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Research Assistant Job...

Research Assistant Job Description: All Key Roles & Duties

6 min read · Updated on June 03, 2024

When you want to land a Research Assistant job, the job description is your best friend.

In order to ensure your professional resume will support your goals, use this Research Assistant job description to inform what you should highlight on your resume.

By reviewing job description roles and duties, you'll be able to identify what technical and soft skills , credentials, and work experience matter most to an employer in your target field.

Research Assistant Job Description

Participate in the design, administration, and monitoring of clinical trials. Analyze and evaluate clinical data gathered during research. Ensure compliance with protocol and overall clinical objectives.

May require a BS, RN, or BSN degree or equivalent and 0-3 years of experience in the field or in a related area. Knowledge of FDA regulatory requirements is required. Has knowledge of commonly-used concepts, practices, and procedures within a particular field. Rely on instructions and pre-established guidelines to perform the functions of the job. Work under immediate supervision. Primary job functions do not typically require exercising independent judgment. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.

Responsibilities:

Conduct literature reviews

Collect and analyze data

Prepare materials for submission to granting agencies and foundations

Prepare interview questions

Recruit and/or interview subjects

Maintain accurate records of interviews, safeguarding the confidentiality of subjects as necessary

Summarize interviews

Provide ready access to all experimental data for the faculty researcher and/or supervisor

Request or acquire equipment or supplies necessary for the project

Manage and respond to project-related email

Prepare, maintain, and update website materials

Supervise undergraduate students working on the research project (maintaining records on assignment completion, acting as liaison/mediator between the undergraduate students and the faculty researcher)

Attend project meetings

Attend area seminars and other meetings as necessary

Summarize project results

Prepare progress reports

Prepare other articles, reports, and presentations

Monitor the project budget

Travel to field sites to collect and record data and/or samples as appropriate to the specific objectives of the study

As appropriate to the specified position, code and verify data in accordance with specified research protocol and coding procedures and enter data into a computer database and/or spreadsheet application for subsequent analysis

Develop or assist in the development of interview schedules; contact potential subjects to introduce and explain study objectives and protocol and to arrange interviews, either in person or by telephone

Identify and compile lists of potential research subjects in accordance with study objectives and parameters, as appropriate to the individual position

Conduct and record face-to-face and/or telephone interviews with subjects, in accordance with predetermined interview protocol, data collection procedures and documentation standards

Review and edit data to ensure completeness and accuracy of information; follow up with subjects to resolve problems or clarify data collected

May set up, calibrate and maintain laboratory and/or field research equipment, as specified by the requirements of the study

May lead or guide the work of student employees

Perform miscellaneous job-related duties as assigned

Prepare findings for publication and assist in laboratory analysis, quality control, or data management

Write and contribute to publications

Develop research protocols

Track progress over time

Assist with preparation of all educational and training workshops and evaluation strategies

Engage clinical and community partners in research

Market training and technical assistance resources to clinical partners and academic investigators

Develop assessment and evaluation tools

Compile data for progress reports

Requirements:

Completed degree(s) from an accredited institution that are above the minimum education requirement may be substituted for experience on a year for year basis

High school diploma or equivalent; college degree preferred

Tailor your resume

As you read through the Research Assistant job description, you likely noticed there are things the employer wants that you absolutely know how to do. You should make a list of the skills you have so they align with the duties you'll need to perform in your new job.

As an example, the first responsibility listed in this Research Assistant job description is the ability to “conduct literature reviews.” You will want that exact verbiage in your resume. Tailoring your Research Assistant resume with the language you find in the job description will help your resume get past the applicant tracking system.

The applicant tracking system – ATS

Make no mistake: almost every job you apply to will push your resume through the ATS before it gets into the hands of a hiring manager. It will scan your resume for everything from experience level and education to keywords.

Let's take a look at some of the skills you should consider including in your Research Assistant resume.

Research Assistant top skills & proficiencies

By using the exact wording from the Research Assistant job description, you'll be speaking directly to the bot through relevant keywords. Use those skill-related keywords and make sure you have a good balance of hard and soft skills .

Hard skills are things you know how to do because of education, on-the-job training, and experience. In other words, they're what you've learned over the course of your career. It's pretty easy to distinguish them because they are quantifiable. Meaning you can put a number with them.

For example, if you're using “data collection” as one of your hard skills, you can quantify it by saying that you “collect data from 3 disparate sources or data lakes to compile actionable reports for senior leaders.”

Soft skills are not often quantifiable. These types of skills are the interpersonal abilities you possess that allow you to get along with others and solve problems.

Communication

Attention to detail

Critical thinking

Planning and scheduling

Interviewing

Data collection

Conflict resolution

Related reading: 47 Accomplishment Examples for Your Resume: Expert Picks

The Research Assistant job description is the key to job search success

At the end of the day, the goal of applying for any job is to win an interview. By using the Research Assistant job description, you'll get past the ATS and impress the hiring manager.

If you want to be certain that you've got the right skills and keywords in your resume from the Research Assistant job description, TopResume will perform a free resume review for you.

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Research Assistant job description

A Research Assistant is a professional who supports research projects by conducting literature searches, data management and maintaining files for project Researchers.

Workable's content team brings its HR & employment expertise to Resources.

Use this Research Assistant job description to advertise your vacancies and find qualified candidates. Feel free to modify responsibilities and requirements based on your needs.

Research Assistant responsibilities include:

Preparing interview questions and summarizing results
Performing literature reviews for their research team
Conducting research and summarizing findings on project findings

Want to generate a unique job description?

Looking for a job.

We are seeking a passionate, detail-oriented Research Assistant to aid our project by preparing interviews and summarizing results. You will also work with undergraduate students on the team who can help bring your expertise into their papers as they complete them for publication in top academic journals.

Ultimately, you will be responsible for managing multiple tasks, but understand when one is more important than another to complete it on time.

Responsibilities

Maintain quality standards to preserve the integrity of data and findings
Schedule and conduct interviews
Select a place to conduct interviews and obtain permission from all participants
Analyze data using various statistical methods
Write reports to summarize data and the implications of the results

Requirements and skills

Proven work experience as a Research Assistant or similar role
Excellent administrative skills
Knowledge of research methods
Ability to work under pressure
Excellent time management skills
A degree in the field related to the study is preferred

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Research Assistant Job Description [Updated for 2024]

In the era of scientific discovery and innovation, the role of research assistants is becoming increasingly critical.

As the realm of research expands, there is a growing demand for proficient individuals who can design, execute, and analyze the experiments that shape our understanding of the world.

But what does it truly mean to be a research assistant?

Whether you are:

A job seeker trying to grasp the core responsibilities of this role,
A hiring manager aiming to define the perfect candidate,
Or simply fascinated by the intricate world of research,

You’ve come to the right place.

Today, we present a customizable research assistant job description template, designed for easy posting on job boards or academic sites.

Let’s delve into it.

Research Assistant Duties and Responsibilities

Research Assistants support professionals who are conducting experiments or gathering and analyzing information and data.

Their role is primarily to assist with the compilation, analysis, documentation, and report of research data.

The day-to-day duties and responsibilities of a Research Assistant include:

Assisting in the design, development, and execution of research projects and experiments
Collecting, recording, and analyzing data accurately
Operating and maintaining equipment used for research studies
Conducting literature reviews and preparing reports on findings
Presenting research findings to team members and other stakeholders
Preparing and managing research documentation and reports
Assisting in the preparation of research papers, manuscripts and other documents for publication or presentation
Performing administrative duties such as scheduling meetings, maintaining databases, and ordering supplies
Ensuring compliance with safety and ethical standards in research methodologies

Research Assistant Job Description Template

We are seeking a dedicated Research Assistant to support our team in various research projects.

The Research Assistant’s responsibilities include collecting and analyzing data, maintaining accurate records of valuable company information, and ensuring that all research projects and proposals meet company standards and legal requirements.

Our ideal candidate is detail-oriented, adept at managing multiple tasks, and has a strong interest in expanding their knowledge in the field of research.

Responsibilities

Assist in the design and execution of research studies
Collect, analyze, and interpret data accurately
Maintain accurate records of research findings
Provide support in the preparation of technical reports, summaries, and protocols
Present research findings to team members and key stakeholders
Comply with all ethical, legal and regulatory norms in research
Stay up-to-date with relevant scientific literature
Maintain and manage all research-related documentation

Qualifications

Proven work experience as a Research Assistant or similar role
Proficiency in data collection, analysis and interpretation
Knowledge of research methodologies and statistical tools
Familiarity with research software and databases
Excellent organizational and multitasking abilities
Ability to work independently and as part of a team
Bachelor’s degree in related field required, Master’s degree preferred
Health insurance
Dental insurance
Retirement plan
Paid time off
Professional development opportunities

Additional Information

Job Title: Research Assistant
Work Environment: This role involves both office work and time spent in research laboratories. Occasional fieldwork may be required.
Reporting Structure: Reports to the Research Manager or Principal Investigator.
Salary: Salary is based on experience, qualifications, and project budget.
Location: [City, State] (specify the location or indicate if remote)
Employment Type: Full-time
Equal Opportunity Statement: We are an equal opportunity employer and value diversity at our company. We do not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, color, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, marital status, veteran status, or disability status.
Application Instructions: Please submit your resume and a cover letter outlining your qualifications and experience to [email address or application portal].

What Does a Research Assistant Do?

Research Assistants generally work in a wide range of fields including but not limited to the scientific, academic, and business sectors.

They are often hired by universities, research institutes, or corporations.

Their primary responsibility is to assist in carrying out a particular research agenda.

They are in charge of conducting literature reviews, compiling research data, and aiding in the preparation of research papers or reports.

Often, Research Assistants are involved in data collection, both in the field and online.

This could involve conducting interviews, carrying out surveys, or gathering specific online data.

They also help in analyzing the collected data using various statistical software and present their findings in a comprehensive and organized manner.

In scientific research, they might be tasked with preparing, setting up, and managing laboratory equipment, conducting experiments, and noting observations.

In addition, Research Assistants also perform administrative tasks such as scheduling meetings, managing research documentation, and ensuring the research project complies with ethical standards and regulations.

Their work greatly contributes to the overall success and progress of the research project.

Research Assistant Qualifications and Skills

A proficient Research Assistant should possess skills and qualifications that align with your job requirements, such as:

Strong analytical skills to collect, analyze, and interpret large amounts of data accurately and efficiently.
Excellent written and oral communication skills to present findings in a clear and concise manner, write reports, and effectively communicate with team members and supervisors.
Exceptional organizational skills to manage and maintain accurate records of the entire research process, keeping track of data, and meeting project deadlines.
Knowledge of research methods and statistical techniques relevant to the field they are working in.
Interpersonal skills to work effectively in a team-oriented research environment, as well as independently.
Problem-solving skills to address research challenges and seek solutions in a systematic and logical manner.
Technical skills to operate specialized research equipment and computer software for data analysis.
Attention to detail to ensure the accuracy of data collected and the validity of the results obtained.
Time management skills to effectively balance multiple tasks and responsibilities.

Research Assistant Experience Requirements

Entry-level Research Assistants typically require a Bachelor’s degree in the field related to the research project.

Previous research experience, such as conducting research projects or writing a thesis, while still a student, can prove to be valuable.

Some positions may require a minimum of 1-2 years of related research experience, which can be obtained through internships, part-time roles, or during postgraduate studies.

The role may require candidates to have experience in specific research methodologies, data collection, and statistical analysis.

Research Assistants with more than 3 years of experience often have developed skills in research design, data collection, and analysis, and have a record of contributing to published research.

Those with over 5 years of experience have usually been involved in multiple research projects and may have experience in leading a research team or managing a research project.

These individuals may also have experience in grant writing and have a strong track record of academic publications.

Research Assistant Education and Training Requirements

Research Assistants typically need a bachelor’s degree in the field related to the research study, such as psychology, biology, chemistry, sociology, or other social or natural sciences.

They require knowledge of data collection methods and a basic understanding of research principles.

They should also have skills in statistical software such as SPSS, Excel or others for data analysis.

Some positions, particularly those in scientific or medical research, may require Research Assistants to have a master’s degree or be enrolled in a doctoral program.

Research Assistants often participate in on-the-job training to become familiar with the specific tools, methods and protocols used in the research setting.

Certification is not typically required for Research Assistants, but optional certification can demonstrate a commitment to the profession and may enhance job prospects.

Further, strong analytical skills, attention to detail, and the ability to work both independently and as part of a team are crucial traits for Research Assistants.

Research Assistant Salary Expectations

A Research Assistant can expect to earn an average of $31,043 (USD) per year.

The actual salary may differ based on factors such as experience, educational background, the field of research, and geographical location.

Research Assistant Job Description FAQs

What skills does a research assistant need.

Research assistants should have strong analytical skills to interpret and analyze data effectively.

They also need to have excellent organizational skills to manage multiple tasks and projects simultaneously.

Proficiency in specific research tools or methodologies may also be required, depending on the nature of the research project.

In addition, research assistants should possess good written and verbal communication skills to present findings and collaborate with other team members.

Do research assistants need a degree?

Most research assistant positions require at least a bachelor’s degree in a related field.

However, the specific requirements can vary depending on the nature of the research project.

Some positions may require a master’s degree or higher, particularly in fields such as psychology, biology, and sociology.

In some cases, relevant work experience may be considered in lieu of formal education.

What should you look for in a research assistant resume?

In a research assistant resume, you should look for evidence of relevant academic qualifications and experience in conducting research.

This can include experience in data collection, statistical analysis, literature reviews, and report writing.

Any skills in specific research tools or methodologies are also important.

Additionally, any publications or presentations at academic conferences can be a strong indicator of the candidate’s research abilities.

What qualities make a good research assistant?

A good research assistant is detail-oriented and has a strong capacity for critical thinking.

They are able to work independently, but also as part of a team, and they are able to handle multiple tasks simultaneously.

Good research assistants are also curious and persistent, constantly seeking to learn more and find answers to complex research questions.

They are also ethical and responsible, ensuring that all research activities are conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

Is it difficult to hire research assistants?

Hiring a research assistant can be a challenging process as it requires finding a candidate with the right balance of education, experience, and skills.

The candidate must also be a good fit for the research team and the specific project.

Therefore, it’s important to have a clear understanding of the project’s needs and to conduct a thorough evaluation of each candidate’s qualifications and capabilities.

And there you have it.

Today, we’ve unveiled the true essence of being a research assistant .

You know what?

It’s not just about collecting data.

It’s about contributing to new scientific discoveries, one research study at a time.

With our comprehensive research assistant job description template and practical examples, you’re ready to dive in.

But why limit yourself?

Explore further with our job description generator . It’s your ultimate tool for crafting precision-tailored job listings or enhancing your resume to perfection.

Keep in mind:

Every piece of data is a part of the grand exploration.

Let’s forge the path to discovery. Together.

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Research Assistant Job Description Template

What Does a Research Assistant Do?

Research assistants support primary researchers in the collection of data and information through lab studies, surveys, and other means. They may work in clinical or academic settings, performing and documenting assessments and presenting findings. Research assistants allow primary researchers to complete their projects more efficiently.

Research Assistant Job Overview

In the research assistant role, you will assist in the research process by collecting experimental data, preparing presentations, and proofreading manuscripts. A key element in this role is adhering to procedures and protocols provided by primary researchers. Success in this role is demonstrated by the successful and timely completion of all research and documents.

Research Assistant Job Responsibilities and Duties

Prepares interview questions and collects data
Conducts research experiments
Analyzes data and summarizes results
Fact checks and proofreads manuscripts
Generates graphs and spreadsheets to portray results
Maintains research equipment
Prepares presentations for primary researchers
Documents research processes

Research Assistant Job Requirements

Senior student; Bachelor’s degree in related field of research recommended
Excellent organizational and multitasking abilities
Strong time-management skills
Exceptional written and verbal communication skills
Prior experience in research preferred
Excellent technical and analytical skills

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What is a Research Assistant?

Learn about the role of Research Assistant, what they do on a daily basis, and what it's like to be one.

What is a Research Assistant
How to Become
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Definition of a Research Assistant

What does a research assistant do, key responsibilities of a research assistant.

Conducting literature reviews to assist in determining research directions and understanding current knowledge gaps
Collecting, organizing, and analyzing data using a variety of methods, such as surveys, experiments, or existing databases
Assisting in the design and execution of research studies, including preparing materials and setting up equipment
Maintaining accurate and detailed records of all research activities and results for accountability and reproducibility
Preparing research findings for publication, including drafting reports, graphs, and tables, and ensuring adherence to publication standards
Collaborating with the research team to discuss methodologies, interpret findings, and plan future research activities
Managing and responding to project-related correspondence, including communicating with external stakeholders or research participants
Ensuring compliance with institutional, ethical, and regulatory standards for research conduct
Utilizing specialized software and tools for data analysis, statistical computation, and presentation of results
Supporting grant application processes by contributing to the preparation of proposals and budgets
Presenting research findings at meetings, seminars, and conferences, as well as to non-specialist audiences when necessary
Staying current with developments in the field and continuously developing skills and knowledge through training and professional development opportunities

Day to Day Activities for Research Assistant at Different Levels

Daily responsibilities for entry level research assistants.

Collecting and organizing research data
Conducting literature reviews and summarizing findings
Assisting with the preparation of research materials and equipment
Performing basic data analysis under supervision
Helping with the administration of research protocols
Participating in research meetings and discussions

Daily Responsibilities for Mid Level Research Assistants

Designing and conducting experiments with minimal supervision
Managing specific components of a research project
Collecting, analyzing, and interpreting complex data sets
Contributing to the writing and editing of research papers and reports
Presenting research findings at meetings or conferences
Assisting in the training and supervision of entry-level research assistants

Daily Responsibilities for Senior Research Assistants

Leading research projects and developing research strategies
Supervising teams of research assistants and coordinating with collaborators
Conducting advanced data analysis and interpreting results
Writing grant proposals and securing funding for research
Authoring and co-authoring publications in peer-reviewed journals
Mentoring junior researchers and contributing to the academic community

Types of Research Assistants

Academic research assistant, clinical research assistant, legal research assistant, market research assistant, scientific research assistant, social science research assistant, what's it like to be a research assistant , research assistant work environment, research assistant working conditions, how hard is it to be a research assistant, is a research assistant a good career path, faqs about research assistants, how do research assistants collaborate with other teams within a company, what are some common challenges faced by research assistants, what does the typical career progression look like for research assistants.

How To Become a Research Assistant in 2024

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“Research Assistant Job Description”

Table of contents

Embarking on a Research Journey

Responsibilities, requirements and skills.

Discover the dynamic role of a research assistant and the crucial contributions they make to the world of academia and innovation. This comprehensive guide provides insights into the job description, responsibilities, and skills required for aspiring research assistants.

