal.

Decade of 1980s

Age of missile technology.

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam served as the program director for the Integrated Guided Missile Program by DRDO , which was launched on July 26, 1983. This program produced Prithvi, Trishul, Akash, Nag, and Agni as a result.

India walking towards Antarctica

Age of communication technology, a breakthrough in forensics.

Technology for DNA fingerprinting was created in 1988 by the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology. India was the third nation to create the technology.

Decade of 1990s

India’s super-duper home-made supercomputer.

India had been subject to a technological embargo when the PARAM supercomputer was first developed. India established the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, or C-DAC, in 1988 to promote the development of self-sufficiency.

PARAM 8000 was created in 1991 with a three-year timetable and a budget of about Rs 30 crore.

Communication in hands reach

On July 31, 1995, the former Chief Minister of West Bengal, Jyoti Basu, and the then-Union Telecom Minister, Sukh Ram, had a handheld mobile phone conversation. Two of Nokia’s first mobile phones were utilised, marking a first for India.

The network itself, is a joint venture between Australia’s Telstra and India’s B.K. Modi Group, was basic by modern standards but totally unclogged.

Buddha smiled again

Five nuclear bombs were successfully underground tested by India on May 11, 1998; these tests, known as “Pokhran-II,” were conducted in Pokhran, Rajasthan.

This day was designated as “National Technology Day” by our then-prime minister, Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee, in order to support a growing democracy’s technological advancement. Each year, it is celebrated.

Decade of 2000s

Rise of tejas.

The Tejas light combat aircraft, which was created domestically, made its first flight on January 4. Tejas has now been incorporated into the Air Force and the Navy. Tejas was designed by DRDO’s Aeronautical Development Agency and produced by Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.

A giant leap for India

On a PSLV rocket, ISRO launched Chandrayaan 1, its first lunar lander, on October 22, 2008. An orbiter and an impactor probe were part of Chandrayaan 1, India’s first lunar mission.

The mission’s greatest accomplishment, besides becoming India the fourth country to plant a flag on the moon, was the identification of abundant water molecules in the lunar soil.

When the ocean got new friends

Under the Advanced Technology Vessel project, a DAE and DRDO partnership that started in the 1990s, nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines of the Arihant class were created.

The ballistic missile submarine Arihant is the first to have been constructed by a nation other than one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council.

Decade of the 2010s

A voyage to mars.

On November 5, 2013, ISRO launched a spacecraft to Mars called the Mars Orbiter Mission, or Mangalyaan. On its maiden attempt, ISRO becomes the fourth space agency to send a spacecraft into Martian orbit and the first one to do so on its maiden voyage.

Annihilating a menace in India

India was home to almost 60% of all polio cases in the world in 1994. Within 20 years, polio was eradicated thanks to the government’s concerted effort to immunize every child. The World Health Organization (WHO) certified India as “Polio-free” on March 27, 2014.

Strong policy, devoted healthcare professionals, and front-line and community workers all contributed to the success of this immunization campaign.

The education of those in underdeveloped and rural sections of the nation who were reluctant to get immunized by raising awareness of its advantages and benefits was a significant component of this program.

The search for a cryogenic engine

In 2016, ISRO produces India’s first domestic cryogenic engine for its launch vehicle program after 20 years of research and development. This was started after the Russians refused to give ISRO, the technology.

Finding waves by India

The mathematical method created at the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics in Pune enabled the discovery of gravitational waves in September 2015 and June 2016 by the US-based Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory.

It turns out to be the most significant and sensitive technique for separating the extremely weak gravitational wave signal from the enormous quantity of additional astronomical noise that it is accompanied by.

Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology: Conclusion

How do we create useful information for a new future? By having a scientific disposition, or a scientific outlook on nature and society. It’s a good time to reflect on the past and look ahead to the future, 75 years after Independence.

What is obvious is that this crossroads is different from the one our country initially experienced when it was on its way.

Long way to go!

Article written by: Jis John Sebastian

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Achievements of India after Independence

Achievements of india after 1947.

India had won its freedom on 15th August, 1947 after a long struggle against the British rule. Many people had lost their lives and family. They had felt the British oppressive policies and faced the tortures and punishments.

They had no opportunity provided by the British to prosper. They neither were educated nor could provide education to their upcoming generations. The people in the British Rule worked as slaves because they to pay heavy taxes. They were cruelly beaten by the British and their officials and policemen, if they were unable to pay taxes.

Many small incidents occurred during the course of time by the people who revolted but they were individual clashes. The mass rebellion up surged in 1857 in the all the parts of India that brought the sense of liberty among the Indians.

Then the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi in India in 1915 intensified it at that level that had shaken the foundation of the British Rule in India. Gandhiji had launched many movements, advised the people to use non-violent means and united the people.

The feeling of Nationalism started taking shape in the frightened and weak people and they became united. They initiated mass agitations and insurgencies that had made the British to think to leave India.

The constitution of India came into force on 26 th January, 1950. Now the newly formed government had all the powers in the hand got a chance to make the country Golden-Bird again.

Dr. Rajendra Prasad was nominated as the President of India, while Jawaharlal Nehru and Ballabh Bhai Patel held the Prime- Minister and Deputy Prime Minister cum Home-minister post respectively. India has achieved a lot in the entire domain. It has soon become a developing country.

Many Development Works has been done in all the Sectors. Some of them are mentioned here:

Education : A consistent growth in the field of education is being observed from the independence. The illiteracy rate is getting decreased. Many world level colleges, universities, and institutions have been established that provide technical and vocational education. Many research works are in progress.
Empowerment of Women: To empower the Indian women constitution has provided equal rights to women. Now women are contributing in the every field of the life.
Science and Technology : India is now totally independent in the field of safety and the space. India has developed its own Missile; it has launched many satellites in the space, and uses its own technology in many fields. In communication India has left many countries behind. India has been put its steps in the discovery of the Moon and the Mars.
Production and Manufacturing: Now India has become independent in these fields. The designed vehicles and machines are exported in the global market. In the field of computers India has developed a lot. Several kinds of facilities are provided on the Internet that has made the human life easy.
Transportation : In the area of transport, the number and the length of the roads have been increased. The whole country is now attached through a network of roads and rail-lines. Many International airports have been built for the international journeys. The network of Railway carries many passengers from one place to another.
Sports : Indians are valiant and self-respected people. Many stories of bravery had been stored in the History. In the sports domain India has gained immense popularity. Numerous top level sports men were born in India who had won many medals in their life. The trend has become common now-a-days also and still the trend prevails. In every international sports activity Indians have shown their talent and skill and won medals for the country.

