presentation of yemen

Yemen: A Brief Background

The world’s worst humanitarian crisis is unfolding in Yemen. Even before the current war, this desert nation on the edge of the Arabian peninsula, home to 28 million people, was already the poorest country in the Arab world. It wasn’t always that way, but Yemen’s complex history can help us understand the current conflict. Here’s a brief timeline showing how events and pressures have combined to devastating effect.

Early History

Yemen has played a small by significant role in world history. The Queen of Sheba in the Hebrew Bible and the Three Wise Men of the New Testament are traditionally linked to Yemen.  While coffee perhaps originated in Ethiopia, Yemen for centuries was the primary producer, exported through the legendary (and now flavorful) port of Mocha. For a while Yemen was doing so well that the Romans called the area “Arabia Felix,” flourishing (or happy) Arabia.

19 th Century: The Formation of Today’s Yemen

This is when the political contours of today’s Yemen really started to emerge, with distinct northern and southern regions, whose tribal, religious, and geographic divisions still complicate Yemeni politics today.

1839: As part of their Empire, the British set up a protectorate around the port city of Aden and rule southeastern Yemen.

1918: Shia imams declare a kingdom in North Yemen and gain independence from the Ottoman Empire.

1960s: A military rebellion and six-year civil war in the 1960s, in which Saudi Arabia and Egypt backed opposite sides, overthrows the kingdom and establishes the Yemen Arab Republic.

1967: The British leave southern Yemen, and the People’s Republic of Southern Yemen is created.

1970: The People’s Republic becomes the Marxist People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen, known as South Yemen, a client state of Moscow. Leaders in both north and south Yemen face periodic civil uprisings and restive tribes.

1990: The end of the Cold War a year earlier brings profound change in Yemen. Communist subsidies to south Yemen evaporate, and the two Yemens merge into one. Soon after unification, President Ali Abdullah Saleh provokes a crisis with Yemen’s Gulf neighbors and the United States by refusing to condemn Saddam Hussein’s August 1990 invasion of Kuwait.

1994: Simmering north-south tensions once more erupte, with President Saleh sending armed forces to crush a southern independence civil war. (The Southern Transitional Council, which in June 2018 seized control in parts of the south, grew out of this southern independence tradition).

The Threat of Terrorism

2000: 17 U.S. personnel are killed in the October bombing of the USS Cole in Aden, focusing international attention on a rapidly expanding terrorist threat inside ungoverned areas in Yemen in the form of an offshoot of Al Qaida known as Al Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP).

2004: As the United States and others push President Saleh to concentrate on fighting AQAP, Saleh launches a series of brutal battles, backed by Saudi Arabia, against northern Yemeni Zayidi Shia fighters known as Houthis, whom he accuses of separatism and of trying to impose their religious orthodoxy on the state. The Houthis, in turn, complain of discrimination and disenfranchisement under Saleh’s autocratic rule. (Yemen’s population is 40-45% Zayidi Shia, with Sunni Muslims making up most of the remainder. Zayidi Shi’ism is distinct from Iran’s Shi’ism.)

2008: Eighteen Yemenis are killed in a September 2008 terrorist attack against the U.S. Embassy in the capital Sana’a. Concerns grow about AQAP and the United States trains Yemeni counter-terrorism forces and uses armed drones to target suspected terrorist leaders.

2011: One such drone strike kills AQAP leader (and U.S. citizen) Anwar al-Awlaki. The policy of drone strikes draws criticism for resulting in civilian deaths. With Yemen’s civil war creating security vacuums in many parts of the country, AQAP remains a threat today and is the justification given by the United Arab Emirates and others for their troop presence in southern Yemen.

Fragmentation and Catastrophe

2011: In Yemen’s version of the Arab uprisings, protests in Sana’a initially concentrate on corruption and economic hardships. Demands for widespread government changes grow, fueled in part by casualties from the heavy-handed government response. Yemeni journalist and activist Tawakkul Karman becomes the face of the protests for her role in organizing demands for respect for human rights and is later jointly awarded the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize. Concerned about instability in their backyards, Yemen’s Gulf neighbors draw on U.S. support and their own financial muscle to persuade President Saleh to resign in favor of his Vice President, Abderabbu Mansour al-Hadi, in a transitional arrangement known as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) initiative.

2012: As part of the GCC initiative, Saleh receives immunity from local prosecution and Hadi runs unopposed for a two-year term as transitional president. Today Hadi, of course, remains president of Yemen’s officially recognized, but exiled, government.

2013: Backed by the Security Council and as called for in the GCC initiative, UN Special Envoy Jamal Benomar facilitates a Yemeni National Dialogue Conference (NDC), with participation from Yemen’s diverse political groups (including representatives from the restive south and the Houthi political party named Ansar Allah) and civil society.

2014: The NDC outcome is released and praised inside and outside Yemen as a model of compromise and of inclusive representation. Among other things, the NDC document extends Hadi’s term for a year to oversee conclusion of the transition and multi-party elections, gives 50-50 representation between north and south in a legislative body, and guarantees freedom of religion and a non-sectarian state.

2014: Houthi-Sunni clashes in the summer complicate implementation of the NDC outcome.  Popular protests sparked by a reduction in fuel subsidies erupt against the Hadi government in September, and the Houthis seize the opportunity to move militarily – thus breaking the NDC in which they had (reluctantly) participated. Allied with former President Saleh, their former nemesis, the Houthis quickly prevail.

February 2015: Hadi and his cabinet, after briefly being held hostage by the Houthis, flee to Saudi Arabia, leaving the Houthis in practical, if not legal, control of the institutions of the state.

March 2015: The Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen begins with the stated goals of reversing the Houthi military conquest of Yemen, restoring the Hadi government to Sana’a, securing Saudi Arabia’s southern border from Houthi raids and air-strikes, and preventing outside (e.g., Iranian) interference on the Arabian Peninsula.

April 2015: While not endorsing military action itself, the UN Security Council adopts Resolution 2216, endorsing the political goals of Houthi military surrender and return to UN-facilitated political talks.

Today: More than two and a half years later, Yemen’s war consists of several distinct but overlapping parts – Houthis vs. the Saudi-led coalition, Houthis against Yemeni Sunnis in places such as Ta’izz, a southern independence insurgency against both Houthi-controlled Sana’s and the Hadi government, an anti-terrorism campaign, and a Saudi-Iranian proxy war. With victory in any of these wars elusive, the losers are the Yemeni people enduring the world’s worst humanitarian crisis.

Respite will come when global and regional powers implement and enforce an end to hostilities, deliver protected, uninterrupted, and large-scale humanitarian assistance, and reach a political settlement that puts the needs of the Yemeni people first and foremost.

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War in Yemen

Center for Preventive Action

Fighting between Houthi rebels and the Saudi coalition that backs Yemen’s internationally recognized government has largely subsided , but Houthis have repeatedly attacked ships transiting the Red Sea in response to Israel's war on Hamas. Dialogue between the Houthis and Saudi Arabia, along with Iranian-Saudi normalization , has provided hope for a negotiated solution. However, talks have yielded little progress and have been punctuated by violence . The Southern Transitional Council (STC) has also renewed calls for an independent southern Yemeni state, complicating peace prospects, and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) attacks have surged . Meanwhile, the humanitarian crisis has not improved; 21.6 million people need aid, including 11 million children, and more than 4.5 million are displaced.

Yemen’s civil war began in 2014 when Houthi insurgents—Shiite rebels with links to Iran and a history of rising up against the Sunni government— took control  of Yemen’s capital and largest city, Sanaa,  demanding  lower fuel prices and a new government. Following failed negotiations, the rebels  seized  the presidential palace in January 2015, leading President Abd Rabbu Mansour Hadi and his government to  resign . Beginning in March 2015, a coalition of Gulf states led by Saudi Arabia  launched  a campaign of economic isolation and air strikes against the Houthi insurgents, with U.S. logistical and intelligence support.

In February 2015, after escaping from Sanaa, Hadi  rescinded  his resignation, complicating the UN-supported transitional council formed to govern from the southern port city of Aden. However, a Houthi advance forced Hadi to  flee  Aden for exile in Saudi Arabia. While he attempted to return to Aden later that year, he ultimately ruled as president in  exile .  

The intervention of regional powers in Yemen’s conflict, including Iran and Gulf states led by Saudi Arabia, also drew the country into a regional proxy struggle along the  broader Sunni-Shia divide . In June 2015, Saudi Arabia implemented a  naval blockade  to prevent Iran from supplying the Houthis. In response, Iran dispatched a  naval convoy , raising the risk of military escalation between the two countries. The militarization of Yemen’s waters also drew the attention of the U.S. Navy, which has continued to  seize  Yemen-bound Iranian weapons. The blockade has been at the center of the humanitarian crisis throughout the conflict. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have also led an unrelenting air campaign, with their coalition carrying out over twenty-five thousand  air strikes . These strikes have caused over nineteen thousand  civilian casualties , and from 2021 to 2022 the Houthis responded with a spate of  drone attacks  on  Saudi Arabia  and the UAE.

