conclusion of nepal essay

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Essay on My Country Nepal For Students

If there is a country’s flag that stands out among all other countries it is the flag of Nepal . Our flag is very unique and cannot be compared to other countries’ flags due to its shape. It also has a hidden meaning behind it which represents the country’s peace-loving and friendly nature, bravery, and immortal history.

My country Nepal is situated between two countries, India and China. Although it is sandwiched between international powers, conflicts have not happened between any, and peace remains. Nepal is a country of various castes and cultures. In other words, it is like a beautiful garden of flowers with people of different ethnicities and backgrounds.

My country Nepal is not only unique for its flag but also its geographical terrain, the variety of castes and cultures you can find, and the rich history of it. It is the land of various great places and important figures that people know far and wide. The temperature here spans from cool to hot and is a heaven for residing in.

There are about 126 castes in Nepal each with its own rich history and culture which makes Nepal a rich place for culture. Some dating back to the millenniums. Not only that, our country is very rich in its geographical terrain. From the lowest point of just 70 Meters from sea level to the world’s highest peak Mt. Everest (8848.86 meters) , we have temperature scales that vary from place to place. It is divided into three regions, Terai, Hilly, and Himalayas each according to their altitude and geographical differences.

Himalayan regions have high and mighty Himalayas that are breathtaking to look at. Out of the world’s top 10 highest peaks, 8 of them fall in my country. It is already a great pride to have come from such a country. The diverse flora and fauna, beautiful landscapes, lush and green jungles, historical and religious places in Nepal are enough to gather the attention of foreigners and locals too. People from all over the world pay thousands of dollars just to see our country’s snow-capped mountains, rivers, cliffs, waterfalls, other beautiful landscapes, the rich flora and fauna, and sites of great religious and historical importance. It just doesn’t end there.

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Our country ranks in the top 5 for the richest in water resources. With just a small country with an area of 1,47,181 sq kilometers, it has the potential to fuel hydropower worth 2% of the entire world. It may look small in number but taking our country’s small area in context, it is a potential incomparable to all. The Terai region holds fertile land and smooth flowing waters that are excellent for farming and cultivating.

Nepal is also known as an agricultural country where 60% of the people here follow agriculture as their work. Our country also has huge historical importance. Gautama Buddha the founder and preacher of Buddhism which is practiced worldwide was also born in Nepal. Buddhism is known to preach peace and non-violence and to love everyone. King Janak is also an important figure who holds great importance to communities in Nepal.

Other personalities include Bhrikuti, Araniko, etc. Our country is also known for its bravery. Our country never has to celebrate Independence day as we were never under the rule of any other. We stood and fought against the Britans and other Mongol countries. Brave Gorkhalis were united after a long struggle and fought their way to preserve their country. The courage and bravery of Nepali people are also know world wide. Many brave Gorkhalis went to fight under countries in world wars and won various colors and medals. This brought our country so much respect that we even enjoy it for granted to date.

Although our country’s history, culture, terrains, and achievements make anyone feel proud, the power struggle for the politicians, previous kings, and presidents have made the country weak and fall in the developing country category. Our rich natural resources have not been utilized and we have fallen way behind. Corruption is widely prevalent in our country and the loans we have taken from other countries are in a large number. The amount of food and other materialistic consumption has made Nepal import more and export less.

Our country is poor but the people here are rich. This is because of the corruption and the illegal working/trading that has been done. The government has not made significant progress and the people aren’t responsible. Although I feel proud to be A Nepali, the condition of my country makes me feel bad. People should feel responsible and carry out their duties and not just complain about the government.

The government too should implement proper policies and rules and enforce them accordingly. Utilization of our natural resources should be done in an effective way and social evils such as discrimination according to castes and genders, other superstitions should be slowly removed. Centralized development should stop and we should control the people moving out to other countries with their skills that are wasted abroad. This way we can slowly develop our country.

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28 thoughts on “ essay on my country nepal for students ”.

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Essay on My Country Nepal

Akancha Chhetri

Content Writer | Updated: March 26, 2024 12:45 NST

Nepal is a landlocked country with highly diverse and rich geography, culture, and religions. It is situated in South Asia on the lap of the huge Himalayas surrounded by India in the east, south, and west and China in the north. It occupies an area of 147,516 sq. km . with an average of 193km wide from North to South and an average length (East to West) is 885km. It provides a variety of geographical structures owning a large number of natural gifts.

Geographically, Nepal is divided into three regions. The mountain regions, Hilly and Terai regions occupy about 15%, 68%, and 17% of the total area of Nepal respectively. Nepal owns many snow-capped lofty mountains. The highest peak in the world, Mt.Everest attracts thousands of tourists every year. For administrative purposes, Nepal has been divided into seven provinces, and the provinces are divided into 77 districts. the districts   are further divided into municipalities and rural municipalities.

The magnificent mountains in the north, undulating slopes, passes, swift-flowing crystal-like rivers, lakes, valleys, tars, etc are attractive things that identify Nepal as a piece of heaven. It has been a major choice of a large number of foreign tourists for the last few decades. The world's highest mountain Mt. Everest, called the roof of the world identifies Nepal throughout the world. It also possesses a lake at the highest altitude, the deepest gorge, and so on.

We are renowned around the globe for not only our natural heritage but also for our cultural heritage. The major heritages that are listed in the World Heritage List such as Lumbini, Chitwan National Park, Sagarmatha National Park and many more introduce us as prosperous people of small heaven. Moreover, one can see several temples, and Kathmandu is a city of temples.

It is the land that gave birth to world-famous persons. Gautam Buddha, the preacher of peace and founder of Buddhism, Prithivi Narayan Shah, the builder of modern unified Nepal. Tenzing Norgay Sherpa, the first human to reach the summit of Mt. Everest with Hilary, etc. were those who possessed to Nepal. Not only them, but brave soldiers such as Bal Bhadra Kunwar, Amar Singh Thapa, Bhimsen Thapa, and others demonstrated extraordinary bravery in preventing the British empire from colonizing Nepal.

Though Nepal is a multi-lingual, multi-cultural, multi-ethnic, multi-religious country, there has not been any conflict between any group in the name of language, religion, or ethnicity. the unity among diversity that is prevalent in Nepal proves that Nepalese are cooperative and peace-loving. It also inspires other nations to follow its people's harmonious unity. Nepalese people respect guests as their gods since there is a popular belief that  "Atithi Debo Bhawa". It is a strong example to prove that Nepalese are spiritually rich though they are economically poor. Nepalese people love freedom and democracy. That is why they have fought several times for democracy through their leaders deceiving them time and again. Recently, Nepal has been declared a republic country and promulgated a new constituent.

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Nepal , country of Asia , lying along the southern slopes of the Himalayan mountain ranges . It is a landlocked country located between India to the east, south, and west and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north. Its territory extends roughly 500 miles (800 kilometres) from east to west and 90 to 150 miles from north to south. The capital is Kathmandu .

Nepal, long under the rule of hereditary prime ministers favouring a policy of isolation, remained closed to the outside world until a palace revolt in 1950 restored the crown’s authority in 1951; the country gained admission to the United Nations in 1955. In 1991 the kingdom established a multiparty parliamentary system . In 2008, however, after a decadelong period of violence and turbulent negotiation with a strong Maoist insurgency, the monarchy was dissolved, and Nepal was declared a democratic republic .

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Wedged between two giants, India and China , Nepal seeks to keep a balance between the two countries in its foreign policy—and thus to remain independent. A factor that contributes immensely to the geopolitical importance of the country is the fact that a strong Nepal can deny China access to the rich Gangetic Plain; Nepal thus marks the southern boundary of the Chinese sphere north of the Himalayas in Asia.

As a result of its years of geographic and self-imposed isolation, Nepal is one of the least developed nations of the world. In recent years many countries, including India, China, the United States , the United Kingdom, Japan , Denmark, Germany , Canada , and Switzerland, have provided economic assistance to Nepal. The extent of foreign aid to Nepal has been influenced to a considerable degree by the strategic position of the country between India and China.

Nepal contains some of the most rugged and difficult mountain terrain in the world. Roughly 75 percent of the country is covered by mountains. From the south to the north, Nepal can be divided into four main physical belts, each of which extends east to west across the country. These are, first, the Tarai , a low, flat, fertile land adjacent to the border of India; second, the forested Churia foothills and the Inner Tarai zone, rising from the Tarai plain to the rugged Mahābhārat Range; third, the mid-mountain region between the Mahābhārat Range and the Great Himalayas; and, fourth, the Great Himalaya Range, rising to more than 29,000 feet (some 8,850 metres).

The Tarai forms the northern extension of the Gangetic Plain and varies in width from less than 16 to more than 20 miles, narrowing considerably in several places. A 10-mile-wide belt of rich agricultural land stretches along the southern part of the Tarai; the northern section, adjoining the foothills, is a marshy region in which wild animals abound and malaria is endemic .

The Churia Range , which is sparsely populated, rises in almost perpendicular escarpments to an altitude of more than 4,000 feet. Between the Churia Range to the south and the Mahābhārat Range to the north, there are broad basins from 2,000 to 3,000 feet high, about 10 miles wide, and 20 to 40 miles long; these basins are often referred to as the Inner Tarai. In many places they have been cleared of the forests and savanna grass to provide timber and areas for cultivation.

A complex system of mountain ranges, some 50 miles in width and varying in elevation from 8,000 to 14,000 feet, lie between the Mahābhārat Range and the Great Himalayas . The ridges of the Mahābhārat Range present a steep escarpment toward the south and a relatively gentle slope toward the north. To the north of the Mahābhārat Range, which encloses the valley of Kathmandu, are the more lofty ranges of the Inner Himalaya ( Lesser Himalaya ), rising to perpetually snow-covered peaks. The Kathmandu and the Pokharā valleys lying within this mid-mountain region are flat basins, formerly covered with lakes, that were formed by the deposition of fluvial and fluvioglacial material brought down by rivers and glaciers from the enclosing ranges during the four glacial and intervening warm phases of the Pleistocene Epoch (from about 2,600,000 to 11,700 years ago).

The Great Himalaya Range, ranging in elevation from 14,000 to more than 29,000 feet, contains many of the world’s highest peaks—Everest, Kānchenjunga I , Lhotse I , Makālu I, Cho Oyu , Dhaulāgiri I, Manāslu I , and Annapūrna I—all of them above 26,400 feet. Except for scattered settlements in high mountain valleys, this entire area is uninhabited.

The Kathmandu Valley, the political and cultural hub of the nation, is drained by the Bāghmati River , flowing southward, which washes the steps of the sacred temple of Paśupatinātha (Pashupatinath) and rushes out of the valley through the deeply cut Chhobar gorge . Some sandy layers of the lacustrine beds act as aquifers (water-bearing strata of permeable rock, sand, or gravel), and springs occur in the Kathmandu Valley where the sands outcrop. The springwater often gushes out of dragon-shaped mouths of stone made by the Nepalese; it is then collected in tanks for drinking and washing and also for raising paddy nurseries in May, before the monsoon . Drained by the Seti River, the Pokharā Valley , 96 miles west of Kathmandu, is also a flat lacustrine basin. There are a few remnant lakes in the Pokharā basin, the largest being Phewa Lake, which is about two miles long and nearly a mile wide. North of the basin lies the Annapūrna massif of the Great Himalaya Range.

The major rivers of Nepal—the Kosi , Nārāyani ( Gandak ), and Karnāli , running southward across the strike of the Himalayan ranges—form transverse valleys with deep gorges, which are generally several thousand feet in depth from the crest of the bordering ranges. The watershed of these rivers lies not along the line of highest peaks in the Himalayas but to the north of it, usually in Tibet.

The rivers have considerable potential for development of hydroelectric power . Two irrigation-hydroelectric projects have been undertaken jointly with India on the Kosi and Nārāyani rivers. Discussions have been held to develop the enormous potential of the Karnāli River. A 60,000-kilowatt hydroelectric project at Kulekhani, funded by the World Bank , Kuwait , and Japan, began operation in 1982.

In the upper courses of all Nepalese rivers, which run through mountain regions, there are little or no flood problems. In low-lying areas of the Tarai plain, however, serious floods occur.