Greatest Achievements of India

Two Phases of Economy : The policy of liberalization and privatization has largely affected the economy and many economic reforms have been done to run the economic system.
The Green Revolution : It was mainly bought by M.S. Swaminathan. The introduction of HYV ( High Yielding Variety) seeds and chemical fertilizers the yield of food-grains have been increased to such a level that India has become capable to fulfill the needs of the people and the surplus grains were exported to other countries.
Eradication of Epidemics and Polio: Various epidemics and Polio have been eradicated successfully from our nation with the improvement of medical science.
Indian Armed Forces : India is one of four largest military powers in the world today, and has got one of most sophisticated missile programs in the world.
First Voting after India’s Independence : India is the only nation in the world, which gave Universal Adult Franchise from its first day of independence. Whereas, in the US, the world’s second largest democracy, this right was given more than 150 years after their independence.
Union of Indian Princely States : Just after independence, we executed the world’s largest merger and acquisition activity, when 560 small princely states joined (merged) into the Indian state.
Diverse Languages : We have the most number of languages spoken in a single nation; 29 languages are spoken in India, by more than one million people each.
Space Program and Defense Program : Today we are one of the most developing nations in the field of Space and defense program. We have launched various space programs including Lunar and Mars mission, under Indian Space Research Organization.
Technical Education & Digital India : Since independence India has been developing its technical education sector. Now India has become a nation that has established many production units and built a large network of roads to reach every nook and corner of the country.
Religious Tolerance : Despite having such diversity in terms of religions and cultures, India has developed into a secular state where every religion is free to worship and propagate their religion.
The Republic : The constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950. The Indian constitution is known as the largest written constitution in the world.
Construction of New India with Dams and Irrigation Project : India has gained a lot after construction of dams and several canals that help the farmers in irrigating their fields.
Heavy Industry in India : Many heavy industries were established in India to make the country dependent.
Panchayat Raj System to Empower Rural India : The Panchayati Raj refers to the system of local self-government in India introduced by a constitutional amendment in 1992.
Green Revolution : Major technological reforms were occurred in Indian agriculture, from the mid 1960s.
Rise of IT Industries (1998-2008): In India information technology consists of two major component; IT service and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). It contributes to India’s GDP from 1.2% in 1998 to 7.5% in 2012.
India Enters The Trillion Dollar Economy : In April 2007, India entered the trillion dollar economy. It was in the year 2006-07 when the GDP of India was Rs 41,00,000 Crore which was much higher than the GDP of 2001.
A Victory for Democracy : It was the first time in the year 1977 when India actually showed the true democratic colors. The emergency imposed by the contemporary govt. was removed after some days and again the democracy prevailed was a win of democracy.
End of the Two Front Wars with Pakistan and Formation of Bangladesh : India and Pakistan war was ended in December 1971 and it was a complete end to the war when the East Pakistan was formed and was converted into a new country altogether – Bangladesh. It was a proud moment for the country as they gave help in the freedom of Bangladesh.

Most Precious Moments of Independent India

In 1951, India’s first general election was held. The voter turnout was 45.7%.
In 1951, India started a new legacy when we hosted the first Asian Games.
In 1966, Reita Faria Powell became the first Asian woman to win the Miss World.
In 1974, our first organised resistance to destruction of forests, the Chipko movement, began.
In 1974, we also entered into the nuclear club and carried out our first nuclear test in Pokhran.
In 1975, Aryabhatta, our first man-made satellite, named after the 5 th century mathematician, was launched. Since then we never looked back and progressed in this field.
In 1979, Mother Teresa’s charitable work was noticed at a global level when she won the Nobel Prize for Peace.
In 1983, India won the cricket World Cup for the first time, and made a mark as world-class sportsmanship.
In 1984 Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian to enter space opening the doors for bigger outer space ventures.
In 1991, India opened its gates to the global market and initiated economic liberalization.
In 1999, India defeated Pakistan in the Kargil War and re-captured Tiger Hill.
In 2005, India became one of the few nations to enact the Right to Information (RTI).
In 2007, India became one of the first few countries to have a woman head of state when Pratibha Patil took over as President of India.
In 2007, India won the T20 World Cup.
In 2008, we always had hits and misses at the Olympics, but we reached new heights when Abhinav Bindra won the gold medal in the 10m Air Rifle event at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
In 2009, A.R. Rehman brought a proud moment for the country when he received an Oscar for Slumdog Millionaire.
In 2011, India won the cricket World Cup again.
In 2011, we decided to take a stand against the system and supported Anna Hazare in his campaign against corruption.
In 2012, Defence Research and Development Organisation successfully tested the missile Agni – V, taking a big step towards being more powerful.
In 2012, the Indian government declared the Golden Quadrilateral complete. Over 40,000 km of highways and expressways were added to our infrastructure.
In 2014, after years of battling with Polio, India was declared polio free.
In 2014, we became the first country to reach the Mars orbit in the very first attempt.
In 2014, after several years of disappointment, our hockey team made a glorious comeback when they defeated Pakistan in the 2014 Asian Games.
In 2014, Kailash Satyarthi made us proud when he received the Nobel Prize for Peace.
In 2015, India successfully reduced its school dropout rate by 90%, ensuring primary education to all its children.
In 2015, the Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport, New Delhi, won the award of best Airport from Airport International Council.
In 2016, India carried out surgical strike across the border on terror outfits in Pakistan territory.
In 2017, India’s first full time woman Defence Minister, Nirmala Sitaraman took charge.
In 2017, India’s Manushi Chillar was crowned Miss World in an event in China.
In 2018, India’s longest railroad bridge over Brahmaputra (Bogibeel Bridge) was inaugurated by the Prime Minister in Assam.
In 2018, India launched its first ever Semi High Speed electric train named Train 18 or Vande Bharat Express.
In 2019, India launched Chandrayaan-2, its second moon exploration mission on 22nd July 2019.
In 2019, Government of India abrogated Article 370 from the state of Jammu & Kashmir on 5th August 2019.

Independence Day Special: Golden Moments of Indian Sports

In this context some of the major achievements of the Indian sportsmen are mentioned below:

1948: India bagged her first Gold Medal after Independence in field hockey in 1948 Summer Olympics.
1951: India hosts inaugural Asian Games: India played a host for the Asian Games at New Delhi in March 1951.
1952: Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav was an Indian wrestler and the first to win bronze medal in 1952 summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland.
1952: Indian field hockey team won its 5th consecutive Gold Medal in 1952 Summer Olympics.
1952: India wins first Test series in cricket: In the captaincy of Lala Amaranths India won its first test series against Pakistan.
1958: Wilson Jones, a billiards player from India won the World Amateur Billiards Championship in Calcutta in 1958.
1958: Lila Ram Sangwan took home the gold medal in the heavyweight (100 Kg) in 1958 Commonwealth Games.
1958: Mihir Sen became the first Indian to cross the stretch of English Channel from Dovner to Calais in 1958.
1960: Ramanathan Krishnan, Indian tennis player, created history by reaching the semi-finals in 1960 Wimbledon.
1961-62: India won a test series (Dec 1961-Jan 1962) against England which was played in Calcutta and Madras.
1950-1960: During 1950s to 1960s, the Indian football team ranked among the top 20 football teams in the world.
1962: India won its second gold medal in football at the Asian Games in Jakarta.
1962: Padam Bahadur Mall gave the country its first gold medal in the sport of boxing in the 60 kg category.
1964: India was successful in beating Pakistan 1-0 and bagging gold medal in Hockey in 1964 Olympics at Tokyo.
1965: In May 1965, Indian Army’s team led by Avatar Singh Cheema reached the top of Mt. Everest.
1966: Hawa Singh was won a Gold medal in the heavy weight boxing category and dramatically did the same four years later at the same place.
1967: Under the captaincy of Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi India beat New Zealand 3-1 in a test series at Wellington.
1971: India won the test series 1-0 against England in their first ever win on English soil.
1975: India wins hockey World Cup defeating Pakistan 2-1 under the captaincy of Ajit Pal Singh.
1980: The Indian hockey team beat Spain 4-3 in the final to win their last Olympic gold medal in hockey.
1980: Prakash Padukone wins all England Badminton championships in 1980.
1982: India hosted the Asian Games for the second time in New Delhi in the year 1982.
1983: In the 1983 Cricket World Cup India beat two-time reigning world champions West Indies in the final of the tournament winning the Cup.
1983: Sunil Gavaskar surpassed Sir Donald Bradman’s record of 29 centuries at Chennai in a test series against West Indies.
1984: In 400 meter hurdle race Usha lost the bronze by 1/100th of a second.
1985: Sunil Gavaskar’s term as India captain ended with the team winning the Benson & Hedges World Championship of cricket, held in Australia.
1986: P.T. Usha proved her excellence by winning four Gold Medals in 1986 Asian Games.
1986: Khajan Singh, an Indian swimmer won Silver Medal in Asian Games at Seoul.
1987: The World Cup moved out of England for the first time and was co-hosted by India and Pakistan.
1987: Sunil Gavaskar became the first batsman ever, to score 10,000 runs in Test cricket.
1988: Viswanathan Anand became India’s first chess Grandmaster by winning Shakti Finance International chess tournament held in Coimbatore, India.
1990: In the Asian Games at Beijing and India won Gold by defeating Bangladesh in finals.
1996: Leander lands an Olympic medal: Indian tennis ace Leander Paes bagged bronze at the Atlanta Olympics in 1996 after nearly 44 years.
1997: Mahesh Bhupathi, Indian tennis player became the first Indian to bagged Grand Slam title.
1999: Anil Kumble became the second player to claim all 10 wickets in a Test inning against Pakistan at Feroz Shah Kotla stadium.
2000: In Sydney Olympics, Karnam Malleswari lifted 110 kg in the “snatch” and 130 kg in the “clean and jerk” and with a total of 240 kg, she bagged the bronze medal.
2001: Pullela Gopich won the All England Badminton Championship, defeating China in finals.
2001: Indian cricket team won a test match against Australia in Calcutta.
2002: Anju Bobby George won a bronze medal in long jump at the World Championships in Paris.
2004: Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore bagged silver at the men’s double trap shooting event at Olympic Games in Athens.
2005- Pankaj Advani won the world Billiards championships in 2005 at Qawra, Malta, becoming the first player to achieve a “grand double”.
2005- Narain Karthikeyan became first F1 driver from India
2004- The unbeaten Indian Kabaddi Team marks its first win at the first kabaddi world cup.
2007: INDIA won ICC World cup T20.
2008- Abhinav Bindra won gold medal at the 2008 Olympics.
2009- Saina Nehwal becomes the first Indian women to win a super series tournament.
2011- Indian cricket team won the one day world cup after a long time of 28 years in captaincy of Mahendra Singh Dhoni.
2012- Sachin Tendulkar made his 100th centuries and declared his retirement.
2014- Five times world champion and Olympic bronze medalist Mary Kom won her first Asian Games gold medal in women’s 48-51 kg boxing.
2016- P.V. Sindhu won a silver Medal in Badminton in 2016 Rio Olympics.
2017- P.V. Sindhu achieved Silver Medal in World Badminton Championship.
2018- Hima Das, an Indian sprint runner, won a Gold Medal in 400 mtrs in World U-20 Championship in 2018.
2019 – Indian sprint runner Hima Das, nick named Dhing Express, won a total five Gold Medals in July 2019, in various championships at Poland and Czech Republic.
2019- Wrestler Bajrang Punia bagged a Gold Medal at Tbilisi Grand Prix held at Georgia.

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India at 75 | Looking back, looking ahead...

The hindu greets its readers on 75 years of india’s independence with special articles that assess the past and offer a vision of the future, a recognition of the difficulties and an understanding of the possibilities..

Updated - August 16, 2022 11:38 pm IST

Published - August 15, 2022 12:30 am IST

Illustration: Satheesh Vellinezhi

The Hindu is marking 75 years of India’s Independence with a special issue of articles that cover the nation’s birth pangs after Partition, the adoption of Parliamentary democracy and a federal Constitution, the challenges of internal security and external threats, a development paradigm that drew on lessons from other countries and yet was in many ways uniquely Indian, and the hard-won achievements in science, culture, and sports. They are both an assessment of the past and a vision of the future, a recognition of the difficulties and an understanding of the possibilities. Contributors include eminent social scientists, former public officials, and senior journalists. The Hindu greets its readers on 75 years of India’s Independence with this special edition.

Suresh Nambath, Editor

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75 Years of India’s Independence: India’s Achievement in Science and Technology

February 20, 2022

National Council of Science Museums (NCSM), an autonomous body under the Ministry of culture in collaboration with Vigyan Prasar, Dept. of Science & Technology, Govt. of India, is organizing a nation-wide commemorative exhibition ‘75 Years of Independence: India’s Achievements in Science & Technology’ to celebrate the 75 th anniversary of our independence.

The Exhibition will be simultaneously inaugurated in 75 locations in the country, that include the main exhibition at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, New Delhi, and seven Science Centres under NCSM; in addition, it will be displaced in other Science Centres under NCSM.

India has a long and glorious history of Science and Technology dating back to Mehrgarh Culture (c 7000 BCE) in Baluchistan. The excavated sites of Mehrgarh and Indus –Saraswati Civilizations and the Vedic and post-Vedic literature and artifacts provide ample evidence that side by side with art and literature, there grew on Indian soil a very rich scientific and technological culture. Extant manuscripts prove that in the field of ematics, ancient Indians were a force to reckon with. When the western civilization was still in its cradle, Indian astronomers had made giant leaps in astronomy.

Indian men of medicine utilized the wealth of indigenous herbs to make potent antidotes for several incurable diseases and performed the first-ever plastic surgery in the world. Town planning, architecture, and metallurgy flourished in ancient India. In metallurgy, India's primacy in zinc and brass metallurgy is too well known. Agriculture and horticulture, shipbuilding and navigation, weights and measures, coin minting, water power technology, environmental conservation practices, gems and jewelry, acoustics and development of musical instruments, etc. are some of the other areas where ancient India achieved substantial progress.

In 1947, the newly born independent India inherited a shattered economy from the British. The partition of the country and subsequent political disturbances and mass exodus across the border stalled the economic development completely. The reconstruction of the country became a major challenge to the Government. The role of science and technology was crucial for this endeavour and this was clearly expressed in the "Scientific Policy Resolution" adopted by the Parliament in 1958. This resolution was drafted and piloted through the Parliament by the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru. In the words of this Resolution:

"The key to national prosperity, apart from the spirit of the people, lies, in the modern age, in the effective combination of three factors, technology, raw materials and capital, of which the first is, perhaps, the most important, since the creation and adoption of new scientific techniques can, in fact, make up for a deficiency in natural resources, and reduce the demands on capital. But technology can only grow out of the study of science and its applications."