On the battleground, the Houthis made fast  progress  at the start of the war, moving  eastward  to Marib and pushing south to Aden in early 2015. However, a Saudi intervention pushed the Houthis back north and west until the frontlines  stabilized . A UN effort to broker peace talks between allied Houthi rebels and the internationally recognized Yemeni government  stalled  in the summer of 2016. In the south and east of the country, a growing al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)  threatened  the government’s control, though its influence has since  waned .

In July 2016, the Houthis and the government of former President Saleh, ousted in 2011 after nearly thirty years in power, announced the formation of a  political council  to govern Sana’a and much of northern Yemen. However, in December 2017, Saleh  broke  with the Houthis and called for his followers to take up arms against them. Saleh was killed and his forces were  defeated within two days . Meanwhile, Hadi and the internationally recognized governments faced their own challenge: the  Southern Transitional Council (STC) . Established in 2017, the STC grew out of the southern  separatist movement  that predates the civil war and controls areas in the southwest around and including Aden. A 2019  Saudi-brokered deal  incorporated the STC into the internationally-recognized governments, but the faction could still present  challenges .

In 2018, coalition forces made an  offensive push  on the coast northward to the strategic city of Hodeidah, the main seaport for northern Yemen. The fighting ended in a  ceasefire  and commitments to withdraw troops from the city; the ceasefire largely  held , but fighting continued elsewhere. Taiz, Yemen’s third largest city, also remained a key point of contention, having been  blockaded  by the Houthis since 2015. In 2020, the UAE officially  withdrew  from Yemen, but it maintains extensive influence in the country.

In February 2021, Houthi rebels  launched  an offensive to seize Marib, the last stronghold of Yemen’s internationally recognized government, and in early March, Houthi rebels conducted  missile air strikes  in Saudi Arabia, including targeting oil tankers and facilities and international airports. The Saudi-led coalition  responded  to the increase in attacks with air strikes targeting Sanaa. The offensive was the deadliest clash since 2018,  killing hundreds  of fighters and  complicating  peace processes.

Meanwhile, the conflict has taken a heavy toll on Yemeni civilians, making Yemen the  world’s worst humanitarian crisis . The UN  estimates  that 60 percent of the estimated 377,000 deaths in Yemen between 2015 and the beginning of 2022 were the result of indirect causes like food insecurity and lack of accessible health services. Two-thirds of the population, or 21.6 million Yemenis, remain in dire need of assistance . Five million are at risk of famine, and a  cholera outbreak  has affected over one million people. All sides of the conflict are  reported to have violated  human rights and international humanitarian law.

An economic crisis continues to  compound  the ongoing humanitarian crisis. In late 2019, the conflict led to the splintering of the economy into two broad  economic zones  under territories controlled by the Houthis and the Saudi-backed government. In the fall of 2021, the sharp depreciation of Yemen’s currency, particularly in government-controlled areas, significantly  reduced  people’s purchasing power and pushed many basic necessities even further out of reach, leading to widespread  protests  across cities in southern Yemen. Security forces forcefully  responded  to the protests.

Separate from the ongoing civil war, the United States is  suspected  of conducting counterterrorism operations in Yemen, relying mainly on air strikes to target  al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)  and militants associated with the self-proclaimed Islamic State. The United States is deeply invested in combating terrorism and violent extremism in Yemen, having collaborated with the Yemeni government on counterterrorism since the bombing of the USS Cole in 2000. Since 2002, the United States has carried out  nearly four hundred strikes  in Yemen. In April 2016, the United States deployed a small team of forces to advise and assist Saudi-led troops to retake territory from AQAP. In January 2017, a  U.S. Special Operations Forces raid  in central Yemen killed one U.S. service member, several suspected AQAP-affiliated fighters, and an unknown number of Yemeni civilians. Breaking from previous U.S. policy, President Joe Biden announced an  end to U.S. support  for Saudi-led offensive operations in Yemen in February 2021 and revoked its  designation  of the Houthis as a terrorist organization. In January 2024, the Houthis were  redesignated  as a terrorist organization due to their recent attacks on ships in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.

In April 2022, Yemen’s internationally recognized but unpopular president, Abd Rabbu Mansour Hadi,  resigned  after ten years in power to make way for a new seven-member presidential council more representative of Yemen’s political factions. Rashad al-Alimi, a Hadi advisor with  close ties  to Saudi Arabia and powerful Yemeni politicians, chairs the new council.

Though a six-month  UN-brokered  cease-fire officially lapsed in October 2022, both sides have since refrained from major escalatory actions and hostility levels remain low. Peace talks between Saudi and Houthi officials, mediated by Oman,  resumed  in April 2023, accompanying ongoing UN mediation efforts. However, concrete progress remains elusive , and the first official Houthi visit to the Saudi capital since the war began, on September 14, yielded nothing beyond optimistic statements. The discussions were reportedly centered around a complete reopening of Houthi-controlled ports and Sanaa airport, reconstruction efforts, and a timeline for foreign forces to withdraw from Yemen. Negotiations have also been overshadowed by the suspension of the only commercial air route out of Sanaa and a late September Houthi drone strike that killed four Bahraini members of the Saudi-led coalition.

Talks between Iran and Saudi Arabia in April 2023, mediated by China, have raised hopes of a  political settlement  to end the conflict in Yemen. The talks led to a breakthrough agreement to  re-establish  diplomatic relations and re-open both sides' embassies after years of tension and hostility. Iran’s UN mission said that the agreement could  accelerate efforts  to renew the lapsed cease-fire.

While hostility between the two warring sides remains low, AQAP’s political violence surged in May and June, reaching the highest monthly level since November 2022. Most of the violence has been centered around Yemen’s Abyan and Shawba governates, where AQAP has used drones and IEDs to target forces affiliated with the STC. In August 2023, AQAP launched an explosion that killed a military commander and three soldiers from the Security Belt Forces, an armed group loyal to the STC. Earlier that month, AQAP fighters killed five troops from another force affiliated with the separatist council. The recent use of drones by AQAP in Yemen’s south is likely an attempt to reassert its influence in the area despite its waning influence, and some speculate that this sudden and sustained use of drones signals external support. Additionally, AQAP has continued its anti-separatist efforts, with another attack in early October targeting and wounding five STC-backed fighters.

Three days following the October 7 attack on Israel, Yemen’s Houthi leader Abdel-Malek al-Houthi warned that if the United States intervenes in the Hamas-Israel War directly, the group will respond by taking military action. In mid-October, U.S. officials announced that the USS Carney downed several Houthi cruise missiles and drones fired toward Israel. The Houthis continued to launch several rounds of missiles and drones until it officially announced entry into the war to support Palestinians in the Gaza Strip on October 31. Houthi attacks of the same nature continued into November. On November 19, the Houthis hijacked a commercial ship in the Red Sea and have since attacked at least thirty-three others with drones, missiles, and speed boats as of late January 2024. As a result, major shipping companies have stopped using the Red Sea—through which almost 15 percent of global seaborne trade passes—and have rerouted to take longer and costlier journeys around Southern Africa instead. The situation has resulted in heightened shipping and insurance costs, stoking fears of a renewed cost-of-living crisis. In response to the consistent Houthi attacks in the Red Sea, the United States and United Kingdom carried out coordinated air strikes on Houthi targets in Yemen on January 11 and January 22. It is unclear whether the attacks will cease in the near future, with the Houthis vowing to persist in their military operations until a ceasefire is agreed to in the Gaza Strip and aid is allowed into the enclave.

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A timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict and war

A timeline of the Yemen crisis, from the 1990s to current day.

Saudi and Omani delegations have been holding talks with Houthi officials in the Yemeni capital Sanaa as Riyadh seeks to end its military involvement in the latest chapter of conflict in Yemen’s modern history.

Following is a timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict:

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Progress in yemen peace talks hailed despite prisoner swap delay, could talks in yemen end years of war, saudi, omani envoys hold peace talks with houthi leaders in yemen, saudi-led coalition lifts import restrictions in south yemen.

1990 : North and South Yemen unified to form a single state under President Ali Abdullah Saleh .

1994: In a civil war, Saleh prevents southern Yemen – angered by what it sees as its lower status – from splitting with northern Yemen.

2003-09: A Houthi group in northern Yemen protests marginalisation of the local Zaydi Shia Muslim sect, and fights six wars with Saleh’s forces and one with Saudi Arabia.

2011: Arab Spring protests undermine Saleh’s rule, leading to splits in the army and allow al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula ( AQAP ) to seize territory in the east.

2012: Saleh steps down in a political transition plan backed by Gulf states. Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi becomes interim president and oversees a national dialogue to draft a more inclusive, federal constitution.

2013-14: AQAP stages attacks across Yemen. The Houthis seize the capital Sanaa in September 2014 with help from Saleh and demand a share of power.

2015: Hadi tries to announce a new federal constitution opposed by the Iran-aligned Houthis and Saleh, who arrest him. He escapes, pursued by the Houthis.