Research Assistant Job Description

Explore the multifaceted responsibilities that define the role of a research assistant and understand the importance of their role in the research process.

Assist in the planning and execution of research projects under the guidance of senior researchers.
Conduct literature reviews, collect and analyze data, and contribute to the interpretation of research findings.
Collaborate with interdisciplinary teams and maintain accurate records of research methodologies and outcomes.
Conduct background research and literature reviews to inform the development of research projects.
Collect and analyze data using various research methodologies and tools.
Assist in the preparation of research reports, articles, and presentations.
Coordinate with research participants and ensure adherence to ethical guidelines.
Stay updated on industry trends and advancements in relevant research areas.

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Bachelor’s degree in a relevant field (e.g., social sciences, life sciences, or humanities).
Strong research and analytical skills with attention to detail.
Excellent written and verbal communication skills.
Proficiency in research tools and software.
Ability to work collaboratively in a research team.

As we conclude our exploration of the research assistant role, recognize the pivotal role they play in advancing knowledge and contributing to breakthroughs in various fields.

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Research Assistant Job Description

Research assistants are typically senior students at a university who assist professors with their research in a particular field.

Research Assistant Job Description Template

We are looking for a focused and detail-oriented research assistant to aid our research project by preparing interviews, summarizing results, and supervising undergraduate students who are involved in the research project.

To be successful as a research assistant you must be able to multitask. A good Research Assistant manages multiple tasks by prioritizing more important duties and creating a schedule in which to complete tasks.

Research Assistant Responsibilities:

Preparing interview questions and summarizing results.
Performing literature reviews.
Conducting research and summarizing findings.
Responding to emails relating to research.
Attending project meetings.
Updating website content.
Preparing progress reports.
Checking the work progress of undergraduate students involved in the project.
Monitoring the project budget.

Research Assistant Requirements:

Currently studying as a senior student or postgraduate student.
A degree in a field related to the study.
Excellent administration skills.
Knowledge of research methods.
Ability to multitask.
Ability to work under pressure.
Excellent time management skills.

Research assistant interview questions, clinical research coordinator job description, clinical research coordinator interview questions, clinical research associate job description, clinical research associate interview questions.

Research Assistant

Job description overview.

A Research Assistant job description in the science industry involves supporting senior scientists and technicians in conducting research studies. The Research Assistant works in a laboratory, collecting, processing, and analyzing data, as well as maintaining research records and assisting with experiments. They may also be responsible for ordering and maintaining laboratory supplies and equipment.

The primary job duties of a Research Assistant include assisting senior colleagues with the design of experiments and carrying out procedures, overseeing data collection and observational studies, analyzing and interpreting results, and preparing laboratory reports. Additionally, Research Assistants must be able to operate scientific equipment, maintain cleanliness and safety in the laboratory, and ensure that all research adheres to ethical guidelines and best practices.

To succeed in a Research Assistant role, individuals should have a strong background in science, excellent analytical and critical-thinking skills, and the ability to work well both independently and as part of a team. A Bachelor's degree in a related field is typically required for this type of position.

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Table of contents, job duties and responsibilities.

Conduct experiments to gather scientific data
Collect and record research data accurately
Assist with the preparation of research reports and publications
Maintain laboratory equipment and supplies
Participate in laboratory meetings and discussions
Help with organizing and executing research studies or projects
Analyze research data and interpret findings
Follow safety protocols and regulations while working in the laboratory
Maintain confidentiality of research data and results
Conduct literature reviews and assist in the development of research proposals.

Experience and Education Requirements

To become a Research Assistant in the science industry, you need a mix of education and experience. First off, a high school diploma or equivalent is required. Then, you need to complete a college or university program in the sciences, like biology or chemistry. Many employers will also prefer applicants with a Bachelor's or even a Master's degree. In terms of experience, any lab experience or previous science-related work can be helpful. You'll also need skills like data analysis, report writing, teamwork, and attention to detail. As a Research Assistant, you'll help scientists with experiments, collect and analyze data, and help write up results.

Salary Range

Research Assistant salary range varies, depending on the industry, location, and experience. In the United States, the average salary range for a Research Assistant is between $31,000 and $75,000 per year. However, most Research Assistant positions are paid between $40,000 and $55,000 annually.

According to Payscale.com, research assistants in Singapore earn a median salary of S$ 38,602 per year, while the salary range for Research Assistants in the United Kingdom is between £18,600 and £37,000 per year.

The salary range for Research Assistants in the science industry is influenced by the specific field of research. For instance, Research Assistants in the life sciences may earn higher average salaries than Research Assistants in social sciences.

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Career Outlook

If you're considering a career in the science industry as a research assistant, you'll be happy to know that the demand for this position is expected to grow in the next 5 years. According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, there is an expected 5% growth in employment for research assistants and technicians. This growth is being driven by a steady increase in research and development activities across all scientific disciplines, especially in the fields of medicine and biotechnology.

Additionally, research assistants have a crucial role in the rapidly advancing and ever-changing field of science. Their skills and expertise are highly valued and necessary to keep up with the latest technological advancements and to make significant scientific breakthroughs.

In conclusion, if you're passionate about science and research, becoming a research assistant may be an excellent career path for you. The demand for this position is expected to grow, providing many opportunities for job stability and career advancement.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: What does a Research Assistant do in the Science industry?

A: A Research Assistant assists scientists and researchers by conducting experiments, recording data, analyzing results, maintaining equipment, and providing administrative support.

Q: What are the educational requirements for becoming a Research Assistant?

A: Generally, a Bachelor's degree in a field related to the type of research being conducted is required, such as Biology, Chemistry, or Physics. Some positions may require a Master's degree or higher.

Q: What skills are important for a Research Assistant to have?

A: Attention to detail, strong analytical skills, good communication skills, ability to work independently and as part of a team, time management skills, and proficiency in computer programs used for data analysis.

Q: What is a typical day like for a Research Assistant?

A: A typical day may involve setting up experiments, conducting tests, recording data, analyzing results, presenting findings to the research team, and completing administrative tasks like ordering supplies and maintaining equipment.

Q: What are the job prospects for a Research Assistant?

A: The job outlook for Research Assistants is positive, with job growth projected to be around 5% over the next decade. The demand for scientific research in areas such as healthcare, biotechnology, and environmental science will continue to fuel job growth in this field.

Job Descriptions:

Biotech manufacturing associate, clinical research director, process development scientist, clinical operations manager, document control specialist.

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Research Assistant/Associate Job Description

Minimum qualifications/requirements.

Academic and/or work experience related to the field of research, as defined by the supervisor/lead researcher
Experience with specialized software or datasets, as required by the supervisor
Satisfactory academic progress, as defined by the supervisor

Research Assistants/Associates are Academic Student Employees (ASEs) hired by faculty to assist in carrying out a particular research agenda. The payroll title for such employees varies from Research Assistant, Research Associate 1 and Research Associate 2. The title/pay level is determined based upon the ASE’s current academic status. (More information on titles and payrates .)

While a research assistant is expected to contribute in many ways to the research project, typical responsibilities include the following:

Conduct literature reviews
Collect and analyze data
Prepare materials for submission to granting agencies and foundations
Prepare materials for UW Human Subjects Committee review
Prepare interview questions
Recruit and/or interview subjects
Maintain accurate records of interviews, safeguarding the confidentiality of subjects, as necessary
Summarize interviews
Provide ready access to all experimental data for the faculty researcher and/or supervisor
Request or acquire equipment or supplies necessary for the project
Manage and respond to project related email
Prepare, maintain, and update website materials
Supervise undergraduate students working on the research project (maintaining records on assignment completion, acting as liaison/mediator between the undergraduate students and the faculty researcher)
Attend project meetings
Attend area seminars and other meetings as necessary
Summarize project results
Prepare progress reports for the PI and funding agency
Prepare other articles, reports, and presentations
Monitor the project budget

Other duties and responsibilities may be assigned by individual researchers. Quarterly work requirements and schedules must be discussed with the Supervisor to ensure that the work priorities can be accomplished in the 220 work hours scheduled for the quarter (for a normal half-time appointment). Concerns about any additional responsibilities should be discussed first with the supervisor (faculty researcher), and then the Graduate Program Committee Chair or the Department Chair.

This position is subject to policies stated in the UW/UAW contract for Academic Student Employees (ASEs). The most recent information may be found at: https://hr.uw.edu/labor/academic-and-student-unions/uaw-ase/ase-contract

Policies on workload, vacation and paid leave are included in this contract. Vacation and paid leave must be approved by the supervisor. Documentation of leave approvals must be maintained per Department of Economics and UW Human Resources policy.

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Roles and Responsibilities of Research Assistants

Responsibilities of the graduate Research Assistants must involve active research of some form, regardless of whether the research is the assistant’s own. This can involve employment for regular fieldwork, lab work, library research, data analysis, writing, curating of exhibitions, or any other activity that can be counted as research. Research Assistants are not significantly involved with teaching or primarily devoted to administrative functions, such as working as filing or reception.

The duties of Research Assistants vary considerably, but may include:

Searching for and reviewing published literature on a research topic
Helping to develop a project methodology
Assisting with lab work
Taking notes
Attending team or project meetings
Assisting in developing resources for project management
Collecting data
Entering and analyzing data
Supervising undergraduate research assistants or other personnel on research-related tasks
Assisting with manuscript or grant development
Preparing reports or presentations
Corresponding with funding agencies

In all cases, the exact responsibilities of the Research Assistant depend on the nature of the work and assignments made by the supervisor. However, work assigned should be related to research, even if it involves the least glamorous parts of research, such as organizing and storing data or managing correspondence with collaborators.

Work assignments should not include personal assistance to the supervisor or others, such as running personal errands for the supervisor’s family. If the work is primarily clerical or pedagogical, the Graduate Assistant might be more appropriately appointed as a Project Assistant or Teaching Assistant instead.

Research assistantships are offers of employment based on merit, or as part of a recruitment package to attend UWM. Assistants should not be asked to pay additional fees to work as an assistant, beyond the routine fees associated with studying at UWM.

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Roles and Responsibilities of Supervisors

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Research Assistant, / Research Assistant Job Description

Research assistant, / research assistant duties & responsibilities.

To write an effective research assistant, / research assistant job description, begin by listing detailed duties, responsibilities and expectations. We have included research assistant, / research assistant job description templates that you can modify and use.

Sample responsibilities for this position include:

Research Assistant, / Research Assistant Qualifications

Qualifications for a job description may include education, certification, and experience.

Licensing or Certifications for Research Assistant, / Research Assistant

List any licenses or certifications required by the position: CITI, HIPAA, BLS, CSPO, HTL, HT, IRB, SRS

Education for Research Assistant, / Research Assistant

Typically a job would require a certain level of education.

Employers hiring for the research assistant, / research assistant job most commonly would prefer for their future employee to have a relevant degree such as Bachelor's and Master's Degree in English, Chinese, Communication, Molecular Biology, Science, Computer, Biological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, Management, Statistics

Skills for Research Assistant, / Research Assistant

Desired skills for research assistant, / research assistant include:

Desired experience for research assistant, / research assistant includes:

Research Assistant, / Research Assistant Examples

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Provides administrative support at research clinics
Supports the research coordinators in locating patient’s research chart for patient visits and data collection
Prepares research charts for upcoming visits by ensuring current source documents are on the chart, correct labs are ordered, and new version of ICF is printed (if applicable)
Takes and manages phone messages, collects data from existing records as needed for real time data collection
Provides the research coordinators with assistance in ensuring research documents are completed in a timely manner
Assists in various administrative tasks as needed
Ensures there is an adequate stock of office supplies and equipment for all research clinics
Schedules and coordinates meetings, appointments and calendars for research program
Tracks and assists in obtaining outstanding training for nurses and investigators as needed
Tracks needed reconsents
Candidates must demonstrate the ability to interact and effectively communicate both in writing and orally with a wide variety of people
Due to Federal contracting requirements, candidates must be US Citizens
Demonstrated ability and experience to interact favorably with clinical investigators to motivate, lead, and provide support to group towards rapid, compliant enrollment
One to two years of experience with customer contact in a high volume service environment
Proficiency with online research and navigation, including, but not limited to the proficiency with public record websites and social networks
Proven record of experience with Plant molecular biology
Work with labmates to maintain sterile & organized environment in tissue culture facility
Organize, document, and maintain freezers, refrigerators, cell line storage
Perform cell culture maintenance and cell preparation from animal tissues
Conduct independent experiments under the supervision of the Principal Investigator
Aid other scientists within the laboratory with their day to day experiments
Assist in general laboratory upkeep
Assist in the preparation of manuscripts and grants
Plans and schedules experiments consistent with the timeline and objectives of planned and ongoing research projects, including working with collaborators
Performs mouse colony maintenance, dosing of mice with therapeutics in experimental protocols, assistance with surgical procedures and tissue extraction, and collection of behavioral and physical data
Records and analyzes data, and summarizes results using basic statistical techniques
Excellent English language skills, both written and spoken are a prerequisite
Candidates with experience in cell culturing techniques are preferred
Solid communication skills, verbal and written, the capacity to expand, learn, and make a contribution
Testing the application of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for sensing blue-red shifts in the wastewater indicative of ORP evolution
Validating the approach by testing and data collection over a 3-week period
Three years of college with three years of course work in Chemistry or related fields
Basic knowledge of public health and a willingness to learn about sexual/reproductive health topics
May be asked to help pour, sterilize and deliver media and media supplies when needed
Determine how much work can be accomplished on a daily basis that will ensure glassware, supplies and water are delivered within a 24 hour window
The Research Assistant will be required to resolve internal customer issues by communicating with Team Leads and receiving feedback on needed changes in glassware support to ensure research expectations are met
The Research Assistant will be required to independently resolve issues that may arise within the team, with internal customers, or with external contractors
If issues are not resolved then the individual is required to provide potential solutions to the Central Services Leadership to ensure that the level of service and support does not degrade
The individual will need to prioritize customer demands to ensure that other responsibilities are not jeopardized
Monitor irrigation needs for crops grown in the greenhouse, including but not limited to corn, soybeans, wheat, sorghum, canola, sunflowers
Monitoring fertility status and needs of crops listed above
Performing general plant care tasks
Candidates must have completed a Bachelor's degree in an experimental science
Bachelor’s degree in a biological science field or discipline is required or an equivalent combination of education and directly related experience
Experience working with electronic databases and spreadsheets
Experience preparing buffer solutions and common molecular biological reagents in the laboratory is required
Experience with gel electrophoresis and quantification of DNA, RNA, and protein is required
Experience with DNA amplification by PCR
Identify, propose and develop, in consultation with his/her management, new methods, technologies and equipment
Perform tasks according to accepted methods and training prescribed by your work group
Participate in the acquisition of eyes from human donors on an on-call basis
Maintain daily records of procedures carried out
Enter data and graph results on computers
Assist in maintaining inventory of chemicals and reagents
Keeping the laboratory neat and orderly
Assist with the design and planning of questionnaires and other program materials/tools
Will assist the Sr
Carries out daily protocol responsibilities
Familiarity with current technology in molecular biology and genetics (e.g., high-throughput sequencing) is required
Experience working with and managing laboratory databases (e.g., sample and reagent inventories)
Experience with ethics and compliance issues (IRB, IACUC)
Lived experience in the Los Angeles transgender community
Knowledge of HIV prevention
Education / Experience - This position requires a high diploma or equivalency
Collect data and operate research equipment
Provide verbal progress reports to the supervisor on a regular basis
Keep seed organized
Fill entry lists and sort seed for planting
Conduct literature reviews with minimal direction and supervision
Assist in the preparation both grant and IRB submissions with minimal direction
Setup and maintain data bases to be used by multiple teams
Interface in person and electronically with both internal and external clinical, administrative and executive personnel
Manage and respond to project related communications proactively and timely
Strives to promote continual process and quality improvement
Experience in e-survey design and administration
Experience with mouse colony maintenance and handling techniques
Experience in molecular biology techniques, in particular viral RNA extraction and viral loads (qPCR), PCR, digital droplet PCR, and MiSeq sequencing will also be valued
High school diploma/GED equivalent with at least two years of plant care/greenhouse/field work experience
Ability to work rotational weekend hours
Ability to work in a warm, humid greenhouse environment

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Graduate Research Assistant Job Description, Key Duties and Responsibilities

This post provides detailed information on the graduate research assistant job description, including the key duties, tasks, and responsibilities they commonly perform.

It also highlights the major requirements you may be expected to fulfill to be hired for the graduate research assistant role by most recruiters/employers.

What Does a Graduate Research Assistant Do?

Graduate research assistants usually have some degree of responsibility for the conduct of particular research projects.

The graduate research assistant job description involves planning and carrying out a project, collecting data and performing statistical analysis, communicating research results to scientific meetings or to the press, and reporting on progress to investigators.

It also entails carrying out menial tasks like setting up equipment, cleaning up laboratory spaces, and obtaining materials; keeping track of inventory, preparing charts and graphs, and photocopying data and one’s own notes (which is particularly important).

They are also responsible for holding a master copy of experiments when in progress (e.g., fixing broken tubes or machines), maintaining the lab’s web site or other public record of their work.

Graduate research assistants generally do not serve as teaching assistants (TAs), but may be called upon to assist with some aspects of instruction within the laboratory, e.g. conducting experiments, serving as lab assistants, grading student exams, etc.

They are sometimes called upon to teach courses or act as adjunct faculty members in departments at some colleges and universities; these opportunities are usually unpaid.

Graduate research assistants make sure that all experiments are sterile and ensure that the lab space is clean by doing things like washing glassware and utensils, cleaning electron microscopes, autoclaves, etc.

Their duties also involve helping with the research by keeping computer records of experiments, data, and observations in a laboratory logbook.

Graduate research assistants are sometimes required to participate as informed volunteers in biomedical or behavioral studies.

They usually help with the instruction of undergraduate teaching assistants and volunteers.

The graduate research assistant work description also covers administrating laboratory financial accounts.

They maintain a current list of graduate students and post-doctoral fellows in the laboratory and also need to keep up with details of new projects and research development.

Graduate research assistants communicate regularly with the supervisor and should have good communications skills, as well as being able to write clearly and concisely.

They should also have good interpersonal skills and be able to work well independently, as well as with others.

Graduate research assistants are in charge of maintaining lab equipment, keeping records of experiments, etc. and ensuring that all laboratory procedures are carefully followed.

They are sometimes called upon to participate in teaching seminars or workshops at undergraduate colleges and universities or clinics that offer courses related to their major field of study.

They also may be required to serve as artisans in labs that specialize in a specific type of experimental technique.

Graduate research assistants are also required to present in conferences and seminars, both locally and internationally.

They may be called upon to do their own teaching at undergraduate level labs in their universities.

Graduate research assistants are also given the responsibility of training new graduate students and undergraduates who wish to learn more about their field of study.