The rivers and small streams of the Tarai, especially those in which the dry season discharge is small, are polluted by large quantities of domestic waste thrown into them. Towns and villages have expanded without proper provision for sewage disposal facilities, and more industries have been established at selected centres in the Tarai. The polluted surface water in the Kathmandu and Pokharā valleys, as well as in the Tarai, are unacceptable for drinking.

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Essay on My Country Nepal | 700+ Words

Essay on My Country Nepal | Paragraph Writing 600+ Words

My country is the land of diversity and is very unique. My country Nepal lies in the Southern part of Asia. It is surrounded by two powerful countries India and China and is landlocked. It has an area of about 147,516 sq. kilometers. Although small, my country is diverse both in terms of geography and culture. It is like a beautiful garden with many people from different backgrounds. It is a country with a variety of castes and cultures.

Nepal’s flag is also the most unique to the world. Our country’s flag stands out among the rest due to its shape. The colors and symbols of our flag also represent the country’s peace-loving and friendly nature, bravery, and immortal history.

In my country Nepal, we can find places with altitudes ranging from as low as 70 meters to the highest peak in the world 8848 meters. It is divided into 3 regions Terai, Pahad, and Himal with the temperature of the place varying from hot to cold. Each region has its own specialty. Nepal’s Himalayan regions have high and mighty mountain ranges that are breathtaking to look at. Out of the world’s top 10 highest peaks, 8 of them fall in my country Nepal.

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The Hilly region is full of green hills and a very cool temperature to live in. It has many historical and religious places. Terai too is mostly a flat stretch of land with fertile soil. It is the granary of Nepal where most crops are grown. It is also an industrial region of our country.

The flora and fauna of my country are also very diverse. The difference in altitudes makes our country have various ecosystems. Foreigners from all over the world pay thousands of dollars just to see our country’s reach of flora and fauna, rivers, lakes, cliffs, waterfalls, snowcapped mountains, and many other beautiful landscapes. The natural beauty of my country Nepal is difficult to find in other places.

Our country also has sites of great religious and historical importance where thousands of pilgrims visit every year. Places like Pashupatinath, Muktinath, Lumbini, Swyambunath, etc are very popular. It is already a pride to have come from such a country.

Essay on My Country Nepal

Our country also ranks in the top 5 for water resources. For such a small country to have rich water resources it is a boon. If fully utilized we can provide electricity to other countries too. Important personalities like King Janak, Gautam Buddha, Arniko, Bhrikuti were also born in Nepal. They all carry historical and religious importance even up to date. Our country’s warriors and commanders are still known today for their bravery and courage. It is also the reason our country never has to celebrate independence day as we never were colonized.

Nepal is also blessed with people of different backgrounds and ethnicity. In the past, many people had migrated to Nepal and settled here and hence the diversity. My country Nepal is also secular and respects all religions equally despite the numbers. There are 126 castes in Nepal and behind them, every culture has its significance. Each culture has its unique festivals and traditions. People also celebrate each other’s festivals with great fun. Nepali people are known for their hospitality and friendliness too.

But even after nature blessing our country, we have not been able to fully utilize it. Problems such as corruption and political instability run deep in the country. Our natural resources are not being taken care of properly and our country is being poor day by day. People are rich but the country is poor. Poverty is also seen in our country. Lack of proper management of wastes has also polluted our water and slowly destroying our forests. This also means our plants and animals are slowly being extinct. Illegal hunting and farming of precious animals and plants are also ruining our ecosystem.

This is why to save our country from further danger and poverty proper management and a responsible leader are required. The citizens of our country should also feel responsible for the country and not only blame the leaders. Proper plans and policies should be required to protect our resources. Social evils such as discrimination should also be tackled. Conservative-minded people should be given awareness and strict punishments for corruption and other illegal acts should be given. Employment opportunities should also be created as many people are leaving the country for jobs abroad.

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Culture and Traditions of Nepal: A Journey Through the Heart of Nepalese Heritage

Article 12 Feb 2023 4344 0

Nepal is a country steeped in rich cultural heritage and traditions. With a unique blend of Hindu and Buddhist influences, Nepalese culture is a vibrant and colorful tapestry of festivals, customs, music, and art. In this article, we'll explore the diverse cultural landscape of Nepal, from its religious roots to the unique traditions of its ethnic groups.

A Brief History of Nepal and its Cultural Influences

Nepal has a long and storied history, with influences from Hindu and Buddhist cultures and the presence of various ethnic groups. The country was ruled by a Hindu monarchy until the late 18th century, when it became a Hindu state. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Buddhism gained popularity, and today both religions coexist in Nepal. This fusion of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs and practices has shaped the country's culture and traditions.

Nepal is a landlocked country located in South Asia and is bordered by India and Tibet (China). Its history is rich and diverse, with cultural influences from the Hindu and Buddhist religions. The country has been ruled by various dynasties and kingdoms throughout its history, and its culture has been shaped by these influences as well as by its geographic location and contact with neighboring countries.

The earliest inhabitants of Nepal were likely animist tribes who worshipped nature and natural elements. Over time, Hinduism and Buddhism were introduced to the country, and these religions have played a major role in shaping its culture and traditions. Nepal was officially declared a Hindu kingdom in the 19th century, but the influence of Buddhism has remained strong, particularly in the northern regions of the country.

Today, Nepal is a diverse country with many different ethnic and cultural groups, each with its own unique customs and traditions. Despite this diversity, there is a strong sense of national identity in Nepal, and its people take great pride in their cultural heritage.

Overview of the Major Religions in Nepal and Their Impact on the Country's Culture and Traditions

The majority of Nepalese people practice Hinduism, and it is the dominant religion in the country. Hinduism has had a profound impact on Nepalese culture and traditions, with many customs, festivals, and rituals being rooted in this religion. The festivals of Dashain and Tihar, for example, are celebrated by Hindus in Nepal and are closely tied to Hindu mythology.

Buddhism is also widely practiced in Nepal, particularly in the northern regions of the country. The Kathmandu Valley is home to many Buddhist monasteries, and the Stupa of Swayambhunath is one of the most important Buddhist pilgrimage sites in the world. Buddhism has influenced Nepalese culture in many ways, including the traditional art and architecture of the country.

Traditional Festivals and Celebrations

Nepal is a country with many colorful and vibrant traditional festivals and celebrations. Some of the most important and widely celebrated festivals include:

• Dashain: Dashain is the biggest and most important festival in Nepal and is celebrated by Hindus across the country. The festival celebrates the victory of good over evil and is marked by feasting, dancing, and the exchange of gifts. The festival lasts for 15 days, and families come together to participate in the celebrations.
• Tihar: Tihar is another major festival in Nepal, and it is also celebrated by Hindus. The festival is also known as the Festival of Lights, and it is marked by the lighting of oil lamps and the decoration of homes with flowers and other decorations. During the festival, families come together to offer prayers, sing songs, and exchange gifts.
• Holi: Holi is a spring festival that is celebrated by Hindus and is known as the Festival of Colors. The festival is marked by the throwing of colored powders and the singing of traditional songs. Holi is a time of joy and celebration and is a time when people put aside their differences and come together to celebrate.
• Gai Jatra: Gai Jatra is a traditional festival that is celebrated by the Newar community in Kathmandu. The festival is a time of celebration and remembrance, and it involves the procession of people dressed in cow costumes. The festival is believed to bring comfort to the families of those who have died in the previous year.

These are just a few of the many traditional festivals and celebrations that take place in Nepal. Each festival has its own unique customs and traditions, and they serve as an important part of the country's cultural heritage.

Unique Customs and Traditions of the Ethnic Groups in Nepal

Nepal is home to a rich tapestry of ethnic groups, each with their own unique customs and traditions. These ethnic groups are an important part of Nepalese culture and contribute to the country's diverse heritage.

• Gurungs: The Gurungs are an ethnic group native to the western region of Nepal and are known for their hospitality and bravery. They have a rich tradition of music and dance and are famous for the Ghantu dance, which is performed during festivals and celebrations. The Gurungs are also known for their traditional woven textiles and handicrafts, which are popular among tourists visiting Nepal.
• Tamangs: The Tamangs are an ethnic group native to the central region of Nepal and are known for their rich cultural heritage. They have a tradition of storytelling, passed down from generation to generation, and are famous for their unique instruments like the Madal drum. The Tamangs also have a rich tradition of metalwork, including the creation of traditional knives and other tools.
• Newars: The Newars are an ethnic group native to the Kathmandu Valley and are known for their elaborate wood carvings, metalwork, and traditional festivals. The Newars have a rich history, dating back to the time of the ancient kingdoms in the Kathmandu Valley, and are known for their distinctive architecture and art. The Newars are also famous for their traditional food, which is a fusion of Nepalese, Tibetan, and Indian cuisine.

The customs and traditions of each of these ethnic groups add to the rich cultural heritage of Nepal and provide a unique insight into the country's diverse history. From the traditional music and dance of the Gurungs to the intricate wood carvings of the Newars, each ethnic group offers a unique glimpse into the customs and traditions of Nepal.

An examination of how modern Nepalese society is impacting traditional cultural practices

With the advancement of technology and globalization, modern Nepalese society has brought about changes to traditional cultural practices. The younger generation is becoming more westernized, and traditional customs and beliefs are slowly being replaced by modern ideas. For instance, the younger generation is more likely to celebrate Western holidays like Christmas, rather than traditional festivals like Dashain and Tihar.

Additionally, with the rise of urbanization, many rural Nepalese are moving to cities, and as a result, traditional practices are being lost. Many of the younger generation do not have access to or the opportunity to learn traditional practices from their elders. The influence of modern society has also led to a decline in traditional crafts like wood carving and metalwork.

However, the Nepalese government and cultural organizations are taking steps to preserve and promote traditional cultural practices. The preservation of cultural heritage is seen as an important aspect of Nepalese identity and is necessary for the continuation of traditional practices.

"Nepal has a rich cultural heritage that has been passed down from generation to generation. It is our responsibility to preserve and promote these traditions so that they can continue to be a part of our identity," says a cultural expert from Nepal.

Preservation and promotion of Nepalese culture and traditions

The preservation and promotion of Nepalese culture and traditions are crucial for ensuring the longevity and relevance of this rich cultural heritage. There are several organizations and initiatives aimed at promoting Nepalese culture and traditions, both domestically and internationally.

For instance, the National Museum of Nepal, located in Kathmandu, serves as a hub for showcasing the country's cultural heritage through its exhibits and cultural programs. The museum works to preserve traditional Nepalese artifacts and promote the country's cultural heritage to both domestic and international audiences.

Similarly, the Nepalese government, along with local communities, have been working to preserve traditional festivals and celebrations. For example, the Gai Jatra festival in Kathmandu has been officially recognized as an important cultural event and is protected by the government, ensuring its continuation for future generations.

In addition to these efforts, cultural exchange programs have been established between Nepal and other countries, promoting the country's unique traditions and customs globally. The Gurkha Museum in Winchester, England, for example, showcases the cultural heritage of the Gurkha soldiers and their contributions to the British Army.

Moreover, there are numerous non-government organizations that are working to preserve and promote the cultural heritage of Nepal. These organizations aim to raise awareness about Nepalese culture and traditions, particularly among the younger generation, to ensure that these customs and traditions continue to be passed down from one generation to the next.

In conclusion, Nepal is a country with a rich and diverse cultural heritage that is shaped by its history, religion, and traditions. From the elaborate wood carvings of the Newars to the traditional festivals and celebrations of Dashain, Tihar, and Holi, Nepalese culture is a tapestry of fascinating customs, practices, and art forms. With a focus on preservation and promotion, Nepalese culture will continue to thrive and provide a unique and rich experience for future generations.

"Nepalese culture is like a treasure trove, with something new to discover at every turn. It is our duty to preserve and promote it, so that future generations can experience and appreciate its richness and diversity," says cultural historian, Dr. Bhagat Singh.

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Home — Essay Samples — Arts & Culture — Heritage — Geography Of Nepal

Geography of Nepal

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Published: Mar 19, 2024

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Essay on Nepali Culture

Students are often asked to write an essay on Nepali Culture in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Nepali Culture

Introduction to nepali culture.

Nepali culture is like a beautiful garden with many kinds of flowers. It is a mix of traditions, values, and customs. This culture comes from the people of Nepal, a country in South Asia. It is known for its mountains, like Mount Everest, and its history.