Saudi Arabia, leading a coalition, intervenes in March, driving the Houthis and Saleh loyalists from Aden in south Yemen and from Marib, northeast of Sanaa. The front lines solidify, heralding years of deadlock.

2016: AQAP establishes a mini-state around Mukalla. The UAE backs local forces in a battle that ends AQAP rule there.

Hunger grows as the coalition imposes a partial blockade on Yemen, claiming Iran is smuggling missiles to the Houthis, which Iran denies. Coalition air raids that kill civilians prompt warnings from human rights groups, but Western support for the military campaign continues.

2017: The Houthis fire a growing number of missiles deep into Saudi Arabia.

Saleh switches sides but is killed trying to escape the Houthis .

2018: Coalition-backed forces advance up the Red Sea coast against the Houthis, aiming to take the port of Hodeidah, which handles the bulk of Yemen’s commercial and aid imports. A military deadlock ensues.

Peace talks are held in Sweden, the first in two years, and the warring sides agree to a truce and a troop withdrawal from Hodeidah. Work on a prisoner swap begins.

2019: The Hodeidah truce mostly holds but the withdrawal fails to materialise. Violence continues elsewhere.

The UAE largely ends its presence, while still supporting local allies – including southern separatists who seize Aden in August.

Riyadh brokers a power-sharing deal between separatists and Hadi’s government but implementation only begins in 2020.

2020: The Saudi-led coalition announces a truce prompted by COVID-19 but no progress is made to forge a permanent ceasefire and violence continues, although the warring sides do complete a prisoner swap.

An attack on Aden airport moments after a plane lands carrying the newly formed power-sharing government kills at least 22 people. Riyadh and Hadi’s government blame the Houthis.

2021: US President Joe Biden revokes the US “terrorist” designation place on the Houthis, while also ending US support for offensive coalition operations.

The Houthis intensify an offensive to seize gas-rich Marib, the government’s last stronghold in northern Yemen.

The UN and US envoys try to engineer a permanent truce and reopening of air and sea links to Houthi areas, but the warring sides resist compromise. Saudi Arabia and Iran launch direct talks, mostly focused on Yemen.

2022: Houthis extend missile and drone attacks to the UAE after Emirati-backed local militias battle the group in energy-producing Shabwa and Marib. Coalition warplanes pummel Yemen.

The US acts to boost the military capabilities of Gulf allies amid strained relations and intensifying Houthi assaults on Saudi oil facilities.

President  Hadi cedes power to a presidential council in April as Riyadh acts to strengthen the anti-Houthi alliance.

The warring parties agree a truce deal in April, which is rolled over twice and expires in October without an agreement to extend. But a tentative calm holds.

2023: In March, Saudi Arabia and Iran agree to restore relations, raising hopes that the Yemen peace process could see progress.

In April, Saudi and Omani envoys visit Sanaa aiming to negotiate a permanent ceasefire deal with the Houthis. The same month, Yemeni rebels and government forces free scores of prisoners on the last of a three-day exchange of more than 800 detainees.

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Middle east | the crisis in yemen: what you need to know.

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The crisis in yemen: what you need to know.

By THE NEW YORK TIMES UPDATED April 21, 2015

After a nearly month-long bombing campaign in Yemen by a Saudi-led coalition of 10 Arab countries, the Saudi government announced Tuesday that it would halt its attacks. It is unclear if the decision will lead to peace talks between the antagonists in Yemen, the region’s poorest country, where the mounting crisis has drawn regional powers Egypt, Iran and Saudi Arabia deeper into a violent struggle for influence. Here is a look at the crucial divisions and the parties to the conflict. Related Article

After a nearly month-long bombing campaign in Yemen by a Saudi-led coalition of 10 Arab countries, the Saudi government announced Tuesday that it would halt its attacks. It is unclear if the decision will lead to peace talks between the antagonists in Yemen, the region’s poorest country, where the mounting crisis has drawn regional powers Egypt, Iran and Saudi Arabia deeper into a violent struggle for influence.

Here is a look at the crucial divisions and the parties to the conflict.

Yemen, historically divided between Shiites, who live mostly in the northeast, and the majority Sunni population who live in the southeast, is important to regional players and the United States.

The Houthis are a Shiite insurgent group that fought the government of President Ali Abdullah Saleh intermittently from 2004 until he agreed to step down in 2011, in the wake of protests inspired by the Arab Spring.

Less than four years later, the Houthis are now collaborating with security forces still loyal to Mr. Saleh, a reflection of the shifting alliances at work in Yemen.

Graphic: The Geography of Chaos in Yemen

The Houthis are a Shiite sect from Saada Province. With support from Iran, militants took control of the capital, Sana, and in January forced the resignation of Mr. Saleh's successor, President Abdu Rabbu Mansour Hadi.

Who Are the Houthis?

Video: A Close-Up of Unfolding Unrest in Yemen

The leaders of Saudi Arabia, which shares a border with Yemen, are especially worried about the Houthis because they are backed by Iran, a regional rival.

The Saudis led a month-long military assault against the Houthis and in support of President Hadi.

Mr. Hadi escaped to the port city of Aden, south of the capital, where he and forces loyal to him took refuge, and is now in Saudi Arabia.

The Saudis have said military action was necessary to restore Yemen’s government. But the Saudi intervention raises the possibility of a proxy war in Yemen and a wider regional conflict.

Houthi Forces Move on Southern Yemen, Raising Specter of Regional Ground War

A day after the Saudi-led airstrikes began, another Arab ally came to the support of Mr. Hadi. President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi of Egypt said in a statement that the country’s navy and air force would join the campaign. The Egyptian Army, the largest in the Arab world, was ready to send ground troops “if necessary,” Mr. Sisi said.

Antagonists on either side of the Yemeni conflict are braced for a prolonged battle as the country — like Iraq, Libya and Syria — is consumed by a civil conflict, regional proxy war and the expansion of extremist groups.

Egypt Says It May Send Troops to Yemen

Arab Nations to Form Military Force to Counter Iran and Islamist Extremists

Obama Removes Weapons Freeze Against Egypt

Militants of Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula attacked government buildings in Aden on April 2, breaking out of prison a top Al Qaeda leader and hundreds of others.

It was the latest example of how, as the situation in Yemen has degenerated, Al Qaeda's affiliate there has grown more assertive.

After the Houthis began establishing their control of increasingly wider swaths of the country last year, and promised political change, their supporters were hopeful stability could be restored.

Instead, the Sunni militants of Al Qaeda, who regard the Houthis as heretics because they are members of the minority Zaydi sect, an offshoot of Shiite Islam, have retaliated with growing ferocity .

Violence Grows in Yemen as Al Qaeda Tries to Fight Its Way Back

U.N. Warns That Yemen May Collapse as Qaeda Fighters Make Big Gains

The United States, which has backed Saudi Arabia in the Yemen conflict, moved to deploy a strengthened armada of warships off Yemen’s coast , in what was seen as a warning to the Iranians not to rearm the Houthis.

Until the growing chaos forced the evacuation of 125 United States Special Operations advisers last month, Yemen served as a partner in American counterterrorism operations, mainly against Al Qaeda’s affiliate in Yemen. Without American eyes and ears on the ground, efforts to thwart Al Qaeda will be more difficult.

American officials fear that the emerging security vacuum could attract even more jihadists to Yemen. On March 20, a group calling itself an affiliate of the Islamic State claimed responsibility for bombing Shiite mosques , increasing fears that it will try to ignite the sectarian tensions already roiling Yemen.

At Risk of Fragmenting, Yemen Poses Dangers to U.S.

U.S. Drone Kills 3 Qaeda Operatives in Yemen, Continuing Policy on Strikes

Drone Strike in Yemen Said to Kill Senior Qaeda Figure

Yemen’s Despair on Full Display in ‘Ruined’ City

Tensions Between Iran and Saudi Arabia Deepen Over Conflict in Yemen

Pakistani Lawmakers Urge Diplomacy in Yemen Conflict but Decline Combat Role

Yemen's slide into political crisis and war

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• Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Yemen
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Yemen shares in many of the customs and lifeways that are found in other parts of the Arab world. Culture is intensely patriarchal , and households usually consist of an extended family living in a single domicile or family compound . The head of the family is the eldest male, who makes all significant decisions for the family and its members. Women play a secondary role in running the household and raising the children and, in rural areas, helping to work the family farm. Though nearly one-fourth of Yemeni women obtain work outside the home, a woman traditionally earns most of her social status through bearing children, particularly males. The birth of a male child is considered one of the most important social events in Yemeni society and is followed almost immediately by a circumcision ceremony. Though prohibited by law in 2001, female genital cutting still occurs, taking place primarily in private and varying significantly by region.