Graduate Research Assistant Job Description Sample/Example/Template

The graduate research assistant job description consists of the following duties, tasks, and responsibilities:

Assist in research and clinical investigations
Produce finished manuscript
Conduct experiments
Support and guide mentors in the process of graduate school application
Work closely with faculty members to deliver high-quality papers or projects
Help develop plans for future graduate studies or research in the same field of study
Collect, organize, analyze and document all data that relates to research project to ensure reliability of data and details
Assist in carrying out literature searches using databases and computerized sources such as PubMed Central, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar
Assist faculty member in grading written assignments and exams
Assist in the preparation of reports, articles and manuscripts
Provide guidance and help to students who are new to the laboratory
Organize, arrange and prepare laboratory materials, instruments, supplies and equipment
Attend relevant seminars or symposia as requested by the supervisor
Read abstracts or papers published in conferences, journals and newspaper to keep up with current developments in the field of study.

Graduate Research Assistants Job Description for Resume

If you have worked as a graduate research assistant before or are presently working in that role and are making a new resume or CV, then you can make a very compelling Professional Experience section for your resume by applying the sample graduate research assistant job description provided above.

You can express the duties and responsibilities that you have performed or are presently performing as a graduate research assistant in your resume’s Professional Experience by utilizing the ones in the above graduate research assistant job description example.

This will convince the recruiter/employer that you have been effective performing the graduate research assistant job, which can greatly enhance your chances of being hired, especially if the new position that you are applying for requires someone with some graduate research assistant work experience.

Graduate Research Assistant Requirements: Skills, Abilities, and Knowledge for Career Success

Here are important requirements you may be expected to meet to be hired for the graduate research assistant position:

Bachelor’s degree in related disciplines
Ambitious and self-motivated individual with strong work ethic
A cooperative, flexible and accommodating attitude to work with a team of different professionals in the laboratory
Ability to read and write in English of proficient level
Knowledge of computers is a plus (Microsoft Word or Excel)
Good communication skills to effectively interact with different people, both oral and written
Able to manage deadlines
Detail oriented and multi-tasking skills
Ability to work effectively under pressure as an individual or in a team
Ability to communicate effectively in English with a diverse population to ensure effective progress in the lab
Strong organizational skills and proactive personality
To have excellent interpersonal, listening, and verbal skills is a plus

Graduate Research Assistant Salary

According to Glassdoor, the national average compensation for a graduate research assistant in the United States is $29,911 per year.

This post is beneficial to individuals interested in the graduate research assistant career. They will be able to learn all they need to know about what graduate research assistants do, to be able to decide correctly if that’s the career to take.

It is also useful to recruiters/employers in making a detailed job description for the graduate research assistant position in their organizations.

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Careers @ MSU

Public postings, public job postings at msu, job postings, research assistant i, position summary.

The IMPART Alliance team seeks a Research Assistant to support the IMPART Alliance grant housed within the College of Osteopathic Medicine. This role will assist in overseeing, coordinating, and managing research projects, assist with developing research questions, designing and planning research projects and programs, analyzing data, and reporting on findings.

Characteristics and responsibilities within this role include assisting with overseeing, coordinating, and implementing research and activities to meet program and funding research/evaluation requirements. Collecting data for analyses, performs basic analyses and coordinates analyses with Principal Investigator (PI) and other research resources to provide conclusive findings related to the research projects and program metrics. Assist with developing, adapting and updating research policy, procedures, and reporting instruments to meet project goals. Consult with PI to determine research questions, needs, and plan for collecting, managing, and analyzing data. Conduct literature searches and desk research. Assist with report preparation, manuscripts, and articles for publication. Act as a resource person to internal team and external partners regarding subject specific research, data, and reporting needs. Work with a growing research team that may include positions such as a Research Coordinator, student coordinator, interns, and a statistician. Assist in preparing and editing reports, articles, and manuscripts for publication; participates in presentations. Information management: maintains records of research procedures, program evaluations, and other collected data; Establish and implement quality control procedures to ensure improvements, and compliance with IRB and funding guidelines. Assist with coordinating and scribing meetings with all project and research partners. Collecting and organizes materials for programs, trainings, and research studies. Assist with coordinating public forums related to project and research activities. Perform duties normally associated with a Research Assistant I to complete programs and research projects, and to work with the PI to engage in any other research-related meetings, testing, and reporting.

Unit Specific Education/Experience/Skills

Knowledge equivalent to that which normally would be acquired by completing a four-year college degree program in the specific field of research employment or other related science fields; one to three years of related and progressively more responsible or expansive work experience in standard laboratory procedures and safety requirements and performing analytical and research techniques in an area related to research being performed; may require software specific to the area of research; or an equivalent combination of education and experience. The position may require special licensing or certification in the field related to the area of employment.

Desired Qualifications

Knowledge equivalent to that which normally would be acquired by completing a four-year college degree program in a related field such as Economics, Quantitative Data Analytics, Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering and experience involving program and research development and operations management. Ideally, the candidate should possess some knowledge and experience related to aging, gerontology, adult and lifelong learning, persons with disabilities, public policy, training/education, and advocacy. Ideally, three to five years of related and progressively more responsible or expansive work experience in overseeing, coordinating and managing program and research operations and experience with optical scanning and related software is required.

This position requires knowledge of basic personal computer terminology and the ability to use e-mail and the Internet.
Knowledge of and experience with community-based instruction/teaching, including handling continuing education credit requirements is preferred.
Knowledge of terminology related to aging, persons with disabilities, the long-term care system, adult learner teaching and person-centered care.

Equal Employment Opportunity Statement

All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, citizenship, age, disability or protected veteran status.

Required Application Materials

CV/Resume, cover letter and 3 references.

Special Instructions

The job requires moderate physical effort, manual dexterity in handling the computer and scanner, and moderate lifting of supplies and data files.

STANDARD 8-5

Description of End Date

This is an off-dated position funded until 09/30/2025 with possible extension contingent upon funding renewal

impartalliance.msu.edu

Remote Work Statement

MSU strives to provide a flexible work environment and this position has been designated as remote-friendly. Remote-friendly means some or all of the duties can be performed remotely as mutually agreed upon.

The Bidding Eligibility ends on 07/09/2024 at 11:55 PM

Advertised: Jul 3, 2024 Eastern Daylight Time Applications close: Jul 9, 2024 Eastern Daylight Time

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Position	Location	Unit	Sub-Area	Opened	Closes
963808	East Lansing	College Of Osteopathic Medicine	AP- Professionals
The IMPART Alliance team seeks a Research Assistant to support the IMPART Alliance grant housed within the College of Osteopathic Medicine. This role will assist in overseeing, coordinating, and managing research projects, assist with developing research questions, designing and planning research projects and programs, analyzing data, and reporting on findings. (The Bidding Eligibility ends on 07/09/2024 at 11:55 PM)

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Duke Kunshan University Humanities Research Center

Interdisciplinary Research Center in the Arts, Humanities, and Interpretive Social Sciences at Duke Kunshan University

Research Assistant Positions at HRC Harmony Lab

The Harmony Lab at the Humanities Research Center is seeking two research assistants to work with Professors Hwa Yeong Wang and James Miller on research into Confucianism and feminism. For more information about the Harmony Lab, visit our webpage .

Requirements

The research takes place in the fall and spring semesters (28 weeks total), and students are expected to work an average of 10hpw at a rate of 35RMB per hour.

Students should preferably be enrolled in, or considering enrolling in, a relevant major such as Ethics and Leadership, Global China Studies, Cultures and Movements, or Global Cultural Studies.

The research assistants will work with Profs. Wang and Miller on the following tasks:

Literature review of sources in Chinese, English, or other relevant languages
Workshop / event planning
Communications
Project administration

Application

Students interested in applying to this position should submit a letter of application to Ms. Fei Xu ( [email protected] ) by August 1, containing the following information:

Motivation for applying for the position
Relevant courses you have taken
Relevant academic skills you possess
Current or intended major
Language proficiency in English, modern Chinese, classical Chinese, and/or other relevant languages
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Research Assistant

Job description.

About Steward Health Care Over a decade ago, Steward Health Care System emerged as a different kind of health care company designed to usher in a new era of wellness. One that provides our patients better, more proactive care at a sustainable cost, our providers unrivaled coordination of care, and our communities greater prosperity and stability. As the country's largest physician-led, minority-owned, integrated health care system, our doctors can be certain that we share their interests and those of their patients. Together we are on a mission to revolutionize the way health care is delivered - creating healthier lives, thriving communities and a better world. Based in Dallas, Steward currently operates more than 30 hospitals across Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas. For more information, visit steward.org

St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, a Boston University Teaching Hospital, provides patients and families access to some of Boston’s most respected physicians and advanced treatments offering specialized care, including:

Advanced Center for Cardiac Surgery
da Vinci® Robotic surgery program; Mako Robotic-Arm Assisted Surgery
Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)
Award-winning bariatric surgery program
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute at St. Elizabeth's Medical Center
State-of-the-art emergency care with short wait times

Our medical staff, made up of some of the highest rated physicians in Boston , treats patients in our community practices in neighborhoods, including Allston, Boston, Brighton, Brookline, Newton, Watertown and Weston.

Grow with a health system that supports career advancement
Competitive Pay & Salary Increases
Employee Referral Program
Locations close to home, that support work-life balance
Family atmosphere and team approach that provides flexibility
Opportunities to grow your career, and not change your employer
And much more!

Job Summary –

Under the direction of the principal investigator coordinates clinical research protocols as well as evaluates research study participants in an office or a hospital setting prior to and following procedures. Assists in monitoring of research study participants.

Qualifications

Minimum Education/Experience:â¯

Bachelor's Degree required
2-3 years experience as a clinical research coordinator.
Experience working in a medical or scientific research setting or comparable technology orientated business environment preferred.

Minimum skills/abilities:

Excellent organization and communications skills required.
Strong interpersonal skills; ability to effectively interact with all levels of staff and externals contacts.
Must be detail oriented and have the ability to follow-through.
Ability to effectively manage time and prioritize workload.
Must practice discretion and adhere to hospital confidentiality guidelines at all times.
Must have computer skills including the use of Microsoft Office.

Certification/Licensure:

Licensure where appropriate.

Job Responsibilities

Oversight of the clinical trials start-up process from receipt of protocols through the Scientific Review Committee and IRB submissions, and site activation activities.
Responsible for data reporting and management, collection of source documents, use and development of case report forms, adverse events reporting, filing and archiving of study records, and resolution of data queries.
Prepare and or complete regulatory related reports and IRB submissions. Maintain and organize study regulatory binders, enter all required study data on an ongoing basis.
Ensure all study related samples are collected, properly prepared and shipped according to the protocol requirements and IATA/DOT regulations.
Responsible for organizing and preparing for both internal and external auditing and study monitoring visits.
Coordination and management of clinical trials, including communication with Sponsors and regulatory authorities.
Close-out of clinical trials, including contributing to research articles, audit preparation, and communication with regulatory agencies and other disciplines involved.
Interact with study participants as directed/required by the protocol and/or study team.

Diversity, equity, inclusion and belonging are at the foundation of the care we provide, the community services we support and all our employment practices. We do not discriminate on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, sexual orientation, gender identity, and or expression or any other non-job-related characteristic.

Application Instructions

Please click on the link below to apply for this position. A new window will open and direct you to apply at our corporate careers page. We look forward to hearing from you!

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Posted : 7/1/2024

Job Reference # : 156011

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Animal Resource Center-Student Assistant

Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Student Employee
Closing on: Jun 30 2025
Student Assistant 2
UAF Vice Chancellor for Research

If you are a UA student looking for a valuable learning and employment opportunity, please consider applying to Large Animal Research Station Student Assistant pool.

This temporary student position offers an opportunity to join our dynamic department, where you will play a pivotal role in supporting day-to-day operations. You'll assist with various administrative tasks, ensuring seamless workflow and contributing to our team's overall efficiency and success.

To thrive in this role, the applicant should possess strong communication skills to effectively interact with colleagues and customers. Attention to detail is crucial for maintaining accuracy in tasks such as data entry or inventory management. Additionally, a proactive approach to problem-solving and the ability to work both independently and collaboratively in a fast-paced environment will ensure success in meeting deadlines and achieving team goals. Adaptability and a willingness to learn new skills are also key, as they contribute to maintaining high standards of performance and customer satisfaction.

Minimum Qualifications:

Applicants should be enrolled as a UA student in a minimum of 6 credits with a minimum GPA of 2.0 or higher.

Position Details:

This position is located on the Troth Yeddha' campus in Fairbanks Alaska. This is a part-time non-exempt temporary student position.

This is a pooled position, which means that the position remains open over the entire academic year.

The University of Alaska (UA) is responsible for providing reasonable accommodations to individuals with disabilities throughout the applicant screening process. If you need assistance in completing this application or during any phase of the interview process, please contact UA Human Resources by phone at 907-450-8200.

UA is an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer, educational institution and provider and prohibits illegal discrimination against any individual: www.alaska.edu/nondiscrimination .

The successful applicant is required to complete a background check. Any offer of employment is contingent on the background check.

Your application for employment with the University of Alaska is subject to public disclosure under the Alaska Public Records Act.

If you have any questions regarding this position, please contact Kenna Metivier, Signers' Business Office Assistant HR Manager at [email protected] or 907-474-1847

All employees at the University of Alaska are expected to uphold the highest standards of ethics and professionalism when conducting or engaged in university business.

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Access to the reports is available at:

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Interrogations of Nikolai Ezhov, former People's Commissar for Internal Affairs.

Russian (original) text

Introduction

We do not know how many interrogations of Ezhov are in existence. All the prosecution materials concerning virtually all the important matters of the later 1930s in the USSR are still top-secret, kept in the Presidential Archives of the Russian Federation. I have simply translated those texts that have been published as of this date (July 2010).

I have compiled and translated these confessions from the following "semi-official" sources:

Briukhanov, Boris Borisovich, and Shoshkov, Evgenii Nikolaevich. Opravdaniiu ne podlezhit. Ezhov i Ezhovshchina 1936-1938 gg. Sankt-Peterburg: OOO "Petrovskii Fond" 1998. Polianskii, Aleksei. Ezhov. Istoriia «zheleznogo» stalinskogo narkoma. Moscow: «Veche», «Aria-AiF», 2001. Pavliukov, Aleksei. Ezhov. Biografiia . Moscow: Zakharov, 2007.

I term these sources "semi-official" since they are quoted unproblematically by all the anticommunist scholars. These scholars ignore them almost completely, and ignore their implications completely, but they do not consider the documents false.

In addition I have used these sources, which are more or less "official":

Lubianka. Stalin i NKVD – NKGB – GUKR «SMERSH». 1939 – mart 1946. Moscow: «Materik», 2006. Petrov, Nikita, and Iansen [Jansen], Mark. «Stalinskii pitomets» -- Nikolai Ezhov . Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2008.

A few remarks have been taken from other sources, mainly Vassilii Soima, Zapreshchennyi Stalin , Chast' 1. Moscow: OLMA-PRESS, 2001. Where possible I have checked the text with the versions online at http://perpetrator2004.narod.ru/ , "Documents of Soviet Power and of Soviet-Communist Terror", which has used the sources above.

Here I only present them in English translation for interested students. Naturally they must be studied. I’m doing that but I do not present my results here.

NOTE: We have one very important confession by Mikhail Frinovskii, Ezhov's Assistant Commissar -- that of April 11, 1939. Also published in the Lubianka volume cited above, I have put a translation of it online here.

It should be read in connection with Ezhov's confessions.

Grover Furr July 31 2010

____________________

Ezhov interrogation 04.18 – 04.20.39

According to Pavliukov, this is the 1st Ezhov confession in his file. QQ 519-520 & n. 481 p. 564. Summarized 520-521.

"Question: You have been arrested as a traitor to the party and an enemy of the people. The investigation possesses sufficient facts to expose you completely at the first attempt to conceal your crimes. We propose that you not wait to be exposed but proceed to confessions of your black traitorous work against the party and Soviet power. Answer: It is hard for one such as I, who only lately enjoyed the party’s trust, to confess to betrayal and treason. But now that I am faced with answering before the investigation for my crimes, I wish to be thoroughly frank and truthful. I am not the person the party took me for. Hiding behind a mask of party loyalty, for many years I have deceived and been two-faced while conducting a ferocious hidden struggle against the party and the Soviet State."

Summary of other parts of Ezhov’s statement.

"Ezhov started the history of his ‘fall into sin’ in 1921, when he worked in Tartaria and under the influence of anarcho-syndicalist ideas supposedly joined the local group of the ‘Workers’ Opposition.’ In the following years, the period of inner-party discussions of the 1930s, he also supposedly expressed differences in his political views with the general line of the party. However, the investigators showed no interest in digging so deeply into the garbage-heap of history, and they did not permit Ezhov to deviate long from the basic theme."

"Question: What is the point of this expansive story about these or those ‘political waverings’ of yours? As a long-time agent of foreign intelligence services you must confess about your direct espionage work. Talk about that! Answer: All right, I will go directly to the moment when my espionage ties were formed."

Summary continues:

"Ezhov related that he was drawn into espionage work by his friend F.M. Konar*, who had long been a Polish agent. Konar learned political news from Ezhov and gave them to his bosses in Poland and on one occasion told Ezhov about this and proposed that he volunteer to begin working for the Poles. Since Ezhov had in fact already become an informant of Polish intelligence, since he had transmitted to them via Konar many significant party and state secrets, he supposedly had no other choice than to agree with this proposal.

* F.M. Konar – An assistant Commissar of Agriculture, he was among those convicted and executed in March 1933 for sabotage in agriculture at the height of the serious famine. Konar had also been a friend of the poet Osip Mandel’shtam, according to his daughter Nadezhda (Memoirs).

___________

The Poles supposedly shared a part of the intelligence received from Ezhov with their allies the Germans, and so after a time an offer of collaboration from the latter was also made.

According to Ezhov Marshal A.I. Egorov, first assistant Commissar for Defense, acted as the middleman [between Ezhov and the Germans]. He met with Ezhov in the summer of 1937 and told him that he knew about the latter’s ties with the Poles, that he himself was a German spy who on orders from the German authorities had organized a group of conspirators in the Red Army, and that he had been given a directive to establish close working contact between his group and Ezhov.

Ezhov agreed with this proposal and promised to protect Egorov’s men from arrest."

______________________________

Ezhov interrogation 04.23.39 (04.24.39)

Quotes are same as beginning and end of Ezhov conf. dated April 24, 1939 in Petrov & Iansen, 365-6 and Pavliukov, 522-523.

Pavliukov says 10 pages in length. P&Ia cite same archive, different location, 4 pages in length.

Pavliukov – no sign this confession was forced, or even asked about this (522).