Language and Religion

In Nepal, many people speak Nepali, but there are over 120 other languages too. Religion is important, with Hinduism and Buddhism being the most followed. Many festivals come from these religions, which people celebrate with joy.

Festivals and Food

Nepali festivals are colorful and full of life. Dashain and Tihar are the biggest ones. People eat special foods, play music, and enjoy dances. The food in Nepal is tasty and includes dishes like dal bhat (rice and lentils) and momo (dumplings).

Traditional Clothing

In Nepal, traditional clothes are worn with pride. Men wear a daura-suruwal and women wear a sari or kurta. These clothes are often made with bright colors and fine materials, showing the beauty of Nepali handwork.

Art and Music

250 words essay on nepali culture.

Nepali culture is like a beautiful garden with many kinds of flowers. It is rich with traditions, festivals, music, and dances. Nepal is a country in South Asia, home to the tall Mount Everest and many other mountains. The people living there come from different backgrounds and speak many languages, but they all share the culture of Nepal.

Festivals and Celebrations

One of the most important parts of Nepali culture is festivals. Dashain is the biggest festival where families come together, enjoy food, and children get gifts. Tihar, another festival, is when people light up their homes with candles and lamps. They also honor animals like crows, dogs, and cows. These festivals show how Nepalese people love family, nature, and animals.

Food in Nepal

The food of Nepal is tasty and unique. Dal Bhat, which is rice and lentil soup, is a common meal. Momos, which are like dumplings filled with meat or vegetables, are very popular too. The food is not just about eating; it is a way for families to sit together and share their day.

In Nepal, people wear special clothes that are part of their culture. Men often wear a dress called Daura-Suruwal and a cap named Dhaka Topi. Women wear beautiful long skirts called Gunyu Cholo. These clothes are not just for daily wear but also for special occasions to show respect to their culture.

In conclusion, Nepali culture is full of life, colors, and joy. It brings people together through festivals, food, and clothing. Even though it has many different parts, they all fit together to make the culture of Nepal special and interesting for everyone, especially for students learning about new places in the world.

500 Words Essay on Nepali Culture

In Nepal, many languages are spoken. Nepali is the main language, but people also speak Maithili, Bhojpuri, and dozens of other languages. This shows how diverse the country is. Religion is a big part of life in Nepal. Most people follow Hinduism or Buddhism. The two religions mix in many ways, showing respect and peace among the people.

Nepal is known for its colorful festivals. Dashain is the biggest festival. It is a time when families come together, share food, and give blessings. Tihar, also known as the festival of lights, is another important celebration. People light up their homes and honor animals like dogs and cows. These festivals show the joy and kindness in Nepali culture.

Food and Cuisine

The clothes in Nepal are bright and beautiful. Women often wear sarees or a long skirt called a ‘gunyu cholo’. Men wear a ‘daura suruwal’, which is a shirt and trousers with a Nepali style. These clothes are worn with pride, especially during festivals and important events. They are a symbol of the Nepali way of life.

Music and Dance

Music and dance are important in Nepal. They tell stories of the land and its people. Traditional instruments like the ‘madal’ and ‘sarangi’ make music that touches the heart. Folk dances are performed during festivals. They are full of energy and smiles, showing the happiness of the Nepali spirit.

Arts and Crafts

Nepali culture is a wonderful mix of people, traditions, and nature. It is like a colorful painting that tells a story of harmony and friendship. The culture is deep and alive, touching everyone who experiences it. It is a treasure that the people of Nepal share with the world, and it makes the country a special place full of warmth and beauty.

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Four Short Essay & Paragraph On Country Nepal

Nepal is a small Asian nation. It is commonly referred to as the ‘top of the world.’ It is bordered on the south by India, on the north and east by China, and on the west by Tibet. Nepal is a term that signifies “country of Nepalis” or “our own country.”

Table of Contents

Short Essay And Paragraphs About Nepal In English

1. short paragraph on country nepal.

Nepal has a number of public holidays that are honored all year. Magh 8, May 28 (Democratic Victory Day), Janai Purnima, and Nwaran/Dashain/Tihar (Owls Festival), also known as Diwali in India, are among them. Dashain is Nepal’s most important festival, which is observed by all Hindus in Nepal and India as a victory over bad spirits. The Losar is another major Nepalese event (Tibetan New Year ).

Nepal’s geography is diversified, with lush plains, river valleys, high mountains, and rough highlands. Nepal is home to Mount Everest, the world’s highest peak. There are numerous attractive spots in the nation that draw tourists from all around the world. Mandu Valley, Pokhara, Lumbini, Kathmandu, and Chitwan National Park are among the most popular tourist sites in Nepal.

Nepal is a country that is rapidly developing. It was severely impacted by the recent ‘Great Earthquake,’ which killed over 8500 people and injured 22,000 more. The Nepalese government is providing all possible help to individuals who have sustained losses as a result of the earthquake.

This has created an opportunity for foreign assistance agencies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to provide relief and assist in rebuilding Kathmandu and other hard-hit districts. Many non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Save the Children, ActionAid International, Oxfam International, and others are working in various districts of Nepal to provide health care, food security, and housing assistance to women and children affected by the earthquake.

Nepal is a lovely country with a distinct culture and traditions. It is sandwiched between India and China. Nepal is located in the Himalayas and is home to Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world. Nepali and English are the primary languages. Among the religions are Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam.

2. Brief Essay on Nepal

Nepal is a small landlocked country located in South Asia, bordered by China and India. With a population of around 29 million, Nepal is known for its diverse culture and geography, which ranges from the Himalayan mountain range in the north to the tropical Terai region in the south.

Nepal is home to eight of the world’s ten highest peaks, including Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world. The country’s rugged terrain and high altitude make it a popular destination for mountaineers and trekkers from around the world. The diverse landscapes of Nepal, including the Himalayas, forests, and rivers, also make it a haven for outdoor enthusiasts, adventure seekers, and nature lovers.

The culture of Nepal is deeply rooted in its Hindu and Buddhist heritage. The Kathmandu Valley, the country’s cultural and historical heart, is home to several UNESCO World Heritage sites, including the Swayambhunath Stupa, also known as the Monkey Temple, and the Pashupatinath Temple, a sacred Hindu temple. Nepal is also famous for its traditional festivals, such as the Tihar festival, which is celebrated with the lighting of oil lamps, and the Dashain festival, which marks the victory of good over evil.

Despite its natural beauty and rich cultural heritage, Nepal is one of the poorest countries in the world, with a low per capita income and high levels of poverty. The country has been facing political instability and economic challenges in recent years. However, it is also a country that is resilient and hardworking, with a strong sense of community and hospitality.

In conclusion, Nepal is a small landlocked country located in South Asia, known for its diverse culture and geography. From the Himalayas to the tropical Terai region, the natural landscapes of Nepal are a paradise for outdoor enthusiasts and nature lovers. The culture of Nepal is deeply rooted in its Hindu and Buddhist heritage, and is reflected in its traditional festivals and UNESCO World Heritage sites. Despite its poverty, Nepal is a resilient and hardworking country with a strong sense of community and hospitality.

3. Essay on Nepali Language

Nepali, also known as Nepalese or Gurkha, is the official language of Nepal and is spoken by around 17 million people in Nepal and Bhutan, as well as by a significant number of people in India and around the world. Nepali is a member of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family, and it is closely related to Hindi and Bengali.

Nepali is written in the Devanagari script, which is also used to write Hindi and Sanskrit. The script is made up of a combination of vowels and consonants, and it is read from left to right. The language has a rich vocabulary, and it has been heavily influenced by Sanskrit and other languages spoken in the region.

Nepali is a tonal language, which means that the meaning of words can change depending on the tone used to pronounce them. It has two tones, the high and low tone, which are indicated by diacritics above the letters.

The Nepali language has a rich literary tradition, and it has produced many poets, writers, and scholars. Nepali literature has a history that dates back centuries and it encompasses many genres, such as poetry, novels, and plays. The language has also been used in the field of education, and it is taught in schools and universities in Nepal and abroad.

Nepali is also a language of great cultural significance. It is spoken by many ethnic groups in Nepal, each with their own unique dialects, customs, and traditions. The language is a vital part of Nepal’s cultural heritage, and it is an important tool for preserving the country’s rich cultural diversity.

4. Essay on Nepali Culture

Nepali culture is a rich tapestry of diverse customs, traditions, and beliefs that have been shaped by the country’s history, geography, and ethnic diversity. Nepal is a small landlocked country located in South Asia, and it is known for its diverse culture and geography, which ranges from the Himalayan mountain range in the north to the tropical Terai region in the south.

One of the most important aspects of Nepali culture is its religious heritage. Nepal is predominantly a Hindu country, and Hinduism is deeply ingrained in the culture and daily life of Nepalese people. The country is also home to a significant Buddhist population, and the two religions coexist in harmony. The Kathmandu Valley, the country’s cultural and historical heart, is home to several UNESCO World Heritage sites, including the Swayambhunath Stupa, also known as the Monkey Temple, and the Pashupatinath Temple, a sacred Hindu temple.

Nepali culture is also known for its traditional festivals, which are celebrated throughout the year. The Tihar festival, also known as the festival of lights, is celebrated with the lighting of oil lamps, and the Dashain festival, which marks the victory of good over evil. These festivals are an important part of Nepali culture and bring communities together to celebrate, dance and feast.

Another important aspect of Nepali culture is its art and craft. Nepal is famous for its traditional handicrafts, such as pottery, weaving, and metalwork, which are produced by skilled artisans. Nepali art is also known for its intricate carvings, which can be found on temples and shrines throughout the country.

The Nepali language is also an important aspect of the culture, it is spoken by around 17 million people in Nepal and Bhutan, as well as by a significant number of people in India and around the world. It has a rich vocabulary, and it has been heavily influenced by Sanskrit and other languages spoken in the region.

In conclusion, Nepali culture is a rich tapestry of diverse customs, traditions, and beliefs that have been shaped by the country’s history, geography, and ethnic diversity. Religion, festivals, art, crafts, and language are some of the most important aspects of Nepali culture. Nepal is a small landlocked country located in South Asia.

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Short Essay: Kathmandu

Writing a short essay about Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, offers a wonderful opportunity to explore its rich cultural heritage, unique architecture, and vibrant street life. This guide will provide you with a structured approach to writing an engaging and informative essay about Kathmandu.

Table of Contents

Introduction

Start your essay with an intriguing hook that captures the essence of Kathmandu. You could begin with a vivid description of walking through the bustling streets of Thamel or the spiritual ambiance of the Swayambhunath Stupa at sunrise. Introduce Kathmandu as not just a city, but the heart of Nepal, reflecting centuries of history, a melting pot of cultures, and an architectural wonderland. Provide a thesis statement that briefly outlines the aspects you will cover, such as its history, cultural significance, and major attractions.

Historical Context

Cultural tapestry.

In the next section, delve into the cultural aspects of Kathmandu. Describe the harmonious blend of Hinduism and Buddhism, which is reflected in the daily lives of the people and the numerous festivals celebrated throughout the year, such as Dashain and Tihar. Talk about the traditional crafts, such as Thangka painting and wood carving, which are still practiced in the city. Mention the local cuisine, offering readers a taste of dishes like momo (dumplings) and dal bhat (rice and lentils).

Architectural and Natural Attractions

Kathmandu is renowned for its architecture and scenic landscapes. Discuss the iconic Durbar Square, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, with its palaces and temples that showcase the craftsmanship of Newar architects. Mention the Swayambhunath and Boudhanath stupas, important religious sites for Buddhists. Don’t forget to include the natural beauty surrounding Kathmandu, such as the Nagarjun Forest Reserve and the panoramic views of the Himalayas from nearby viewpoints like Nagarkot.

Contemporary Issues and Conclusion

Kathmandu essay example #1.

Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, is a vibrant and bustling metropolis located in the central part of the country. It is a city that is steeped in rich cultural and historical heritage, and is known for its ancient temples, palaces, and traditional architecture. Kathmandu is also a popular hub for tourism, offering a gateway to the majestic Himalayan region and opportunities for trekking, mountaineering, and exploring the natural beauty of Nepal. In this essay, we will explore the various facets of Kathmandu, from its cultural and historical landmarks to its modern-day attractions and tourism industry.