Successive five-year plans envisaged an overall development in agriculture and industry that put a check on ‘Ship to mouth’ economy and with the aim of self-reliance, and placed India strongly among the scientifically and technologically developing nations. Investment in scientific research was 0.1 percent of GNP in 1947. It went up to 0.5 percent in less than a decade. Scientists like SS Bhatnagar, HJ Bhabha and PC Mahalanobis not only built scientific institutions but also helped shape policies.

In the last seven-and-a-half decades, India achieved remarkable development in agriculture, heavy industry, irrigation, energy production, nuclear power capability, space technology, biotechnology, telecommunication, oceanography and science education and research. Today India is an IT superpower, has the largest scientific manpower and largest railway network in the world. The new look India is all poised for a giant leap forward in science and technology.

From its early inventions, including the zero, decimal place value, the Pythagorean Theorem, the value of Pi, the development of natural medicine and perfumes through distillation process, hand guns, non-rusting iron, and much more, India has provided a solid and effective base to further its program of self-sufficiency (Ᾱtmanirbhar Bhārat).

India initiated a landmark policy called “Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2020” with core vision of being decentralized, evidence informed, bottom-up, experts-driven, and inclusive. The policy aims to be bring-in the concept of ‘dynamic policy’ with a robust policy governance mechanism incorporating features such as periodic review, policy uation, feedback, and adaptation, and a timely exit strategy for various policy instruments.

The exhibition will take a visitor through an absorbing journey of seven & a half decades of Science and Technology in free India, with special emphases on indigenous development and a march towards self-reliance, in a story telling mode with the help of informative visual and graphic panels. It highlights landmarks of India’s development and exploration in S&T, furthering public understanding of science and technology and thus will create a scientific awareness in the society and a sense of national pride. The story is not exhaustive, but indicative only.

The Exhibition has the following sections:

India’s Scientific Heritage
India Wins Freedom
Agriculture
Heavy Industry
Chemical Industry
Medium & Small Scale Industry
Energy Production
Nuclear Power Capability
Rural Development & Appropriate Technology
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Space Technology
Defence Research
Telecom & Electronics Revolution
Information Technology
Medical Sciences & Healthcare
Covid Vaccination: The Success Story
Biotechnology
Oceanography
Climate Change & Environment
Human Resource in S &T

The weeklong exhibition will be opened on February 22, 2022, and will culminate on February 28, 2022, the National Science Day. The exhibition will be supplemented with several outreach programmes; film shows (documentaries on S&T) etc. At New Delhi, the National Science Centre, Delhi, a constituent unit of NCSM, will participate in ‘Vigyan Sarvatra Pujyate’ program to be held at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium during February 22-28, 2022.

Indian Democracy: A Reflection of Aspirations and Achievements | Essay Writing for UPSC by Vikash Ranjan Sir | Triumph ias

Table of Contents

Indian Democracy: A Voyage of Aspirations and Triumphs

(relevant for essay writing for upsc civil services examination).

Indian Democracy, Aspirations, Achievements, Inclusivity, Transparency, Sustainable Development, Universal Adult Franchise, Economic Progress, Political Polarization, Social Inequalities

Indian Democracy is a vibrant, complex tapestry that reflects the diverse aspirations of its people. This post explores the achievements that have marked this democratic journey and the aspirations that continue to shape its path.

Aspirations: A Beacon for Democracy

Indian Democracy’s aspirations are a guiding light, reflecting the dreams of inclusivity, transparency, and sustainable development.

Achievements: Milestones Along the Way

From universal adult suffrage to remarkable economic growth, Indian Democracy’s achievements are many. They stand as testament to the nation’s commitment to its democratic principles.

Challenges: The Road Ahead

Despite its triumphs, Indian Democracy faces challenges. Political, social, and economic disparities continue to be areas of concern.

Conclusion: Democracy’s Ongoing Journey

Indian Democracy is an evolving journey of aspirations and achievements. Embracing its triumphs and addressing its challenges, India marches forward in its democratic voyage.

Indian Democracy, Aspirations, Achievements, Inclusivity, Transparency, Sustainable Development, Universal Adult Franchise, Economic Progress, Political Polarization, Social Inequalities.

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Modernity and social changes in Europe and emergence of sociology.
Scope of the subject and comparison with other social sciences.
Sociology and common sense.
Science, scientific method and critique.
Major theoretical strands of research methodology.
Positivism and its critique.
Fact value and objectivity.
Non- positivist methodologies.
Qualitative and quantitative methods.
Techniques of data collection.
Variables, sampling, hypothesis, reliability and validity.
Karl Marx- Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle.
Emile Durkheim- Division of labour, social fact, suicide, religion and society.
Max Weber- Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.
Talcott Parsons- Social system, pattern variables.
Robert K. Merton- Latent and manifest functions, conformity and deviance, reference groups.
Mead – Self and identity.
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Theories of social stratification- Structural functionalist theory, Marxist theory, Weberian theory.
Dimensions – Social stratification of class, status groups, gender, ethnicity and race.
Social mobility- open and closed systems, types of mobility, sources and causes of mobility.
Social organization of work in different types of society- slave society, feudal society, industrial /capitalist society
Formal and informal organization of work.
Labour and society.
Sociological theories of power.
Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.
Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.
Sociological theories of religion.
Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism.
Family, household, marriage.
Types and forms of family.
Lineage and descent.
Patriarchy and sexual division of labour.
Contemporary trends.
Sociological theories of social change.
Development and dependency.
Agents of social change.
Education and social change.
Science, technology and social change.

INDIAN SOCIETY: STRUCTURE AND CHANGE

Introducing indian society.

Indology (GS. Ghurye).
Structural functionalism (M N Srinivas).
Marxist sociology (A R Desai).
Social background of Indian nationalism.
Modernization of Indian tradition.
Protests and movements during the colonial period.
Social reforms.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

The idea of Indian village and village studies.
Agrarian social structure – evolution of land tenure system, land reforms.
Perspectives on the study of caste systems: GS Ghurye, M N Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille.
Features of caste system.
Untouchability – forms and perspectives.
Definitional problems.
Geographical spread.
Colonial policies and tribes.
Issues of integration and autonomy.
Social Classes in India:
Agrarian class structure.
Industrial class structure.
Middle classes in India.
Lineage and descent in India.
Types of kinship systems.
Family and marriage in India.
Household dimensions of the family.
Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour
Religious communities in India.
Problems of religious minorities.

SOCIAL CHANGES IN INDIA

Idea of development planning and mixed economy
Constitution, law and social change.
Programmes of rural development, Community Development Programme, cooperatives,poverty alleviation schemes
Green revolution and social change.
Changing modes of production in Indian agriculture.
Problems of rural labour, bondage, migration.

3. Industrialization and Urbanisation in India:

Evolution of modern industry in India.
Growth of urban settlements in India.
Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization.
Informal sector, child labour
Slums and deprivation in urban areas.

4. Politics and Society:

Nation, democracy and citizenship.
Political parties, pressure groups , social and political elite
Regionalism and decentralization of power.
Secularization

5. Social Movements in Modern India:

Peasants and farmers movements.
Women’s movement.
Backward classes & Dalit movement.
Environmental movements.
Ethnicity and Identity movements.