Marriages are almost always arranged and frequently are undertaken at a young age. Although the opinion of a potential bride or groom might be solicited on the issue, the final decision on marriage belongs with the head of the household. As in many parts of the Islamic world , endogamy (the practice of marrying someone from within one’s own kin group) is common, the preferred marriage being with a paternal first cousin of the opposite gender. The practice of mahr (bride-price, given by the father of the groom) is a usual part of the marriage ceremony. Divorce is not common, but neither is there a stigma attached to it. Men may have as many as four wives at the same time, though in practice it is rare for a man to take more than one wife.

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Yemeni society is tribally based, and trust and assurance most often are measured by degree of consanguinity . Families are very close and are the focus of the individual’s primary devotion; one’s second allegiance is to the tribe, an extended family unit that ordinarily traces its ties to a common eponymous ancestor. In rural Yemen, state authority is weak, and disputes between tribes are frequently solved through violence. The art of the feud is still quite real, and, as a consequence, Yemen is a gun culture. Virtually every household has at least one weapon, and men and boys often carry firearms in public. Even when not carrying a pistol or a rifle, most Yemeni males—particularly those belonging to a rural tribe—will carry a dagger, the traditional janbiyyah (or jambiyyah ), a short, broad, curved blade sheathed on a belt worn across the abdomen and serving as a signal of one’s status within social and tribal hierarchies .

The traditional nature of Yemeni society is reflected in choices of attire, though the native dress of Yemen differs somewhat from that found in other conservative parts of the Arabian Peninsula . Men sometimes wear the full-length, loose-fitting thawb —frequently with a jacket over it—but more often the traditional fūṭah , a saronglike wraparound kilt, is worn with a shirt. The turban is a common type of head covering, and a finely woven bamboo hat (shaped somewhat like a fez) called a kofiya (or kofia ) is a more formal choice of headgear. There are various forms of dress for women, depending on the social role a woman plays and where she lives. In North Yemen, women in cities and towns wore the sharsaf , a black skirt, scarf, and veil ensemble that covers the entire body. In South Yemen, the regime that succeeded the British after 1967 vigorously opposed this women’s dress code, and this opposition prevailed especially in the towns and cities. In the countryside, clothing for women tends to be somewhat more utilitarian and may consist of a dress or robe that provides for a greater range of movement and under which, in some parts of Yemen, it is not uncommon for a woman to wear a pair of loose slacks known as a sirwāl . Also in the countryside, a woman’s face may or may not be covered, and dresses are sometimes sewn from brightly coloured fabric. Working women frequently wear a broad-brimmed straw hat ( dhola ) to ward off the sun.

Traditional Yemeni cuisine is broadly similar to that found in other areas of the Arabian Peninsula, but it is also heavily influenced by the cuisine of eastern Africa and South Asia . The major meats are chicken, mutton, and goat. Other staples include potatoes, onions, and tomatoes. There are several types of bread; unleavened flat bread is typical. A popular dish in Yemen is saltah , a stew of lamb or chicken that is heavily spiced with fenugreek and other herbs. Tea is a common drink, and coffee is very popular. Alcoholic beverages are considered culturally and religiously inappropriate, though they are available.

Unquestionably the most important and distinctive social institution and form of recreation in Yemen is the khat party, or khat “chew.” This is especially true in the northern part of the country , but, since the slight increase in general prosperity in the 1970s, the use of khat has spread to virtually all levels of Yemeni society. At least half of all men, and a smaller number of women, attend khat chews (which usually are segregated by gender) with some regularity, and many do so on a daily basis. Khat chews usually begin in the early afternoon after the main meal of the day, and they often go on until the early evening. Much gets done at these pleasurable sessions: gossip is exchanged, serious matters are discussed and debated, political and business decisions are made, business is transacted, disputes and grievances are settled, Yemeni history and lore are passed on, and music and poetry are played and recited.

Yemenis celebrate the traditional Islamic holidays, including Eid al-Adha (marking the culmination of the hajj rites near Mecca) and Eid al-Fitr (marking the end of Ramadan), as well as the Prophet Muhammad’s birthday. Shiʿis observe ʿĀshūrāʾ (commemorating the death of al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī , the Prophet’s grandson). The Day of National Unity is May 22, the day on which, in 1990, North Yemen and South Yemen were officially united. A number of other civil and religious holidays also are observed.

No doubt the best-known artifact of Yemeni culture is its domestic architecture , which dates back more than 2,000 years. In the mountainous interior, buildings are constructed of stone blocks and bricks, both baked and sun-dried; these buildings, housing extended families, rise to four to six stories, with highly decorated windows and other features designed to beautify them and emphasize their height. On the edge of the desert and in other regions where stone for construction is not abundant, multistoried houses are usually made of mud brick, with the various layers emphasized and often tinted; these structures have curving, sensuous lines. The city of Sanaa and the towns of Zabīd and Shibām are noted for their architecture, and each has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site .

The most widespread and traditional cultural outlet is oral, in the form of proverbs, popular stories, and poetry; poems that deal with timeless themes such as love and death as well as with Yemeni history, biography, and Islamic themes and traditions are particularly prevalent. Yemen is an integral part of contemporary Arab trends in literature, political essays, and scholarly writing; Yemeni poets, past and present, are among the most esteemed in the Arab world. Among these are the great 10th-century poet and historian al-Hamdānī and such modern writers as novelist Zayd Muṭīʿ Dammāj, poet and political chronicler ʿAbd Allāh al-Baraddūnī, and the prolific poet ʿAbd al-Azīz al-Maqāliḥ. Similarly, the songs and singers of Yemen are highly respected, and some Yemeni instruments (such as the lutelike qanbus , or ṭurbī , now largely replaced by the ʿūd ) and genres (such as al-ghināʾ al-ṣanʿānī , or Sanaani song) are quite unique.

Dances , performed with or without musical accompaniment, are a feature of weddings and other social occasions; these are performed by men and women separately. The male dances are often performed with the janbiyyah dagger.

The General Organization of Antiquities and Museums administers the major cultural institutions. Most institutions are located in the larger cities. The national museum in Sanaa and the archaeological museum in Aden house important treasures from the pre-Islamic period. The Military Museum is located in Sanaa. There are also military and folk museums in Aden.

Organized sports fall under the auspices of the Ministry of Youth and Sports. North Yemen first appeared in Summer Olympic competition in 1984 and South Yemen in 1988; the unified country has sent teams to the Summer Games since 1992. Two Yemeni boxers living abroad enjoyed great success: Naseem Hamed, a British boxer of Yemeni ancestry, held the world featherweight title during the late 1990s and early 21st century; and Isra Girgrah, a female boxer born in Yemen and fighting out of the United States , held several lightweight belts during that same period.

Through its control of the media, education, and trade, the socialist government of the south severely restricted the participation of its population in both regional and global cultural trends during its most ascetic period, extending from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s. The northern government correspondingly exercised certain restrictions in order to protect itself from the influence of the socialist south and from other challenges to the reigning political and cultural norms. In both Yemens, newspapers and magazines were closely censored, and radio and television were monopolized by the state.

These conditions changed drastically with the merger in 1990. Since that time, more than 85 newspapers and journals—representing divergent points of view and a wide range of political, social, economic, and cultural organizations—have come into being. The national television and radio networks, although still operated by the government, are less strictly controlled than before unification.

UN envoy warns Yemenis not to return to the battlefield

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After months of relative stability in Yemen between Government and Houthi forces, a return to all-out war is looking inevitable unless the current escalation in violence is halted, the top UN envoy for the country said on Thursday.

Special Envoy of the UN Secretary-General for Yemen Hans Grundberg warned ambassadors in the Security Council that recent months have seen a “gradual increase” in fighting in several locations, as well as consistent threats by all sides to return to war.

If the parties continue the current escalatory trajectory the “question is not if, but when”, they return to the battlefield, he added.

A Saudi-led coalition siding with Government forces have been embroiled in fighting with the Houthis and their allies since 2015 but a UN-brokered ceasefire which lapsed in 2022, continued to hold for months as peace talks continued.  

Mediation efforts have stalled and with the onset of the war in Gaza, the Houthis pledged out of solidarity to attack what they deemed to be pro-Israeli shipping interests along the Red Sea coast using the Suez Canal.  

The situation remains unresolved, with the Houthis – formally known as Ansar Allah – having increased its strikes on commercial and military ships.

For its part, a United States (US)-led coalition defending shipping in the Red Sea has continued its airstrikes in areas controlled by Houthis in Hudaydah, the capital Sana’a and Ta’iz.

Crackdown on UN, NGOs

Mr. Grundberg also highlighted the precarious situation for the civil society, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as well as the UN, who have become the target of a crackdown by Ansar Allah.

Last week, 13 UN personnel, five staff members of international NGOs, and many more from national NGOs and civil society were detained by the group. They remain in incommunicado detention, adding to four UN staff members who have been held since 2021 and 2023 (two each year) respectively.

“The United Nations is present to serve Yemenis. Such arbitrary detentions are not the expected signal of an actor who is seeking a mediated solution to conflict ,” the Special Envoy said, calling for the immediate of all UN and NGO personnel.