Kathmandu is a city that is deeply rooted in Nepal’s rich cultural heritage. The city boasts an impressive array of ancient temples, palaces, and shrines that are testament to its long and illustrious history. One of the most iconic landmarks of Kathmandu is the Pashupatinath Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that is revered as one of the most sacred Hindu shrines in the world. The temple is located on the banks of the Bagmati River and is dedicated to Lord Shiva. Another popular temple in Kathmandu is the Swayambhunath Stupa, also known as the Monkey Temple, which is a Buddhist shrine that dates back to the 5th century. Other notable landmarks in Kathmandu include the Durbar Squares, which are ancient palaces that served as the seat of power for the Nepalese monarchy. These palaces are renowned for their stunning architecture and intricate carvings, and are a must-visit for anyone interested in Nepal’s cultural heritage.

Kathmandu is a city that is constantly evolving, with new developments and modern-day attractions being added to its landscape. One of the most notable modern-day attractions in the city is the Garden of Dreams, a neo-classical garden that was built in the early 20th century. The garden is a peaceful oasis in the midst of the bustling city, and is a popular spot for locals and tourists alike. Another popular modern-day attraction in Kathmandu is the Thamel neighborhood, a vibrant area that is home to a number of restaurants, bars, and shops. Thamel is a popular spot for backpackers and travelers, and is a great place to meet fellow travelers and explore the city’s nightlife. Finally, Kathmandu is also known for its festivals and celebrations, which are an integral part of Nepalese culture. The most popular festival in Kathmandu is the Dashain festival, which celebrates the victory of good over evil and is marked by feasting, dancing, and the exchange of gifts.

In conclusion, Kathmandu is a city that offers a unique blend of ancient cultural heritage and modern-day attractions. Its temples, palaces, and shrines are a testament to its rich history, while its thriving tourism industry offers opportunities for adventure and exploration. Whether you’re interested in trekking in the Himalayas, learning about Nepal’s cultural heritage, or simply exploring the city’s modern-day attractions, Kathmandu is a city that has something for everyone.

Kathmandu Essay Example #2

Kathmandu is a vibrant city situated in the central part of Nepal. The city is dotted with ancient temples, historic palaces, and bustling markets that give visitors a glimpse into the country’s rich cultural heritage. The most famous landmark in Kathmandu is the Swayambhunath Stupa, also known as the Monkey Temple, which is located on a hilltop and offers stunning views of the city. Other famous temples in Kathmandu include the Pashupatinath Temple, Boudhanath Stupa, and the Kathmandu Durbar Square. These temples are not only religious sites but also offer a glimpse into the city’s rich history and architecture.

Kathmandu is a city that offers something for everyone. Whether you are a history buff, an adventure seeker, or a foodie, the city has it all. The city is known for its delicious food, which includes momos, dal bhat, and Newari cuisine. The bustling streets of Thamel and Asan offer a range of shopping options, from traditional handicrafts to modern clothing. Visitors can also explore the city’s museums and art galleries, which showcase the country’s rich cultural heritage.

In conclusion, Kathmandu is a city that offers visitors a unique cultural experience combined with adventure tourism. The city’s rich history, stunning temples, and palaces make it a must-visit destination for those interested in history and architecture. For adventure seekers, the city’s proximity to the Himalayas offers a range of trekking and adventure options. The city’s vibrant street life, delicious food, and shopping options make it a destination that should be on every traveler’s bucket list.

Kathmandu Essay Example #3

Kathmandu is also a bustling city that offers a range of accommodations, restaurants, and shopping opportunities. The city has a growing tourism industry, and there are many different types of accommodations available to suit all budgets. From budget hostels to luxury hotels, there is something for everyone. In terms of food, Kathmandu is known for its delicious Nepali cuisine. There are many restaurants that serve traditional Nepali dishes such as momos, dal bhat, and chow mein. The city is also home to many markets and shopping areas where visitors can purchase traditional Nepali handicrafts, souvenirs, and clothing.

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• Countries and Their Cultures
• Culture of Nepal

Culture Name

Alternative name, orientation.

Identification. Nepal is named for the Kathmandu Valley, where the nation's founder established a capital in the late eighteenth century. Nepali culture represents a fusion of Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Mongolian influences, the result of a long history of migration, conquest, and trade.

Location and Geography. Nepal is a roughly rectangular country with an area of 147,181 square miles (381,200 square kilometers). To the south, west, and east it is bordered by Indian states; to the north lies Tibet. Nepal is home to the Himalayan Mountains, including Mount Everest. From the summit of Everest, the topography plunges to just above sea level at the Gangetic Plain on the southern border. This drop divides the country into three horizontal zones: the high mountains, the lush central hills, and the flat, arid Terai region in the south. Fast-moving, snow-fed rivers cut through the hills and mountains from north to south, carving deep valleys and steep ridges. The rugged topography has created numerous ecological niches to which different ethnic groups have adapted. Although trade has brought distinct ethnic groups into contact, the geography has created diversity in language and subsistence practices. The result is a country with over thirty-six ethnic groups and over fifty languages.

Demography. The population in 1997 was just over 22.6 million. Although infant mortality rates are extremely high, fertility rates are higher. High birth rates in rural areas have led to land shortages, forcing immigration to the Terai, where farmland is more plentiful, and to urban areas, where jobs are available. Migration into cities has led to over-crowding and pollution. The Kathmandu Valley has a population of approximately 700,000.

Linguistic Affiliation. After conquering much of the territory that constitutes modern Nepal, King Prithvi Narayan Shah (1743–1775) established Gorkhali (Nepali) as the national language. Nepali is an Indo-European language derived from Sanskrit with which it shares and most residents speak at least some Nepali, which is the medium of government, education, and most radio and television broadcasts. For many people Nepali is secondary to the language of their ethnic group or region. This situation puts certain groups at a disadvantage in terms of education and civil service positions. Since the institution of a multiparty democracy in 1990, linguistic issues have emerged as hotly debated topics.

Symbolism. The culture has many symbols from Hindu and Buddhist sources. Auspicious signs, including the ancient Hindu swastika and Shiva's trident, decorate buses, trucks, and walls. Other significant symbols are the emblems (tree, plow, sun) used to designate political parties.

Prominent among symbols for the nation as a whole are the national flower and bird, the rhododendron and danfe; the flag; the plumed crown worn by the kings; and the crossed kukhris (curved knives) of the Gurkhas, mercenary regiments that have fought for the British Army in a number of wars. Images of the current monarch and the royal family are displayed in many homes and places of business. In nationalistic rhetoric the metaphor of a garden with many different kinds of flowers is used to symbolize national unity amid cultural diversity.

History and Ethnic Relations

The birth of the nation is dated to Prithvi Narayan Shah's conquest of the Kathmandu Valley kingdoms in 1768. The expansionist reigns of Shah and his successors carved out a territory twice the size of modern Nepal. However, territorial clashes with the Chinese in the late eighteenth century and the British in the early nineteenth century pushed the borders back to their current configuration.

National Identity. To unify a geographically and culturally divided land, Shah perpetuated the culture and language of high-caste Hindus and instituted a social hierarchy in which non-Hindus as well as Hindus were ranked according to caste-based principles. Caste laws were further articulated in the National Code of 1854.

By privileging the language and culture of high-caste Hindus, the state has marginalized non-Hindu and low-caste groups. Resentment in recent years has led to the organization of ethnopolitical parties, agitation for minority rights, and talk about the formation of a separate state for Mongolian ethnic groups.

Despite ethnic unrest, Nepalis have a strong sense of national identity and pride. Sacred Hindu and Buddhist sites and the spectacular mountains draw tourists and pilgrims and give citizens a sense of importance in the world. Other natural resources, such as rivers and flora and fauna are a source of national pride.

Hindu castes and Buddhist and animist ethnic groups were historically collapsed into a single caste hierarchy. At the top are high-caste Hindus. Below them are alcohol-drinking ( matwali ) castes, which include Mongolian ethnic groups. At the bottom are untouchable Hindu castes that have traditionally performed occupations considered defiling by higher castes. The Newars of the Kathmandu Valley have a caste system that has been absorbed into the national caste hierarchy.

Historically, members of the highest castes have owned the majority of land and enjoyed the greatest political and economic privileges. Members of lower castes have been excluded from political representation and economic opportunities. The untouchable castes were not permitted to own land, and their civil liberties were circumscribed by law. Caste discrimination is officially illegal but has not disappeared. In 1991, 80 percent of positions in the civil service, army, and police were occupied by members of the two highest castes.

Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space

Nepal historically was one of the least urbanized countries in the world, but urbanization is accelerating, especially in the capital, and urban sprawl and pollution have become serious problems. Kathmandu and the neighboring cities of Patan and Bhaktapur are known for pagoda-style and shikhara temples, Buddhist stupas, palaces, and multistory brick houses with elaborately carved wooden door frames and screened windows. Although the largest and most famous buildings are well maintained, many smaller temples and older residential buildings are falling into disrepair.

At the height of British rule in India, the Rana rulers incorporated Western architectural styles into palaces and public buildings. Rana palaces convey a sense of grandeur and clear separation from the peasantry. The current king's palace's scale and fortress-like quality illustrate the distance between king and commoner.

Rural architecture is generally very simple, reflecting the building styles of different caste and ethnic groups, the materials available, and the climate. Rural houses generally have one or two stories and are made of mud brick with a thatched roof. Village houses tend to be clustered in river valleys or along ridge tops.

Food and Economy

Food in Daily Life. Many Nepalis do not feel that they have eaten a real meal unless it has included a sizable helping of rice. Most residents eat a large rice meal twice a day, usually at midmorning and in the early evening. Rice generally is served with dal, a lentil dish, and tarkari, a cooked vegetable. Often, the meal includes a pickle achar, made of a fruit or vegetable. In poorer and higher-altitude areas, where rice is scarce, the staple is dhiro, a thick mush made of corn or millet. In areas where wheat is plentiful, rice may be supplemented by flat bread, roti. Most families eat from individual plates while seated on the floor. Though some urbanites use Western utensils, it is more common to eat with the hands.

Conventions regarding eating and drinking are tied to caste. Orthodox high-caste Hindus are strictly vegetarian and do not drink alcohol. Other castes may drink alcohol and eat pork and even beef. Traditionally, caste rules also dictate who may eat with or accept food from whom. Members of the higher castes were particularly reluctant to eat food prepared by strangers. Consequently, eating out has not been a major part of the culture. However, caste rules are relaxing to suit the modern world, and the tourist economy is making restaurants a common feature of urban life.

Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. At weddings and other important life-cycle events, feasts are generally hosted by the families directly involved, and numerous guests are invited. At such occasions, it is customary to seat guests on woven grass mats on the ground outside one's home, often in lines separating castes and honoring people of high status. Food is served on leaf plates, which can be easily disposed of. These customs, however, like most others, vary by caste-ethnic groups, and are changing rapidly to suit modern tastes.

Basic Economy. The large majority of the people are subsistence farmers who grow rice, maize, millet, barley, wheat, and vegetables. At low altitudes, agriculture is the principal means of subsistence, while at higher altitudes agropastoralism prevails. Many households maintain chickens and goats. However, few families own more than a small number of cows, water buffalo, or yaks because the mountainous topography does not provide grazing land for large animals.

Nepal is one of the poorest countries in the world. This poverty can be attributed to scarce natural resources, a difficult terrain, landlocked geography, and a weak infrastructure but also to feudal land tenure systems, government corruption, and the ineffectiveness of development efforts. Foreign aid rarely goes to the neediest sectors of the population but is concentrate in urban areas, providing jobs for the urban middle class. The name of the national currency is rupee.

Land Tenure and Property. Historically, a handful of landlords held most agricultural land. Civil servants often were paid in land grants, governing their land on an absentee basis and collecting taxes from tenant-farming peasants. Since the 1950s, efforts have been made to protect the rights of tenants, but without the redistribution of land.

Overpopulation has exacerbated land shortages. Nearly every acre of arable land has been farmed intensively. Deforestation for wood and animal fodder has created serious erosion.