6. Population Dynamics:

Population size, growth, composition and distribution
Components of population growth: birth, death, migration.
Population policy and family planning.
Emerging issues: ageing, sex ratios, child and infant mortality, reproductive health.

7. Challenges of Social Transformation:

Crisis of development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability
Poverty, deprivation and inequalities.
Violence against women.
Caste conflicts.
Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism.
Illiteracy and disparities in education.

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			Modernity and social changes in Europe

Essay on India’s Achievements in Space

Students are often asked to write an essay on India’s Achievements in Space in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on India’s Achievements in Space

Introduction.

India has made great strides in space exploration. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) leads these efforts, launching numerous satellites and missions.

Chandrayaan Missions

Mars orbiter mission.

The Mars Orbiter Mission, or Mangalyaan, launched in 2013, made India the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit and the first globally to do so in its maiden attempt.

Satellite Launches

India has launched over 100 satellites, serving various purposes like communication, weather monitoring, and navigation.

Future Plans

250 words essay on india’s achievements in space.

India’s journey into space began with the establishment of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969. Under the visionary leadership of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the nation embarked on an ambitious journey to explore the cosmos.

Launching Satellites

India’s first significant achievement in space was the launch of Aryabhata, its first satellite, in 1975. This was followed by the launch of Bhaskara, Rohini, and INSAT series, affirming India’s growing capabilities in satellite technology. The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also known as Mangalyaan, marked a landmark achievement, making India the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit and the first globally to do so in its maiden attempt.

Indigenous Developments

India’s space program stands out for its emphasis on indigenous technology. The development of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) are noteworthy achievements. The successful testing of the GSLV Mark III, capable of carrying heavier payloads, further underscores India’s self-reliance in space technology.

India’s lunar missions, Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2, have significantly contributed to lunar science. Chandrayaan-1 discovered traces of water on the moon, a groundbreaking discovery that has reshaped our understanding of Earth’s satellite.

India’s accomplishments in space are a testament to the nation’s scientific prowess and determination. The upcoming Gaganyaan mission, aiming to send humans into space, signifies the next leap forward. Despite budget constraints, India’s space program has achieved remarkable feats, inspiring a new generation of scientists and positioning the country as a global space power.

500 Words Essay on India’s Achievements in Space

Early achievements.

India’s first satellite, Aryabhata, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1975. However, the real breakthrough came in 1980 when ISRO successfully launched Rohini, its first indigenously developed satellite, into orbit using the Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV). This was a significant achievement, marking India’s entry into the select group of nations capable of launching their own satellites.

Progress in Satellite Technology

Over the years, India has developed a range of satellites serving different purposes. The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system, launched in the 1980s, revolutionized communications, meteorology, and broadcasting in India. The Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites have been instrumental in managing natural resources and monitoring environmental factors.

ISRO’s Chandrayaan-1 mission in 2008 was a major milestone. The mission discovered water molecules on the moon, contributing significantly to lunar science. This was followed by the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), or Mangalyaan, in 2013, making India the first Asian country to reach Mars orbit and the only one to do so on its first attempt.

Development of Launch Vehicles

The successful testing of the GSLV Mark III, India’s heaviest rocket, and the development of reusable launch vehicle technology demonstrate ISRO’s commitment to innovation and cost-effectiveness.

Human Spaceflight and Future Endeavors

ISRO also has plans for missions to study the sun (Aditya-L1), Venus (Shukrayaan-1), and a second mission to Mars (Mangalyaan-2). The proposed Chandrayaan-3 mission aims to land an Indian rover on the moon.

India’s achievements in space have been remarkable, especially considering the resource constraints. These achievements have not only advanced scientific understanding but also have practical applications for everyday life, from weather forecasting to communication and disaster management. As India continues its journey into the cosmos, one can expect further groundbreaking discoveries and advancements in technology. This journey is a testament to India’s spirit of exploration and its capacity for technological innovation.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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One Comment

Tqsm sir…. From this essay I knew very much about the achievements of india in the field of space…….🙏🏻🙏🏻

Achievements of India in Science and Technology

Sub-Categories:

Science and Technology

Prelims: General Science

Mains: Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Technology.

Advancements in technology have been the major cause for the development of a country as well as human civilization. India, recognised globally for its scientific rigour and potential, has been contributing to the fields of science and technology since ancient times as evident from the discovery of zero to the research in particle physics. Continuing striving towards science and technology in ancient and medieval times, India has been able to gain pace in scientific discoveries and innovations after independence. Indian scientists have won the most prestigious Nobel prize in all three areas of Science.

Today, India is making progress in more advanced technology such as tokamak, neutrino, gravitational waves, scramjets, sending human missions into space, and emerging technologies.

Science and Technology in Ancient India

India's history of scientific discovery and development dates back to the Vedic period . Aryabhatta , the famous mathematician invented ‘zero’. The concept of squares, circles, triangles, fractions, algebraic formulae, and astronomy have all had their origins in Vedic literature.

The complex layout of Harappantowns with underground drainage, civil sanitation, hydraulic engineering, and air-cooling architecture, as well as the presence of the Iron Pillar in Delhi, demonstrate that India's indigenous technologies were very sophisticated.
Rig Veda describes the concepts of astronomy and metaphysics.
Ancient India was a pioneer in developing the technology for producing rust-free iron. Called Wootz steel, it was traded to Europe and the Middle East for sword making.
Many scholars like Charaka and Sushruta have made invaluable contributions to Ayurveda, as found in ancient manuscripts.

Learn in Detail: Science and Technology in Ancient India

Science and Technology in Medieval India

Although at a slower pace, the medieval period also witnessed the growth of science and technology in India.

Narayana Pandit is a well-known figure for his contributions to Mathematics - Ganitakaumudi and Bijaganitavatamsa.
Gangadhara wrote three famous treaties that gave rules for trigonometric terms - Lilavati Karamdipika, Suddhantadipika, and Lilavati Vyakhya.
In the Mughal period, Faizi translated Bhaskara’s Bijaganit.
In the thirteenth century, Hamsadeva compiled Mrga-paksi-sastra, a work in the field of biology. This provides a general, though not always scientific, account of some hunting animals and birds.
Jahangir, in his work Tuzuk-ijahangiri recorded his observations and experiments on breeding and hybridization.
Two notable treatises - Siddhayoga by Vrinda(around 975 CE) and Chakradatta by Chakrapani Dutta (around 1050 CE) were written in this period.
Mercury and sulphur were the materials on which extensive research was carried out in 700 CE- 1300 CE .
Nagarjuna, the author of Rasaratnaakara stands pre-eminent among the Indian rasavaadins during the medieval India.
Rasaarnava and Rasaratnasamcchaya of Vaagbhata are two of the many important texts after Rasaratnaakara.
The work Ain-i-Akbari discusses the regulation of Akbar's Perfume Office.
Mehendra Suri who was a court astronomer of Firoz Shah Tughlak, developed “Yantraja”, an astronomical instrument.
Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh-II set up the five astronomical observatories in Delhi, Ujjain, Varanasi, Mathura, and Jaipur.
Ali-bin Rabban wrote Firdausu-Hikmat in which he summarised the system of Greek medicine and Indian medical knowledge.
The Tibbi Aurangzebi is based on Ayurvedic sources.