Petrov & Iansen, 365-6:

"I think it essential that I inform the investigation of a series of new facts concerning my moral-personal dissoluteness. I mean my longtime vice of homosexuality. This began in my early youth when I lived as an apprentice to a tailor. At about the age of 15 or 16 years I had a few instances of perverse sexual acts with other apprentices of my own age of the same tailor shop. This vice renewed itself in the old Tsarist army in frontline conditions. Aside from one chance contact with one of the solders of our company I had relations with a certain Filatov, my friend from Leningrad with whom we served in the same regiment. Our relations were "mutual", that is the "female" part was played first by one side, then by the other. Afterwards Filatov was killed at the front. In 1919 I was appointed commissar of the 2 nd base of radio-telegraph formations. My secretary was a certain Antoshin. I know that in 1937 he was still in Moscow and was working somewhere as chief of a radio station. He is an engineer radio technician. In 1919 I had mutual homosexual relations with this same Antoshin. In 1924 I was working in Semiplatinsk [now the city of Semei, Kazakhstan – GF]. My old friend Dement’ev went there with me. On several occasions in 1924 I had homosexual relations with him in which only I played the active role. [Ezhov apparently means Dement’ev played the "female" role. – GF] In 1925 in Orenburg I established homosexual relations with a certain Boiarskii, at that time the chairman of the Kazakh oblast’ trade union council. As far as I know he is now working as the director of an artistic theater in Moscow. Our relations were mutual. At that time he and I had just arrived in Orenburg and were living in the same hotel. Our relations were shot-lived, until the arrival of his wife, who arrived quickly. In the same year 1925 the capital of Kazakhstan was transferred from Orenburg to Kzyl-Orda, whence I also went to work. Soon F.I. Goloshchekin arrived there as the secretary of the regional [Party] committee (he is now employed as a chief arbiter). He arrived as a bachelor, without a wife, and I was also living as a bachelor. Before my departure for Moscow (for about 2 months) I had de facto moved into his apartment and often spent the night there. I quickly established homosexual relations with him as well, and they continued off and on until my departure. As with the others, our relations were mutual. In 1938 I had two instances of homosexual activity with Dement’ev, with whom I had also had relations in 1924, as I stated above. These relations were in Moscow in the autumn of 1938 in my apartment, after I had already been dismissed from the post of Commissar of Internal Affairs. Dement’ev lived with me at that time about two months. A little later, also in 1938, there occurred two instances of homosexual activity between myself and Konstantinov. I have known Konstantinov since 1918 in the army. He worked with me before 1921. Since 1921 we hardly saw each other at all. In 1938 on my invitation he began to visit me often at my apartment and two or three times he was at my dacha. He came twice with his wife; the other visits were without wives. He often stayed the night with me. As I have said above, at that time he and I had two instances of homosexual relations. Our relations were mutual. I should also say that during one of his visits to my apartment with his wife I also had sexual relations with her. All of this was accompanied, as a rule, with heavy drinking. I give this information to the investigation as an additional detail characterizing my moral dissolution. April 24, 1939. N. Ezhov.

_________________________

Ezhov interrogation of 04.26.1939 (published separately)

Ezhov’s April 26 1939 confession belongs here (from Lubianka )

_______________________________

Ezhov interrogation 04.30.39

Ezhov interrogation, Pavliukov 525-6 & n. 489 p. 564. Short Q from interrogation on 525-6.

Acc. to Pavliukov 526, Ezhov named 66 names of fellow conspirators in this one interrogation.

"The first stage of the investigation was completed on April 30, 1939. In the course of the interrogation that took place on that day Ezhov told about the method of recruiting his subordinates in the Cheka into the anti-Soviet conspiracy and about the basic direction of the sabotage work in the NKVD. This sabotage consisted in massive arrests without any basis, falsification of investigative materials, forgeries, and reprisals against undesirable elements."

Quotation (Pavliukov 525-6)

"All this was done in order to cause widespread dissatisfaction in the population with the leadership of the Party and the Soviet government and in that way to create the most favorable base for carrying out our conspiratorial plans."

Ezhov interrogation 05.05.1939

Pavliukov summarizes it 526. No QQ, no note.

"…at his interrogation of May 5 1939 Ezhov recounted the work of the ‘conspirators’ in the Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. Here at that same time took place the beginning of the large-scale purge (after the removal of M.M. Litvinov, the director of the division of foreign political affairs). Therefore the theme of subversive activity in the Commissariat of Foreign Affairs was especially timely in those days.

Ezhov stated that the goal of this activity was the creation of conditions for the victory of Germany and Japan in the inevitable war with the USSR. Specifically, they undertook attempts to create disagreements between the Chinese government of Chiang Kai-shek and the Soviet authorities, for the purpose, in the last analysis, of facilitating Japanese seizure of the Soviet Far East.

At the beginning of May 1939 confessions were obtained from several arrested NKVD employees concerning the fabrication, at Ezhov’s instruction, of the so-called mercury poisoning. Interrogated on this point Ezhov confirmed the fact of the falsification and explained that this initiative was undertaken with the goal of raising his authority even higher in the eyes of the country’s leadership."

________________________

Ezhov interrogation May 11 1939 by Kobulov

Long quotes in Polianskii 222-226. Acc to Polianskii, this is where Kuz’min’s report of Dec. 12 1938 about Sholokhov and Ezhova is located.

"It is not altogether clear why the closeness of these persons to Ezhova [Ezhov’s wife – GF] appeared suspicious to you. Ezhova’s closeness to these people was suspicious insofar as Babel, for example, as I knew, had written almost nothing during the past few years, circulating all the time in a suspicious Trotskyist milieu and, besides that, had close ties to a series of French writers who could by no means be considered among those who were sympathetic to the Soviet Union. Not to mention the fact that Babel demonstratively refused to write off his wife, who had been living in Paris for many years, but preferred to go to see her. Ezhova had a special friendship with Babel. I suspect – in truth, just on the basis of my personal observations – that there must have been ties of espionage between my wife and Babel. On what factual basis do you make this statement? I know from my wife’s own words that she had been acquainted with Babel since 1925. She always insisted that she had never had intimate relations with him. Their ties were limited to her desire to maintain an acquaintance with a talented, singular writer. Babel visited us at home a few times at her invitation, where, of course, I also made his acquaintance. I observed that in his relationship with my wife Babel was demanding and rude. I saw that my wife was simply afraid of him. I understood that this was not a question of my wife’s literary interests, but of something more serious. I excluded any intimate relations because I thought that Babel would hardly treat my wife with such rudeness when he knew what social position I occupied. To my questions to my wife whether she had the same kind of relations with Babel as she had with Kol’tsov she either remained silent or weakly denied it. I always supposed that with this indefinite answer she simply wished to hide from me her espionage ties with Babel, evidently not wishing to confide the numerous channels of this kind of relationship with me… What you have said about Babel is not a sufficient basis for suspecting him of taking part in espionage for England. Aren’t you just slandering Babel? I am not slandering him. Ezhova definitely never said that she was linked with Babel in her work for English intelligence. In this case I am only expressing that supposition, based upon my observation of the nature of the mutual relations between my wife and the writer Babel. What do you think in general about, shall we say, Ezhova’s friendship with cultural figures? This whole specific milieu of people who were tied with the interests of the Soviet people with very thin threads, could not fail to arouse my suspicions. What can you tell us about her relations with the writer Sholokhov? I seem to recall that, I think last spring, my wife told me that she had meet Sholokhov, who had come to Moscow and dropped in at the journal "SSSR na stroike". There was nothing surprising in this, Ezhova always tried to meet writers and never missed an opportunity to do so. I was very well informed about this. Good. And what did you do when you found out about the intimate relations between Ezhova and Sholokhov? I did not know anything about such relations; this is the first time I have heard about them. Don’t lie, Ezhov. In June and August of last year upon your instructions Alekhin arranged to monitor the letter "N" at the phone number of the Hotel "Nationale", where Sholokhov was staying. ____________ For Alekhin see http://www.memo.ru/history/NKVD/kto/biogr/gb13.htm ____________ I issued no such instructions. Ezhova may have showed up under the letter "N" solely by chance. But you did know that the intimate relations of Sholokhov with your wife were recorded. Here, take a look at this. [Here reads Kuz’min report of Dec. 12 1938, acc. to Polianskii 224-5] Do you admit that a few days after you received the transcript you brought it home and showed the document to your wife, and then berated her for betraying you? No such event happened. No one ever gave me this transcript of the intimate relations between Ezhov and Sholokhov, and in general I never showed my wife documents from my work and never told her what they contained. Of course you can deny this, Ezhov. But we have the confessions of Glikina, Ezhova’s close friend and a German spy, who is now arrested and is under investigation. Glikina confesses that Ezhova was beaten by you and complained to her and told her about everything. Therefore let me remind you that lying will not help you!" _____________

The following short extract from Ezhov's interrogation-confession of May 11, 1939 is printed in Viktor Fradkin, Delo Kol'tsova . Moscow: Vagrius / Mezhdunarodnyi Fond "Demokratiia", 2002. Published under the auspices of the "Memorial" society, there is every reason to believe that the documents reproduced in this volume are genuine.

Question: Besides Zinaida Glikina, whom you have already named, was anyone else connected with your wife Ezhova E.S. [Evgeniia Solomonovna - GF] in espionage work? Answer: I can only reply with more or less precise suppositions. After the journalist M. Kol'tsov arrived from Spain his friendship with my wife grew much stronger. This friendship was so close that my wife even visited him in the hospital when he was ill. Kol'tsov also worked in the commission -- or committee -- on foreign literature, that is, where Glikina also worked and, as far as I know, Kol'tsov obtained this job for Glikina upon Ezhova's recommendation. I became interested in the reasons for my wife's closeness with Kol'tsov and once asked her about this. My wife at first put me off with general phrases, but then said that this closeness was connected with her work. I asked her, with which work, the literary or the other, and she answered: "With both the first and the second." I understood that Ezhova was connected with Kol'tsov in her espionage work for England.

_____________________

Ezhov interrogation 05.17.39

Interrogation re: murder of Slutsky, organized by Ezhov. Pavliukov 527. No QQ, no note. See Pavliukov 531-2 on Frinovskii’s testimony at Ezhov’s trial on February 3, 1940, where Frinovskii discussed Slutsky’s murder.

"The interrogation of May 17 1939 was devoted to the circumstances surrounding the death of the former head of the Foreign division of the GUGB of the NKVD M. M. Slutsky. Ezhov informed us that the murder of Slutskii was organized according to his instructions, and was done because of the feat that Slutsky, whose arrest had become inevitable, might reveal during his interrogation the facts he knew about the criminal activity of the conspirators. "

_______________________

Ezhov interrogation 06.16.39 by Rodos, selections – Polianskii 230-233

"Do you confirm Kosior’s confessions about your collaboration in working for Polish intelligence? Where, when and what secret information did you transmit to Kosior, and whom else did you recruit for this work?" … Perhaps you did not know Radek and Piatakov well and did not receive any instructions from Trotsky through them? I never received any instructions from Trotsky from anybody. I knew Radek very poorly, I met him at Piatakov’s apartment a few times, but that was about ten years ago! Were you friends with Piatakov? Never. Mar'iasin, the president of the Gosbank, introduced us. We would get together for a drinking bout sometimes at his place, sometimes at Piatakov’s. And then I always got angry with Piatakov. All right, then. When was this? In 1930 or 1931, I can’t remember now. And what did you do with him? When he was drunk Piatakov often played the hooligan, made fun of those present. Once I was sitting next to him at the table. Piatakov quietly stuck me with a pin and then pretended that it was not he who had done it. A little while later he did it again even harder. I did not hold back and hit Piatakov in the face and split his lip. That evening I went away angry with him and never made it up with him and never had any doings with him at all. … You lie well, you bastard. Only I am not Piatakov, I won’t stick you with a pin, but I will force you to tell the truth. … I’ll tell you everything, don’t beat me. My guilt before the party and the people is so great that it’s senseless to justify myself."

Ezhov interrogation June 19 1939

No QQ. Re: nephews Viktor and Anatolii, and Mikhail Blinov, husband of his niece.

Pavliukov 528; 537.

Pavliukov 528:

"In particular, during the course of the interrogation of June 19 1939 Ezhov told about his conversations of a counterrevolutionary nature, which he supposedly had with his nephews Viktor and Anatolii, and also with the husband of his niece Mikhail Blinov. They supposedly agreed completely with his anti-Soviet views, and Viktor also shared, in Ezhov’s words, even his terrorist intentions, although he [Ezhov] never gave him any assignments of that nature."

Pavliukov, 537:

"As has already been mentioned earlier, during the course of the interrogation of June 19 1939 confessions were beaten out of Ezhov according to which Anatolii and Viktor shared his anti-Soviet views and even sympathized with his terrorist orientation. After that they went after his nephews in a serious way. They succeeded in breaking Anatolii first. He not only ‘confessed’ that he knew about Ezhov’s terrorist orientations but also stated that together with his brother Viktor he was read to do anything to help bring about these criminal plans."

[There is NO evidence that Ezhov beaten or tortured to get these confessions – only "supposed" by Pavliukov, 527 bot. - GF]

"As concerns confessions of a personal nature, to obtain some of them the investigators, probably, had to have recourse to the practice of interrogation "with partiality" [i.e. to beat Ezhov – GF]. Otherwise it is hard to understand now, for example, they were able to obtain from Ezhov confessions compromising his nearest relations."

Ezhov interrogation 06.21.39 by Rodos, fm Polianskii 235-238

- summarized by Pavliukov 527 bot.

"If you intend to lie again and make fun of the investigation, then we will not waste our time. I’d prefer to send you back to prison for a week or so to think it over."

Ezhov had already thought about the beginning of his dialog with the investigator and began to talk quickly:

"I admit that I was connected with Zhukovskii in espionage work for Germany since 1932. The fact that I tried to conceal that circumstance from the investigation can be explained only by my cowardice, which I showed at the beginning of the investigation when I tried to minimize my personal guilt, and since my espionage link with Zhukovskii concealed my even earlier ties with German intelligence, it was hard for me to speak [about them] at the first interrogation."

_____________

For Zhukovskii see http://www.memo.ru/history/NKVD/kto/biogr/gb169.htm

______________

"When did you become a German spy? I was recruited in 1930. In Germany, in Königsberg. How did you happen to be there? I was sent to Germany by the People’s Commissariat of Agriculture. In Germany I was well treated and shown every attention. The most assiduous attention I received from the prominent official of the Economic Ministry of Germany Artnau. Having been invited to his estate near Königsberg I spent the time happily enough, partaking excessively of alcoholic drinks. In Königsberg Artnau often paid the restaurant bills for me. I did not protest. All these circumstances made me feel close to Artnau and often without holding back I blurted out to him all kinds of secrets about the situation in the Soviet Union. Sometimes, when I was drunk, I was even more frank with Artnau and gave him to understand that I personally was not wholly in agreement with the Party’s line and with the existing Party leadership. Things got to the point that during one of the conversations I directly promised Artnau to discuss a series of questions in the government of the USSR concerning the purchase of livestock and agricultural machinery, in which Germany and Artnau were very much interested. And how did German intelligence recruit Zhukovsky? Did his recruitment take place through you? I established espionage ties with Zhukovskii in 1932 under the following circumstances. Zhukovskii was then working as assistant trade representative of the USSR in Germany. At that time I was the chairman of the Raspredotdel of the Central Committee of the Party. When he somehow found himself in Moscow Zhukovskii applied to me with the request to take him along to the negotiations. Before this I had not been acquainted with Zhukovskii and saw him for the first time in my office at the CC. I was astonished that Zhukovskii began to report to me about the situation in the Berlin trade representative office of the USSR concerning questions which had nothing to do with my position. I understood that the basic reason for Zhukovsky’s visiting me was, obviously, not to initiate me into the situation of the affairs of the office of the Soviet trade representative in Berlin but in something else entirely, about which he preferred to remain silent for the time being, awaiting my initiative. Not long before Zhukovsky’s arrival there arrived at the office of foreign groups, which at that time was also a part of the Raspredotdel of the CC of the Party and was under my supervision, there had arrived materials that characterized Zhukovskii in an extremely negative way. From these materials it was obvious that Zhukovskii had carried out a number of trade operations that had been unprofitable for the Commissariat of Foreign Trade. From these materials it was also obvious that in Berlin Zhukovskii was involved with the Trotskyists and spoke in their defense even at official Party gatherings of the Soviet colony. On that basis the Party organization of the Soviet colony insisted that Zhukovskii be recalled from Berlin. Knowing that these materials would have to come before me Zhukovskii obviously expected that I would be first to begin a talk with him concerning his further work abroad. After Zhukovskii had finished his report I reminded him about the failures in his work. Zhukovskii gave me his explanations and at the end of the conversation asked me my opinion as to whether he might continue his work in the office of the Soviet trade representative or be recalled to Moscow. I avoided any answer and promised to deal with the materials and report the results. At the same time I decided to transmit all the compromising materials on Zhukovskii to Berlin so that Artnau might be able to use them and to recruit Zhukovskii to collaboration with German intelligence. I considered Zhukovskii my man, and he unhesitatingly fulfilled all my assignments concerning espionage for Germany. Zhukovskii had the essential conditions of free access to all materials of the Commission of Party Control, and he made use of them whenever German intelligence demanded from him materials on this or that question. I also created for him in the NKVD such conditions that he was able to use for espionage work information through the secretariat of the NKVD on any questions.*

* Senior major of State Security Semion Borisovich Zhukovskii was shot on January 24, 1940. He has been rehabilitated (Polianskii, p. 393).

Ezhov confession 06.25.39 Rodos re poisons

- fm perpetrator2004 Yezhov1.doc; Soima; Polianskii 241-245.

