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This opulent Mumbai apartment is a case study in functional design

By Avantika Shankar

Photography by Niveditaa Gupta

Showcasing exemplary modular contemporary design, DIG Architects transformed a run-down 530-square-feet Mumbai apartment into a luminous luxury suite. Copper Cube Haus, which is located in an unlikely old building in the bylanes of Andheri, is a case study in creative problem solving, and an example of how good design is always ripe for the challenge. “The brief was pretty out of the box,” admits DIG Architects co-founder, Amit Khanolkar. The client is originally from Goa, but travels frequently, and has to transit through Mumbai very often. “He got tired of staying in hotels each time, and decided to get something of his own.” He acquired a small apartment in a nondescript building close to the airport, and was looking to convert it into a secondary transit home. “His idea was to create a kind of studio or lounge, where he could even conduct meetings from home,” says Khanolkar. The challenge, however, lay in making the most of the cramped, poorly-designed floor plan. “The apartment itself was a 1BHK, with a very linear layout,” explains Khanolkar. “The challenge was to open up the entire space, while making a bold statement at the same time.” Copper is the basis of the design palette, which is otherwise a wash of black and vitrified cementitious tiling. The copper cube, from which the project gets its name, is a copper sheet-clad kitchen unit that systematically partitions the living space and master bedroom. “We wanted to be somewhere in the vicinity of contemporary, dark, and a little industrial,” says Khanolkar. “The copper gets its importance because most of the materials around it are very muted.”

Copper is the basis of the design palette

In that vein, all architectural lighting was kept under 3000K colour temperature, which is yellow or golden, to give the copper its due. The result is a home that has the ambience of a plush hotel suite. “We try to be consistent in our design,” explains Khanolkar, “We know that with one or two materials, you can make a strong statement. It’s about designing responsibly.”

Living Room

The living room is furnished sparingly with a TV console, a sofa and a side table. In the centre, a table and arrangement of chairs doubles as a dining table or work-from-home table. A movable fabric screen, framed in aluminium, slides across the window—it functions as a curtain while allowing the overall volume of the space to appear seamless. A custom rug from Weavers Knot underlines the space, while a pendant light completes the arrangement. A large artwork, customised to compliment the volum etric theme of the house, provides a soft backdrop to the scene.

The focal point of the house is the kitchen, from which the project gets its name. The eponymous “copper cube” is a modular kitchen unit clad in copper sheets. The cube appears to be detached from the ceiling, thereby raising the visual height of the space and also making room for a ceiling-mounted air conditioner. All cabinets and shelves within the unit are also clad in copper sheets, and a copper inlay extends along the floor, thereby defining the cubic structure within the visual space. The front portion of the kitchen, which shares space with the living room, has been fitted with bar stools to provide additional seating. A slit in the middle offers visual connectivity between the kitchen and living room, making the unit appear more spacious. The walls around the cube are clad in black tiles that extend all the way to the master bedroom at the far end of the house. The top of the kitchen unit is wrapped in Barrisol, a fabric that distributes the light evenly across the copper surfaces. “It completely washes the copper and makes it more opulent,” explains Khanolkar, “The mood of the space is quite dark, so by using this Barrisol, we’re highlighting the primary theme, which is the copper cube.”

By Kriti Saraswat-Satpathy

By Aishwarya Khurana

By Alisha Lad

Master Bedroom

A sliding door, cleverly concealed within the kitchen cube, can be pulled forward to create a private master bedroom that includes the master bath. “The doors don’t take up circulation space,” explains Khanolkar, “They disappear into the walls, so there is no visual interruption.” The master bedroom appears almost like a framed tableau, a birch ply-clad cube that is set within a thick wrap clad in black. The wrap makes room for concealed storage, both around and within the cube of the master bedroom. A full length mirror, a ceiling-height shelving unit and drawers within the base plinth make up what will function as the dressing area. The birch ply cube is the sleeping unit, fitted with a modular bed and a built-in side table, the base of which can be opened for additional storage. As in the living room, the only window in the master bedroom can be accessed by sliding back a framed work of wall art. The TV wall opposite the master bed is a fluted surface that also opens out to reveal additional storage compartments. “Smaller houses require this kind of utility,” insists Khanolkar, “and every square inch of the space that is available for storage and utility has to be made use of.”

The master bedroom appears almost like a framed tableau

The birch ply cube is the sleeping unit, fitted with a modular bed  

The theme of black is fully realised in the master bathroom, which is entirely clad in a mosaic of black ceramic tiles. White grouting offers a stern contrast, and gives the space “a digital look,” as Khanolkar describes it. “We were very minimalistic in our design for this space,” he adds, “The mosaic itself, which is busy, does the job.” Black granite shelves and a black ceramic basin enhance the palette. Copper accents appear as towel rods and racks, and the countertop which is entirely clad in copper sheets.