Science and Technology in Modern India

At the dawn of the twentieth century, great strides were made by Indian scientists. The innate ability to perform creatively in science came to be backed by institutional setups and strong state support after the country’s independence in 1947.

India’s Contribution to Physics

Since the early 20th century, many physicists of India have contributed to Physics.

He invented the crescograph, through which he measured plant response to various stimuli and hypothesised that plants can feel pain, understand affection, etc.
CV Raman : He is known for his work on the scattering effect of light. His finding is called ‘Raman Effect’ for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, in 1930.
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar : He was an Indian-American astrophysicist awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics for his theoretical studies of the structure and evolution of the stars.
He is best known for providing the foundation of Bose-Einstein statistics and developing the theory of Bose-Einstein condensates.
International Neutrino Observatory (INO) : The INO project broadly aims to create an outstanding underground laboratory in India for non-accelerator-based high energy and nuclear physics research.
CERN's: Indian scientists at CERN contributed to the construction of a large hadron collider and other experiments such as ALICE and CMS experiment.
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) - India : It is a mega-science project in Astronomy and the scientific goals of the project are in the area of fundamental physics.

India’s Contribution to Chemistry

Prafulla Chandra Ray: He was regarded as the ‘Father of Chemical Science in India and contributed to inorganic and organic nitrites and organic thio compounds.
Sir Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar : He played an immense role in the constitution of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and did considerable work in applied and industrial chemistry.
CNR Rao : He is well-known for his work in structural and solid-state chemistry. He has made contributions in chemical spectroscopy, surface chemistry, molecular structure and high-temperature superconductivity.

India’s Contribution to Life Sciences

Several model systems such as E. coli, fruit fly (Drosophila), and C. elegans, had been established, to significantly enhance knowledge of complex biological problems.
The most outstanding contributions were the discovery of exotoxins and the atomic structural model of collagen.
DNA Fingerprinting: DNA fingerprinting in India came into existence in 1988. Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology scientists developed the technique and made it available for use, making India the third country to develop its own DNA fingerprinting probe.
Har Gobind Khorana : He was a Nobel Prize-winning Indian American biochemist who showed the order of nucleotides in nucleic acids , which carry the genetic code of the cell and control the cell's synthesis of proteins.
His discovery of collagen's triple helical structure was important for the understanding of peptide structure.
He demonstrated how ribosomes react to various chemicals using a 3D technique.

Achievements of India in Space

India’s space journey started with the establishment of the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) in 1962, later renamed the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969. Key highlights of India’s space endeavours:

First Satellite: Aryabhata was India’s first satellite which was launched on April 19th, 1975 using Russia’s Kosmos-3M launch vehicle.
Its success paved the way for advanced launch vehicle projects including the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), and LVM3.
Chandrayaan-1 was India’s first moon mission, launched in 2008.
Chandrayaan-2 was India's first attempt to soft-land on the Moon which was launched in 2019 by GSLV MkIII-M1.
With the successful launch of Chandrayaan-3 in 2023, India became the first country to successfully land a spacecraft near the lunar south pole.
After Roscosmos, NASA, and the European Space Agency, India became the fourth space agency in the world to reach Mars orbit.
It also made India the first country in the world to reach Martian orbit in its maiden attempt.
104 Satellites in a single flight: PSLV-C37 successfully launched the 714 kg Cartosat-2 Series Satellite along with 103 co-passenger satellites in 2017.
Aditya-L1 Mission: In September 2023 India launched the Aditya-L1 mission, the first space-based Indian mission to study the Sun.
Gaganyaan: The Gaganyaan Mission is an ongoing project in India to send a three-person crew to a 400 km Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
Reusable Launch Vehicle - Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD): It is one of ISRO's most technologically challenging projects aimed at developing critical technologies for a fully reusable launch vehicle to enable low-cost access to space.
Cryogenic Technology: In 2003, the Indian space agency successfully tested its first cryogenic engine . India is now one of only six countries to have developed their own cryogenic engines.
Scramjet Engines: A scramjet engine is an improvement over the ramjet engine as it efficiently operates at hypersonic speeds and allows supersonic combustion .

Achievements of India in Nuclear Sciences

India made the formal beginning of its programme on nuclear energy by establishing the Atomic Energy Commission in 1948 and the Atomic Energy Establishment in 1957, which was later renamed as Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC).

Dr. Homi Bhabha formulated India's three-stage nuclear power programme in the 1950s.
Apsara, the first nuclear fission reactor, was developed in 1956. Subsequently, nuclear power stations and other reactors have been developed in India.
Currently, India has 23 operational fission reactors, totalling 6780 MWe in installed capacity.
As for fusion energy, India has its own Tokamak programmes and also is a member of the ITER project.
India conducted an underground nuclear explosion at Pokhran in 1974, codenamed “Smiling Buddha.
Pokhran-II: In 1998, five nuclear devices (including thermonuclear bombs) were successfully detonated.

Achievements of India in Defence

India is one of the strongest military forces in the world.

Some of the major defence manufacturing companies in India are Bharat Earth Movers Ltd. (BEML), Bharat Electronics Ltd. (BEL), and Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. (HAL).
Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP), began on July 26, 1983. The program resulted in the development of a slew of missiles, including the strategic Agni Integrated Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM), the tactical Prithvi, the Akash and Trishul surface-to-air missiles, and the Nag anti-tank guided missile.
BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile system capable of being launched from land, sea, or air.
Talk about Hypersonic technology (cruise and ballistic both), using scramjets.
The first indigenous aircraft carrier Indian Naval Ship (INS) Vikrant was commissioned in the Indian Navy in 2022.
Project-75 (I): Project-75(I) is a follow-up project of Project 75 conceived in 1997. It is a military acquisition initiative that aims to procure diesel-electric attack submarines with fuel cells and an Air-Independent Propulsion System (AIP) for the Indian Navy.
This places India in the league of the few countries that can design, construct, and operate Strategic Strike Nuclear Submarines (SSBN).
Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX): The Indian government is focusing on innovative solutions to empower the country's defence and security through the 'Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)' program.
DRDO enhanced the technological capabilities of the Indian industry, transforming India into a hub of advanced defence technologies and developing state-of-the-art defence equipment and systems.
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL): Indigenization with the primary objective of achieving Make in India and lowering dependence on foreign countries, especially for critical items is one of the key thrust areas of HAL.

Emerging Technologies in India

India is also excelling in cutting-edge technologies such as 5G , artificial intelligence, blockchain, augmented and virtual reality, machine learning and deep learning , robots, natural language processing, and so on. The Emerging Technologies Division of MeitY is in charge of encouraging and promoting the use of cutting-edge technologies throughout the country.

PARAM Shivay, the first supercomputer assembled indigenously, followed by PARAM Shakti, PARAM Brahma, PARAM Yukti, and PARAM Sanganak.
Quantum Computing: Many programs are geared towards training students and researchers in quantum computing, including the National Mission for Quantum Frontier and others such as the National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications, and Quantum Computing Applications Lab.
Blockchain Technology: The National Blockchain Framework is a national-level infrastructure for blockchain which includes blockchain-as-a-service, geographically distributed nodes, creating awareness, and developing human resources, among other initiatives.
Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology: Launched in 2023, it is a framework agreed upon by India and the U.S. for cooperation on critical and emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, semiconductors , quantum computing and wireless telecommunication.