Zero-sum game

He went on to note that despite his efforts to advance on a process leading to a peaceful resolution to the conflict, the warring parties in Yemen “have reverted to a zero-sum game”.  

“ Instead of putting the Yemenis first, they have opted for measures they believe will strengthen their own position . This risks jeopardizing the viability of the commitments made earlier.”

The zero-sum game is most evident in the dire economic situation.

The banking system in disarray and financial institutions in Ansar Allah-controlled Sana’a are cut off from international systems, impacting trade and remittances.

Catastrophic ramifications

Elaborating on the banking crisis, Edem Wosornu, the Director of Operations at the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ), warned of the catastrophic ramifications, including serious repercussions for humanitarian relief operations.

A potentially imminent decision to exclude banks based in Sana’a from using the SWIFT banking system would prevent the banks there from facilitating international financial transactions.

Together with other issues plaguing the sector, this threatens to further fragment and weaken Yemen’s already struggling economy, she said, likely worsening poverty and hunger, and increasing reliance on humanitarian assistance.

“ The increasingly volatile banking environment has worsened an existing liquidity crisis , making it very difficult for humanitarian organizations to pay staff salaries or to procure and pay for the many services they rely on for their operations,” she said, calling for urgent solutions from the international community to alleviate the crisis.

• security council

Jul 10, 2014

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Yemen. Sana’a (the capital) is one of the world's oldest cities . Yemen was split into northern and southern parts in 1548 by the British and Turks fighting for control. After many years of battling Yemen again became whole in 1990.

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Presentation Transcript

Sana’a (the capital) is one of the world's oldest cities. Yemen was split into northern and southern parts in 1548 by the British and Turks fighting for control. After many years of battling Yemen again became whole in 1990. They also had disputes with American Government over a span of 6 years. HISTORY

Yemen can be found on the southern Arabian Peninsula. It has diverse landscapes and covers 203,849 square miles which is about the size of California and Kentucky together. Yemen's population is 23.5 million which is growing by 2.71 percent annually. Basics of Yemen

Yemen's constitution provides for a multiparty democracy with an elected president as head of state. (currently Ali Abdallah Saleh) The president is elected to a seven-year term and appoints a prime minister as head of government. (currently Ali Muhammad Mujawwar) The constitution stipulates that shari’ah(Islamic law) be the source of all legislation. Government

Yemen is one of the poorest Arab states. Its struggling economy reflects the challenges of unification, poor agricultural practices, corruption, and past market policies. Government reforms have reduced inflation and initiated some progress. Oil and natural gas are the country's most valuable natural resources. Traditional industries include textiles, leather, jewelry, and glass. -This industrial base has expanded to include soft drinks, cigarettes, aluminum, and food products. Yemen's mines and quarries produce salt, limestone, and marble. Agriculture and livestock farming have always been important to Yemen. Orchards produce oranges, apples, peaches, papaya, and other fruits. Cotton and coffee are also grown. Economy

The peoplePeople are concerned with the perceptions of others and will not do something that might be regarded as disrespectful to Allah or family. Likewise, individuals yield their wishes and rights to the well-being of the tribe or family. Concepts of personal space are not common. • FEMALES • In public, women wear a full-length black robe over their clothing. Girls begin wearing the abayaby age 12 and sometimes even earlier. Under an abaya, a woman might wear a brightly colored dress, a Western dress, or even jeans (for young modern women). Most women wear veils in public. In their homes, some women wear a deara (a delicate cloth with holes for the arms and head, and a half-slip underneath). Elderly women wear a shapeless cloak called a sharshaf over their clothes. Women usually do not speak or show emotion in public. They do not sit by men who are not family members • MALES • Men in the south traditionally wear a futahwith a Western shirt, while men in the north wear a thobeand a Western sport coat. Men from the north wear a jambiaon a belt, a practice less common in the south. On Fridays and religious holidays, men wear a zannawith a mashedda. Most men carry a mashedda to protect their faces in sandstorms, mask foul odors, or use as a towel. Traditional men avoid even looking in the direction of a woman in public.

The left hand is considered unclean, so it is not used for greeting, eating, or gesturing. Yemenis do not beckon with just one finger. Rather, they wave the four fingers of the right hand toward the body, with the palm facing down. It is impolite to wear shoes in the home or point the sole of the foot at someone. Respect is the most important element in any greeting. Greetings usually begin with the phrase Al-salām‘alaykum (Peace be upon you). Wa ‘alaykum al-salām (And may peace be upon you) is the proper reply. Other greetings are Sabaḥ al-khayr (Good morning) and Masa’ al-khayr(Good evening). Conversations begin on common social ground and then move on to business if appropriate. Men do not inquire about each other's families. Men either shake hands or hug and kiss on the cheeks. Women hug and kiss when they meet, but this is done in a house or alley out of sight of men. Men never greet women in public. They do hug and kiss their wives or mothers when returning home, or they might kneel to kiss a parent's knee. Spouses rarely hold hands in public, but it is common for men and women to hold the hand of a same-gender friend or relative when walking or talking. Manners

Family ties are strong, and many generations live under one roof. Elderly family members are treated with great respect. Men have the ultimate decision-making power and are usually the family's sole providers. Girls are part of their father's family until they marry, at which time they become part of their husband's family. If a conflict arises in the marriage, the wife returns to her father's house until a solution is found. After a divorce, children may stay with their mother until age seven, when they usually must return to their father. Women can own property, drive, divorce, and work, but their roles in society are clearly defined. They make decisions only about the household and young children, although educated urban women have more flexibility than others. Famliy

Dating is not practiced in Yemen, and marriages are almost always arranged. In Sana’a and other large cities, men and women may meet at the university or work and decide to marry with their families' approval. However, for the most part, such interactions are uncommon. The most valuable thing a Yemeni woman can bring to marriage is her chastity. Men pay the woman's family a bride-price, a practice both men and women increasingly criticize because saving for it can delay a marriage. Prices for village women are higher than for urban women because villagers are valued for their ability to work in the fields, maintain a household, tend animals, and raise children. Men may have as many as four wives, but few do because, according to Islamic teachings, each must be cared for equally. Dating and Marriage

In the past, only the Qur’anwas taught at religious centers. After World War II, a modern school system was introduced; a primary level lasts six years, an intermediate level lasts three years, and a secondary level lasts three years. A university system established in 1970 now is joined by several small colleges and polytechnic institutes. In an effort to achieve self-reliance, Yemen is replacing foreign educators with native teachers. Students who do not finish school usually become laborers, farmers, factory workers, or shopkeepers. Yemen's healthcare system suffers from a lack of supplies and facilities. The primary cause of death among children is diarrhea, followed by upper-respiratory infection and malaria. Typhoid and a resurgence of polio also claim lives. Yemenis suffer from high blood pressure, diabetes, and cancer. HIV/AIDS is also present. SOME CAUSES: Lack of funding, poor hygiene, unsanitary water, and the reluctance of men to send their wives and daughters to male doctors Education and Health

CultureGrams http://online.culturegrams.com/world/world_country_sections.php?contid=3&wmn=Asia&cid=177&cn=Yemen&sname=Health&snid=22 Works Cited

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Yemen 1991 (rev. 2015)

The appended 2015 Transitional Declaration was translated by the United Nations

PART ONE THE FOUNDATIONS OF STATE

Chapter i. the political foundations.

The Republic of Yemen is an Arab, Islamic and independent sovereign state whose integrity is inviolable, and no part of which may be ceded. The people of Yemen are part of the Arab and Islamic Nation.

Islam is the religion of the state, and Arabic is its official Language.

Islamic Shari'ah is the source of all legislation.

The people of Yemen are the possessor and the source of power, which they exercise directly through public referendums and elections, or indirectly through the legislative, executive and judicial authorities, as well as through elected local councils.

The political system of the Republic of Yemen is based on political and partisan pluralism in order to achieve a peaceful transformation of power. The Law stipulates rules and procedures required for the formation of political organizations and parties, and the exercise of political activity. Misuse of Governmental posts and public funds for the special interest of a specific party or Political organization is not permitted.

The Republic of Yemen confirms its adherence to the UN Charter, the International Declaration of Human Rights, the Charter of the Arab League, and Principles of international Law which are generally recognized.

Chapter II. The Economic Foundations

The national economy is based on freedom of economic activity which benefits both the individual and society and which enhances national independence. The national economy should be founded on the following principles:

• Islamic social justice in economic relations which aims at developing and promoting production, achieving social integration and equilibrium, providing equal opportunities and promoting higher living standards in society.
• Right to competitive marketplace Lawful competition between the public, private, cooperative and mixed economic sectors, and realisation of equal and just treatment in all sectors.
• Protection from expropriation , Right to own property Protection and respect for private ownership, which cannot be confiscated unless necessary in the public interest, in lieu of fair consideration and in accordance with Law.

All types of natural resources and sources of energy, whether aboveground, underground, in territorial waters, on the continental shelf or the exclusive economic zone are owned by the State, which assure their exploitation for the common good of the people.