The theme of black is fully realised in the master bathroom

By Arya Chatterjee

Photography by PHOTOGRAPHIX INDIA

Photography by Harsh Lodha

By Barry Rodgers

Photography by Stories in Motion

By Ashna Lulla

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In 1970, land values were shooting up in Bombay, which resulted in the acceptance of high-rise residential buildings for the developers. Charles Correa accepted one such project in Columba Hill, South Mumbai. He already explored his concepts in the unbuilt cosmopolis of 1958 and the Rallis Apartment leading to the realization of the Kanchanjunga Apartments. Through the influence of vernacular architecture, the design responds to the changing conditions of the climate coupled with the rapid urbanization in the city. Kanchanjunga Apartments is a 32 story residential building consisting of luxury apartments on each floor. This project was done in collaboration with Pravina Mehta as the associate architect and Shirish Patel as the structural engineer.

• Architect: Charles Correa
• Location: Bombay, India
• Completed on: 1983
• Building Type: Skyscraper multi-family housing
• Construction System: Concrete

The Problem

The location and climate of Bombay dispense architects with a dilemma in design. The east-west axis provides ample sightings of the Arabian Sea and the harbor with the added benefit of receiving all the sea breezes. The axis also harbors harsh afternoon sun and troublesome monsoon rains. The situation was unavoidable as the typology of the building is high-rise due to urbanization and high land prices. There was a need to seize the opportunities while carefully designing with limitations in mind.

The Solution

Correa used an indigenous approach to the spatial organization of a typical bungalow. The main living spaces with an enclosed verandah whilst turning that buffer zone into a garden, thriving on the problem. Because of climatic considerations with existing views, the massing settled upon a configuration facing east and west. Correa interlocked four different apartment units with small variations in levels on the floor leading to the eventual garden verandah suspended in the air. 32 apartments stacked over 28 stories form an interlock of 3 with 4 bedroom units and 5 with 6 bedroom units which reveal themselves through sheer end walls that support the cantilevers.

The Planning

The arrangement of apartments and the program of various units in the apartment is reminiscent of Le Corbusier’s Unite’ d’Habitation, with a difference of opening up as compared to horizontal corridors. There are two apartments on each floor with the tower core as vertical circulation, with split-level dwellings. The apartments vary from 180 to 420 square meters with bedrooms ranging from 3 to 6. All apartments have servant rooms that are directly connecting to the kitchen.

The interiors are detailing as compared to the simple exterior. Also, the double-height terrace differs from interior and exterior spaces. Within the flat, the users enlive with views of the city out of the living and bedrooms and terraces.

The Structure and Construction of Kanchanjunga Apartments

The building is a 32-story reinforced concrete structure cantilevering 6.3 meters for the open terraces. The central core addresses the lateral loads while providing for vertical circulation (elevators and staircases). Majorly known for the first building in India constructed through a slip method, that is, construction of the central core before the peripheral structure. So the method was necessary to address the cantilevered terraces. And the floors connect the facade with the structural core. The dual concrete construction forms a tube-in-tube system adding to the stability of the whole tower.

Also, Read Aranya Low-cost Housing by BV Doshi

The style certainly is not rigid. It has both aspects of traditional vernacular style through the experience of a bungalow and modern style in terms of its exterior and form. The verandahs being interpreted as garden terraces for each unit while incorporating concrete structure with the white panel areas show a fusion of the opposites that pioneer sustainable design integrated with indigenous environment controls. Therefore the style attracts and deserves attention to traditional interiors and modern exteriors.

 The Takeaway Features of Kanchanjunga Apartments

• 32 unique apartments with four kinds of flats ranging from 3 to 6 bedrooms.
• Shear end walls holding the cantilevered terrace while visually connecting the floors.
• The base of the tower is 21 square meters and height is 84 meters which makes it a proportion of 1:4.
• The double-height terraces are oriented against the sun to protect each apartment unit.
• Large openings and terrace gardens provide transparency.

Overall, the techniques and concepts to address problems and opportunities provided by the context were relatively new. The building still stands today and is visiting by countless architecture enthusiasts. Inhabitants also enjoy the lifestyle in the tower that merges two different worlds of styles that were the personality of the architect itself.

Also Read: Sheikh Sarai Housing by Raj Rewal, New Delhi

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3 BHK Apartment Interiors at Yari Road | Amit Shastri Architects

The Project:

Amit Shastri Architects & Interior Designer(ASA) is known for their detail-driven work with the crisp programming of lines and spaces. The client’s brother, who’d already been a client of the firm, was well acquainted with ASA’s work and had strongly recommended that his brother goes with ASA on this project. The 3-BHK apartment project had a precise brief: the owners lived abroad and this was to be their holiday home in India. They wanted a modern, contemporary space which would be easy to maintain, felt like a cosy home and yet had unique elements to make it stand apart.

Detailed Design Note:

The architect enjoyed a carte blanche in designing and execution of the home. The programme was evolved after studying the lifestyles and habits of the couple and their two school-going girls in detail. The intent was to create a design mark while optimizing the function of the space. The first step to the design was to carefully consider the space, purposefully design and position the furniture and derive efficient solutions integrating each element to form a part of the larger design.