FROM THE TRANSCRIPT OF THE INTERROGATION OF N.I. EZHOV BY INVESTIGATOR RODOS ON JUNE 25 1939: "How did you use this NKVD laboratory in your espionage and conspiratorial activities?" asked Rodos, glancing at Kobulov who was sitting beside him. "ANSWER: I knew that such a laboratory existed and that Iagoda made use of it in his conspiratorial activities. But when I came to the NKVD Frinovskii explained to me that we could not do without the activities of this laboratory, and that it was necessary for our intelligence activities in the Foreign Division abroad. But I did not know anything about what they were doing. I did not even hear about all these experiments about which Zhukovskii spoke, probably Frinovskii allowed him all this. True, once – I don’t remember when – Frinovskii told me that Alekhin had in the laboratory some substance which, if a person ingested it, would cause death like that from a heart attack. Such a substance is essential when it’s necessary to eliminate enemies abroad. But it had to be tested to see whether it would leave traces on the organism that could be discovered by experts upon autopsy. Frinovskii said that they had a doctor who for this purpose needed to carry out research on the corps of a person who had died from this substance. The doctor needed to carry out experiments on three or four persons. What’s the difference how they die, poison is even easier than a bullet in the back of the head. Therefore I agreed, but I never heard anything more about this laboratory and about what they were doing there. QUESTION: Once again your answer is not to the point. Name the persons whom you liquidated in your espionage and conspiratorial activities by the use of the poisons which you received from this laboratory. ANSWER: I have no idea about these poisons, I have never seen them. KOBULOV: Ezhov is lying again, he thinks that somebody will believe him. We remind him that he gave the directive to poison Slutsky. Both Frinovskii and Alekhin have given testimony about this. Did you hear what we are asking you about? How did you organize the poisoning of Slutsky? – asked Rodos. Frinovskii actively spoke against Slutsky. He said that this was Iagoda’s man and that we could never trust him under any circumstances. But here Frinovskii does not view Slutskii at all in the way you do – Kobulov suddenly said. Slutskii head the INO (International section) and could have had access to information from abroad about your espionage links. You feared that and poisoned Slutskii after putting your own agent Shpigel’glas in his place. But you didn’t manage to cover your tracks. Shpigel’glas figured everything out, uncovered your whole band of spies. You had to take care of your agents in the INO and abroad in the most meticulous manner. Tell us in detail how you organized the murder of your wife Evgeniia Solomonovna Ezhova by means of poisoning. I did not organize such a poisoning. She died from a sedative, she drank a large dose. And here your chauffer confessed in the investigation that a day before Ezhova’s death you asked him to take chocolate candies and fruit to her in the hospital. You poisoned these products. Who gave you the poison? Zhukovsky? Alekhin? My wife died November 21. At that time both of them had already been arrested. And then, I don’t’ remember that I sent my chauffer to her with a present. KOBULOV: Don’t play the fool, Ezhov, we are not children here, and we will not believe that such a hardened bandit and spy as you are did not keep poison and did not know how to use it. I do not recall the exact date when I saw my wife in the hospital for the last time. Probably it was the 17 th or 18 th . She told me that she did not want to live, that in any case they would soon arrest her, that she felt there were serious crimes on her account. She asked me that I bring her some kind of poison the next time… Did you arrange your wife’s suicide? Yes. She knew a lot about my subversive activities, my accomplices, and my criminal plans. But I decided not to give her poison. I did not have any special poison. Normal poison I could of course obtain, but such a poisoning could have brought suspicion upon me, that I had put her to death myself or through accomplices, or simply had given her poison for suicide. I knew that a large dose of sedative could cause death. I told her that I did not have any poison, but I did have a very great deal of sedative. She understood everything. On the 20 th I took a box of chocolate candies and put a packet of Luminal in it. Then I put the box into a basket with grapes and apples and told my chauffer to take all this to the hospital. Of course I committed a serious crime, but she herself asked me about this. She wanted to end her life."

[Soima: "Earlier he had confirmed to Rodos that with the aid of poison Ezhov had put his wife to death.]

__________________________

Ezhov interrogation 06.29.39 by Rodos re Kedrov’s report

- fm Polianskii 250-252

Tell us about your espionage connections with the agent of German intelligence Mnatsakanov. I never had such connections with him. And if you think about it the right way. When did you become acquainted with him? That was, it seems, in 1935. I was going to Vienna for treatment together with my wife. Then I was already a secretary of the Central Committee and Slutskii had the task of security for our trip abroad. He, so to speak, attached this Mnatsakanov to me. He had been a consul or a vice-consul, had an automobile, and drove us around the town. Yee-es. And he drove you around so well that once you were Commissar you immediately dragged this villain to a leading post in the INO knowing that he was a German spy, that his wife was linked to Polish intelligence, and that his brother was an experienced Trotskyist provocateur! I didn’t know any of this. Slutskii had simply worked with him in Vienna, had a high opinion of him, and decided to take him into the INO apparatus. I supported Slutsky, not because I knew Mnatsakanov a bit. I did not spend much time on INO matters and completely relied on Slutskii in matters of cadre. So it turns out that it was Slutskii who is to blame. He foisted a German agent onto you, and you knew nothing about him. Is that the way things were? I do not wish to blame Slutskii for anything. He did not foist Mnatsakanov onto me. In my opinion I did not see this Mnatsakanov in the NKVD even once. In the INO at that time I only met with Slutskii about the work, sometimes with Shpigel’glas, and with Boris Berman. Why then did Mnatsakanov call you and ask you to intercede for him when they unmasked him and began to expel him from the Party? He could not have called me. I had a direct connection only with the heads of departments and their assistants. Who among them would even let Mnatsakanov near such a telephone, much less since they wanted to expel him from the Party. That is impossible. I remind you that he called at that time from Kedrov’s office. About Kedrov I know that he was just a simple worker in the INO. From his telephone it was also impossible to reach me.

That’s all, we are finished with lying. You have two days to think hard about your espionage work with Mnatsakanov, to remember all the details. And especially how you warned him in Duilov’s office not to give any confessions. If you continue to lie and mock me, I’ll have your head.

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Ezhov interrogation 07.02.39 by Rodos re Mnatsakanov

- fm Polianskii 252-260

When and how did Mnatsakanov enter into espionage relations with you? This was in 1935 when I went to Vienna for the second time to get treatment for my lung disease. You had been there before, when? In 1934, I was alone then, and the next time I went with my wife. I was treated the whole time by the famous Professor Norden. German intelligence summoned you to him, he was an agent of theirs? Not. The Kremlin medical directorate sent me to him. Many important workers and their wives were treated by him. He had been in Moscow several times, already in the 1920s. And Norden could hardly have been connected with German intelligence. I was told while still in Moscow that this professor was a monarchist and supporter of Franz-Josef and no lover of Hitler, that’s why he moved from Berlin to Vienna, so the fascists could not persecute him. And also, he is very old. Tell us about your first trip to Vienna, with whom did you meet there? In Vienna Slutskii met me. He had received a special directive about this from Iagoda. From Iagoda? That is interesting. Did you yourself ask Iagoda to do this? No. I did not talk with Iagoda about this. At that time I was an assistant department head in the CC and traveled to Austria under a false name. Therefore the CC gave a directive to Iagoda that he should take care of guaranteeing my security. Well, and who was it who took care of your security then, Mnatsakanov? No, then Mnatsakanov was not yet working in Vienna, I think. It was Slutskii himself who brought me to Norden at first, and then, twice, some collaborator of his. To be honest I do not remember his name and never met him again. And when did Mnatsakanov approach you? In 1935. He met Evgeniia Solomonovna and myself at the station and drove us to the plenipotentiary’s office to Slutsky. Then he took us to Norden and showed us the city. He was very polite and kind to us. I’ll bet. Did he connect with you by some code word in the name of German intelligence? No. He gave me a greeting from Artnau and I understood everything. Thereupon I communicated secret political information to him. What kind of information? I don’t remember exactly now, but in my opinion Mnatsakanov was interested in information about industry and about the weaponry of the Red Army. Not long before this I headed the industrial division of the CC, and I was very familiar with this information. Probably that’s why the Germans asked me such questions. He gave you tasks of a subversive and sabotage character? Yes, he did. But in general. What do you mean "in general"? At that time I had already become a secretary of the CC, head of the department of leading Party organs, chairman of the Party Control Commission, and chairman of the Commission on Foreign Assignments. German intelligence knew this very well, and I received from Mnatsakanov the task of performing sabotage while in these positions, of subverting Party work. Be more concrete. Well, how shall I say it? In my hands at that time was in fact all the work of reassigning of leading cadres. Choosing their activities, punishments, directing them for work abroad. So I did everything that a saboteur could do in such positionis. I directed to leading positions people who were weak in professional, political, and moral sense, people who could ruin production, undermine the fulfillment of the Five-Year Plan. To compromise the Party. In the Party Control Commission I managed things so as to cover-up and not disclose elements hostile to the Party, and to deprive of Party membership and shut out in every way those who were loyal to the Party. Abroad I tried to send those who would probably become spies or non-returnees. What a scoundrel you were anyway, Ezhov – hissed Rodos with pleasure through his teeth. Why, after that there is no place for you on this earth. I understand that I caused enormous harm to the Party and the country, I repent fully of my crimes and am ready to bear the punishment I deserve for them, -- said Ezhov, as if by rote, glancing in fear at the investigator. Were you familiar with Mnatsakanov’s wife, Erna Boshkovich? Yes, he introduced us to her in Vienna. Did you know that her first husband was a Polish spy and that she herself works for Polish intelligence? No. I did not even know that she had been married before Mnatsakanov. Did your wife meet with her alone? I seem to remember that not long before our departure Mnatsakanov and Boshkovich took her shopping, and at that time I was in the office of the trade representative. What do you think? Could Ezhova have established espionage connections with Boshkovich in Vienna? What information do you have about that? I have no information about that. Evgeniia and I never spoke about Boshkovich. She never told me anything about espionage connections either with her or with Mnatsakanov. That doesn’t mean that there were no such connections. It is already proven now that Ezhova was an English spy and you even confirmed this to the investigation. Tell us honestly, do you know about any meetings with Boshkovich after her arrival in Moscow? My wife told me almost nothing about her espionage work. But I concede that she might have had espionage connections with Boshkovich in Moscow, since the English and Polish intelligence services often work together. You called Mnatsakanov to Moscow specially in order through him to get into contact with the Gestapo. Did he ask you about this? Yes. Before my own departure from Vienna he expressed such a wish and I ordered Slutskii to have him recalled for work in the NKVD as soon as I became the Commissar. Did you conduct your conspiratorial contact with him in the NKVD building? Yes, we had that kind of contact right up until his exposure and arrest. ... What tasks did Mnatsakanov give you? Did you hand over to him secret NKVD information? He was not interested in secret NKVD information. In the leadership of the Commissariat on the level of heads of departments and their assistants were Gestapo agents. Then many of them were exposed, as was Mnatsakanov himself. These agents knew more detailed information than I did. So I told him about Politburo sessions, CC plenums, conversations with Stalin, Molotov, Kaganovich and other leaders, related to him the contents of secret letters and telegrams of the Central Committee and the Council of People’s Commissars. You did good work. And why didn’t you rescue him when he fell? For he asked you to help him. There was nothing I could do because he was completely exposed and confessed his espionage work. Were you afraid that he would give you up? No. No one would have believed him. You are lying, Ezhov! We have evidence against you. When investigator Dulov was interrogating Mnatsakanov you went specially to his office and told your collaborator: "You are writing? Well, write, write." This meant you were warning him in this way that he should keep silent about you, and then arranged it so that he would be shot as quickly as possible. Wasn’t it like that? Yes, I remember what happened. I was afraid that Mnatsakanov would expose me as a German spy. I wanted him to be shot as quickly as possible, and I achieved that. On this occasion Rodos was satisfied with his suspect. His confessions fit into the plan that had been thought out in advance and covered many unclear points. He nodded to Ezhov, who had deserved a cigarette, to the packet lying on the table. While the former Commissar lit up Rodos took a copy of a typewritten text from a file. This was some kind of unrelated and unidentified communication from either a suspect or an interrogator, and perhaps just an excerpt from an anonymous denunciation. In the NKVD it was considered impermissible to take an interest in the source of operational information and, having received this paper from Kobulov, Rodos did not add any details to it. Someone had informed about an amorous contact between Ezhov and a certain Stefforn, a Czech and German female spy, that had taken place in 1934. Before this Rodos had read the text about three times but still did not understand who this Stefforn was – an NKVD collaborator, the wife of a colleague in the INO in Berlin, or both at the same time. Supposedly Ezhov had asked her to marry him but she had refused, and then regretted it. But soon she found herself a new husband, one Petrushev. When Stefforn was imprisoned for espionage Petrushev had asked Evgeniia Ezhova to intercede for her with her husband, but that did not help. That was all the information. Rodos thought. Ezhov had already named about ten German spies with whom he was working in Moscow, therefore the Czech woman Stefforn was hardly essential here. But she might have played a role in Ezhov’s moral dissolution, which was now very important. Did you know a woman named Stefforn? Perhaps. Remind me who she is. I will. She was your lover, a Czech whom you even wanted to marry, but she preferred somebody named Petrushev to you. Maybe that’s Elena Petrusheva, a friend of Evgeniia, they had met in Germany at the end of the 1930s. But… Tell me about her in detail. My wife told me that Lena’s father was a German Jew from Prague and her mother was either a Czech or a Pole. She was married to a Soviet citizen working abroad and lived with him for some time in Germany. Was this husband an employee of the INO of the OGPU? I don’t know, that wasn’t mentioned in the conversation. Sometime in 1930 she left him and went to Moscow. I don’t know the husband’s last name. Then she married Petrushev. I met them a couple of times, a respectable-looking man. He said that his father had been a well-known pre-Revolutionary photographer, the best one in Russia, and very rich. And Petrushev himself worked in some publishing house or other either as a photographer or, maybe, as an artist. The wife told me that he could draw very well, his pictures were hanging in their home. Don’t go off on me about pictures, stay with the main point of the question. Petrushev asked your wife to get you to help his wife Stefforn when she was arrested for espionage on behalf of Germany. Evgeniia Solomonovna never said anything about that to me. In general she and I agreed that she would not ask me about government employees and saboteurs who were under arrest. Once she did ask me to help the husband of a friend, who had been seized for sabotage in a factory, and I told her that I could not do that because my real activities might be uncovered and then we would both burn. Since that time she did not trouble me with such questions. Be that as it may, Ezhov. But you are avoiding the question about your amorous relations with this Stefforn, or Petrusheva. Tell me now about that. Elena was an interesting woman and she pleased me. She came to our apartment a few times – that was, it seems, at the end of 1934. With her there was another woman. We drank. When she and I were smoking together in another room I began to embrace her and wanted to arrange to meet at her apartment since she had said that her husband Petrushev was resting at a spa in Kislovodsk. I asked for her telephone number so I could call her the next day. But she said that they had no telephone. I remembered that my wife had called her at home. That meant that she did not want to get together with me. What, she didn’t work and sat at home all the time? As I remember she was a typist at home, but I might be mistaken. And what, you didn’t meet with her again. Was it really that hard to get her to go to bed? I didn’t try to do that again. After 1934 I didn’t see her again. Zhenia [= Evgeniia] did not invite her to our place any more. How so? Elena had unpleasant conversations with her, anti-Party, politically harmful. About the hunger in the Ukraine, where some of her relatives lived. No doubt she was trying to see how my wife would react to that. In addition Evgeniia heard from one of her friends that Petrusheva had gotten a little drunk and hinted to her that she was collaborating with the NKVD. Ezhov, there is no point in lying. We have information and evidence that you lived for a long time with this woman, wanted to leave your wife for her, gave her expensive gifts and told her state secrets when you were drunk. I don’t have the time to drag every word out of you. Today in this room you’ll be given a pencil and paper, and you write in detail about your grimy ties with this slut. And don’t forget to tell had your complete moral degeneration led to your becoming a spy and traitor. OK. And something else. For a long time you have been hiding your attraction to men, what’s called homosexuality. But this became known after you agreed to the shameful affair of citizen V. from the Commissariat of Water Transport in your apartment, and before that in V’s presence you amused yourself with his wife in bed. Do you understand how far you have fallen? You are simply a monster, Ezhov, a filthy person and a pervert. I’m disgusted to look at you. At that time I was very drunk… What’s that, justification? No, but I don’t remember anything, I woke up in the morning and they were no longer there. The chauffer then told me that he took them away at 3 a.m. I could have done anything at all then… I’m not interested in that. But we know that you told V. about your passion for homosexuality since childhood and that men could completely replace women for you. You should write in detailed when you became a homosexual and with whom you then became involved in this filthy business…

Ezhov interrogation 07.08.39 by Rodos

- fm Polianskii 262-268

"Tell us how and when you recruited Uspenskii in the espionage-sabotage organization in the NKVD that you had created. I turned my attention to Uspenskii already at the beginning of 1936. That was when he was still the assistant commandant of the Moscow Kremlin for internal security? Yes. Where did you find out about Uspenskii’s hostile anti-Soviet views. Did he express them to you himself? No. Veinshtok and Frinovskii told me about that. They knew him well and believed that he’d be very suitable for espionage work. Did you recruit Uspenskii personally? Yes. That was right after my arrival in the Commissariat. He quickly agreed and I told him that we needed our own men in the provinces. That was why I sent him to Western Siberia. What kinds of assignments did you given him then? He was supposed to recruit agents into our organization from among the Chekist cadre and to promote them to leading positionis so that they could seize power in the event of war or a coup. In November 1937 you sent Uspenskii a coded message with the following content: "If you think you are going to sit in Orenburg for five years, you are mistaken. Very soon, it seems, I will have to promote you to a more responsible post. What is the meaning of this message? At that time the leadership of our organization decided to move to active measures. There was a lot of evidence against Leplevskii and Zakovskii showing that they were spies and enemies of the people. It was impossible to hide such matters, and we had to get rid of these people, we couldn’t use them, they could cause everything to fail. We decided to replace them with Uspenskii and Litvin. I gave Uspenskii a coded message so that he would find out about his forthcoming departure from Orenburg and would switch all the sabotage-espionage work over to other people whom he had been able to recruit there. OK. And now tell us how you warned Uspenskii about the fact that they wanted to arrest him. Did Dagin tell you about the fact of Uspenskii's forthcoming arrest? Yes, I think it was he. He came to my office and told me about that. And didn’t he tell you that he had listened in on the telephone conversation between comrades Stalin and Khrushchev about Uspenskii? Yes, I remember that he told me about the telephone conversation about Uspenskii which he had listened in on, but he did not say that that was Stalin’s conversation. Dagin, on my instructions, listened in on all telephone conversations of the Politburo and immediately told me about them so that I would be up to date. After that you called Kiev and warned Uspenskii. What did you tell him? I said: ‘You are being recalled, your situation is bad.’ Something like that. I was afraid to send him a coded message, they could intercept it, since I had already lost trust and was under suspicion among the Party [leaders] as a hostile element. Did Dagin also tell you about the recall of Litvin from Leningrad? I did not know anything about the recall of Litvin to Moscow and did not warn him. There was no need to do so. Why was that? I had an agreement with him that in the event he was exposed he would commit suicide. Was that your order? No. In September of that year Litvin was in Moscow and used to come to my dacha. He told me that the arrival of Beria at the NKVD was the beginning of the end and soon we would all be arrested, since the Party was most likely aware about our plot. And he also said that he would not give himself up alive and that if they unexpectedly recalled him to Moscow he would shoot himself. That’s what happened. Did you support him in this intention? No. But I didn’t try to dissuade him either. That means that you admit that you de-facto gave your accomplice an order to commit suicide in the event of failure? Yes, that was de-facto the case. When did you include Litvin in your espionage work? That was in 1931, when I transferred him to Moscow. Why did he agree to become a spy? Already in the 1920s when I was getting together with Litvin I noticed his inexplicable relationship to Trotskyism. Openly he was not a supporter of Trotsky, but in his circle at that time there were many exposed Trotskyists and I think that in his inner being he had always been a Trotskyist. You wish to say that even then Litvin was a double-dealer? Yes. He was a double-dealer and, as later turned out, was a supporter of the Trotskyist-Zinovievist line. Therefore he willingly agreed to my proposal to become a German spy. I think because at that time the Left opposition had already suffered its final failure and Trotsky had been driven out of the USSR altogether. In 1933 Litvin upon your recommendation was named the chief of the cadre section of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Ukraine. Was that done on the instruction of German intelligence? Yes, I received that instruction from Artnau. What directives about espionage did Litvin receive from you? These directives were of a subversive and sabotage nature. I asked him to appoint to leading positions people who could by their actions cause arouse the dissatisfaction of the population of the Ukraine, people who would carry out sabotage, ruin foodstuff and livestock, disrupt the fulfillment of industrial plans. These were hidden Right and Left Oppositionist, who also carried out assignments for Zinoviev, Bukharin, Rykov and other enemies. Litvin was included by you in the basic plan for sabotage that German intelligence gave you? Did you also take him into the NKVD upon the assignment of the fascists in order to organize there the espionage-conspiratorial organization? Yes, that’s how it was. When you came to work in the NKVD you also brought with you there another of your collaborators, Isaac Shapiro. * When was he recruited by you?