The state's economic policy shall be based on scientific planning which ensures the best utilization of all resources and the promotion of capabilities for all economic sectors in all socio-economic fields of development and within the state's development plan which serves the common interest and the national economy.

The state shall sponsor free trade and investment in a way that serves the national economy. It shall issue legislation that guarantees protection for producers and consumers alike, assures availability of basic commodities and promotes anti-trust Laws. The state shall undertake to promote private capital investments in all socio-economic development fields all in accordance with the Law.

The law shall regulate the state's official currency and the financial and banking systems. It shall also define measurements, standards and weights.

Taxes should be assessed with regard to the public interest in order to achieve social justice among citizens.

• The imposition, adjustment and Revocation of taxes shall only be authorized by Law. No one shall be partially or fully exempted from tax-payments unless the law stipulates so and no one shall be subject to taxes, or other charges unless so dictated by law.
• The imposition, collection, adjustment, exemption and disposition of duties and fees shall only be dictated by law.

The state shall encourage cooperation and savings. It shall sponsor efforts to establish cooperative projects and activities of all kinds.

The Law shall specify the basic rules for the collection and disbursement of public funds.

The executive power is not authorized to contract loans or guarantee them or associate itself with a project that entails the spending of public funds in a coming year/years without the approval of the House of Representatives.

The Law shall specify the scales of salaries, wages. compensations, subsidies and bonuses payable from the government treasury.

Contracting concessions regarding natural resources and public facilities should be undertaken according to the law. The law may illustrate some cases of limited significance in which concessions could be granted according to rules and procedures clarified in the law. The law shall define cases and ways of granting certain immobile and mobile property, and rules and procedures to be undertaken. The law shall also regulate the ways of awarding concessions to local entities/units and the free disposal/ use of public funds.

Public funds and properties are inviolable. The state and all members of society shall maintain and protect them. Any attack on or misuse of these, shall be considered sabotage and an aggression on society, and those who violate their sacrosanctity shall be punished in accordance with the law.

General confiscation of property is prohibited, private confiscation is not allowed without a legal judgment.

The state shall collect the Zakat (Shari'ah tax) and shall spend it through its legal channels in accordance with law.

Endowment properties are inviolable. Those who control them are obliged to improve and develop their resources and spend them in a way that secures the accomplishment of their objectives and legal aims.

The right of inheritance is guaranteed in accordance with Islamic tenets (Shari'ah). A special law will be issued accordingly.

Chapter III. Social and Cultural Foundations

The state shall guarantee equal opportunities for all citizens in the fields of political, economic, social and cultural activities and shall enact the necessary laws for the realization thereof.

Yemeni society is based on social solidarity, which is based on justice, freedom and equality according to the law.

The Family is the basis of society, its pillars are religion, customs and love of the homeland. The law shall maintain the integrity of the family and strengthen its ties.

The state shall guarantee freedom of scientific research and achievements in the fields of literature, arts and culture, which conform with the spirit and objectives of the Constitution. The state shall provide means conducive to such achievements and shall provide support and encouragement for scientific and technical invention, and artistic creation and shall protect achievements thereof.

Public office is a duty and an honour. Persons in public office are to serve the public interest and the people. The law shall specify the terms of public service and the duties and rights of persons in public office.

Work is a right, an honour, and a necessity for society's progress. Every citizen has the right to choose the appropriate work for himself within the law. No citizen can be compelled to do any work except within the law, and in which case it is to serve the common interest and be in return for a fair wage. The law shall regulate union activities and professional work, and the relationship between workers and employers.

The state shall protect mothers and children, and shall sponsor the youth and the young.

Women are the sisters of men. They have rights and duties, which are guaranteed and assigned by Shari'ah and stipulated by law.

Education, health and social services are the basic pillars for building and developing the society. Society shall with the state take part in providing them.

In cooperation with society, the state bears responsibility for consequences resulting from natural disasters and public crises.

It is the duty of the state and all members of society to protect and maintain the archaeological and historical sites. Any abuse of the sites or aggression on archaeological finds shall be considered sabotage and an assault against society. The law shall punish those who abuse their inviolability or sell them.

Environmental protection is the collective responsibility of the state and the community at large. Each individual shall have a religious and national duty to protect the environment.

Chapter IV. The National Defense Foundations

The state is the authority to establish the armed forces, the police, the security forces and any such bodies. Such forces belong to all the people and their function is to protect the republic and safeguard its territories and security. No organization, individual, group, political party or organization may establish forces or paramilitary groups for whatever purpose or under any name. The law stipulates the conditions for military service, promotion and disciplinary procedures in the military, police and security forces.

General mobilization shall be organized according to the law and shall be proclaimed by the President of the Republic following the approval of the House of Representatives.

The National Defense Council, headed by the President of the Republic, will exist to attend to matters pertaining to means of safeguarding the Republic and its security. The law shall determine its composition, duties and other functions.

The police is a civilian and Regular force which performs its duties for the service of the people and guarantees peace and security for the people. It shall preserve the law, keep public order, maintain common decency, implement the orders of the judicial authority and execute duties dictated to it by the Country's laws, and regulations.

Military, security, police and other forces shall not be employed in the interest of a party, an individual or group. They shall be safeguarded against all forms of differentiation resulting from party affiliation, racism, factionalism, regionalism and tribalism in order to guarantee their neutrality and the fulfillment of their duties in the proper manner. The members of all forces are banned from party memberships and activities according to the law.

PART TWO. THE BASIC RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS

Citizens are all equal in rights and duties.

Every citizen has the right to participate in the political, economic, cultural life of the country. The state shall guarantee freedom of thought and expression of opinion in speech, writing and photography within the limits of the law.

The citizen has the right to elect and nominate himself as a candidate in an election, as well as the right to demonstrate his opinion in a referendum. The law shall regulate the provisions regarding the practice of this right.

The law shall regulate Yemeni nationality. Any Yemeni shall not be deprived of his nationality. Once Yemeni nationality is acquired it may not be withdrawn except in accordance with the law.

A Yemeni national may not be extradited to a foreign authority.

Extraditing political refugees is prohibited.

Criminal liability is personal. No crime or punishment shall be undertaken without a provision in the Shari'ah or the law. The accused is innocent until proven guilty by a final judicial sentence, and no law may be enacted to put a person to trial for acts committed retroactively.

• Human dignity , Protection from unjustified restraint The state shall guarantee to its citizens their personal freedom, preserve their dignity and their security. The law shall define the cases in which citizens freedom may be restricted. Personal freedom cannot be restricted without the decision of a competent court of law.
• Prohibition of corporal punishment , Prohibition of torture , Attorney general , Protection from unjustified restraint , Prohibition of cruel treatment , Regulation of evidence collection , Protection from self-incrimination No individual can be arrested, searched or detained unless caught in the act (in flagrant delicto) or served with a summons from a judge or the Public Prosecutor, which is necessary for the progress of an investigation or the maintenance of security. No person can be put under surveillance unless in accordance with the law. Any person whose freedom is restricted in any way must have his dignity protected. Physical and psychological torture is prohibited. Forcing confessions during investigations is forbidden. The person whose freedom is restricted has the right not to answer any questions in the absence of his lawyer. No person may be imprisoned or detained in places other than those designated as such and governed by the law of prisons. Physical punishment and inhumane treatment during arrest, detention or imprisonment are prohibited.
• Attorney general , Protection from unjustified restraint Any person temporarily apprehended on suspicion of committing a crime shall be presented in front of a court within a maximum of 24 hours from the time of his detention. The judge or Public Prosecutor shall inform the detained individual of the reason for his detention and questioning and shall enable the accused to state his defense and rebuttals. The court then gives a justified order for the release of the accused or for the extension of his detention. In any cases, the Prosecutor is not entitled to continue detention of the accused individual more than several days except with a judicial order. The law shall define the maximum period of custody.
• Upon arrest, for whatever reason, a person may immediately contact someone of his choice. The same notification shall be repeated whenever a court orders the continuation of the detention. If the nominated person can not be notified, the detainee's relative or concerned persons shall be notified.
• Protection from false imprisonment The law shall determine the punishment for whosoever violates any of the stipulations of this Article and it shall also determine the appropriate compensation for any harm the person suffers as a result of such a violation. Physical or psychological torture at the time of arrest, detention or jail is a crime that cannot be prescribable. All those who practice, order, or participate in executing, physical or psychological torture shall be punished.

The right to defend oneself in person or by representation is guaranteed during all periods of investigation and in front of all courts, in accordance with the rules of the law. The state shall guarantee judicial assistance to those who cannot afford it, according to the law.

Execution of punishments shall not be undertaken by illegal means. The law shall organize such matter.

Citizens have the right of recourse to the courts to protect their rights and lawful interests. They also have the right to submit their complaints, criticisms, and suggestions to the various government bodies directly or indirectly.

Residences, places of worship, and educational institutions have a sanctity which may not be violated through surveillance or search except in the cases stipulated by the law.