Execution note:

This design concept was derived from the brief that this would be a holiday home and would be used to socialise while the family was in India. Function drove the design towards a comfortable decor with neutral colours featuring wood, veneer with natural polish and Italian marble. The only exception to the rule was the spunky girls’ room. A variant of veneers – such as fumed stripy oak in the living room, fumed eucalyptus in the guest room, dyed ash sage in the children’s room, dyed oak in the master bedroom – imbue the space with understated glamour.A wide range of Italian marble –grey Fresco , bronze Armani in the living room and white travertine in the master bedroom – heighten the richness, as do the frosted glass on the walls and Italian marble wall cladding.

All the furniture, including sofas and dining chairs, has been customised on site to make good use of every possible inch and add a unique grandeur to the interiors. Working on vertical and horizontal lines, mirrors have been strategically used as wall claddings to triumphing over the visual constraint of a rectangular space.A dynamic lighting palette with geometric patterns creates different moods for different occasions, thus rendering drama to space which sees a lot of entertaining.

With the focus on detailing and innovative utilization of materials, the architect successfully translated the brief into the reality of an elegant and luxurious holiday home within a tight span of 160 execution days.

Location: Yari Road Mumbai

Details of the space (area in sq ft): 1350 sft (3 BHK)

Concept & Interior Design: Contemporary Design

Principal/ Creative Director: Amit Shastri

Design Team: Hajra Sheikh

Photograph credits:  © Photographix | Ira Gosalia

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Filling Pieces exhibition by Flip Ziedses Des Plantes at Paris Fashion Week

Bird Flu (H5N1) Explained: Bird Flu Has Killed Dozens Of Dairy Cows In Multiple States, Report Says

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Here’s the latest news about a global outbreak of H5N1 bird flu that started in 2020, and recently spread among cattle in U.S. states and marine mammals across the world, which has health officials closely monitoring it and experts concerned the virus could mutate and eventually spread to humans, where it has proven rare but deadly.

A sign warns of a outbreak of bird flu.

June 6 Dozens of cows infected with bird flu have either died or been slaughtered in Colorado, Ohio, Michigan, South Carolina and Texas, which is unusual since—unlike poultry—cows cost more to slaughter and around 90% usually make a full recovery, Reuters reported .

June 5 A new study examining the 2023 bird flu outbreak in South America that killed around 17,400 elephant seal pups and 24,000 sea lions found the disease spread between the animals in several countries, the first known case of transnational virus mammal-to-mammal bird flu transmission.

May 30 Another human case of bird flu has been detected in a dairy farm worker in Michigan—though the cases aren’t connected—and this is the first person in the U.S. to report respiratory symptoms connected to bird flu, though their symptoms are “resolving,” according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

May 23 A new study with mice suggests that drinking infected milk can spread the disease—and that a certain type of pasteurization may not always be effective in killing the virus.

May 22 Michigan reported bird flu in a farmworker—the second U.S. human case tied to transmission from dairy cows—though the worker had a mild infection and has since recovered.

May 21 Australia reported its first human case of bird flu after a child became infected in March after traveling to India, though the child has since recovered after suffering from a “severe infection,” according to the Victorian Department of Health.

May 16 The USDA conducted a study, and discovered that after high levels of the virus was injected into beef, no trace was left after the meat was cooked medium to well done, though the virus was found in meat cooked to lower temperatures.

May 14 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released influenza A waste water data for the weeks ending in April 27 and May 4, and found several states like Alaska, California, Florida, Illinois and Kansas had unusually high levels, though the agency isn’t sure if the virus came from humans or animals, and isn’t able to differentiate between influenza A subtypes, meaning the H5N1 virus or other subtypes may have been detected.

May 10 The Food and Drug Administration announced it will commit an additional $8 million to ensure the commercial milk supply is safe, while the Department of Agriculture said it will pay up to $28,000 per farm to help mitigate the spread of the disease, totaling around $98 million in funds.

May 9 Some 70 people in Colorado are being monitored for bird flu due to potential exposure, and will be tested for the virus if they show any symptoms, the Colorado Department of Public Health told Forbes—it was not immediately clear how or when the people were potentially exposed.

May 1 The Department of Agriculture said it tested 30 grocery store ground beef products for bird flu and they all came back negative, reaffirming the meat supply is safe.

May 1 The Food and Drug Administration confirmed dairy products are still safe to consume, announcing it tested grocery store samples of products like infant formula, toddler milk, sour cream and cottage cheese, and no live traces of the bird flu virus were found, although some dead remnants were found in some of the food—though none in the baby products.

April 30 Wenqing Zhang, head of the World Health Organization's Global Influenza Programme, said during a news briefing "there is a risk for cows in other countries to be getting infected," with the bird flu virus, since it’s commonly spread through the movement of migratory birds.

April 29 The Department of Agriculture told Forbes it will begin testing ground beef samples from grocery stores in states with cow outbreaks, and test ground beef cooked at different temperatures and infected with the virus to determine if it's safe to eat.