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* For Shapiro see http://www.memo.ru/history/NKVD/kto/biogr/gb537.htm

I had known Shapiro since 1930. He worked in the cadre section of the Commissariat of Agriculture in which I was a chief. He and I had a good friendship and I valued his zeal and literacy. And when Artnau recruited me and asked me to find people for espionage work I thought right away about Shapiro, who was personally devoted to me and it had always seemed to me that he did not like Soviet power very much and disapproved of the political line of the Party. Did Shapiro carry out sabotage activity in the Commissariat of Agriculture on your instruction? Yes, he did. But for a short time only. I decided to take him into the Central Committee, since there I needed people for subversive work. He knew that you were a German spy? Yes, I told him that together we would work for German intelligence, so as later to overthrow the government and come to power if there were a war with Germany. What assignments of yours did Shapiro carry out in the NKVD? He was de-facto my main assistant. Indeed I first appointed him the chief of the secretariat, and then made him also chief of the first special section. He had a lot of possibilities for sabotage in the NKVD and he carried out all my assignments of an espionage-subversive nature, both mine and Frinovskii's. And when Beria arrived at the NKVD he immediately found out that Shapiro was an enemy and arrested him in November of ’38. I know that. It would be better for you to tell me how you recruited Liushkov and how you helped him escape to Japan. I recruited Liushkov right after his return from Leningrad from the investigation of Kirov’s murder. At that time I was already secretary of the Central Committee and Liushkov knew that I was beginning to oversee the NKVD. Therefore, when I called him to my office and hinted that I had information about his ties with the Petliurovists during the civil war in the Ukraine and other incriminating facts, he was frightened and immediately agreed to work for me as a German-Japanese intelligence man. Did you really have that kind of information? No, I did not have. I made it all up in order to recruit Liushkov. But I guessed that he was a hostile element with a foul past, and turned out to be correct. Liushkov agreed to become a spy. How did you order Liushkov to flee to the Japanese? Ezhov thought for a few seconds. He could not think of a reason why Frinovskii, one of the leaders of the conspiratorial group in the NKVD, had suggested arresting his colleague Liushkov. But then he found a solution. Frinovskii often told me that he did not like Liushkov. He was cowardly and could betray us all at any moment. Upon our orders he was carrying out important espionage tasks for Japanese intelligence and knew a great deal about our subversive and sabotage work. Frinovskii said that we had to get rid of him, that means, kill him. And he told me that he would take care of that himself. I decided not to hinder him. Did Frinovskii say how he wanted to kill Liushkov? No. But I think that he wanted to arrest him first, and then in the inner prison to poison him or put him to death somehow. What a gang! And who warned Liushkov anyway about the danger? I don’t know. But Frinovskii wanted to appoint Gorbach from Novosibirsk to Liushkov’s place and recall the latter to Moscow, supposedly for a new job, but in reality to arrest him. Liushkov, most likely, found out that Gorbach was already on route to Khabarovsk, and fled across the border.

Ezhov ochnaia stavka w. Zhukovskii 07.21.39 – Rodos & Esaulov present

["ochnaia stavka" = "face-to-face confrontation"]

- Polianskii 269-272; B&S 138-139.

Do you know this man? Yes. Who is it? Nikolai Ivanovich Ezhov. And you? Rodos asked Ezhov. Yes, that is Semion Borisovich Zhukovsky. Suspect Ezhov. Confirm your confessions concerning the conspiratorial, sabotage, and terrorist activities of the former assistant Commissar of the NKVD Zhukovsky, that you gave at the interrogation of July 17 of this year. Investigator: When did you become a German spy? Ezhov: I was recruited in 1930 in Germany, in Königsberg.

[Here Ezhov repeats word for word the confession included above in the section "Ezhov interrogation 06.21.39 by Rodos, fm Polianskii 235-238" ]

In Germany I was well treated and shown every attention. The most assiduous attention I received from the prominent official of the Economic Ministry of Germany Artnau. Having been invited to his estate near Königsberg I spent the time happily enough, partaking excessively of alcoholic drinks… (In Königsberg Artnau) often paid the restaurant bills for me… I did not protest… All these circumstances made me feel close to Artnau and often without holding back I blurted out to him all kinds of secrets about the situation in the Soviet Union… Sometimes, when I was drunk, I was even more frank with Artnau and gave him to understand that I personally was not wholly in agreement with the Party’s line and with the existing Party leadership. Things got to the point that during one of the conversations I directly promised Artnau to discuss a series of questions in the government of the USSR concerning the purchase of livestock and agricultural machinery, in which Germany and Artnau were very much interested….

[Here the source continues with new material, not printed earlier as a part of this confession.]

Since I knew about Zhukovsky’s cowardice and stubbornness I did not consider it necessary to keep him up to date about conspiratorial matters. I only introduced him fully to these matters in the Spring of 1938. Then he was appointed my assistant and headed the whole accounting of the NKVD and the GULAG. We conspirators had special plans about the GULAG about which I have given detailed confessions, and I decided to bring Zhukovskii up to date. By this time the people who could have exposed Zhukovskii along the lines of his Trotskyist and espionage connections were already condemned and the danger of Zhukovsky’s arrest had passed. I told Zhukovskii about the existence of the conspiracy in the NKVD, that the conspiratorial organization is connected with governmental circles of Germany, Poland, and Japan. I don’t remember exactly now, but I think that I told him about our desire to get into contact with the English. Then I told him about the leading members of the conspiratorial organization and about our plans, specifically about our terrorist plans… What assignments did you give Zhukovskii concerning the GULAG? The conspiratorial assignments concerning the GULAG that I gave to Zhukovskii consisted in this: we sent to work the GULAG a very great quantity of compromised people. We could not leave them in the operational work, but we kept them in the GULAG for the purpose of forming a sort of reserve for conspiracies in the case of a coup in the country. I assigned Zhukovskii to maintain these people, but not to connect himself with them along conspiratorial lines, but to carry out all conspiratorial assignments that came to the GULAG through these people… Investigator: Did you give these terrorist assignments to Zhukovskii at the time of his work in the section of operational technology? Did you talk with him about the terrorist tasks of the conspiracy. Ezhov: Yes, I talked to him. There were two variants of our plans. The first variant: in the case of war, when we proposed to carry out the arrests of the members of the government and their physical removal. And the second variant: if there were no war in the immediate future, then to get rid of the leadership of the Party and the government, especially Stalin and Molotov, by carrying out terrorist acts against them. I firmly remember that I told Zhukovskii about this after I had entrusted him with the existence of the conspiracy. Investigator: Suspect Zhukovsky, did you receive from Ezhov the criminal assignments about which he has just spoken? Zhukovsky: I did not receive any such criminal assignments and am hearing about terrorist tasks for the first time at this face-to-face confrontation. You have nothing else that you want to tell the investigation? [ asked Rodos to Zhukovskii and, having received a negative answer, pushed the button to call the guards to take them away.]

Ezhov interrogation 07.24.39 by Rodos, including a quotation from a Frinovskii interrogation

- Polianskii 272-275

Recently Frinovskii gave confessions about your terrorist activity. Now I shall read them to you: "When Zhukovskii was chief of the 12 th section, Ezhov gave him an assignment to develop poisons with the aim of using them in carrying out terrorist acts. Ezhov, speaking with Zhukovskii in my presence, said that it was necessary to work on the question of poisons that would work instantaneously, which could be used on people but without [leaving] visible traces of poisoning. Ezhov also clearly said that we needed these poisons for use within the country." Do you confirm his confession, Ezhov? I cannot confirm that. At one of the interrogations I said that I had no relation to this laboratory. Frinovskii and Zhukovskii took care of it. I did not give them any tasks concerning poisons and did not have any conversations about these poisons. Stop lying! You are incriminated not only by Frinovskii but by Zhukovsky, Alekhin and Dagin. You stood at the head of the conspiracy and gave directions to prepare poisons for the villainous murder of leaders of the Party and government. Here is some more of what Frinovskii confessed about this: "I must say that the open use of servants for a terrorist act was not essential, servants could be used secretly, because the laboratory and the preparation of products were in the hands of Barkan and Dagin, they could poison the products in advance, and the servant, not knowing the products were poisoned, could give them to the members of the Politburo. Ezhov gave Zhukovskii directives about the preparation of poisons, after he left the 12 th department Zhukovskii transmitted these directives to Alekhin, and I and Ezhov confirmed these directives more than once. In 1937 and 1938 there were several joint conversations in Ezhov’s office between myself, Ezhov, and Alekhin. We were constantly concerned with how to carry out this work in the laboratory. The point is that those poisons that were being developed in the laboratory had had some kind of taste or left traces of their use in the human organism. We set the task of developing in the laboratory poisons that would be without any taste, so that they could be used in wine, drink and food, without changing the taste and color of the food and the drink. We proposed to invent separately poisons of instantaneous and of delayed action, and also whose use would not cause any visible destruction in the human organizing so that it could not be determined by autopsy of the body of the person killed by poison that poisons had been used to murder him. What do you say to this? I seem to remember a few conversations with Frinovskii about poisons. But I do not remember that I gave him any directives about their preparation and use. But you will remember, think about it. I am convinced that the memory of traitors and scoundrels such as yourself is quickly restored in punitive cells and isolation cells. Everybody remembers after a few days. The use of poisons for the purpose of terror against the government was discussed by use, when our original plan of a coup d’état and seizure of power fell apart. Tell us about this in more detail. Already in the summer of last year [1938 – GF] our organization took the decision to organize a military coup on the 7 th of November. Who was present at this assembly and where did it take place? It took place at my dacha. Present were Frinovskii, Evdokimov, Dagin, Zhurbenko, Zhukovsky, and Nikolaev-Zhurid. That was, so to speak, the general staff of our subversive organization. Oh, I forgot, Litvin was also there, he was coming to Moscow at that time on official business. Did you call together this meeting specially so that your general staff of bandits could take part? Yes. The staff’s presence was essential, as the coup was to take place also in Leningrad and the staff was supposed to guarantee everything. It was for this purpose that you also moved Zhurbenko to be the head of the UNKVD for Moscow and Moscow oblast’, so that he could be there to guarantee your treasonous conspiracy? Yes, that is so. I specially appointed Zhurbenko to this position before Beria’s arrival in the NKVD. Continue. What did you discuss there at the dacha? We decided that the interior troops [of the NKVD – GF] that were in Moscow and were under the command of Frinovskii as first assistant to the Commissar would carry out the coup. As for him, he should prepare a fighting group that would annihilate the members of the government in attendance at the parade. Then we decided to confirm a final plan for the coup in September or October and to send around directive to our people in the republics and oblasts’ about what they should do on the seventh of November. And this meeting took place, who was present at it? There were only three of us: Frinovskii, Zhukovsky, and I. Either the end of September or the beginning of October we met in my office. And what did you discuss? At that time the possibilities of our organization had been seriously disrupted by the arrival of Beria in the NKVD. He replaced Frinovskii, and we could no longer use the internal troops. But why, he must have had his agents there? Yes, he did have his agents, but obviously Beria already had information about our conspiracy and arrested almost all of them in September. I could not prevent these arrests or I would have exposed myself. Then Frinovskii proposed that we put off the coup and take power by means of poisoning the members of the government and in the first place Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov. Their deaths would have immediately caused confusion in the country and we would have taken advantage of this and seized power. We calculated that we could then arrest all the people in the government and the NKVD who were unsuitable for us, and to claim that they were conspirators guilty in the deaths of the leaders. What low-lifes! What could have stopped you hoodlums? Frinovskii then said that Dagin would carry out the poisoning, and that Alekhin and Zhukovskii would give him the poisons. But it would be necessary to prepare the poisons, and we decided to carry out this terrorist act when the requisite poisons were collected. We agreed to meet when Dagin had the poisons and to put together a detailed plan for the coup. But Zhukovskii was unexpectedly arrested, a few days after this meeting, and after him Alekhin and Dagin, and I do not know whether or not Dagin received the poisons.

Ezhov interrogation 08.02.39 by Rodos

- Polianskii 275-280 (plain text); Briukhanov & Shoshkov 139-142 ( italics) ; in both of them ( underlined).

Tell us in detail about the sabotage activities that were carried out by you and your colleagues on the economic properties of the NKVD – said Rodos, preparing to write down the confessions. In addition to the large quantity of economic properties that had been under the direction of the NKVD under Iagoda and which had developed greatly during the years 1937-1938, that is Kolyma, Indigirka, Norilstroi and others, I succeeded in significantly increasing the economic activity of the NKVD by means of new properties. During these years I succeeded in carrying forth in the government the question about the transfer to the direction of the NKVD of many forest regions of the Commissariat of Forests, in connection with which the production program of the forest camps of the NKVD in the preparation and export of wood products in 1938 comprised almost half of the whole program of the Commissariat of Forests. Into the direction of the NKVD were transferred the construction of railroad lines that had the most important defense significance, such as the Baikal-Amur railway, the line from Ulan-Ude to Naushi, the Soroka-Pliasetskaia, the Ukhto-Pecherskaia line, and others. Among the purely defense-oriented properties I achieved the transfer under the direction of the NKVD of the construction of the Archangel shipbuilding factory and almost all the powder cellulose factories in Archangel, Solikamsk and other places, at the same time having organized the construction of ten smaller cellulose factories. On the initiative of the NKVD, on top of the programs confirmed by the government, the NKVD was given the construction of the world’s largest hydroelectric station – the Kuibyshev hydro network.

Sabotage and mismanagement in the construction sites flourished with complete impunity. We managed to go over completely to questions of defense construction, achieving practical control over a significant part of it. This gave us the possibility in case of need in our conspiratorial goals to vary and carry out different subversive measures which could help accomplish the defeat of the USSR in wartime and our coming to power. …The greatest population of prisoners was the border regions of the far Eastern borders. Here it was very easy for us to take over different economic tasks of a defense nature because of the lack of workers. However the camps of the Far Eastern Region were situated not only near to the borders but we sent there mostly prisoners sentenced for espionage, diversion, terror and other more serious crimes, and we sent almost no so-called "ordinary" prisoners. In this way along the borders of the FER, in the direct rear of the Red Army was prepared the most active and embittered counterrevolutionary force, which we planned to use in the widest possible manner in case of complication or of war with the Japanese… A significant quantity of prisoners were concentrated on our western borders of Ukraine, Belorussia, the Leningrad oblast’, and the Karelian ASSR, especially in road construction. … The whole conspiratorial plan of the regime we created for the prisoners consisted in that the most privileged conditions were created for the prisoners sentenced for the most serious crimes (espionage and terrorism), since that was the qualified force that would often be used for directing the administrative and economic work in the camps. In their hands was concentrated also all the cultural and educational work of the prisoners. It is clear in what spirit they were educated. Finally the regime created in the camps often permitted the counterrevolutionary activity of the prisoners to continue with complete impunity. In the camps the work of the so-called 3 rd sections was so badly organized and the camps were guarded so poorly, that the prisoners had the possibility of creating their own counterrevolutionary groups in the camps and to associate with each other at will. Facts like this were many. The guard of the camps was extremely small, made up of unreliable people, the material situation of the soldiers and the command staff was very poor, and, finally, the prisoners themselves were used in many cases in the capacity of guards. As a result of a security organized like this there were many cases of mass escapes from the camps. We fought against this evil poorly and did so consciously, in the hopes that the escapees from the camps would continue their counterrevolutionary activity and would become a force that would spread all kinds of anti-Soviet agitation and rumors.