Commercial Activities. The majority of commercial activity takes place at small, family-owned shops or in the stalls of sidewalk vendors. With the exception of locally grown fruits and vegetables, many products are imported from India and, to a lesser extent, China and the West. Jute, sugar, cigarettes, beer, matches, shoes, chemicals, cement, and bricks are produced locally. Carpet and garment manufacturing has increased significantly, providing foreign exchange. Since the late 1950s, tourism has increased rapidly; trekking, mountaineering, white-water rafting, and canoeing have drawn tourists from the West and other parts of Asia. The tourism industry has sparked the commercial production of crafts and souvenirs and created a number of service positions, such as trekking guides and porters. Tourism also has fueled the black market, where drugs are sold and foreign currency is exchanged.

Major Industries. There was no industrial development until the middle of the twentieth century. Much of earliest industrial development was accomplished with the help of private entrepreneurs from India and foreign aid from the Soviet Union, China, and the West. Early development focused on the use of jute, sugar, and tea; modern industries include the manufacturing of brick, tile, and construction materials; paper making; grain processing; vegetable oil extraction; sugar refining; and the brewing of beer.

Trade. Nepal is heavily dependent on trade from India and China. The large majority of imported goods pass through India. Transportation of goods is limited by the terrain. Although roads connect many major commercial centers, in much of the country goods are transported by porters and pack animals. The few roads are difficult to maintain and subject to landslides and flooding. Railroads in the southern flatlands connect many Terai cities to commercial centers in India but do not extend into the hills. Nepal's export goods include carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute, and grain. Tourism is another primary export commodity. Imports include gold, machinery and equipment, petroleum products, and fertilizers.

Division of Labor. Historically, caste was loosely correlated with occupational specialization. Tailors, smiths, and cobblers were the lowest, untouchable castes, and priests and warriors were the two highest Hindu castes. However, the large majority of people are farmers, an occupation that is not caste-specific.

Social Stratification

Classes and Castes. Historically, caste and class status paralleled each other, with the highest castes having the most land, capital, and political influence. The lowest castes could not own property or receive an education. Although caste distinctions are no longer supported by law, caste relations have shaped present-day social stratification: Untouchables continue to be the poorest sector of society, while the upper castes tend to be wealthy and politically dominant. While land is still the principal measure of wealth, some castes that specialize in trade and commerce have fared better under modern capitalism than have landowning castes. Changes in the economic and political system have opened some opportunities for members of historically disadvantaged castes.

Political Life

Government. The Shah dynasty has ruled the country since its unification, except during the Rana period from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. During the Rana administration, the Shah monarchs were stripped of power and the country was ruled by a series of prime ministers from the Rana noble family. In 1950, the Shah kings were restored to the throne and a constitutional monarchy was established that eventually took the form of the panchayat system. Under this system, political parties were illegal and the country was governed by local and national assemblies controlled by the palace. In 1990, the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (People's Movement) initiated a series of popular demonstrations for democratic reforms, eventually forcing the king to abolish the panchayat system and institute a multiparty democracy.

The country is divided administratively into fourteen zones and seventy-five districts. Local and district-level administers answer to national ministries that are guided by policies set by a bicameral legislature made up of a House of Representatives and a National Council. The majority party in the House of Representatives appoints the prime minister. The executive branch consists of the king and the Council of Ministers.

Leadership and Political Officials. The government is plagued by corruption, and officials often rely on bribes to supplement their income. It is widely believed that influence and employment in government are achieved through personal and family connections. The king is viewed with ambivalence. He and his family have been criticized for corruption and political repression, but photos of the royal family are a popular symbol of national identity and many people think of the king as the living embodiment of the nation and an avatar of the god Vishnu.

Social Problems and Control. International attention has focused on the plight of girls who have been lured or abducted from villages to work as prostitutes in Indian cities and child laborers in carpet factories. Prostitution has increased the spread of AIDS. Foreign boycotts of Nepali carpets have helped curb the use of child labor but have not addressed the larger social problems that force children to become family wage earners.

Military Activity. The military is small and poorly equipped. Its primary purpose is to reinforce the police in maintaining domestic stability. Some Royal Nepal Army personnel have served in United Nations peacekeeping forces. A number of Nepalis, particularly of the hill ethnic groups, have served in Gurkha regiments. To many villagers, service in the British Army represents a significant economic opportunity, and in some areas soldiers' remittances support the local economy.

Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations

Aid organizations are involved in health care, family planning, community development, literacy, women's rights, and economic development for low castes and tribal groups. However, many projects are initiated without an understanding of the physical and cultural environment and serve the interests of foreign companies and local elites.

Gender Roles and Statuses

Division of Labor by Gender. Only men plow, while fetching water is generally considered women's work. Women cook, care for children, wash clothes, and collect firewood and fodder. Men perform the heavier agricultural tasks and often engage in trade, portering, and other work outside the village. Both men and women perform physically demanding labor, but women tend to work longer hours, have less free time, and die younger. In urban areas, men are far more likely to work outside the home. Increasingly, educational opportunities are available to both men and women, and there are women in professional positions. Women also frequently work in family businesses as shopkeepers and seamstresses.

Children and older people are a valuable source of household labor. In rural families, young children collect firewood, mind animals, and watch younger children. Older people may serve on village councils. In urban areas and larger towns, children attend school; rural children may or may not, depending on the proximity of schools, the availability of teachers, and the work required of them at home.

The Relative Status of Women and Men. Women often describe themselves as "the lower caste" in relation to men and generally occupy a subordinate social position. However, the freedoms and opportunities available to women vary widely by ethnic group and caste. Women of the highest castes have their public mobility constrained, for their reputation is critical to family and caste honor. Women of lower castes and classes often play a larger wage-earning role, have greater mobility, and are more outspoken around men. Gender roles are slowly shifting in urban areas, where greater numbers of women are receiving an education and joining the work force.

Marriage, Family, and Kinship

Hindu castes do not generally approve of cross-cousin marriage, which is preferred among some Mongolian ethnic groups. Among some groups, a brideprice substitutes for a dowry. In others, clan exogamy is an important feature of marriages. Until recently, polygyny was legal and relatively common. Now it is illegal and found only in the older generation and in remote areas. Child marriages were considered especially auspicious, and while they continue to be practiced in rural areas, they are now prohibited by law. Love marriage is gaining in popularity in the cities, where romantic films and music inform popular sentiment and the economy offers younger people economic independence from the extended family.

Domestic Unit. Among landholding Hindu castes, a high value is placed on joint family arrangements in which the sons of a household, along with their parents, wives, and children, live together, sharing resources and expenses. Within the household, the old have authority over the young, and men over women. Typically, new daughters-in-law occupy the lowest position. Until a new bride has produced children, she is subject to the hardest work and often the harshest criticism in her husband's household. Older women, often wield a great deal of influence within the household.

The emphasis in joint families is on filial loyalty and agnatic solidarity over individualism. In urban areas, an increasing number of couples are opting for nuclear family arrangements.

Inheritance. Fathers are legally obligated to leave equal portions of land to each son. Daughters do not inherit paternal property unless they remain unmarried past age thirty-five. Although ideally sons manage their father's land together as part of a joint family, familial land tends to be divided, with holdings diminishing in every generation.

Kin Groups. Patrilineal kin groups form the nucleus of households, function as corporate units, and determine inheritance patterns. A man belongs permanently to the kinship group of his father, while a woman changes membership from her natal kin group to the kin group of her husband at the time of marriage. Because family connections are critical in providing access to political influence and economic opportunities, marriage alliances are planned carefully to expand kinship networks and strengthen social ties. Although women join the husband's household, they maintain emotional ties and contact with their families. If a woman is mistreated in her husband's household, she may escape to her father's house or receive support from her male kin. Consequently, women often prefer to marry men from the same villages.

Socialization

Infant Care. Infants are carried on the mothers' back, held by a shawl tied tightly across her chest. Babies are breast-fed on demand, and sleep with their mothers until they are displaced by a new baby or are old enough to share a bed with siblings. Infants and small children often wear amulets and bracelets to protect them from supernatural forces. Parents sometimes line a baby's eyes with kohl to prevent eye infections.

Child Rearing and Education. Mothers are the primary providers of child care, but children also are cared for and socialized by older siblings, cousins, and grandparents. Often children as young as five or six mind younger children. Neighbors are entitled to cuddle, instruct, and discipline children, who are in turn expected to obey and defer to senior members of the family and community. Children address their elders by using the honorific form of Nepali, while adults speak to children using more familiar language. Because authority in households depends on seniority, the relative ages of siblings is important and children are often addressed by birth order.

Certain household rituals mark key stages in child's development, including the first taste of rice and the first haircut. When a girl reaches puberty, she goes through a period of seclusion in which she is prohibited from seeing male family members. Although she may receive special foods and is not expected to work, the experience is an acknowledgment of the pollution associated with female sexuality and reproductivity.

From an early age, children are expected to contribute labor to the household. The law entitles both girls and boys to schooling; however, if a family needs help at home or cannot spare the money for uniforms, books, and school fees, only the sons are sent to school. It is believed that education is wasted on girls, who will marry and take their wage-earning abilities to another household. Boys marry and stay at home, and their education is considered a wise investment.

The customary greeting is to press one's palms together in front of the chest and say namaste ("I greet the god within you"). Men in urban areas have adopted the custom of shaking hands. In the mainstream culture, physical contact between the sexes is not appropriate in public. Although men may be openly affectionate with men and women with women, even married couples do not demonstrate physical affection in public. Some ethnic groups permit more open contact between the sexes.

Hospitality is essential. Guests are always offered food and are not permitted to help with food preparation or cleaning after a meal. It is polite to eat with only the right hand; the hand used to eat food must not touch anything else until it has been thoroughly washed, for saliva is considered defiling. When drinking from a common water vessel, people do not touch the rim to their lips. It is insulting to hit someone with a shoe or sandal, point the soles of one's feet at someone, and step over a person.

Religious Beliefs. Eighty-six percent of Nepalis are Hindus, 8 percent are Buddhists, 4 percent are Muslims, and just over 1 percent are Christians. On a day-to-day level, Hindus practice their religion by "doing puja, " making offerings and prayers to particular deities. While certain days and occasions are designated as auspicious, this form of worship can be performed at any time.

Buddhism is practiced in the Theravadan form. There are two primary Buddhist traditions: the Buddhism of Tibetan refugees and high-altitude ethnic groups with cultural roots in Tibet and the Tantric form practiced by Newars.

There is a strong animistic and shamanic tradition. Belief in ghosts, spirits, and witchcraft is widespread, especially in rural areas. Spiteful witches, hungry ghosts, and angry spirits are thought to inflict illness and misfortune. Shamans mediate between the human and supernatural realms to discover the cause of illness and recommend treatment.

Religious Practitioners. Many forms of Hindu worship do not require the mediation of a priest. At key rites of passage such as weddings and funerals, Brahmin priests read Vedic scriptures and ensure the correct performance of rituals. At temples, priests care for religious icons, which are believed to contain the essence of the deities they represent. They are responsible for ensuring the purity of the temple and overseeing elaborate pujas.

Buddhist monasteries train young initiates in philosophy and meditation. Lay followers gain religious merit by making financial contributions to monasteries, where religious rites are performed on behalf of the general population. Within Buddhism there is a clerical hierarchy, with highly esteemed lamas occupying the positions of greatest influence. Monks and nuns of all ranks shave their heads, wear maroon robes, and embrace a life of celibacy and religious observance.

Rituals and Holy Places. Nepal occupies a special place in both Hindu and Buddhist traditions. According to Hindu mythology, the Himalayas are the abode of the gods, and are specifically associated with Shiva, one of the three principal Hindu deities. Pashupatinath, a large Shiva temple in Kathmandu, is among the holiest sites in Nepal and attracts Hindu pilgrims from all over South Asia. Pashupatinath is only one of thousands of temples and shrines scattered throughout Nepal, however. In the Kathmandu Valley alone, there are hundreds of such shrines, large and small, in which the major gods and goddesses of the Hindu pantheon, as well as local and minor divinities, are worshiped. Many of these shrines are constructed near rivers or at the base of pipal trees, which are themselves considered sacred. For Buddhists, Nepal is significant as the birthplace of Lord Buddha. It is also home to a number of important Buddhist monasteries and supas, including Boudha and Swayambhu, whose domeshaped architecture and painted all-seeing eyes have become symbols of the Kathamandu Valley.