April 24 The USDA said cow-to-cow transmission may be occurring due to the cows coming into contact with raw milk—and warned against humans and other animals, including pets, consuming unpasteurized milk to prevent potential infection.

April 18 Jeremy Farrar, chief scientist for the World Health Organization, said during a press conference the threat of bird flu spreading between humans was a “great concern,” since it’s evolved and has increasingly been infecting mammals (on land and sea), which means it could possibly spread to humans.

April 1 The CDC reported the second U.S. human case of bird flu in a Texas dairy farmer who became infected after contracting the virus from infected dairy cows, but said the person was already recovering.

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Can Bird Flu Spread Between Humans?

Bird flu doesn’t “transmit easily from person-to-person,” according to the World Health Organization. Bird flu rarely affects humans, and most previous cases came from close contact with infected poultry, according to the CDC. Because human-to-human spread of bird flu poses “pandemic potential,” each human case is investigated to rule out this type of infection. Though none have been confirmed, there are a few global cases—none in the U.S.—where human-to-human transmission of bird flu was thought to be “probable,” including in China , Thailand , Indonesia and Pakistan .

Is Bird Flu Fatal To Humans?

It is very deadly. Between January 2003 and March 28, 2024 there have been 888 human cases of bird flu infection in humans, according to a report by the World Health Organization. Of those 888 cases, 463 (52%) died. To date, only two people in the U.S. have contracted H5N1 bird flu, and they both were infected after coming into contact with sick animals. The most recent case was a dairy worker in Texas who became ill in March after interacting with sick dairy cows, though he only experienced pink eye. The first incident happened in 2022 when a person in Colorado contracted the disease from infected poultry, and fully recovered.

Is It Safe To Drink Milk Infected With Bird Flu?

Raw, unpasteurized milk is unsafe to drink, but pasteurized milk is fine, according to the FDA. Bird flu has been detected in both unpasteurized and pasteurized milk, but the FDA recommends manufacturers against making and selling unpasteurized milk since there’s a possibility consuming it may cause bird flu infection. However, the virus remnants in pasteurized milk have been deactivated by the heat during the pasteurization process , so this type of milk is still believed safe to consume.

Is It Safe To Consume Meat Infected With Bird Flu?

The CDC warns against eating raw meat or eggs from animals “confirmed or suspected” of having bird flu because of the possibility of transmission. However, no human has ever been infected with bird flu from eating properly prepared and cooked meat, according to the agency. The possibility of infected meat entering the food supply is “extremely low” due to rigorous inspection, so properly handled and cooked meat is safe to eat, according to the USDA. To know when meat is properly cooked, whole beef cuts must be cooked to an internal temperature of 145 degrees Fahrenheit, ground meat must be 160 degrees and poultry must be cooked to 165 degrees. Rare and medium rare steaks fall below this temperature. Properly cooked eggs with an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit kills bacteria and viruses including bird flu, according to the CDC. “It doesn’t matter if they may or may not have [avian] influenza… runny eggs and rare pieces of meat” are never recommended, Francisco Diez-Gonzalez, director and professor for the Center for Food Safety at the University of Georgia, told Forbes. To “play it safe,” consumers should only eat fully cooked eggs and make sure “the yolks are firm with no runny parts,” Daisy May, veterinary surgeon with U.K.-based company Medivet, said .

What Are Bird Flu Symptoms In Humans?

Symptoms of bird flu include a fever, cough, headache, chills, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, runny nose, congestion, sore throat, nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, pink eye, muscle aches and headache. However, the CDC advises it can’t be diagnosed based on symptoms alone, and laboratory testing is needed. This typically includes swabbing the nose or throat (the upper respiratory tract), or the lower respiratory tract for critically ill patients.

How Is Bird Flu Affecting Egg Prices?

This year’s egg prices have increased as production decreased due to bird flu outbreaks among poultry, according to the USDA. A dozen large, grade A eggs in the U.S. costed around $2.99 in March, up almost a dollar from the fall. However, this price is down from a record $4.82 in January 2023, which was also spiked by bird flu outbreaks . Earlier this month, Cal-Maine Foods—the country’s largest egg producer—temporarily halted egg production after over one million egg-laying hens and chickens were killed after being infected with bird flu.

Why Do Poultry Farmers Kill Chickens With Bird Flu?

Once chickens have been infected with bird flu, farmers quickly kill them to help control the spread of the virus, since bird flu is highly contagious and fatal in poultry. The USDA pays farmers for all birds and eggs that have to be killed because of bird flu, as an incentive to responsibly try and curb the spread of the disease. The USDA has spent over $1 billion in bird flu compensation for farmers since 2022, according to the nonprofit Food & Environment Reporting Network.

Is There A Vaccine For The Bird Flu (h5n1)?