The state shall guarantee the freedom and confidentiality of mail, telephone, telegram and all other means of communication, none of which may be censored, searched, exposed, delayed or confiscated except in cases specified by law and according to a court order.

Education is a right for all citizens. The state shall guarantee education in accordance with the law through building various schools and cultural and educational institutions. Basic education is obligatory. The state shall do its best to obliterate illiteracy and give special care to expanding technical and vocational education. The state shall give special attention to young people and protect them against perversions, provide them with religious, mental and physical education, and the appropriate environment to develop their aptitude in all fields.

Health care is a right for all citizens. The state shall guarantee this by building various hospitals and health establishments and expanding their care. The law shall organize the medical profession. The expansion of free health services and health education among the citizens.

The state shall guarantee social security for all citizens in cases of illness, disability, unemployment, old age or the loss of support. The state shall especially guarantee this, according to the Law, for the families of those killed in war.

Freedom of movement from one place to another within the country is guaranteed for all citizens, and may not be restricted except by law and for reasons necessitated by the security and safety of the people. The law shall regulate entry and exit from Yemen. No citizen may be deported from or denied return to Yemen.

In as much as it is not contrary to the Constitution, the citizens may organize themselves along political, professional and union lines. They have the right to form associations in scientific, cultural, social and national unions in a way that serves the goals of the Constitution. The state shall guarantee these rights, and shall take the necessary measures to enable citizens to exercise them. The state shall guarantee freedom for the political, trade, cultural, scientific and social organizations.

Paying taxes and public dues is a duty according to the law.

Defending religion and the homeland is a sacred duty, military duty is an honour, and national service is to be organized by law.

Preserving national unity, safeguarding secrets of the state, respecting the laws and following their provisions are every citizen's duty.

PART THREE. ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE AUTHORITIES

Chapter i. the legislative authority - the house of representatives.

The House of Representatives is the legislative authority of the state. It shall enact laws, sanction general state policies and the general plan for economic and social development as well as approve state budget and the balance sheet. It shall also oversee the activities of the Executive Authority as stipulated in this constitution.

The House of Representatives consists of 301 members, who shall be elected in a secret, free and equal vote directly by the people. The Republic shall be divided into constituencies equal in number of population with a variation of not more than 5% plus or minus. Each constituency shall elect a member to the House of Representatives.

• must be a Yemeni citizen.
• must be at least 18 years old.
• must be a Yemeni.
• Minimum age for first chamber must be at least 25 years old.
• must be able to read and write (literate).
• must be of good character and conduct, fulfill his religious duties and have no court convictions against him for committing crimes that contradict the rules of honour and honesty, unless he was pardoned/ reprieved.

The term of the House of Representatives is six calendar years starting from the date of its first session. The president of the Republic shall call for a new Parliamentary elections at least sixty (60) days before the House of Representatives concludes its term. If in extraordinary circumstances elections cannot be held, the existing House shall continue to function until such circumstances are over and elections are duly held.

The House of Representatives is to be located in Sana'a, the capital. Internal regulations determine the conditions under which the House may hold meetings outside the capital city.

The House of Representatives issues its internal regulations, stipulating the procedures of its working committees, and its rules for practicing constitutional competence. Such regulations, enacted and amended by law, may not contradict or amend any clause in the constitution

The House shall be competent to determine the legitimacy of its membership. Any appeal shall be submitted to the Supreme Court within 15 days of its delivery to the House. The Court's findings and verdict must be submitted to the House, which will judge the validity of the appeal within 60 days of receiving the verdict of the court. Membership of the House may not be nullified except by a resolution taken by two thirds of the House. The investigation must be completed within 90 days from the date of the submission of the appeal to the Supreme Court.

The House of Representatives alone shall have the exclusive right to maintain order and security within the premises of the House. The Speaker of the House shall take charge of such responsibility through a special guard force under his command. No other armed force may enter the House premises or take positions near its entrances except at the request of the Speaker.

The House of Representatives shall, on an invitation from the President of the Republic, hold its first meeting no later than two weeks after the announcement of the results of the elections. If no such invitation is made, the House shall meet on the morning following the date of expiration of the said two weeks.

At its first meeting, the House of Representatives shall elect from among its members, the Speaker and three Deputies to from the Presiding Board of the House. The oldest member shall chair the House during the election of the Speaker and the House's internal regulations shall specify all the procedures for electing the Presiding Board of the House, its duration and its other functions. The House shall include a General Secretariat, presided over by a Secretary General, the internal regulations of the House shall specify the rules that relate to its formation and other rules connected to it.

For the meetings of the House of Representatives to be valid, it is necessary for more than half of its members to attend, excluding those whose seats were declared vacant. Decisions shall be taken by an absolute majority of the attending members except in cases where the Constitution or House regulations demand a specific majority. If the results of voting are equally divided, further deliberations must be rejected within the same session, but shall be given priority if submitted in another session.

Meetings of the House of Representatives shall be open to the public but the House may hold closed meetings at the request of the Speaker, the President, the Government, or at the request of at least twenty members of the House. The House shall then decide whether the discussion of the subject should be conducted openly or in closed meetings.

The House shall annually hold two ordinary sessions. It may be called to hold extraordinary session. The internal regulations of the House shall specify the dates of the ordinary sessions and their duration. In times of necessity, the House may call for extraordinary sessions by Presidential decree, a decision by the Presiding Board of the House, or a written request from one third of the members. The House session shall not be adjourned during the last quarter of the year before the endorsement of the General Budget of the state.

A member of the House of Representatives represents the whole nation, guard the public interest and his representative may not be subjected to any restriction or special condition.

A member of the House of Representatives shall, prior to his assumption of membership duties, swear the Constitutional oath before the house in an open session.

The Speaker and members of the House of Representatives, the Presidency Board and other members of the House shall receive a fair remuneration specified by law. The Chairman of the council of Ministers, his deputies and ministers shall not be entitled to such remuneration if they happen to be members of the House Representatives.

If a seat of a member of the House of Representatives becomes vacant for more than a year before the expiry of the House's tenure, a replacement shall be elected within sixty days of the House's declaration of the vacancy and this membership ends when the existing House duration comes to an end.

A member of the House of Representatives shall not interfere with the work of the Executive or the Judicial authorities.

Membership of the House of Representatives may not be combined with membership of a local council or with any public employment. Membership of the Council of Ministers may concur with membership of the House of Representatives.

A member of the House of Representatives shall not be held responsible for facts he comes across or matters he raises in the House or any of its committees, or for his voting pattern in open or closed meetings. This does not apply to cases of slander or defamation by members.

A member of the House of Representatives may not be subject to procedures of investigation, inspection, arrest, imprisonment, or punishment except with the permission of the House of Representatives save in the case his being caught in the act, and in such a case, the House shall be notified forthwith. The House shall make sure of the rectitude of the procedures followed in such cases. If the House is in recess, permission shall be sought from the Presidency Board of the House, and the House of Representatives shall be notified at the first meeting following the procedures taken.

Member of the House of Representatives submit their resignations to the House, which has the exclusive right to accept them.

The membership of a member of the House of Representatives may not be nullified unless any of the membership conditions stipulated in this Constitution cease to apply, or if the member commits a grave violation of the membership duties according to the specifications of the internal regulations of the House.

A member of the House of Representatives and the government have the right to propose bills for laws, and their amendments. In the case of financial laws that aim at increasing or abolishing an existing tax, or decrease or give exemption from part of it, or aim at allocating part of the state funds for a certain project, these may only be proposed by the government or by at least 20% of the representatives. All the proposed laws presented by a member or additional members of the House shall not be referred to one of the committees of the house before being studied by a special committee which will determine whether the proposal meets the requirements for action by the house. If the House decides to discuss any of these it can be transferred to the committee responsible for examining and reporting thereon. Any proposed law submitted by others than the government may not be submitted again during the same session.

Within a maximum of twenty five days of the formation of the new government, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers shall present his government's programme to the House of Representatives in order to win a vote of confidence by the majority of the members of the house. If the House of Representatives is in recess, it is to be recalled for an extraordinary session. The members of the House and the House as a whole has the right to comment on the government's program. The failure of the government to win the required majority is to be considered a withholding of confidence.

The House of Representatives shall approve comprehensive social and economic development plans. The law shall be enacted to stipulate the process of the preparation of such plans, their submission to the House, the voting procedures and the process of issuance.

• The proposed general budget shall be submitted to the House of Representatives at least two months before the beginning of the fiscal year. A vote shall be taken on each part of the budget. It shall be enacted by a law. The House may not change the proposed budget without the approval of the government. No allocation of revenue for a specific purpose may be authorized except by a law. If the budget law is not enacted before the beginning of the fiscal year, the previous year's budget shall be followed until the new budget is approved.
• The law shall specify the way to prepare and categorize the general budget as well as specifying the fiscal year.

The transfer of any amount from one section to another of the general budget must be approved by the House of Representatives. Every expenditure not provided for in the budget or any additional revenue shall only be authorized by law.