Death and the Afterlife. Hindus and Buddhists believe in reincarnation. An individual's meritorious actions in life will grant him or her a higher rebirth. In both religions the immediate goal is to live virtuously in order to move progressively through higher births and higher states of consciousness. Ultimately, the goal is to attain enlightenment, stopping the cycle of rebirth.

In the Hindu tradition, the dead are cremated, preferably on the banks of a river. It is customary for a son to perform the funeral rites. Some Buddhists also cremate bodies. Others perform what are called "sky burials," in which corpses are cut up and left at sacred sites for vultures to carry away.

Medicine and Health Care

Infant mortality is high, respiratory and intestinal diseases are endemic, and malnutrition is widespread in a country where life expectancy is fifty-seven years. Contributing to this situation are poverty, poor hygiene, and lack of health care. There are hospitals only in urban areas, and they are poorly equipped and unhygienic. Rural health clinics often lack personnel, equipment, and medicines. Western biomedical practices have social prestige, but many poor people cannot afford this type of health care. Many people consult shamans and other religious practitioners. Others look to Ayurvedic medicine, in which illness is thought to be caused by imbalances in the bodily humors. Treatment involves correcting these imbalances, principally through diet. Nepalis combine Ayurvedic, shamanic, biomedical, and other systems.

Although health conditions are poor, malaria has been eradicated. Development efforts have focused on immunization, birth control, and basic medical care. However, the success of all such projects seems to correlate with the education levels of women, which are extremely low.

The Arts and Humanities

Graphic Arts. Much of Nepali art is religious. Newari artisans create cast-bronze statuary of Buddhist and Hindu deities as well as intricately painted tangkas that describe Buddhist cosmology. The creation and contemplation of such art constitutes a religious act.

Performance Arts. Dramatic productions often focus on religious themes drawn from Hindu epics, although political satire and other comedic forms are also popular. There is a rich musical heritage, with a number of distinctive instruments and vocal styles, and music has become an marker of identity for the younger generation. Older people prefer folk and religious music; younger people, especially in urban areas, are attracted to romantic and experimental film music as well as fusions of Western and Asian genres.

The State of the Physical and Social Sciences

Universities are underfunded, faculties are poorly paid, and library resources are meager. Nepalis accord less respect to degrees from universities than to degrees obtained abroad and many scholars seek opportunities to study overseas or in India. Despite these limitations, some fine scholarship has emerged, particularly in the social sciences. In the post-1990 period, political reforms have permitted a more open and critical intellectual environment.

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Vinding, Michael. "Making a Living in the Nepal Himalayas: The Case of the Thakali of Mustang District." Contributions to Nepalese Studies 12 (1): 51–105, 1984.

—M ARIE K AMALA N ORMAN

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Education system in Nepal – Research Essay

Introduction

In my research essay, I explore the education system in Nepal. I am already aware that the education system in Nepal was based on home schooling and Gurukula, but since they become a democracy in 1951, they have made many improvements. It is my intention to find out what those improvements are.

Methodology

My main methodology will include reading written research on the subject from local libraries, University libraries, and trusted online resources. I will also research and read records and websites relating to trusted statistics. They have school and higher education, where a student has to apply for higher education as people have to in other countries.

A student gets a school-leaving certificate for completing school and getting their education. Grades 11 and 12 are considered higher secondary education, for which a student gets a certificate for completing by the HSEB, which is the Higher Secondary Education Board.

If you opt for higher education, then you may earn your bachelor degree, masters and PhD in a Nepal college. There is also vocational education that starts in lower school and allows a person to work towards a trade and get a “Technical School leaving Certificate”. Research

The first school in Nepal was made only for elite learners and was opened in 1853. More have come about since democracy broke out in Nepal, and again in 1971 when the country built its education department and started allowing and funding schools in Nepal.

In 1971, there was a literacy rate of 5%. There were also a total of 10,000 students spread across 300 schools. Now much of the population receives some sort of education and the number of schools, big and small, is 49,000. The adult literacy rate has jumped from just 5% to 60.3%.

Nepal has done a good job to come so far in such as short space of time, but there is still a long way to go. Poverty and social exclusion are two very big restraints on people and their ability to get a good (or usable) education. There are also more males getting an education than females. There are 46.3% of females getting an education, whereas there are 73% of males getting an education. These are very good figures and show that the government in Nepal has been working towards improving the education system in Nepal. Conclusion

The education system in Nepal is not as bad as it was, but there are still massive holes in their education system. They really need to up the pace if they want to get anywhere near to the quality levels of many other countries.

There are clearly more opportunities for students in Nepal these days than there was, and they have certainly created a good structure on which to build a good education system, but it needs a lot of work. Too many people are excluded from school because of poverty or social exclusion, and females are not getting as good of an education than male students are (especially since fewer females attend school).

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The Community Forest in Nepal Essay

Essay on community forest.

Community forest is the forest which is managed and conserved by the groups of people of any community. The Government of Nepal brought a program called community Forestry program few decades before. The goals of such program was to control the degradation of the forest and poverty alleviation from the community.

Table of Contents

Importance of community forest in Nepal

There are many forests in Hilly regions of Nepal. Different types of plants and animals are found in the forest. Different types of medicinal herbs, firewood, fodder and timber are found in the forest . These resources are utilised by the groups of people of the community which looks after that forest. Community people decides what to do and what not to do with those resources . They can sell those useful materials and can earn money. They can use money in the development of their community.

The resources obtained from the forest are utilised by community people . There is active participation of people in the conservation of the community forest . Community forest provides great economic support to the concerned community. The poverty can be alleviated from the community by effective utilisation of the forest.

Impact of community forest

Community forest of Nepal has played a great role on the environment. It maintains the ecology of the environment. The Biodiversity in the forest is maintained . Different studies have shown that biodiversity of community forest is higher than the biodiversity of non community forest. Endangered species of plants and animals are conserved . These species are increased in number by the community people. The ecosystem of the environment is maintained. Moreover, people also plant trees in barren land of community forest . Community people do not allow hunters to hunt any animals. They take great care of the forest.

Social impact

Community forest has great impact on the community. The people of the community either rich , medium or poor , all are involved equally for its conservation. Due to community forest , the participation of people in social activities has been increased. The problem of starvation has been removed from the community. People also get employment opportunity.

Conclusion of community forest essay

The goals of government to eradicate poverty and to conserve the nature are seemed to be successful by bringing the program of community forest . Community forest helps people to earn their livelihood . Hence, there is great impact of community forest on environment and people.

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Q. What do you mean by community forest?

Ans- It is the forest conserved and managed by the community people.

Q. Is there community forest in Nepal?

Ans- Yes , there is community forest in Nepal.

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The Fascinating Cultural Diversity of Nepal: Exploring the Ethnic Groups

Considering that Nepal ranks among the most culturally prominent nations, it is one of the most desired countries engulfed with an array of amazing people who practice and follow different religions and cultures. What makes the people of this Nation unique is not confined by its versatile demography but rather by its hospitality, tolerance of cultural differences and nuances of simplicity and peacefulness.

Nepal, revered for its diverse landscapes, inhabiting numerous natural and historical beauties, counts to serve all types of travelers' appetites. Whether you are a geek about historical monuments, arts and architecture of Nepal or are pivoted towards the natural charm, Nepal will serve you a fascinating pallet of courteously subtle and enigmatic gratification.

Nepal's fascinating cultural diversity has resulted from the traditionally flowing way of life of the people in this Nation. Shared in an eloquent pattern from generations, it is with great pride people in Nepal showcase their culture and the ancient craft of living.

Despite being a geographically small nation, Nation exhibits a dash of diversity in all regions, including ethnicity, religion, geography and tradition, adding to its versatility and opulence. Formed with millennials' passion, Nepal's cultural diversity and its traditional constituents are formulated by values, ethnic assimilation, and social and tribal community. One can witness the reflection of these values in its folk and traditional music, art, literature, dance, language and folklore.

What Nepalese are coping with representing is the harmonized constituent of the Nation's wealthy and diversified civilization.

The Fascinating Cultural Diversity of Nepal: Exploring the Ethnic Groups That Define the Nation’s Rich Heritage

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The fascinating cultural diversity of Nepal previews insights into infused ethnical influences and cultural amalgamation of Tibeto-Mongolian and Indo-Aryan influences paved through an illustrious history of conquest, trade and migration. Over the years, the nation has manifested its distinct taste and style, symbolizing various Buddhist and Hindu sources. The cultural diversity of numerous tribal, ethnic, and social groups pertaining to residing in different altitudes has built its unique draft of philosophies, art and craft, folktales, festivities and celebrations, transitioned subtly over the period.

Nepal is abode to over 125 ethnic groups, beckoning to allocate its supple characteristics significantly shaping the nation's culture, economy and politics.

Prominent Ethnic Groups in Nepal

Delineated using ethnic identity, language and caste system, Nepal is a garland of Ethnic diversity, constituting the prominent groups being Chettri, Brahman, Magar, Tharu, Tamang, and Newar, to name a few.

The total aggregate population of Nepal is 30 million, out of which over 3 million are employed in foreign, mostly constituting male labourers.

Chhetri (Khas)

The Nepali speakers of the Khas community are the most renowned ethnic group in Nepal, constituting 16.6% of the total population.

Descendents of medieval Indian migrants, the Chettris are renowned as administrators, military elites, and governers, shaping the destiny of the Khas Kingdom and the formidable Gorkha Kingdom that eventually unified Nepal. Their nobility flourished, permeating the civil administration and governance.

The major highlight of Nepalese Chetri society has been the ruling Shah dynasty (1768-2008), Pande Family, the Basnyat family, the Thapa family and the Rana Prime Ministers (1846-1953).

Bahun (Hill)

The Nepali speakers of the Bahun community are the second most populous group, with 12.2% of Nepal’s population, according to the 2011 Nepal census.

Emerging as a revered Varna, a different community whose roots intertwine with the majestic Himalayan belt of South Asia. Their reverence shines in the pages of history, which are mysteriously embodied as the essence of tradition and spirituality in Nepal’s cultural tapestry.

Bahuns have been known for their ascension of remarkable feasts, boasting a staggering 39.2% civil service representation despite their 12.1% population in the nation. They are ranked among the highest in the country, with a civil service ratio of 3.2 times, in contrast to Chetr’s 1.6 times.

Madhesi People

The Madhesi People of Nepal take up the third place at 12.07% of the ethnic community in the Nepal context.

The term “Madhesi” encompasses numerous cultural groups, including Hindu caste groups, Marwaris, Dalits and indigenous communities like Bhojpuris, Awadhis, Maithilis, and Bajjikas.

Due to the shared cultural traditions and familial ties with their neighbouring counterparts across the border in Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Bihar, the Madhesi people possess a rich heritage expanding to encompass all citizens of the Terai regions of Nepal. 

The Newars are one of the most renowned and eminent ethnic communities deeply intertwined in the fabric of Hinduism and Buddhism in Nepal. They have fostered a sophisticated urban civilization as the proud custodians of Nepal’s religion, culture and society.

 Newar consistently ranks Nepal’s most economically and socially advanced community, identified by the Human Development Index with a vibrant population of 1,321,933.

Exploring the Traditions, Festivals, and Customs of Ethnic Communities of Nepal

Glaring away from the sublimity of the Mountains and bounded natural resources of Nepal, we ponder the insightful cultural resonance of Nepalese people pertaining to their customs, traditions, cultural norms and ethics. Despite being a relatively small country, Nepal has a magnanimous directory of religious connotations, festivities, and cultural events dating back to ancient mythology and epics.

The result of divergent ethnic backgrounds and practices forms diversity in beliefs and culture. But the hearts that beat Nepali unites people from all over the region in celebrating the auspiciousness and splendor of significant festivals.

The vivid festivals celebrated in this nation are the epitome of the distinct cultural diversity of Nepal. Let us take a proximal outlook on Nepal’s diversity through the festivals celebrated in this domain.

Dashain and Tihar

The grandest and the most eminent festival celebrated in Nepal is the Dashain and Tihar, during the month of September and October in the Gregorian calendar.

Dashain, steeped in Hindu mythology, commemorates the triumphant victory of Goddess Durga over the malevolent Mahishasura. Conversely, Tihar embraces the radiance of lights and colours dedicated to Goddess Laxmi, the embodiment of prosperity and wealth.