The FDA has approved a few bird flu vaccines for humans. The U.S. has a stockpile of vaccines for H5N1 bird flu, but it wouldn’t be enough to vaccinate all Americans if an outbreak were to happen among humans. If a human outbreak does occur, the government plans to mass produce vaccines, which can take at least six months to make enough for the entire population. CSL Seqirus, the maker of one of the approved vaccines, expects to have 150 million vaccines ready within six months of an announcement of a human bird flu pandemic. Although there are approved vaccines for other variants designed for birds, there are none for the H5N1 variant circulating. However, the USDA began trials on H5N1 animal-specific vaccines in 2023.

Key Background

As of May 30, more than 92 million poultry (primarily chickens) in 48 states have been euthanized because of bird flu since 2022, and 57 dairy cow herds across nine states have tested positive, according to data from the CDC (unlike chickens, cows appear to recover from the virus). The USDA believes wild migratory birds are the original source of the cow outbreaks that recently has experts concerned it may mutate and spread more easily in humans, though the CDC said its risk to the public remains low . Farrar called the cattle infections in the U.S. a “huge concern,” urging public health officials to continue closely monitoring the situation “because it may evolve into transmitting in different ways.” The increased number of mammal bird flu infections since 2022 “could indicate that the virus is looking for new hosts, and of course, moving closer to people,” Andrea Garcia, vice president of science, medicine and public health for the American Medical Association, said . The first report of a walrus dying from bird flu was detected in April on one of Norway’s Arctic Islands, and the first U.S. dolphin infected with bird flu died back in 2022, according to a report published April 18. More than 10 human bird flu cases were reported to the World Health Organization in 2023, and all but one survived. Bird flu has devastated bird populations, and 67 countries reported the deaths of 131 million poultry in 2022 alone. Although bird flu typically infects wild birds and poultry, it’s spread to other animals during the outbreak, and at least 10 countries have reported outbreaks in mammals since 2022. Around 17,400 elephant seal pups died from bird flu in Argentina in 2023, and at least 24,000 sea lions died in South America the same year. Besides cattle, bird flu has been detected in over 200 other mammals—like seals, raccoons and bears—in the U.S. since 2022. Although rare, even domestic pets like dogs and cats are susceptible to the virus, and the FDA warns against giving unpasteurized milk to cats to avoid possible transmission.

On June 5, WHO confirmed the first human death of a strain of bird flu that’s never before been seen in humans and is separate from H5N1. A 59-year-old man in Mexico contracted H5N2, and died on April 24 after being hospitalized and developing a fever, diarrhea, nausea, shortness of breath and general discomfort. Cases of H5N2 have been reported in poultry in Mexico, but the man had no history with poultry or animals, WHO said. It’s unclear how he became infected. He was bedridden for weeks prior to the infection, and suffered from several other health conditions.

Further Reading

Another Bird Flu Variant Reaches Humans: What To Know About H5N2—After First-Ever Confirmed Death

WHO Warns Threat Of Bird Flu Spreading To Humans Is ‘Great Concern’ (Forbes)

One In Five Milk Samples From Across US Had Traces Of Bird Flu Virus, FDA Says (Forbes)

Can Pets Get Bird Flu? Here’s What To Know (Forbes)

Avian H5N1 (Bird) Flu: Why Experts Are Worried—And What You Should Know (Forbes)

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Record 46% of newly-elected Lok Sabha MPs facing criminal cases: Study

NEW DELHI: The 2024 Lok Sabha polls were historic not only in terms of the number of voters (64.2 crore), but also for the wrong reasons. A record 251 (46 percent) of the 543 newly elected members have criminal cases registered against them and 27 of them have been convicted, revealed an analysis done by Association of Democratic Reforms (ADR).

A total of 233 MPs (43 per cent) had declared criminal cases against themselves in 2019, 185 (34 per cent) in 2014, 162 (30 percent) in 2009 and 125 (23 percent) in 2004, the ADR analysis report revealed.

Among the 251 winning candidates this year having criminal cases against them, 170 (31 percent) face serious charges, including rape, murder, attempt to murder, kidnapping, and crimes against women. This is also an increase from 159 (29 percent) MPs in 2019, 112 (21 percent) MPs in 2014, and 76 (14 percent) MPs in 2009, the analysis showed.

The analysis also highlights specific cases among the winning candidates. It revealed that 27 winning candidates have declared they have been convicted in criminal cases. Four declared cases related to murder under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and 27 declared cases related to attempt to murder under Section 307 of the IPC.

Fifteen winning candidates have declared cases related to crimes against women, including two facing charges of rape under IPC Section 376. Four winning candidates have declared cases related to kidnapping and 43 have declared cases related to hate speech.

The winning chances for a candidate with declared criminal cases in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections stood at 15.3 percent.

Of the 240 winning candidates of the BJP, which emerged as the largest party in the 18th Lok Sabha, 94 (39 percent) have declared criminal cases, according to the ADR, which further said 49 (49 per cent) of the Congress’ 99 winning candidates have declared criminal cases and 21 (45 percent) of the Samajwadi Party’s 37 candidates face criminal charges. From the TMC, which won 29 seats, 13 (45%) declared criminal cases against them and 13 (59 percent) of the DMK’s 22, 8 (50 per cent) of the TDP’s 16, and five (71 percent) of the Shiv Sena’s seven winning candidates have declared criminal cases.