PYQs on Achievements of India in Science and Technology

Question 1: India is an important member of the ‘International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor’. If this experiment succeeds, what is the immediate advantage of India?

It can use thorium in place of uranium for power generation.
It can attain a global role in satellite navigation
It can drastically improve the efficiency of its fission reactors in power generation
It can build fusion reactors for power generation

Answer: (d)

Question 2: Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India. What is the advantage of a fast breeder reactor programme in India? (UPSC Mains 2019)

Question 3: Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development? (UPSC Mains 2016)

FAQs on Achievements of India in Science and Technology

What are the achievements of india in science and technology during the ancient period.

The history of scientific discoveries and development in India dates back to the Vedic era. Invention of ‘zero’, concept of squares, rectangles, algebraic formulae, concepts of astronomy and metaphysics, discovery of Iron and steel are some of the achievements of ancient India in Science and Technology.

What are the contributions of India in the field of biotechnology?

India is one of the biggest suppliers of low-cost drugs and vaccines in the world. For example, Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw founded the biopharmaceutical firm Biocon, in 1978. The firm has successfully forayed into the lucrative U.S. market. The company has Asia's largest insulin factory in Malaysia's Johor region.

World leaders laud India's achievements on 75 years of independence

World leaders laud India's achievements on 75 years of independence

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From space to sport, PM Modi lists India’s achievements of year

Modi reflected on india's achievements in 2023, highlighting successes in various fields and emphasizing the need for a developed & self-reliant india in 2024..

Prime Minister Narendra Modi said India attained “many special achievements” in 2023, recounting the successes of a wide array of people from scientists to athletes and artistes, calling it reflection of the “strength of 140 crore Indians”, as he looked back during the year’s final episode of the Mann ki Baat radio show on Sunday.

During the 32-minute broadcast, Modi spoke on mental health — with clips of comments from cricketer Harmanpreet Kaur, chess icon Vishwanathan Anand, actor Akshay Kumar and spiritual leader Sadhguru, the need to take the “the spirit of a developed India; the spirit of self-reliance” to 2024.

“My dear countrymen… 2024 is just a few hours away. India’s achievements are the achievements of every Indian… Whatever work we do, whatever decision we make, our first criterion should be… what the country will get from it; what benefit it will bring to the country. Rashtra Pratham – Nation First – there is no greater mantra than this. Adhering to this mantra, we Indians will make our country developed and self-reliant,” he said, as he closed the show wishing people success in 2024.

“May you all reach new heights of success in 2024, may you all stay healthy, stay fit, stay immensely happy – this is my prayer. In 2024 we will once again discuss the new achievements of the people of the country,” he said.

During the show, Modi also touched upon the Ram temple construction — he is due to be part of a consecration ceremony on January 22 – the ‘Nari Shakti Vandan Act’ (women’s reservation law), India becoming the world’s fifth largest economy, the success of the G20 Summit, the Chandrayaan-3 mission’s historic landing close to the south pole of the Moon, the Oscars honours for Natu-Natu and The Elephant Whisperers, and the medals hauls in Asian Games (107) and Asian Para Games (117) as the highlights for the country in the past year.

“We have to maintain the same spirit and momentum in 2024 as well. The record business on Diwali proved that every Indian is giving importance to the mantra of ‘vocal for local’,” he said.

But he devoted a significant portion of his show to the topic of fitness, especially mentally health. “My family members, we just discussed the hope and enthusiasm about India that pervades everywhere - this hope and expectation is very good. When India turns developed, the youth will benefit the most. But the youth will benefit more, when they are fit,” Modi said.

After the comments by his guests, which also included the founder of a start-up in Bengaluru, the PM said: “Friends, everyone has expressed one’s own views but everyone has the same mantra – ‘Stay Healthy, Stay Fit’. What could be a bigger resolve than your own fitness to start 2024?”

The Prime Minister also brought up artificial intelligence (AI) technologies – one of the biggest talking points globally last year – and recounted how during an event in Varanasi, homegrown Bhashini AI tool helped translate his speech into Tamil in realtime for the audience. “I would urge today’s young generation to further explore AI tools related to Real Time Translation and make them 100% fool proof,” Modi said.

Speaking on what he said were glimpses of India’s potential to become a developed nation, Modi cited the country’s improvement on several indicators: “in 2015 we were ranked 81st in the Global Innovation Index – today our rank is 40th… “the number of patents filed in India was high, of which about 60% were from domestic funds… the highest number of Indian universities have been included in the QS Asia University Rankings… If we start making a list of these achievements, it can never be completed. We have to take inspiration from these successes of the country; these achievements of the people of the country; take pride in them, make new resolves,” he said.

Among his appeals to listeners, in addition to those on fitness and working for the greater benefit of the country, Modi appealed to people to create a common hashtag to showcase art and music pertaining to the Ram Temple. “I request you to share your creations on social media with the hashtag Shri Ram Bhajan (#shriRamBhajan). This compilation will turn into a flow of emotions and devotion in which everyone will be immersively imbued with the ethos of Ram,” he said.

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‘It’s All Happening Again.’ The Supply Chain Is Under Strain.

As Houthi rebels intensify strikes on vessels headed for the Suez Canal, global shipping prices are soaring, raising fears of product shortages and delays.

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A cargo ship in the ocean carrying shipping containers.

By Peter S. Goodman

Peter Goodman has reported extensively on the global supply chain since the early months of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Stephanie Loomis had hoped that the chaos besieging the global supply chain was subsiding. The floating traffic jams off ports . The multiplying costs of moving freight . The resulting shortages of goods . All of this had seemed like an unpleasant memory confined to the Covid-19 pandemic.

No such luck.

As head of ocean freight for the Americas at Rhenus Logistics, a company based in Germany, Ms. Loomis spends her days negotiating with international shipping carriers on behalf of clients moving products and parts around the globe. Over the last few months, she has watched cargo prices soar as a series of disturbances have roiled the seas.

Late last year, Houthi rebels in Yemen began firing on ships entering the Red Sea en route to the Suez Canal , a vital artery for vessels moving between Asia, Europe and the East Coast of the United States. That prompted ships to avoid the waterway, instead moving the long way around Africa, lengthening their journeys by as much as two weeks.

Then, a severe drought in Central America dropped water levels in the Panama Canal , forcing authorities to limit the number of ships passing through that crucial conduit for international trade.

In recent weeks, dockworkers have threatened to strike on the East and Gulf Coasts of the United States, while longshore workers at German ports have halted shifts in pursuit of better pay. Rail workers in Canada are poised to walk off the job, imperiling cargo moving across North America and threatening backups at major ports like Vancouver, British Columbia.

The intensifying upheaval in shipping is prompting carriers to lift rates while raising the specter of waterborne gridlock that could again threaten retailers with product shortages during the make-or-break holiday shopping season. The disruption could also exacerbate inflation, a source of economic anxiety animating the American presidential election.