I achieved the transfer under the direction of the NKVD a series of working factors of the defense industry. The reason for that could not have been the use of the labor of prisoners, since among them were the Pavshinskii factory, the Tushinskii factory of aviation motor construction, and others. Besides that, the NKVD organized a series of new factories on its own initiative, which carried out defense production… What, do you think we called you here to report on behalf of the NKVD about the successful fulfillment of the Five-Year Plan! You are a bandit, a conspirator, a saboteur, a terrorist, and a traitor. Answer the question asked you to the point. Sabotage and mismanagement in the construction sites flourished with complete impunity. I’ll bet, with a Commissar like that. – said Rodos with a grimace, not stopping his note-taking. We managed to go over completely to questions of defense construction, achieving practical control over a significant part of it… Who is this "we"? Well, our conspiratorial organization. Myself, Zhukovsky, Frinovskii, and others. I have already named them all earlier. This gave our organization the possibility in case of need in our conspiratorial goals to vary and carry out different subversive measures which could help accomplish the defeat of the USSR in wartime and our coming to power. In which areas was the subversive activity of your organization mainly distributed? The greatest population of prisoners was the border regions of the far Eastern borders. Here it was very easy for us to take over different economic tasks of a defense nature because of the lack of workers. However the camps of the Far Eastern Region were situated not only near to the borders but we sent there mostly prisoners sentenced for espionage, diversion, terror and other more serious crimes, and we sent almost no so-called "ordinary" prisoners. In this way along the borders of the FER, in the direct rear of the Red Army was prepared the most active and embittered counterrevolutionary force, which we planned to use in the widest possible manner in case of complication or of war with the Japanese. Did you send Liushkov there specially. What assignments did you give him? At the beginning of 1937 Frinovskii and I conferred with each other and decided that we had to have our own man in the Far East, through whom we could maintain contact with Japanese intelligence. In the event of an attack by the Japanese he was to let the counterrevolutionaries out of the camps, seize with their help the stores of arms and military supplies, and then head terrorist-diversionist work in the rear of the Red Army. We thought about this and chose Liushkov for these purposes, whom I had already recruited to our organization in 1936. Then I transferred him from the Azovo-Chernomorskii region and made him the head of the NKVD in the Far Eastern Region. In which other areas did you create the same kind of espionage-diversionist centers? We also did this in the western borders of the USSR. A significant quantity of prisoners were concentrated on our western borders of Ukraine, Belorussia, the Leningrad oblast’, and the Karelian ASSR. In Leningrad oblast and Karelia Litvin was in charge for you, of course? Yes. I sent him there specially at the beginning of 1938 instead of Zakovskii, whom I could not fully trust. And in the Ukraine? There Uspenskii all the assignments, including contact with Polish and German intelligence. That is why I made him Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Ukraine. When was he recruited by you? At the beginning of 1937. He came to Moscow from Novosibirsk before he was appointed to the position of chief of the UNKVD for the Orenburg oblast. I knew that Uspenskii was anti-Soviet, anti-party, and for that reason he immediately agreed to work in our organization. In Belorussia you sent Boris Berman? Did you know that he was an old German agent? Yes. Artnau told me that Berman was working for German intelligence as soon as I became Commissar of Internal Affairs. He had been recruited at the beginning of the ‘thirties, when he was

[Soviet] resident in Germany. I immediately established espionage contact with him, then he was the assistant chief of the INO. In 1937 I specially sent him from our organization to Belorussia and made him Commissar of Internal Affairs. There he met with German agents and received assignments and instructions. That means your widespread espionage organization in the case of an attack on the USSR by Japan and Germany could seize power not only in Moscow but in border areas, opening the road to the invaders. Do I understand this correctly from your confessions? Yes. That was exactly what we had planned. It’s useless to deny such things. Tell me, was counterrevolutionary work carried on by your confederates in the camps for the purpose of establishing there bases for sabotage and anti-Soviet activity? In the camps the work of the so-called 3rd sections was so badly organized and the camps were guarded so poorly, that the prisoners had the possibility of creating their own counterrevolutionary groups in the camps and to associate with each other at will. Facts like this were many. The guard of the camps was extremely small, made up of unreliable people, the material situation of the soldiers and the command staff was very poor, and, finally, the prisoners themselves were used in many cases in the capacity of guards. As a result of a security organized like this there were many cases of mass escapes from the camps. We fought against this evil poorly and did so consciously, in the hopes that the escapees from the camps would continue their counterrevolutionary activity and would become a force that would spread all kinds of anti-Soviet agitation and rumors… [At that moment the telephone on Rodos’s table started to ring.]

I am leaving right away, I will be back at four o’clock for sure. We shall continue the interrogation tomorrow, and you remember what concretely sabotage work you carried out with your confederates in the economic properties of the NKVD.

Ezhov interrogation 08.03.39 by Rodos

Polianskii 280-284

"The overwhelming majority of the prisoners were so-called vicious "refusers", as a rule people who had not fulfilled the assigned norm of work, in connection with which these latter were deliberately extremely poorly provided, something we also did for sabotage purposes. This circumstance, and a series of other subversive measures of the conspiratorial organization caused the necessity of more and more prisoners being brought to Kolyma. The government every year devoted enormous expenses to the development of Kolyma, spending hundreds of millions of rubles. If these means had been rationally spent, the mining at the rich Kolyma sites could have been significantly mechanized. Mechanization would not only have reduced the necessity of holding a large quantity of prisoners in Kolyma and of bringing to them a huge amount of foodstuffs and other supplies, but would have increased the yield of metal and sharply lowered its cost. Meanwhile mechanization was slowed down by sabotage and all the extraction was based on muscle power alone. As a result already in 1938 more than 100,000 prisoners were brought to Kolyma. The whole area of Kolyma is rich not only in gold, but in many other ores. Specifically, in Kolyma there are huge supplies of coal and other forms of fuel. With any kind of careful economic approach to the matter it would have been possible without any difficulty to satisfy the demands of Kolyma with coal and even with oil without the costly transporting of them from the European part of the USSR. However the coal deposits of Kolyma are not exploited at all. In Kolyma it would unquestionably be possible to wholly cease the importation even of explosive materials and of the simplest equipment, which also is brought in every year in great quantities. For this purposes it would be necessary to build in Kolyma a very simple mechanical factory of modest size or, even better, workshops that could manufacture the simplest equipment and spare parts. Just as easily and quickly could and should be built in Kolyma an explosives factory of modest size, since almost all raw materials necessary for this exist there. Finally, in Kolyma the importation of foodstuffs could be significantly reduced. Such a possibility is completely obtainable for Kolyma, where meat, fish and even vegetable production could be developed. All this was deliberately ignored by us, and the supply of Kolyma was wholly laid upon the shoulders of the state. I have already said that the region of Kolyma together with the gold-bearing regions are rich also in a whole series of other rare ores. So, for example, there are rich industrial supplies of tin, antimony, copper, micas, and other ores. These extremely valuable ores that have enormous economic and defense significance are not worked at all or are extracted in tiny quantities, like tin, while in Kolyma there are all the possibilities of setting up the extraction of these ores at the same time as that of gold, the more so since the regions with these ores are nearby. It is clear that the parallel extraction of gold and of other valuable ores that are so territorially adjacent where, consequently, it would be possible to set up a unified, energetic, mechanical economic unit, and to reduce to a significant extent the cost of gold and of other rare metals. These questions we deliberately and as an act of sabotage ignored, and did not even present to the government. What role in this was played by the foreign intelligence services with which you were collaborating? They, of course, knew what we were doing and encouraged and supported our subversive work in every way. But as far as I know they did not specially give any assignments either to me or to their other agents, since, no doubt, they were certain that we ourselves knew where we should best carry out the sabotage. Name the concrete properties where sabotage was carried out according to your instructions. The construction of the Ukhto-Pechersk road has a decisive meaning for the development of the extraction of coal, oil, and other valuable products, without which the economic development of the Northern region as a whole is impossible. Meanwhile the construction of this road was retarded by us deliberately and in every way, under various pretexts and the resources allotted to it were spread over a large area of work and did not have any effect. The retardation in the construction of the Ukhto-Pechersk railroad is explained in the main by the lack of a satisfactory plan, which the Commissariat of Roads and Rails should present. The saboteurs in the GULAG and in the Commissariat of Roads and Rails with our support organized a never-ending dispute about the choice of the direction of the roads, which has been going on for a long time now, and the planning and even the exploratory works in many sectors have not been begun to this day. Finally, it was essential not to spread out our resources over a broad front of works, but to concentrate on the decisive sections for the export of production. And precisely the construction of the Ukhto-Pechersk line should have been strictly divided into several stages. In the first part should have been concentrated all the forces and resources to finish the construction of the Vorkuta-Abez’ section, for the purpose of exporting coal. But we hindered that, insofar as all decisions were mine. Further, the construction of the section from the oil-bearing areas of Ukhta to Kotel’nich should have been organized, and these works could have been fully developed from two directions, both from Kotel’nich and from Ukhta. Only in the final stage could have been finished those sections that unite the coal-rich Vorkuta areas with the oil-bearing Ukhta areas and that give in this way an outlet for coal and oil in two directions. But nothing of this was done because of our sabotage. What subversive, espionage and sabotage activity did you carry out in the GULAG itself? * We understood, that the expansion of the economic functions of the NKVD must express themselves in the worsening of our basic operative work. We proposed to widely use the system of camps so as to send there the compromised part of NKVD workers. There are not only drunkards, idlers and wastrels. Among them were people with a Trotskyist past, Rights who sympathized with Bukharin, and Iagoda’s people. De-facto they were all recruited by us since, in sending them to the GULAG, we were hinting to them that we had evidence against them that could be investigated at any moment. In this manner we created a special reserve of people read to carry out any conspiratorial task. But there were many anti-Soviet elements in the GULAG even without this. The conspiratorial leadership of the GULAG remained, for all practical purposes, unreplaced. At the time of my arrival in the NKVD the GULAG was headed by the conspirator of Iagoda’s group Matvei Berman, Boris Berman’s older brother. He had put together a large anti-Soviet group of people who occupied more or less responsible posts in the GULAG. Among these people were a great many Trotskyists, Zinovievists, Rights, and it was easy to attract them to our side after Berman left when the GULAG was headed by Ryzhov, a participant of the conspiracy recruited by men, who was sent to this work on my initiative in order to carry out sabotage assignments. And after his departure for the Commissariat of Forests, the GULAG was headed by the conspirator and spy Zhukovsky, who was connected with me and who was at the same time my assistant. In the summer of 1938 the Central Committee of the Party more than once pointed my attention to the fact that I was surrounded by suspicious people who had come with me to work in the NKVD. In the Central Committee the question of removing Tsesarskii was raised, it was proposed to me that I remove Shapiro, Zhukovsky, and Litvin from the work. That put me on my guard, inasmuch as all these men were my confederates, and that meant that something might be known to the Party about the conspiracy. In order to somehow conceal my anti-government activity I had to agree with the demands of the Central Committee and I decided to send Zhukovskii packing without any fuss, away to the countryside. I carried out this attempt but it did not succeed, since about that time Beria began to work and Zhukovsky, instead of going to the place I had assigned him as director of the Ridder polymetallic combine, was arrested."

__________________

* From this point on the text given in Polianskii here is given in B&S but attributed to Ezhov’s August 2 1939 interrogation.

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Ezhov August 4 1939 Confession (published separately)

Ezhov August 4 1939 Confession belongs here.

Ezhov ochnaia stavka with Bulatov 09.20.39

Pavliukov 528 – very brief discussion plus the two sentences quoted below.

Discussion: "There were also those who continued to offer resistance [to the investigation – GF]. For example, in the course of the face-to-face confrontation held on September 20 1939 with his former associate in the Central Committee apparatus D.A. Bulatov, the latter rejected all accusations directed against him and left the interrogation unbroken."

Ezhov interrogation 10.25.39 by Esaulov

Polianskii 285; 286-289.

"Listen", implored Ezhov, "What kind of spy am I? I have a ‘tail’ behind me at all times, my chauffer or a guard. What kind of a resident could I meet with? And no one recruited me in Germany in 1930. I have been lying a lot. And I lied about Slutsky. I did not give Frinovskii the assignment to poison him, and Alekhin and Zakovskii have nothing to do with it. Slutskii died by himself, from his heart. And lied about everything. You should not lie… … In various documents you stated contradictory and untrue information about yourself. The verification has proven this. Did you do this out of espionage and sabotage motives? Yes. I deliberately distorted my biography. I did this for careerist purposes, to be promoted in the Party. You thought up another biography for yourself not out of careerist, but out of provocateurist motives, in order to deceive the Party, to insinuate yourself into its leadership, and corrupt it from within by means of sabotage and espionage. Was that so? Yes. I did this out of sabotage and prevocational motives in order to struggle against the Party. Now let us move on to an explanation of those facts that you have deliberately distorted. In official documents you lied that you were born in Petrograd. No information about your birth in that city have been found. Where were you born in reality? ... I only know about the place I was born from my mother’s words, from memories of my early childhood. Mother said that I was born in the city of Mariampol, in the former Suval’sk guberniia of Lithuania. Afterwards I went to Petrograd. By means of the facts about my birth in Petrograd I wanted to portray myself in the guise of a deeply-rooted proletarian and old revolutionary. Did you also lie when you said your father was a worker? Yes, I also lied about this for the same reason. Who was your father in reality? My father, Ivan Ezhov, from near Tula by birth, was from a peasant family. Were they well-off? Yes. He served in the army, in a musical unit, as a senior musician in Mariampol. There he also married the servant girl of a choirmaster. What did your father do after demobilization? He was a forester and a switchman on the railroad. In a prerevolutionary Peterburg handbook an Ivan Ezhov is mentioned who was owner of a saloon. Was that your father? For a time my father owned a tea house. We have information that this tea house also served as a front for criminal activities. Is that so? Yes. It was in reality a house of assignation… A bordello. It was a bordello, and my father lived on the proceeds. When they shut down the tea house, he became a painter. Did he hire other workers? I don’t deny that in later years father had one or two hired workers and was something like a contractor. Did you also lie deliberately about working as a mechanic in Petrograd factories? I did this to pretty up my background. I worked very little as a mechanic, my main work was always the trade of tailor. And now tell us what your real nationality is. I have always considered myself a Russian and identify myself as such on official documents. I was born into a Russian peasant family. Aren’t you concealing your real nationality? After all, your mother was from Lithuania. In official documents my nationality is recorded more or less correctly. What does "more or less" mean? That means that my mother was born in Lithuania and therefore was a Lithuanian by nationality. In one of your [biographical] forms you wrote that you know both the Lithuanian and the Polish languages. Did your mother teach them to you? No. My mother and father knew Lithuanian, but never spoke it at home. I served in Vitebsk in the Tsarist army, and there were many Poles and Lithuanians. That’s where I learned a few words and sentences. But I do not know how to speak these languages and wrote on the form that I know them for prevocational purposes. The investigation possesses information that you know Yiddish. Why do you conceal this? I do not know Yiddish, if you do not count a few words and expressions that I learned from my acquaintances who were Jews. And here we have information that you often spoke Yiddish with your wife. That is some kind of mistake. I cannot speak Yiddish. Even my wife, in my opinion, knew Yiddish poorly and never spoke it with any Jewish people.

Ezhov protocol of end of investigation 02.01.40

Pavliukov, 529, Polianskii 290, say this was presented by Esaulov.

B&S 144-145, and Soima says it was Sergienko.

Text identical in Polianskii & Soima; very close to this in B&S.

No text in Pavliukov.

1. Was the leader of an anti-Soviet conspiratorial organization in the armed forces and the organs of the NKVD. 2. Betrayed his fatherland by carrying out espionage work in the service of Polish, German, Japanese, and English intelligence services. 3. Toward the goal of seizing power in the USSR prepared an armed uprising and the commission of terrorist acts against leaders of the Party and the government. 4. Undertook subversive, sabotage work in Soviet and Party apparatuses. 5. For adventurist and careerist goals created a case about an imaginary "mercury" poisoning of himself, organized the murder of a series of persons who were inconvenient to him and who could have exposed his treasonous work, and had sexual relations with men (homosexuality).

Pavliukov 529:

"The last interrogation took place on January 31 [1940], and on the very next day the assistant chief of the investigative section of the NKVD of the USSR A.A. Esaulov composed a protocol of the conclusion of the investigation. Ezhov was given for his perusal 12 volumes of his criminal case. He read through it and declared that he confirmed all the confessions given by him at the preliminary investigation, and that he had no additions to make."

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Ezhov’s Concluding Statement at Trial (published separately)

A transcript obviously exists, but it is still secret.

Transcript of Ezhov’s final words at trial belongs here.

The following is from Pavliukov, 531-532:

"Then the protocol concerning the conclusion of the investigation was announced, in which Ezhov had confirmed the truth of his confessions with his own signature. Ezhov stated that at that moment he had not retracted these confessions, but that he was retracting them now. He had no connections with any intelligence services, had not planned any terrorist act on Red Square on November 7 1938, and had never taken part in any conspiratorial activity.

It was necessary for the court, setting aside its preliminary intention to do without witnesses, to call into the courtroom one of them, Ezhov’s former assistant M. P. Frinovskii. That same day he too was supposed to appear in court and probably was somewhere nearby.

Frinovskii stated that soon after his appointment as Commissar of Internal Affairs Ezhov had recruited him into the conspiratorial organization in the NKVD organized by himself. At first they prevented the exposure of the participants of the Right-Trotskyite bloc as much as possible, and at the end of 1937 they set to the creation of a terrorist group within the NKVD.

Besides that Frinovskii discussed the falsification, in accordance with Ezhov’s directives, of the so-called mercury poisoning, the murder on Ezhov’s order of the chief of the Foreign Division of the GUGB of the NKVD A. A. Slutsky, and of the poisoning by Ezhov of his own wife.

In answer to the questions of the chairman V.V. Ul’rikh Ezhov called everything Frinovskii said to be vicious slander. He did not poison his wife and did not send her luminal, and in relation to Slutskii had had a directive from "directive organs" not to arrest him but to get rid of him by another means, "as otherwise our whole foreign intelligence service would have fled". The need to get rid of Slutskii was dictated, in Ezhov’s words, by the fact that there were very weighty confessions of the former assistant commissar for internal affairs Ia. S. Agranov.

Ezhov continued that he did not take part in the anti-Soviet conspiracy together with Frinovskii. Evdokimov, Dagin, and the other persons whom he had named in his confessions as participants in the conspiracy were in fact not such, or in any case he did not know anything about that."

Comments on Ezhov’s last words from Briukhanov & Shoshkov, 153:

"Reading ‘the Last word’ it is impossible not to notice that Ezhov said nothing about the essence of the accusations leveled against him. He rejected them all, but spoke mainly about his services in exposing "enemies and spies of various types and intelligence services" while stating at the same time he had "such crimes for which I could be shot", promising to discuss them, but admitted guilt only in that he "did not purge enough" enemies.

Ezhov denied his participation in a secret organization directed against the Party and the government, saying that, on the contrary, he had taken all measures to expose the conspirators who had murdered S.M. Kirov. But was there a conspiracy in the organs of the NKVD? Or did those 14 thousand NKVD men whom Ezhov purged act individually – each one on his own?

Judging from the transcript [of Ezhov’s trial] such a question was not raised at the trial: Everything was clear to the court as it was. The "sincere confessions" in his "Last word" did not ring true. Ezhov was careful to avoid any sharp corners. He even distorted the episode that had already figured in the trial of Bukharin, Rykov and the others, concerning the falsification of a terrorist act against himself. As it turned out the "terrorist act" was planned and executed – if we can even use that word in this case – by Ezhov and by the former chief of the counter-revolutionary section Nikolaev in order to increase the authority of the "iron commissar." Having consulted with specialists about the conditions for mercury poisoning Nikolaev had rubbed mercury into the upholstery of the soft furniture in Ezhov’s office and submitted a piece of cloth for laboratory analysis. In the "terrorist act" they blamed NKVD man Savolainen, on whom a vial of mercury was planted. After the necessary "working over" Savolainen confessed to everything.

And Ezhov’s attempt to deny the accusation about dissolution in his morals and private life, to convince the court that he was supposedly loved for his modesty and honesty.

As a whole the ‘Last word’ creates an impression of something not thought through, rambling, incomplete, and dishonest. And yet Ezhov, in essence, had nothing to lose. He could have spoken more frankly."

Artificial intelligence in healthcare

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Top 12 ways artificial intelligence will impact healthcare

Artificial intelligence has become a transformational force in healthcare, bolstering medical research, care delivery and health system operations..