Sixty-three (26 percent) BJP candidates, 32 (32 percent) Congress candidates and 17 (46 percent) SP candidates have declared serious criminal cases against them, the ADR found in its analysis. In case of TMC 7 (24 percent) candidates, six (27 percent) of DMK, five (31 percent) of TDP and four (57 percent) Shiv Sena candidates face serious criminal cases, it further noted.

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Opinion: Electoral math - Why BJP couldn’t get simple majority in 2024

This election is a classic case study of how the opposition, which looked disunited and unprepared, could mount such a huge challenge..

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On June 4, the Bharatiya Janata Party, projected to gain a resounding mandate by pollsters, pundits, and the party itself, failed to make a simple majority in the Lok Sabha. It fell short by 32 seats, winning only 240 seats this time — a loss of 63 seats compared to 2019. The National Democratic Alliance won 293 seats. On the other hand, the Opposition, INDIA, did much better than initially expected.

The 2024 verdict ushered India back into the coalition era. The BJP now will have to keep in humour its two key allies, the Janata Dal (United)’s Nitish Kumar and the Telugu Desam Party’s N Chandrababu Naidu.

How could a leader of Narendra Modi’s popularity, who boasted the BJP crossing 370 seats, not take BJP past the halfway mark? This election is a classic case study of how the Opposition, which looked disunited and unprepared, could mount such a huge challenge.

Gains and losses

The BJP had maxed out in the northern and western parts of India, winning 81 and 65 per cent of the seats respectively in 2019. Its allies won 14 and 23 per cent respectively in these regions. The saffron party expected losses in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Jharkhand either because of maxing out or because of the fierce challenge posed by the Opposition.

The BJP hoped to make up for these losses in West Bengal and Odisha in the east, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in the south, and Uttar Pradesh in the north. It hoped to recoup these seats riding on the inauguration of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya. The Prime Minister also ran a spirited campaign in Tamil Nadu and Kerala in hopes of opening the BJP’s accounts in these southern states.

In 2014 as well, the BJP had maxed out in north and west India. In 2019, it lost 34 or 12 per cent of the 282 seats it had won in 2014, including seats reallocated to allies. These as well could be attributed to maxing out and can be classified as natural losses.

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Modelling tumours with experts in India to understand crucial cancer cell transitions

Dr Maria Secrier (UCL Faculty of Life Sciences) used UCL-IISc Strategic Partner Funds to collaborate with the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), to improve the modelling of cancer cells.

7 June 2024

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in a cancerous tumour is a process when the state of some cells change. When these cells change into the mesenchymal state, they can detach from the primary tumour, enter the bloodstream, and migrate to other organs and form metastasis, which are secondary cancerous growths. This leads to poorer outcomes in patients. Modelling the make-up of tumours in more detail is crucial to understanding this cellular behaviour, so that treatments can eventually be developed to target this.

Dr Maria Secrier has a research interest in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and uses computational tools such as machine learning and big data analytics to understand this further. She was contacted by Dr Mohit Kumar Jolly from IISc, who has expertise in mathematical modelling, and shares a research interest in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal process. Believing that collaborating could pool knowledge and push forward understanding in this field, they were successful in their application for UCL-IISc Strategic Partner Funds.

Bringing together knowledge about cancer cell plasticity

As a result of the funding, Maria and Mohit have been able to visit each other’s labs multiple times, along with PhD students and other members of their teams. This enabled them to discuss their areas of interest and knowledge, so they could develop joint research ideas. Together, they organised a symposium at UCL about cancer cell plasticity and systems approaches to tackling cancer cell plasticity. 

“This was a great opportunity to look into a topic that is currently emerging and quite unexplored in the context of cancer,” Maria said. “There's a lot of excitement in the field about it. We brought together a really diverse community of scientists working in cancer, as well as computational and data analytics. It helped us understand the opportunities and gaps in the field of cancer cell plasticity, as well as the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition more specifically, which is one process within the bigger framework.”

The symposium sparked a number of new collaborations, and feedback from attendees was very positive, with a lot of interest in making the symposium an annual event. The team is currently writing a review about the outcomes of the meeting. They also identified a need to use different computational approaches in their research on the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.

“Spatial transcriptomics is the main technique we’re working on together,” Maria explained. “This allows us to profile the entire cancer tissue. We can get a minute resolution of what’s going on within every single area of the tissue, understand what kinds of cells there are, how they interact with each other, and what molecular programmes are activated and deactivated. This is very important if we want to identify areas within the tumour that are more likely to resist treatment or lead to metastatic spread.”

Previously, it has only been possible to take a cancer tissue sample and profile all the cells together. This means there is no information about individual cells, just a general understanding of the tumour as a whole. “That masks a lot of the heterogeneity within the tumour,” Maria said. “Tumours are really diverse. You have cells that have a different genetic makeup or subpopulations of cells. These can activate different molecular programmes in different parts of the tumour. It means that you might be able to successfully target and kill one part of the tumour with a drug, but maybe another part of tumour is resistant to the drug, meaning some cells survive.” 