Beyond the confines of faith, Dashain and Tihar symbolize unity, heritage, and the universal desire for happiness and abundance.

Buddha Jayanti

Marking the birthday of Lord Buddha, Buddha Jayanti is celebrated on the whole moon night of either May or June. Born in the sacred lands of Lumbini in 623 BC as a prince of the Shakya dynasty, now settled in the Kapilvastu district, the legacy of Buddha infuses the air.

On this auspicious day, you can observe Nepal coming to life with jubilation, commemorating the profound teachings and noble path set forth by the enlightened one. One can witness devotees, peace seekers and Buddhist communities flocking towards pilgrimage to Lumbini and Buddhist pilgrimage sites to honour the birth of their revered master.

It is this time of the year you can sit and contemplate the radiating divine energy flourishing in the adorned Monasteries, gumbas and chaityas and observe countless visitors paying their homage and bask in the festival's spirit.

As the vibrant autumn season dawns upon the enchanting land of Nepal, a joyous festival known as Jatra takes centre stage, spanning an exhilarating eight days in September.

This auspicious occasion marks the celestial descent of Indra, the revered King of Heaven, as depicted in Hindu mythology.

The festivities commence with the majestic erection of a majestic wooden pole, crafted from the finest pine, standing tall in Basantapur Square, a revered site before the ancient Hanuman Dhoka Palace.

Amidst an atmosphere brimming with excitement, the grand procession unfolds, with the revered Living Goddess Kumari adorning her chariot gracefully parading through the streets of Kathmandu.

The streets come alive as crowds gather, enchanted by the mesmerizing spectacle, accompanied by the rhythmic dance of masked performers known as Lakheys, captivating the hearts of thousands of awe-struck spectators.

Fagun Purnima (Holi)

Fagun Purnima, also known as Holi (the festival of colours), emerges as a joyful celebration of Hindu mythology in the kaleidoscope of Nepalese festivals.

Derived from the name of the mythical demoness Holika, this vibrant festival symbolizes the triumph of good over evil. Legends narrate the tale of Prahalad, a devout devotee of Lord Vishnu, whose father, the demon king Mahisasur, considered him a mortal enemy.

Enraged, the king ordered his fire-immune sister, Holika, to eliminate Prahalad. However, divine intervention prevailed, as Holika perished in the same flames she intended to engulf the boy while he emerged unscathed.

Holi embraces a spirit of mirth, colours, and unbridled happiness to commemorate this miraculous event.

Falling in late February or early March, this festival has transcended cultural boundaries, captivating the hearts of both locals and tourists alike with its infectious zest for life.

From Mountains to Plains: Discovering Nepal’s Rich Tapestry of Ethnic Diversity

From the deepest gorge in the world, Kali-Gandaki” to the tallest point on the planet, Mt. Everest, Nepal has it all; diverse climate, outstanding bio-diversity, multi-lingual society, and a plethora of people scattered all over the tumultuous geography of the domain. According to anthropologists, Nepal is divided into 60 ethnic groups comprising various shades of clan, tribe, race and case. Among these groups, Many have their distinct language, whereas Nepali is almost spoken in the entire region of the nation.

Ethnic Groups found in the Hill and Mountainous Regions

The hilly region comprises 29.5 per cent of the total area of Nepal. It is in such mesmerizing hills the presence of the Tamang community graces every wanderlust trekker, incorporating a vital part of the region's cultural tapestry.

Rooted in their heritage, the Tamangs carry the essence of their Tibetan origins, their language resonating with the beauty of the Tibeto-Burman lineage. Embracing a rich history, Tamang lore speaks of their migration to Nepal as valiant Tibetan cavalry troops during the era of Genghis Khan.

While their spiritual path finds solace in Tibetan Buddhism, the Tamangs have forged a unique practice devoid of traditional monks, nuns, or monasteries.

Their existence emanates a profound sense of resilience and authenticity, weaving their emotional narrative into Nepal's diverse cultural landscape.

The frequency of Tamang people is highest in Nepal's Rasuwa, Makwanpur and Nuwakot districts.

The Himalayan region comprises 15 per cent of the total area of Nepal. Within the tapestry of Nepal's ethnic mosaic, one group stands out with unparalleled fame—the Sherpas, though their numbers constitute a mere fraction of the population.

Often misunderstood by foreigners, the term "Sherpa" is mistakenly used to refer to all porters, obscuring the distinct identity of these remarkable individuals.

Originating from the beautiful regions of Solu Khumbu and Helambu, the Sherpas have ascended to global recognition since the pioneering climbing expeditions of the 1950s.

Renowned for their unparalleled mountaineering skills and unwavering resilience as high-altitude porters, the Sherpas embody the spirit of the Himalayas, encapsulating the indomitable human spirit that conquers the towering peaks with steadfast determination.

The frequency of Sherpa people is prominent in the eastern regions of Nepal, like Solu and Khumbu and some in the Rolwaling and Helambu regions north of Kathmandu.

Nestled amidst the awe-inspiring expanse of the Annapurna region and prominent settlements in the east, a warm encounter awaits with the Gurungs—a Mongoloid community whose lineage extends to the captivating realms of Tibet.

The Gurungs, endowed with a rich heritage, find their purpose not only in serving the noble Nepal army and police but also in the esteemed Gurkha regiments of the British and Indian armies. Their unwavering dedication and prowess have earned them a reputation that resonates across borders.

Engaging with the Gurungs is an opportunity to witness firsthand the resilience and valour embedded in their cultural fabric, leaving an indelible impression of their remarkable contributions and inspiring legacy.

Plains: A Harmonious Melting pot

Descending from the mountains to the fertile plains of the Terai, we enter a different realm of ethnic diversity. Here, the vibrant traditions of the Tharus, with their deep connection to the land and unique craftsmanship, enchant visitors.

The Madhesis, with their roots reaching across the border to India, bring a fusion of cultural influences that add depth to Nepal's ethnic tapestry. The harmonious coexistence of Hindu caste groups, Muslims, and indigenous people paints a captivating picture of unity amidst diversity.

Linguistic and Religious

The country is unified over 125 different ethnolinguistic groups, whereas the official language spoken in Nepal is Nepali, a relative of Hindi spread and practised by 45% of the total population. However, this does not leave travellers barren, as English is a generally spoken language in Nepal, which comes with a bit of an accent. However, if you are able to communicate in English, you can easily find the next person in Nepal who speaks English or can aid in understanding and responding to your basic requests and queries.

As we have discussed earlier, Nepal's predominantly adopted religion is Hindu, which is about 80% of the total population; other equally significant religions in Nepal include Buddhism, Muslim, and Christianity, to name a few.

Buddhism, being a minority religion at around 10%, Practice of Buddhism is revered and taken very sincerely throughout the reign, although its inception was from the domain.

Unity in Diversity: A Lesson to Embrace

The rich tapestry of Nepal's ethnic diversity is a testament to its people's resilience and adaptability. Despite the geographical and cultural differences, a sense of unity prevails, strengthening the nation's social fabric. The interweaving threads of different ethnic communities form a cohesive whole where acceptance and mutual respect thrive. Nepal stands as an example to the world, showcasing the harmonious coexistence of diverse ethnicities and inspiring us to celebrate our differences.

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Accord ISSUE 26       March 2017

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• Introduction: Two steps forward, one step back
• Nepal's war and political transition: a brief history
• Section 1: Peace process
• Stability or social justice?
• Role of the citizen in Nepal's transition: interview with Devendra Raj Panday
• Preparing for another transition?: interview with Daman Nath Dhungana
• Architecture of peace in Nepal
• International support for peace and transition in Nepal
• Transitional justice in Nepal
• Transformation of the Maoists
• Army and security forces after 2006
• People’s Liberation Army post-2006: integration, rehabilitation or retirement?
• Post-war Nepal - view from the PLA: interview with Suk Bahadur Roka
• PLA women's experiences of war and peace: interview with Lila Sharma
• Looking back at the CPA: an inventory of implementation
• Section 2: Political process
• Legislating inclusion: Post-war constitution making in Nepal
• Comparing the 2007 and 2015 constitutions
• Political parties, old and new
• Electoral systems and political representation in post-war Nepal
• Federal discourse
• Mapping federalism in Nepal
• Decline and fall of the monarchy
• Local governance and inclusive peace in Nepal
• Section 3: Inclusion
• Social movements and inclusive peace in Nepal
• Post-war armed groups in Nepal
• Secularism and statebuilding in Nepal
• Justice and human rights: interview with Mohna Ansari
• Gender first: rebranding inclusion in Nepal
• Inclusive state and Nepal’s peace process
• Inclusive development: interview with Shankar Sharma
• Backlash against inclusion
• Mass exodus: migration and peaceful change in post-war Nepal
• Section 4: Conclusion
• Uncertain aftermath: political impacts of the 2015 earthquakes in Nepal
• Conclusion More forward than back?: next steps for peace in Nepal
• Chronology of major political events in contemporary Nepal

Issue editors Deepak Thapa and Alexander Ramsbotham review the decade-long transition since the 2006 Comprehensive Peace Accord and consider whether Nepal is indeed post-conflict, or if the last ten years of fractious politics and episodic violence represent simply another phase of struggle. Regardless, they argue that the war and the peace process have brought significant change to Nepal’s social and political landscape, even if social justice remains a way off for many Nepalis outside the prevailing elite.

Peace by chance?

The manner in which the Maoist insurgency ended – with the removal of the monarchy – was far from inevitable. Indeed, chance was a recurrent motif in political developments in Nepal stretching from the early 1990s all the way to the 2006 CPA, facilitated by the capriciousness of the political parties and power struggles among political leaders. Nearly all the principal actors involved in the end of the war did little to address the insurgency in its early stages, and their paramount role in winding it down was not so much a deliberate strategy as following the old maxim that ‘the enemy of my enemy is my friend’.

Internal tussles in the Nepali Congress (NC) in particular accompanied significant developments in the Maoist conflict and how it ended. Factionalism began after the 1991 election, in which the NC won a majority. The three and a half years of the Girija Prasad Koirala-led government was the longest any had lasted in the post- 1990 period, but the latter stages were marred by bitter infighting. After losing a parliamentary vote in mid-1994, rather than step down, Koirala dissolved parliament in order to rein in his party’s dissidents. Significantly, this also spelt an end to parliamentary politics for the third largest force in the House of Representatives – the United People’s Front, the political wing of the semi-underground far-left party, a faction of which evolved into the insurgent Communist Party of Nepal–Maoist (CPN-M).

Koirala’s call for mid-term polls turned out to be a miscalculation. The NC was beaten by the CPN–Unified Marxist-Leninist (UML), but with only a plurality of parliamentary seats, the minority UML government lasted just nine months. Its removal set in motion a process of extremely unstable politics that saw a number of coalition governments, a situation that suited the Maoists and their budding insurgency very well.

The NC came back to power with a majority in 1999 and Koirala began his third term as prime minister in 2000. Factionalism was by now more or less institutionalised in the party and Sher Bahadur Deuba emerged as the leader of the anti-Koirala faction of the NC. Within a year of Koirala’s return to power, the Maoists clearly began favouring Deuba as someone with whom they could do business. Deuba had been prime minister when the insurgency began, but he had also been appointed to a committee to seek ways to bring a peaceful solution to the Maoist conflict.

The Deuba-Maoist detente played out in the 2001 ceasefire. However, when the Maoists quite suddenly resumed fighting, Deuba unleashed the full might of the state against the rebels, deploying the army for the first time. Now it was Koirala who moved closer to the Maoists, pressing for an end to the state of emergency in place at the time. The Koirala-Deuba feud ultimately resulted in Deuba dissolving parliament, just as Koirala had done nine years earlier. But, this time Deuba was expelled from the party, and he responded by splitting the NC itself.

In the meantime, the monarchy had become much more prominent in politics. King Gyanendra pounced on the opening provided by the disarray in the NC and the absence of parliament, but over the first years of his reign he managed to thoroughly alienate the political parties. The Maoists had hoped to exploit this gulf by striking a deal with Gyanendra, but the February 2005 royal takeover ensured an end to all overtures they had been making towards the king.