Editorial Staff

Data have become increasingly valuable across industries as technologies like the Internet and smartphones have become commonplace. These data can be used to understand users, build business strategies and deliver services more efficiently.

However, healthcare data are some of the most precious — and most targeted — sources of information in the digital age. When used by health systems, providers and patients, these data can help significantly improve care delivery and outcomes, especially when incorporated into advanced analytics tools like artificial intelligence (AI).

Healthcare AI has generated major attention in recent years, but understanding the basics of these technologies , their pros and cons , and how they shape the healthcare industry is vital.

This list details — in alphabetical order — the top 12 ways that AI has and will continue to impact healthcare.

1. CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT

At their core, clinical decision support (CDS) systems are critical tools designed to improve care quality and patient safety. But as technologies like AI and machine learning (ML) advance, they are transforming the clinical decision-making process.

In the early days of CDS tools, many were standalone solutions that were not well-integrated into clinical workflows. Today, many CDS systems are integrated into electronic health records (EHRs) to help improve deployment and gain more value from the use of these tools at the bedside.

AI takes this one step further by enabling providers to take advantage of information within the EHR and data pulled from outside of it. Because AI tools can process larger amounts of data more efficiently than other tools while allowing stakeholders to pull fine-grained insights, they have significant potential to transform clinical decision-making.

By utilizing AI’s advanced pattern recognition capabilities, CDS tools can incorporate risk stratification and predictive analytics, allowing them to help clinicians make more informed, personalized treatment recommendations in high-value use cases like chronic disease management.

Some providers have already seen success using AI-enabled CDS tools in the clinical setting.

Last year, experts from the Stony Brook Cerebrovascular and Comprehensive Stroke Center and Mayo Clinic sat down with HealthITAnalytics to discuss how Rapid Aneurysm, an AI-based volumetric measurement tool, can help augment clinical decision-making.

They noted that the tool — used to study aneurysms that ruptured during conservative management — could accurately identify aneurysm enlargement not flagged by standard methods. The potentially life-threatening nature of aneurysm rupture makes effective monitoring and growth tracking vital, but current tools are limited.

Rapid Aneurysm allows clinicians to create 3D models, providing aneurysm measurement tools that extend beyond traditional linear measurements, which gives a more complete picture of a patient’s rupture risk to inform clinical decision-making.

AI’s ability to capture insights that elude traditional tools is also useful outside the clinical setting, such as drug development.

2. DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT

Drug discovery, development and manufacturing have created new treatment options for a variety of health conditions. Integrating AI and other technologies into these processes will continue revolutionizing the pharmaceutical industry.

High drug development costs and other challenges are driving clinical researchers to seek out new tools to get new drugs to market more efficiently. The process is often high risk, high reward: the drug development lifecycle takes billions of dollars and decades of research, but new medicines are not guaranteed to receive regulatory approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

AI and other technologies can help overcome major drug discovery and development barriers.

AI and ML, in particular, are revolutionizing drug manufacturing by enhancing process optimization, predictive maintenance and quality control while flagging data patterns a human might miss, improving efficiency.

These tools are also useful in the data-gathering systems for complex drug manufacturing , and models to identify novel drug targets are reducing the time and resource investment required for drug discovery .

In June 2023, research published in Science Advances demonstrated the potential for AI-enabled drug discovery. The study authors found that a generative AI model could successfully design novel molecules to block SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.

The tool effectively identified drug-like molecules that would bind with two COVID-19 protein targets, which are responsible for transmitting the virus to the host cell and helping to spread the virus.

The capability of AI models to sift through vast datasets is key to unlocking advances not only in drug development but also for deriving insights from another wealth of information: electronic health records (EHRs).

3. ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS

EHRs hold vast quantities of information about a patient’s health and well-being in structured and unstructured formats. These data are valuable for clinicians, but making them accessible and actionable has challenged health systems.

AI has given healthcare organizations a unique opportunity to overcome some of these hurdles, and some already see the benefits.

EHR adoption aims to streamline clinical workflows while bolstering cost-effective care delivery, but instead, clinicians are citing clinical documentation and administrative tasks as sources of EHR burden and burnout.

AI tools are key to addressing these issues and giving providers back their time so that they can focus on patients. There are multiple AI use cases to tackle clinician burnout , most of which aim to automate aspects of the EHR workflow.

Health data extraction solutions can help clinicians find the information they’re looking for quickly and effectively, reducing information overload. Many of these tools leverage natural language processing (NLP) , an AI approach that enables algorithms to flag key components of human language and use those insights to parse through text data to extract meaning.

AI is also useful when healthcare organizations move to new EHR platforms and must undertake legacy data conversion. This process often reveals that patient records are missing, incomplete or inconsistent, which can create significant inefficiencies.

Typically, inconsistencies pulled from a medical record require data translation to convert the information into the ‘language’ of the EHR. The process usually requires humans to manually translate the data, which is not only time-consuming and labor-intensive but can also introduce new errors that could threaten patient safety.

AI-based tools can automate this process, saving time and effort for care teams.

Advanced analytics solutions are also critical for effectively utilizing newer types of patient data, such as insights from genetic testing.

4. GENOMICS

Genomics has sparked a wealth of excitement across the healthcare and life sciences industries. Genetic data allows researchers and clinicians to gain a better understanding of what drives patient outcomes, potentially improving care.

Particularly, genomics plays a key role in precision and personalized medicine , but making these insights useful requires analyzing large, complex datasets.

By enabling providers to combine the power of genomics and big data analytics, AI models can tailor care and treatment recommendations for various medical conditions. These tools are invaluable for overcoming a significant obstacle to using genomics in clinical settings: the actionability of the data.

Access to a patient's genome sequence data sounds promising, as genetic information is relevant to identifying potential health concerns, such as hereditary disease. However, to truly transform care delivery, providers need to know more than just what the data says about a patient's genetic makeup; they also need to be able to determine how that information can be used in the real world.

One approach to achieve this involves integrating genomic data into EHRs , which can help providers access and evaluate a more complete picture of a patient’s health. But AI can take this further.

In a July 2023 study published in Med , a research team from Harvard Medical School detailed how an AI tool could successfully conduct real-time genomic profiling of gliomas — a common but aggressive type of brain tumor — during tumor removal surgery.

This method could determine the molecular identity of a tumor, information that surgeons could use to decide how much brain tissue should be removed, and whether or not tumor-killing drugs should be placed in the brain while the patient is on the operating table.

Using current methods, this information can take days or weeks to receive, highlighting the potential of AI to improve patient outcomes and make care more efficient.

But the efficiencies aren’t limited to when a patient is actively receiving care. AI technologies also have utility when applied to hospital operations more broadly.

5. HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT

Managing health system operations and revenue cycle concerns are at the heart of how healthcare is delivered in the US. Optimizing workflows and monitoring capacity can have major implications for a healthcare organization’s bottom line and its ability to provide high-quality care.

However, monitoring and managing all the resources required is no small undertaking, and health systems are increasingly looking to data analytics solutions like AI to help.

Capacity management is a significant challenge for health systems, as issues like ongoing staffing shortages and the COVID-19 pandemic can exacerbate existing hospital management challenges like surgical scheduling.

Addressing these challenges requires health systems to juggle staffing restrictions with surgeon preferences, which data analytics and AI can help with.

In a 2022 interview with HealthITAnalytics , leadership from Community Health Network and Baylor Scott & White Health shared how AI-enabled operating room scheduling tools have transformed each organization’s capacity management approach.

Variations in surgeons’ operating room (OR) usage or scheduling preferences often lead to inefficiencies, such as equipment sitting idle, ORs being unused when they’re available, and surgeons being unable to get OR block time.

To tackle this, both health systems have implemented a cloud-based capacity management platform to support scheduling optimization. The tool uses data on surgery type, length and other information to help staff streamline OR scheduling, which has led to improvements in primetime OR utilization and proactively released OR time.

AI and ML technologies have also enhanced aspects of medical imaging.

6. MEDICAL IMAGING

Medical imaging is critical in diagnostics and pathology, but effectively interpreting these images requires significant clinical expertise and experience. Imaging analytics, often driven by AI, aims to tackle this.

AI technologies are already changing medical imaging by enhancing screening, risk assessment and precision medicine.

A March 2024 study published by Johns Hopkins researchers in Communications Medicine showed that a deep neural network-based automated detection tool could assist emergency room clinicians in diagnosing COVID-19 by analyzing lung ultrasound images.

The tool is designed to identify B-lines — bright, vertical image abnormalities that indicate inflammation in patients with pulmonary complications — to diagnose COVID-19 infection with a high degree of accuracy.

The model’s success suggests that a similar approach could be applied to other serious conditions, like heart failure, to diagnose patients efficiently at the point of care.

The researchers emphasized that such a capability would be extremely useful in scenarios where emergency department clinicians face high caseloads, such as the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, or for integration into wearable technologies and other wireless devices for enhanced remote patient monitoring.

In addition to helping monitor a patient’s status and detect potential health concerns earlier, AI technologies can also be deployed in clinical trials and other research.

7. MEDICAL RESEARCH AND CLINICAL TRIALS

Medical research is a cornerstone of the healthcare industry, facilitating the development of game-changing treatments and therapies. But this research, particularly clinical trials, requires vast amounts of money, time and resources.

AI tools can be used to streamline data collection and management, break down data silos, optimize trial enrollment and more in medical research.

These technologies are especially valuable for accelerating clinical trials by improving trial design , optimizing eligibility screening and enhancing recruitment workflows . Further, AI models are useful for advancing clinical trial data analysis , as they enable researchers to process extensive datasets, detect patterns, predict results, and propose treatment strategies informed by patient data.

However, before AI can help ease these pain points, it must be integrated effectively. In a November 2023 interview with PharmaNewsIntelligence , leadership from QuartzBio, part of Precision for Medicine, indicated that stakeholders must prioritize privacy, security and model validation to successfully integrate AI into clinical trials.

Outside of the research sphere, AI technologies are also seeing promising applications in patient engagement.

8. PATIENT ENGAGEMENT

Patient engagement plays a major role in improving health outcomes by enabling patients and their loved ones to be actively involved in care. Often, patient engagement solutions are designed to balance convenience and high-quality interpersonal interaction.

While digital technologies cannot replace the human elements of the patient experience, they have their place in healthcare consumerism. AI, specifically, can be valuable for personalizing patient engagement tools .

Communication is a key aspect of patient experience and activation, and EHRs can help facilitate that communication by allowing patients and providers to send messages to one another anytime. However, overflowing inboxes can contribute to clinician burnout, and some queries can be difficult or time-consuming to address via EHR message.

This creates frustration on both sides, as clinicians want to spend more time on care and less on administrative tasks, while patients want their healthcare to be accessible and frictionless.

AI chatbots are emerging as a potential solution to this conundrum, as they are well-suited to sorting through patient needs and providing resources in certain areas. For example, a health system may deploy a chatbot to help filter patient phone calls, sifting out those that can be easily resolved by providing basic information, such as giving parking information to hospital visitors.

These AI tools can also be applied to clinical needs, using patient symptom data to provide care recommendations.

AI-driven patient engagement can also take the form of solutions designed to conduct patient outreach based on clinical risk assessment data or tools to translate health information for users in a patient portal.

Often, these tools incorporate some level of predictive analytics to inform engagement efforts or generate outputs.

9. PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS

In recent years, the rise of predictive analytics has aided providers in delivering more proactive healthcare to patients. In the era of value-based care, the capability to forecast outcomes is invaluable for developing crucial interventions and guiding clinical decision-making.

To successfully utilize predictive analytics, stakeholders must be able to process vast amounts of high-quality data from multiple sources. For this reason, many predictive modeling tools incorporate AI in some way, and AI-driven predictive analytics technologies have various benefits and high-value use cases .

Predictive analytics enables improved clinical decision support, population health management, and value-based care delivery, and its healthcare applications are continually expanding.

AI-based risk stratification is a crucial component of many of these efforts, as flagging patients at risk for adverse outcomes and preventing those outcomes is integral to advancing high-quality care delivery.

Recent research published in JAMA Psychiatry demonstrated just how valuable these tools can be by detailing the development of an ML-based predictive model capable of accurately stratifying suicide risk among patients scheduled for an intake visit to outpatient mental healthcare.

The researchers underscored that many patients stop mental health treatment following their first or second visit, necessitating improved risk screening to identify those at risk of a suicide attempt. However, the small number of visits that these patients attend leads to limited data being available to inform risk prediction.

The study’s model uses data from mental health intake appointments to forecast the potential for self-harm and suicide in the 90 days following a mental health encounter. The tool could effectively stratify these patients based on suicide risk, leading the research team to conclude that such an approach could be valuable in informing preventive interventions.

In addition to predictive analytics, AI tools have advanced the field of remote patient monitoring.

10. REMOTE PATIENT MONITORING

Remote patient monitoring (RPM) has become more familiar to patients following the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting rise in telehealth and virtual care. However, RPM technologies present significant opportunities to enhance patient well-being and improve care by allowing providers and researchers to take advantage of additional patient-generated data.

AI can be incorporated into RPM tools or used to streamline the processing of RPM data.

Common RPM tools that take advantage of advanced analytics approaches like AI play a significant role in advancing hospital-at-home programs . These initiatives allow patients to receive care outside the hospital setting, necessitating that clinical decision-making must rely on real-time patient data.

RPM solutions enable continuous and intermittent recording and transmission of these data. Tools like biosensors and wearables are frequently used to help care teams gain insights into a patient's vital signs or activity levels.

AI bolsters the capabilities of these solutions by helping to predict complications, allowing care teams to preemptively intervene in cases of clinical deterioration, and flagging patients who are likely to benefit from hospital-at-home services compared to inpatient care.

These technologies are also useful because they can “learn” a patient's baseline biometrics, which can help catch deviations from that baseline and adjust accordingly or alert the care team when a patient is at high risk for an adverse event.

Whether care is happening remotely or in person, AI tools can also streamline revenue cycle management for providers.

11. REVENUE CYCLE MANAGEMENT

Revenue cycle management is crucial to ensuring that health systems can focus on providing high-quality care for patients. However, effectively tackling revenue challenges and optimizing operations requires heavy lifting on the administrative side.

AI tools can help ease these burdens in a variety of ways.

Revenue cycle management still relies heavily on manual processes, but recent trends in AI adoption show that stakeholders are looking at the potential of advanced technologies for automation.

In particular, providers are investigating AI- and automation-based tools to streamline claims management. The claims management process is rife with labor- and resource-intensive tasks, such as managing denials and medical coding. To that end, many in the healthcare space are interested in AI-enabled autonomous coding, patient estimate automation and prior authorization technology.

Healthcare organizations are seeking more information on their return on investment prior to adopting these tools. However, adoption is likely to center on operational optimization, leading to automation tools being deployed in areas with the highest administrative burden, like claims management.

AI technologies can take over mundane, repetitive tasks, such as checking a claim’s status, and enabling the human staff to focus on more complex revenue cycle management objectives.

Some healthcare organizations have already seen success implementing AI-driven revenue cycle tools.

In February, leaders from Mount Sinai detailed how the health system is deploying autonomous medical coding technology. The tool currently codes approximately half of the organization's pathology cases, but the health system aims to increase this volume to 70 percent over the next year.

Mount Sinai is also exploring how autonomous coding might successfully be applied across other specialties to minimize some of the associated healthcare administration burdens.

AI tools are also useful for streamlining labor-intensive tasks in the clinical setting, as evidenced by the rise of healthcare robotics.

12. ROBOTICS

In healthcare, it’s often helpful to have another pair of hands when completing various care-related tasks, from gathering necessary supplies to performing complex surgeries. In the wake of ongoing healthcare workforce shortages, having enough staff to do the critical work of patient care is challenging.

The rise of advanced tools like AI has shown promise in addressing some of the challenges associated with staffing shortages. Still, concerns about bias, health equity and clinician over-reliance on these tools highlight the importance of the human aspect of healthcare.

AI and other healthcare solutions cannot replace humans, but as these tools continue to advance, they are showing increasing promise to help augment the performance of the healthcare workforce.

Robotics is an example that’s generated significant attention recently. To date, many of the applications for healthcare robots are surgical . For example, surgeons can use robotic arms to conduct procedures, allowing for improved dexterity and range of motion.

According to the American College of Surgeons , robotic surgery is used in a host of surgical procedures, including general, gynecology, colorectal and cardiothoracic.

Many health systems that have deployed AI-enabled robotic surgery are seeing benefits to the approach.

Last year, New Jersey-based AtlantiCare implemented pre-operative AI assessment tools and surgical robotics techniques to support early lung cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Under the new workflow, the AI will help care teams flag and monitor patients at risk for lung cancer, facilitating earlier interventions, and those patients who need a biopsy will receive robot-assisted bronchoscopy designed to enhance nodule treatment.

These impacts are just the beginning of how AI is poised to transform the healthcare industry, and many more changes are likely to emerge as these technologies advance to improve care delivery and patient outcomes.

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The Unique Burial of a Child of Early Scythian Time at the Cemetery of Saryg-Bulun (Tuva)

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Pages: 379-406

In 1988, the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition (led by M. E.вЂЇKilunovskaya and V. A.вЂЇSemenov) discovered a unique burial of the early Iron Age at Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva. There are two burial mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture dated by 7th century BC. Within the barrows, which adjoined one another, forming a figure-of-eight, there were discovered 7 burials, from which a representative collection of artifacts was recovered. Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather headdress painted with red pigment and a coat, sewn from jerboa fur. The coat was belted with a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles. Besides that, a leather quiver with arrows with the shafts decorated with painted ornaments, fully preserved battle pick and a bow were buried in the coffin. Unexpectedly, the full-genomic analysis, showed that the individual was female. This fact opens a new aspect in the study of the social history of the Scythian society and perhaps brings us back to the myth of the Amazons, discussed by Herodotus. Of course, this discovery is unique in its preservation for the Scythian culture of Tuva and requires careful study and conservation.

Keywords: Tuva, Early Iron Age, early Scythian period, Aldy-Bel culture, barrow, burial in the coffin, mummy, full genome sequencing, aDNA

Information about authors: Marina Kilunovskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Semenov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Varvara Busova (Moscow, Russian Federation). (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Kharis Mustafin (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Irina Alborova (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Alina Matzvai (Moscow, Russian Federation). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

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Research Assistant
Assists in monitoring of research study participants. Qualifications. Minimum Education/Experience:â¯ Bachelor's Degree required; 2-3 years experience as a clinical research coordinator. Experience working in a medical or scientific research setting or comparable technology orientated business environment preferred. Minimum skills/abilities:
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State Housing Inspectorate of the Moscow Region Elektrostal postal code 144009. See Google profile, Hours, Phone, Website and more for this business. 2.0 Cybo Score. Review on Cybo.
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