Getting a more detailed understanding of the different cells within the tumour will help doctors tailor treatments better. The intracellular modelling the team is working on will enable them to make predictions based on the behaviour of different cells. They are also trying to identify different biomarkers to help understand the therapeutic response. Ultimately, it will pave the way for the development of more therapies that can target those cancer cells that are most likely to initiate metastases.

Becoming experts in the field

“This work has enabled us to start positioning ourselves as experts in this field,” Maria said. “We've started to work in the spatial transcriptomics area through this work too. It's a very new field, and there is a real need for new methods that help us make sense of the data. Interest is growing quickly and we’ve gained a lot of visibility through this work.”

Maria is currently working on further grant applications to partner with Mohit and some of the other experts she met at the symposium. One recent successful grant application is enabling Maria to partner with Professor Francesca Ciccarelli at the Francis Crick Institute and Dr Matteo Cereda at the University of Milan, to host a workshop on the spatial biology of cancer in September 2024. The team is also working on some manuscripts for submission to academic journals.

“This funding secured through the UCL Global Engagement Office really does address a gap in the field,” Maria said. “There aren’t many opportunities to establish international collaborations. Our different areas of expertise mean I wouldn’t normally meet people like Mohit at the type of conferences I attend. This is really good seed funding to develop ideas into bigger projects. I’m very grateful to have received it.”

• Secrier Lab
• Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory
• Dynamic Plasticity Systems Direct Early Adaptation to Treatment in Neuroblastoma (relevant reading)
• Genomic and microenvironmental heterogeneity shaping epithelial-to-mesenchymal trajectories in cancer (relevant reading)
• UCL in South Asia
• UCL Faculty of Life Sciences
• Find out more about funding opportunities offered by UCL Global Engagement

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STUDIOS 90 Residential Building / Sanjay Puri Architects

• Curated by Hana Abdel
• Architects: Sanjay Puri Architects
• Area Area of this architecture project Area:  10400 m²
• Year Completion year of this architecture project Year:  2022
• Photographs Photographs: Ricken Desai
• Lead Architect: Sanjay Puri
• MEP : Seed Consultants
• RCC Contractor : Vijaytech Consultants
• Main Contractor : Shree Cement Ltd
• Design Team:  Prasenjit Debnath, Aditya Adep
• Client:  SHREE CEMENT LTD
• Fabricator:  Shree Cement Ltd
• City:  Kodla
• Country:  India

Text description provided by the architects. A composition of coloured cuboids create this sculptural residential project. The brief for these mid-rise buildings was to create studio apartments, a hostel & a guest house on the perimeter of a housing project for a residential township, to house the working people of a new cement plant.

Angularly stepped in the layout, each of the rooms are oriented towards the north in response to the hot climate of Kodla , Karnataka in India. Temperatures exceed 35°C for 8 months of the year in this region. Based on the brief, 18 studio apartments, 54 hostel rooms and 18 guest house rooms are created in 4 & 5 level buildings facing large landscaped areas & a large playground on the north east.

Common facilities including a cafeteria , games room, lounge & gym are housed at the ground level. Rooms opening into sheltered north facing balconies occupy the upper floors. Indian culture is known for its vivid use of color in traditional crafts, festivities & clothing. India is the only country that celebrates Holi, a festival of colour annually. 3 of these vivid primary colors – red, blue and yellow highlight the cantilevered balconies to each room creating an identity & simultaneously enhancing the sculptural look of the buildings. Built economically with emphasis on natural ventilation & natural sunlight, the buildings are very energy efficient. 

Fly ash brick walls, water recycling, rain water harvesting, north orientation, sheltered outdoor spaces to reduce heat gain render the design sustainable.  The entire electrical energy required is harnessed from the residual energy generated in the cement plant nearby. Studios 90 is a simple, energy efficient residential building that responds to its site, the climate of the location & alludes to the culture & social aspects of the users.  

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Project location

Address: kodla, karnataka 585222, india.

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STUDIOS 90 住宅楼 / Sanjay Puri Architects

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10 Low Cost Housing in India

Low-Cost Housing is a concept which deals with efficient budgeting and the following methods which help in decreasing the cost of construction through the usage of locally available materials along with upgraded skills and technology . There is a huge misunderstanding that low-cost housing is suitable for only low-income groups and they are built by using cheap construction materials . The truth is that Low-cost housing is achieved by proper administration of means. The economy is also obtained by completing the projects in phases.

India is facing a constant major difficulty due to the ever-increasing population of the country. India has the majority of lower-income groups, and today lower middle class can’t even afford their own house because of high construction costs. Such families save money all their lives and take loans so that they can buy their own house.

Here, you will discover 10 low-cost housing projects in India by using sustainable architectural measures. The methods and techniques incorporated have proven to be successful in reducing the negative environmental results of buildings by moderation through efficiency in the use of energy, materials, and the ecosystem at large.