The king’s manoeuvres succeeded in bringing the parties and the Maoists to the realisation that their principal adversary was the palace. New Delhi also felt let down by the king studiously ignoring the long-held Indian position on what it viewed to be the twin pillars of political stability in Nepal: multiparty democracy and constitutional monarchy. The king’s snub came at a time when India had thrown itself firmly into the fight against the Maoists, such as by providing much-needed materiel to the Nepali Army. And although India had not realised the depth of popular anger against the palace, it had no choice but to go along with events that unfolded in the wake of the second People’s Movement and the complete sidelining of the monarchy.

Thus, political one-upmanship created the conditions for the Maoist movement to take off. But, its continuation over a decade also laid the foundations for the end of the conflict and the entry of the Maoists into mainstream politics.

Peace through inclusion

The government and political parties sought to undercut the Maoists’ progressive agenda with the introduction of a number of competing measures for reform. Many of these were what various social movements had long been agitating for. Steps such as the formation of the Committee for the Neglected, Oppressed and Dalit Class and the National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities were taken partly in response to pressure from social activists. But the insurgency brought home the depth of dissatisfaction with the status quo.

The Maoist movement pushed successive governments into adopting ever more inclusive provisions. Hence, while the Deuba government in 2001 had responded with a National Dalit Commission and the National Women’s Commission, among others, within a few years the idea of affirmative action policies had more or less become the accepted norm. The Maoists, too, were taken to task over the issue of inclusion, for despite their demands for gender equality, not a single woman was involved in their five- member negotiating team for the 2003 ceasefire.

By the time of the 2006 People’s Movement, it had been generally recognised that the state would have to become much more inclusive. The notion of state restructuring outlined in the CPA was clearly meant to accomplish that, but the momentum granted by the People’s Movement extended much further. When the First Madhes Movement erupted in early 2007, the public discourse was overwhelmingly in favour of Madhesis with a general excoriation of the state for the long subjugation they had experienced, and calls for addressing the sources of their dissatisfaction. Likewise, when the government later introduced reservations in elections and also in public sector jobs, the move met with hardly any opposition.

Such government policies have been instrumental in sustaining peace in the long term. The form of federalism may have been contested but despite misgivings expressed by more than a few influential people, there have been no considered attempts so far to roll back the achievements made towards a more inclusive state, whether through job reservations or electoral quotas – although the recent reduction of the number of seats to be elected through proportional reservations in the federal and provincial legislatures is considered by many to be exclusionary, as are steps such as the narrow definition provided for secularism, among others.

The integration of the Maoists into competitive politics may not have been achieved so easily had it not been for these measures. Their agenda was in part achieved even if their larger goal of a complete transformation of the socio- political structure could never be met, since the conflict was ended through a negotiated settlement with give and take from both sides. The core of the Maoist fighters who sustained the war against the state have been the most disappointed with the outcome. But, the training that had formed an intrinsic part of the party organisation, in which the military wing remained subservient to the political side, ensured compliance to all party decisions.

Peace and external support

While the push for greater inclusion came with the 1990 political change and was carried forward by the social movements and the Maoist insurgency, the government and its donor partners later became equally invested in supporting such an outcome. The government’s periodic plans in the 1990s had outlined ambitions to reach out to population groups that were increasingly being recognised as excluded from the development mainstream. But as the Maoist insurgency grew stronger and more widespread, there was a rising call from the donor community that it would also have to be countered by addressing the root causes of the conflict, which by definition meant opening up the state to greater levels of inclusion.

External actors have also had a more direct role in the unfolding of the peace process. Most consequential was the involvement of the United Nations, beginning with the Maoists’ initial response to the UN’s offer in 2002 to provide help in reaching a negotiated settlement to the conflict. For a group that had managed to isolate itself through its pronouncements (calling India ‘hegemonic’ and the United States ‘imperialist’) and its actions (killing Nepali staffers employed by the US embassy and targeting programmes funded by western countries, particularly by the US), an international guarantor was required for any agreement reached, not to mention for the Maoists’ personal safety.

But UN involvement would have been impossible without the acquiescence of India. The two countries routinely vilified by the Maoists, India and the US, had both labelled the CPN-M a terrorist organisation. India still clung to its ‘twin-pillar’ policy while the US had tried without success to effect a rapprochement between the palace and the mainstream parties. King Gyanendra’s obduracy slowly pushed India towards acceptance of UN involvement in bringing the conflict to a close. That the UN was even mentioned in the 12-Point Understanding signed in New Delhi in November 2005 is instructive of this change. Even earlier, India had gone along with setting up the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in Kathmandu. Established in May 2005, soon after the royal coup, its presence in the streets has been credited with the comparatively restrained response by the security forces during the April 2006 People’s Movement.

The UN Mission in Nepal (UNMIN) was deployed in January 2007 with the mandate to monitor arms, armies and the ceasefire, and to oversee the election of the Constituent Assembly. This limited mandate was primarily to allay Indian concerns. But contradictory interpretations of UNMIN’s role proved highly controversial over the four years of its tenure – on the one hand the failure to fully appreciate the specific tasks UNMIN had been given, and on the other the perception that the UN was somehow all-powerful. Thus, a meeting by the head of UNMIN with Madhesi leaders was criticised for overreach. At other times, UNMIN was accused of doing too little to rein in the Maoists. And the Maoists spoke out against UNMIN’s intrusive scrutiny of their activities. To its credit, UNMIN succeeded in seeing through the election to the 2008 Constituent Assembly, and even though the Maoist combatants were still in the cantonments by the time its mission ended, it preserved the peace between the two sides and laid the ground for the eventual disbandment of the Maoist army.

Over time there has been some concern about the direction the country has taken. Conflating the related but separate concepts of federalism and inclusion, influential sections in the government, the political parties and the media have pressured donors to ease off on the social inclusion agenda. Even India has not been able to make much headway in its call for a more inclusive polity. New Delhi’s position today is a far cry from the post- 2006 period, when it was viewed almost as an arbiter of Nepal’s fate, having stood with the political parties and the Maoists against the monarchy and enforcing an end to the second People’s Movement by leaning hard on the king. But, India continued with its political games, such as engineering the formation of a political party, the Tarai Madhes Loktantrik Party, to counter the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum Nepal, which was viewed as being too independent with its own power base. It coddled the NC and the UML, to act as a counterpoise to the Maoists and their radical agenda, only to realise later that the NC-UML combination is in general a conservative force, and that this conservatism would affect how they would deal with the grievances of Madhesis as well.

The fracas over the 2015 constitution, including the blockade at the border with India, and the tepid concession to Madhesi demands granted by the UML government with the first amendment to the constitution, has laid bare the limits of India’s power. There is no sign at the time of writing that the second amendment, introduced in November 2016 to further assuage Madhesis, is going to get anywhere. But although India has lost a lot of leverage recently, geopolitical reality dictates that New Delhi will always remain a major player in Nepal’s politics. And, the terms and conditions of that engagement that will be decided by political developments on the Madhes issue.

Whether one sees Nepal as post-conflict or in a new period of intense transition, it is clear that the war and the peace process have brought significant change. Communities on the periphery of Nepali politics and society – whether marginalised by culture, class, geography, gender or caste and ethnicity, or some configuration of these – have been at the centre of the struggle. But social justice is still a long way off for many Nepalis outside the prevailing elite. With the new constitution in place, which has been so symbolic as the culmination of Nepal’s transition ‘from war to peace’, advocates for inclusion may need to find new forums in which to negotiate change.

All authors and contributors

• Dr Alexander Ramsbotham
• Deepak Thapa
• Bishnu Sapkota
• Aditya Adhikari
• Mandira Sharma
• Jhalak Subedi
• Sudheer Sharma
• Chiranjibi Bhandari
• Suk Bahadur Roka ‘Sarad’
• Lila Sharma ‘Asmita’
• Krishna Hachhethu
• Dipendra Jha
• Sujeet Karn
• Kåre Vollan
• Krishna Khanal
• Gagan Thapa
• Bandita Sijapati
• Mukta S. Tamang
• Chiara Letizia
• Mohna Ansari
• Lynn Bennett
• Yam Bahadur Kisan
• Shankar Sharma
• Shradha Ghale
• Amrita Limbu
• Austin Lord
• Sneha Moktan

Accord Issue Issue 26

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• Essays on the Languages, Literature, and Religion of Nepál and Tibet

Essays on the Languages, Literature, and Religion of Nepál and Tibet

Together with further papers on the geography, ethnology, and commerce of those countries.

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• Brian Houghton Hodgson
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An English civil servant who worked in British India and Nepal, Brian Houghton Hodgson (c.1801–94) was also a specialist in Tibetan Buddhism. First published in 1874, this is a collection of his essays on nineteenth-century Nepal and Tibet, earlier versions of which had appeared in the Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society and two books of Hodgson's own, later updated for the Phoenix, a monthly magazine for China, Japan and eastern Asia. Diverse in coverage, the essays represent over thirty years' research. Those in Part 1 focus on Buddhism, covering religious practices, writing, literature, attitudes to Buddhism and the differences between Buddhism and Shaivism. The pieces in Part 2 explore other aspects of Nepal and the Himalayas, such as tribal culture, colonisation and commerce. Discussing a range of linguistic, cultural, sociological and economic topics, this collection remains relevant to scholars working in these fields.

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Frontmatter pp i-iv

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NOTICE pp v-vi

Contents pp vii-viii, list of additions and corrections pp ix-xii, part i - on the languages, literature, and religion of nepál and tibet, i - notices of the languages, literature, and religion of nepál and tibet pp 1-34, ii - sketch of buddhism, derived from the bauddha scriptures of nepál pp 35-65, iii - quotations from original sanskrit authorities in proof and illustration of the preceding article pp 65-96, iv - european speculations on buddhism pp 96-101, v - remarks on m. remusat's review of buddhism pp 102-110, vi - note on the inscription from sárnáth pp 111-114, vii - notice of ádi buddha and of the seven mortal buddhas pp 115-120, viii - note on the primary language of the buddhist writings pp 120-126, ix - a disputation respecting caste by a buddhist pp 126-133, x - on the extreme resemblance that prevails between many of the symbols of buddhism and saivism pp 133-139, xi - the pravrajyá vrata or initiatory rites of the buddhists, according to the pújá khanda pp 139-146, i - on the physical geography of the himálaya pp 147-174, ii - on the aborigines of the himálaya pp 175-182, iii - origin and classification of the military tribes of nepál pp 183-190, iv - on the chepang and kusunda tribes of nepál pp 191-200, v - cursory notice of náyakot and of the remarkable tribes inhabiting it pp 201-210, vi - on the tribes of northern tibet and of sifan pp 211-230, vii - on the colonization of the himálaya by europeans pp 231-238, viii - on the commerce of nepál pp 239-266, index pp 267-269, altmetric attention score, full text views.

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Flooding and Landslides Kill at Least 15 in Nepal

In this monsoon season, so far there have been more than 60 weather-related fatalities. With roads cut off and more rain expected, the toll could rise.

By Bhadra Sharma

Reporting from Kathmandu, Nepal

Landslides and floods set off by torrential rains have killed at least 15 people in Nepal in the last 24 hours, officials in the small Himalayan nation said on Sunday, expressing fear that with further heavy rains expected, that number could rise.

Eighteen people were also injured in the flooding over the past 24 hours, and two are missing, said Dan Bahadur Karki, a police spokesman. Dozens of people were evacuated to safety, including some pulled from the rubble of their damaged homes.

Officials said the landslides had hampered vehicle traffic in most parts of a country where the terrain already makes travel difficult. Highways were damaged, as were the serpentine roads that connect cities with mountain villages. Military and police forces were deployed to help clear the roads.

Koshi, Gandaki and Bagmati Provinces, in the east and center of the country, were among the hardest hit. Weather experts predict that heavy rainfall could affect the remaining provinces as the rain heads west.

Nepal, which is among the places most vulnerable to climate change, routinely faces landslides and floods. Last year’s monsoon affected nearly 6,000 households, damaging homes and flooding fields. Since the beginning of the current monsoon season in June, at least 62 people have lost their lives, according to the country’s home ministry. Most of the deaths were because of flooding, but lightning was also a factor.

Political instability and widespread corruption have complicated a disaster response already short on resources.

The coalition government in Kathmandu is in disarray again, with a new alliance seeking to topple the current prime minister, Pushpa Kamal Dahal. If he is ousted, the country will get its second government since the parliamentary elections held in November 2022.