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The exponential growth of solar power will change the world

An energy-rich future is within reach

The sun at dawn rising over a solar panel

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I t is 70 years since AT&T ’s Bell Labs unveiled a new technology for turning sunlight into power. The phone company hoped it could replace the batteries that run equipment in out-of-the-way places. It also realised that powering devices with light alone showed how science could make the future seem wonderful; hence a press event at which sunshine kept a toy Ferris wheel spinning round and round.

Today solar power is long past the toy phase. Panels now occupy an area around half that of Wales, and this year they will provide the world with about 6% of its electricity—which is almost three times as much electrical energy as America consumed back in 1954. Yet this historic growth is only the second-most-remarkable thing about the rise of solar power. The most remarkable is that it is nowhere near over.

To call solar power’s rise exponential is not hyperbole, but a statement of fact. Installed solar capacity doubles roughly every three years, and so grows ten-fold each decade. Such sustained growth is seldom seen in anything that matters. That makes it hard for people to get their heads round what is going on. When it was a tenth of its current size ten years ago, solar power was still seen as marginal even by experts who knew how fast it had grown. The next ten-fold increase will be equivalent to multiplying the world’s entire fleet of nuclear reactors by eight in less than the time it typically takes to build just a single one of them.

Solar cells will in all likelihood be the single biggest source of electrical power on the planet by the mid 2030s. By the 2040s they may be the largest source not just of electricity but of all energy. On current trends, the all-in cost of the electricity they produce promises to be less than half as expensive as the cheapest available today. This will not stop climate change, but could slow it a lot faster. Much of the world—including Africa , where 600m people still cannot light their homes—will begin to feel energy-rich. That feeling will be a new and transformational one for humankind.

To grasp that this is not some environmentalist fever dream, consider solar economics. As the cumulative production of a manufactured good increases, costs go down. As costs go down, demand goes up. As demand goes up, production increases—and costs go down further. This cannot go on for ever; production, demand or both always become constrained. In earlier energy transitions—from wood to coal, coal to oil or oil to gas—the efficiency of extraction grew, but it was eventually offset by the cost of finding ever more fuel.

As our essay this week explains, solar power faces no such constraint. The resources needed to produce solar cells and plant them on solar farms are silicon-rich sand, sunny places and human ingenuity, all three of which are abundant. Making cells also takes energy, but solar power is fast making that abundant, too. As for demand, it is both huge and elastic—if you make electricity cheaper, people will find uses for it. The result is that, in contrast to earlier energy sources, solar power has routinely become cheaper and will continue to do so.

Other constraints do exist. Given people’s proclivity for living outside daylight hours, solar power needs to be complemented with storage and supplemented by other technologies. Heavy industry and aviation and freight have been hard to electrify. Fortunately, these problems may be solved as batteries and fuels created by electrolysis gradually become cheaper.

Another worry is that the vast majority of the world’s solar panels, and almost all the purified silicon from which they are made, come from China. Its solar industry is highly competitive, heavily subsidised and is outstripping current demand—quite an achievement given all the solar capacity China is installing within its own borders. This means that Chinese capacity is big enough to keep the expansion going for years to come, even if some of the companies involved go to the wall and some investment dries up.

In the long run, a world in which more energy is generated without the oil and gas that come from unstable or unfriendly parts of the world will be more dependable. Still, although the Chinese Communist Party cannot rig the price of sunlight as OPEC tries to rig that of oil, the fact that a vital industry resides in a single hostile country is worrying.

It is a concern that America feels keenly, which is why it has put tariffs on Chinese solar equipment. However, because almost all the demand for solar panels still lies in the future, the rest of the world will have plenty of scope to get into the market. America’s adoption of solar energy could be frustrated by a pro-fossil-fuel Trump presidency, but only temporarily and painfully. It could equally be enhanced if America released pent up demand, by making it easier to install panels on homes and to join the grid—the country has a terawatt of new solar capacity waiting to be connected. Carbon prices would help, just as they did in the switch from coal to gas in the European Union.

The aim should be for the virtuous circle of solar-power production to turn as fast as possible. That is because it offers the prize of cheaper energy. The benefits start with a boost to productivity. Anything that people use energy for today will cost less—and that includes pretty much everything. Then come the things cheap energy will make possible. People who could never afford to will start lighting their houses or driving a car. Cheap energy can purify water, and even desalinate it. It can drive the hungry machinery of artificial intelligence. It can make billions of homes and offices more bearable in summers that will, for decades to come, be getting hotter.

But it is the things that nobody has yet thought of that will be most consequential. In its radical abundance, cheaper energy will free the imagination, setting tiny Ferris wheels of the mind spinning with excitement and new possibilities.

This week marks the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere. The Sun rising to its highest point in the sky will in decades to come shine down on a world where nobody need go without the blessings of electricity and where the access to energy invigorates all those it touches. ■

For subscribers only: to see how we design each week’s cover, sign up to our weekly Cover Story newsletter .

This article appeared in the Leaders section of the print edition under the headline “The solar age”

Leaders June 22nd 2024

AI will transform the character of warfare
Emmanuel Macron’s project of reform is at risk
How to tax billionaires—and how not to
Javier Milei’s next move could make his presidency—or break it
India should liberate its cities and create more states

From the June 22nd 2024 edition

Discover stories from this section and more in the list of contents

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Joe Biden should now give way to an alternative candidate

His last and greatest political act would help rescue America from an emergency

What to make of Joe Biden’s plans for a second term

His domestic agenda is underwhelming, unrealistic and better than the alternative

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IMAGES

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India’s achievements after 75 years of Independence

India’s achievements after 75 years of Independence: Historic Events, Significant Achievements & Milestones

15 th August 1947: India’s Independence Day

26 th January 1950: India became a Republic Country

1951: India’s First Five-year Plan was launched

1952: India witnessed the first Lok Sabha Election

1953: Air India was nationalized

1954: India and China signed the Panchsheel

1955: State Bank of India (SBI) was founded

1957: The decimalization of the rupee

1960: Green Revolution Began

1961: Liberation of Goa

1962: India-China War

1963: India’s first-ever rocket launch

1965: Indo-Pakistani War

1966: Indira Gandi Became First Female PM of India

1969: Formation of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

1970: White Revolution Began

1971: India-Pakistan War

1975: The Emergency was imposed

1982: Colour television began its journey in India

1983: India won the cricket World Cup for the first time

1987: Goa became one of the States of India

1988: The SEBI was established

1989: Agni Missile was successfully launched

1995: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited was founded

1998: India conducted Pokhran-II tests

1999: Kargil War

2000: Jharkhand became India’s 26th state

2007: First Woman President of India

2008: Chandrayaan-1 launched

2010: Education became a fundamental right of children

2015: NITI Aayog was formed

2017: GST was launched by the Indian government

2020: COVID-19 Pandemic and India’s lockdown

2022: India gets its first tribal President

Important Facts on India’s Achievement after Independence

India's achievements after 75 years of Independence FAQs

What we achieved in 75 years?

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75 Years of Independence: The Changing Landscape of India Blogs Home

The Landscape of Science and Technology

Economic Landscape

Infrastructure

The Landscape of Human Development

The Landscape of Education and Health

The Political Landscape

The Legal Landscape

The Landscape of the Defence Sector

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