1. Aranya Community Housing, Indore, India | Low Cost Housing

Aranya housing is designed by Architect Balkrishna V. Doshi . This housing settlement is 6 km from the city center. Aranya Housing that spreads in 85 hectares with 6500 houses for 60,000 people, was completed in 1989 with 1, 00,000 Sq.m of built-up areas. The concept of design is to facilitate social interaction. There are six sectors connected by a central spine. Toilets, water connections, drainage system are providing in each house. An open staircase is provided along. This innovative sites-and-services project is remarkable for its effort to unite families within a range of poor-to-decent incomes. The bright color façades show the colors of India. Ar. B.V. Doshi was awarded the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1996 for Aranya Housing.

2. Incremental Housing, Belapur, Navi Mumbai, India

Architect Charles Correa designed a perfect solution for affordable housing in Mumbai just 2 km from the city center. Housing is developed in 5.4 hectors for 550 families. Completed in 1986, housing is design in clusters of seven houses grouped together by an 8×8 meter courtyard with no single sharing-wall in housing. A well-planned hierarchy of interlocking and open to sky spaces provides a smart and affordable housing solution with all amenities that everyone can afford.

3. ATIRA Staff Housing, Ahmadabad, India

ATIRA housing is designed by Architect Balkrishna V. Doshi in 1957, for labors of textile industries in Ahmedabad . Designed series of roof brick arches offer this housing an incredible look. It is aligned north-south for less sun exposure. On the front and back of the houses, arches are extended to create verandah-like spaces. During summers, people use the verandah with a front-garden, to sleep.

Single room houses have movable partitions. Every house has a backyard with a toilet. All toilets are strategically placed for easy drainage.

4. CIDCO Housing, Parsik Hill, Belapur, India

CIDCO housing, at Parsik Hill, is designed by Architect Raj Rewal . This housing settlement of 9 hectares with 1000 units was developed in 1998. Because of the topography of the site, every block has a different shape and size. One and two-room units are designed in 20 to 100 sq.m area. A network of courtyards creates the desired micro-climate in housing. Roughcast plaster and handmaid tiles are cost-effective solutions with stone walls at ground level and honeycomb lattice on the roof for privacy.

5. LIC Housing, Ahmadabad, India | Low Cost Housing

LIC Housing is known as Bhima Nagar, designed by Architect Balkrishna V. Doshi, completed in 1976. Housing is developed in 4 hectares, with 327 units. This particular Housing houses three income groups. The building is pyramidal in shape with three-stories. Housing has duplex flats with terraces. It is cost-efficient with central sharing staircases and terraces.

6. Tara Housing, Delhi, India

Tara housing designed by Architect Charles Correa was constructed in 1978. Tara Housing is developed in 1.48 hectares, housing more than 125 units for middle-class families. Two and three-bedroom apartments are planned around a central courtyard, creating an attractive inner environment. Only pedestrian entries are allowed on the premises.

Parking lots are at the back of the housing. Every house has its own open terrace garden. The hanging portion creates barriers form the sun so, thereby creating shaded areas.

7. Chengalchoola Housing, Trivandrum, India

Chengalchoola housing is designed by Architect Laurie Baker , who is also known as the architect of the poor. This housing design is for the Kerala Housing State Board with over 700 dwelling units for lower-income groups.

Chengalchoola Housing has a proper internal road, drainage, and water supply network, providing every house with basic amenities. The main attraction of this housing is exposed brick walls which are cost-effective and energy-efficient.

8. Sheikh Sarai Housing Complex, New Delhi

Sheikh Sarai housing is the first experimental project of low-cost housing by the Architect Raj Rewal. Built-in 1982, it was developed in 35 acres with 550 units ranging from one to four-bedroom flat having 70 to 120 sq.m area. Grit Sandstone provides a facade that provides an elite look. This Housing has a garden in the center, running like a spine along with the network of narrow attractive streets.

9. HUDCO Courtyard Housing, Jodhpur, India

The HUDCO housing project designed by Architect Charles Correa was completed in 1986. Housing is designed for lower to mid-level income groups. Using the basic principle of architecture based on incremental housing of Belapur, with no shared walls. 176 Houses were later added by the Architect Charles Correa to these impressive developments. Local stone is used for construction. The load-bearing walls and flat roofs are traditionally constructed. Every house has its own enclosed courtyard because of Rajasthan’s hot and dry climate, to ensure comfort.

10. IFFCO Township, Kalol, Gujrat, India | Low Cost Housing

This housing is a part of the development of the Indian Farmers Fertilizer Co-operative Ltd. Developed in 21 hectares, it was built-in 1973, designed by the celebrated architect Balkrishna Doshi for different economical groups. There is compact residence planning with external common staircases and terraces covered with pergolas, which can be later used as storage. The project highlights rainwater harvesting, stormwater management , and biochemical waste disposal.

Divya Sonawane is an Architect with 2-year experience in the field of architecture planning, design, and execution. She loves to do new creative things. She has a passion for writing to inspire other people and give information about the latest trend in Architecture.

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