The law shall specify the rules of the budgets of public authorities, corporations and companies, their accounts, the autonomous and supplementary budgets, and their final accounts. With the exception of the above, these budgets shall be subject to the approval of the House.

The final accounts of the Government's annual budget shall be submitted to the House within a period that does not exceed nine months from the end of the fiscal year. Voting on the Bill shall be made on a section by section basis and shall be approved by an enactment of law. Also the annual report of the organization concerned with the auditing and control of government accounts shall be submitted to the House, together with its comments thereon. The House of Representatives has the right to ask the organization to submit any supplementary documents or reports.

The House of Representatives shall ratify international treaties and Conventions of a general political and economic nature, in whatsoever from or level, and in particular those connected to defense, alliance, conciliation, peace or border issues. All international Conventions and treaties which involve financial commitments on part of the State or require a law for enactment shall also be ratified by the House of Representatives.

• The House of Representatives shall have the right to forward recommendations to the Government on matters of public concern or in connection with the performance of the Executive branch or the performance of any member of that branch. The Government shall be required to implement recommendations forwarded by the House of Representatives. If such recommendations are deemed difficult to implement, the Government shall be required to justify such an action to the House
• Cabinet removal , Head of government removal If the rationale provided by the Government is not convincing to the House of Representatives, the latter shall have the right to table a motion of no-confidence targeting any of the deputy-prime minister or any cabinet minister. The motion of no-confidence may not be submit to the house unless such a move is supported by, at least a quarter of the members of the House Representatives following a parliamentary hearing in the presence of the official in question. The House Representatives may not act upon a motion of no-confidence before at least (7) days following the submission of such a motion. A motion of no-confidence shall be sustained if supported by the House absolute majority.

At least twenty per cent of the members of the House may table a motion to discuss a public issue, request explanation of government policies and exchange views concerning that issue.

Upon a request signed by at least ten of its members, the House of Representatives may create a special committee or instruct one of its committees to investigate any issue which is contrary to public interest or to investigate the actions of any ministry, government agency, board, public/mixed corporation, or local councils. To carry out such investigations, the committee may gather proof and hold hearings by seeking testimony from any party/person it deems necessary. All executive and special authorities shall comply with any request forwarded by the above cited committee and shall put at the disposal of the said committee all relevant documentation and/or information.

The responsibility of the Council of Ministers is both collective and individual. Every member of the House of Representatives may pose questions to the Prime Minister, any of his deputies, ministers or deputy ministers on any matter falling within their responsibilities and they are under obligation to provide answers accordingly. The questioning may not be converted into an interpellation during the same sitting.

Every member of the House has the right to direct an interpolation to the Prime minister, his deputies and ministers to hold them accountable for matters under their charge. Responses to and discussions of such interpellation shall take place after at least one week, except in cases which the House deems urgent, and to which the government agrees.

The House of Representatives may withdraw confidence from the government. The House may not withdraw confidence from the government before an interpellation directed at the Prime Minister or he who is acting on his behalf. The request for interpolation must be signed by a third of the members of the House. The House cannot vote on the issue of no-confidence in the government without seven day's notification of such a vote. A majority is necessary to pass a vote of no-confidence.

The Prime Minister, his deputies, ministers, and their deputies are given the floor whenever they ask to clarify any points in the deliberations of the House of Representatives. They may also bring along any senior officials to assist in such deliberations. However, such representatives of governments may not participate in the votes of the House unless they are members thereof. The government or any of its members must comply with the request of the House of Representatives to attend any of its meetings.

Article 100

Voting on bills is done on an Article by Article basis. The final vote must be on the bill as a whole. The internal regulations of the House explain the procedures in this respect.

Article 101

• Referenda The President of the Republic may not dissolve the House of Representatives except in urgent circumstances and only after a nationwide referendum. The Presidential decree to dissolve the House must offer an explanation for the reasons underpinning the dissolution and must call for a new parliamentary elections to be held within (60) days following the House dissolution.
• If no political party wins a clear majority in parliament to allow the President of the Republic to name a prime minister to form the Government or in circumstances where the formation of a coalition government is deemed impossible.
• If the House of Representatives withhold confidence from the Government more than twice consecutively unless such action contravenes with the provisions of (b:1) of this Article.
• If the House of Representatives withdraws confidence from the Government more than twice in two consecutive years. In all circumstances, if the dissolution decree or the call for an early parliamentary elections does not make provisions for re-elections within (60) days following the House dissolution, or if elections did not take place, that decree shall be deemed void and the House shall meet by power of the Constitution. If elections are held, the new House shall hold its first session within(10) days following elections completion. If the House is not called upon to convene, it shall nevertheless meet and hold its first session by the end of the (10) days period cited above in full compliance with the provisions of this Constitution. Once the House of Representatives is dissolved, the new House may not be dissolved again for the same reason. The House of Representatives may not be dissolved during its first session.

Article 102

The President of the Republic has the right to request a review of any bill which is approved by the House. Based on a reasoned decision, he must then return the bill to the House of Representatives within thirty days of its submission. If he does not return the bill to the House within this period, or if the requested review is not heeded the bill is then approved once again by the majority of the House, it shall be considered a law, and the President shall issue it within two weeks. If the President does not issue the law, it comes into effect under the power of the Constitution, and is, at once, published in the Official Gazette and come into operation two weeks later.

Article 103

All Laws are published in the official gazette, and are announced within two weeks of issuance, and shall come into force within thirty days of their publication. This period may be shortened or extended by specific provision in the law.

Article 104

Laws shall only apply to cases occurring after they become operative. No laws may be applied in a retroactive manner. However, in manners other than taxes and penal measures, specific stipulations in the law may determine otherwise. In such case, the approval of two thirds majority is needed in the House of Representatives.

Chapter II. The Executive Authority

Article 105.

The Executive authority shall be exercised, on behalf of the people, by the President of the Republic and the Council of Ministers within the limits stated in the Constitution.

The First Branch. The Presidency of the Republic

Article 106.

• Head of state selection The President of the Republic is the President of the state and shall be elected according to the Constitution.
• Deputy executive The President shall have a Vice President to be appointed by the President. The rules of Article 107, 117, 118 and 128 shall be applied to the Vice President.

Article 107

Every Yemeni who meets the following specified conditions may become a candidate for the post of the President of the Republic:

• Minimum age of head of state To be at least forty years old.
• To be a descendant of Yemeni parents.
• To be at Liberty to practice his political and civil rights.
• To be of good character, practices his Islamic duties and have no dishonorable criminal record and if so, he has been reprieved.
• Not to be married to a foreign spouse or to enter into such a marriage during his term of office.

Article 108.

Nomination and election of the President shall be as follows:

• Applications for candidacy shall be submitted to the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
• Applications shall be screened jointly by the presidium of the House of Representatives and the Consultative Council (Majlis AL-Shura ) to ensure that presidential candidates meet constitutional requirements.
• Names of candidates who meet constitutional requirements shall be reviewed for approval in a joint session of the House of Representatives and the Consultative Council. Successful candidates must secure the nomination of at least 5% of those attending the joint session cited above. Confirmation of nomination shall be via direct and secret balloting.
• The joint meeting of the House of Representatives and the Consultative Council shall be required to forward secondment of at least 3 candidates for the post of the President of the Republic before submitting the candidates to the people in preparation for a free and competitive election. The number of candidates for a presidential election shall not be less than two.
• Election of the President of the Republic shall be by means of direct popular voting in competitive elections.
• The candidate who secures an absolute majority of the popular votes shall be deemed the President of the Republic. If none of the candidates secures an absolute majority, re-elections shall be called upon in compliance with the above-cited procedures. Only the two candidates who managed to secure the highest number of popular votes shall run for re-election.

Article 109

The President of the Republic must perform the constitutional oath in front of the House of Representatives before assuming his responsibilities.

Article 110

The President of the Republic shall materialize the will of the people, respect the Constitution and law, protect national unity and principles and objective of the revolution. He shall adhere to the principle of a peaceful transition of power, supervise the sovereign tasks concerning the defense of the Republic and foreign policy, and exercise his authority according to the Constitution.

Article 111

The President of the Republic is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.

Article 112

The official term of the President of the Republic shall be seven calendar years effective from the date the President elect swears allegiance to the Constitution. No person may assume the office of the President of the Republic for more than two seven-year terms.

Article 113

If the term of the House of Representatives expires in the same month as the term of the President of the Republic, then the President term is prolonged until parliamentary elections are held. Within sixty days of the first meeting of the new House of Representatives, the new President shall be elected.

Article 114

Within ninety days prior to the expiry of the term of the President, procedures must be initiated to elect the new President. The election thereof must be completed at least one week before the expiry date. If such elections cannot take place for any reason, the former President continues his functions for a maximum of ninety days based on an authorization from the House of Representatives. The prolongation of the term for more than ninety days can only take place if the country is in a state of war or suffering a natural disaster or another emergency situation, under which electing the President becomes impossible.

Article 115

The President may submit his resignation, stating his reasons, to the House of Representatives which may accept it by an absolute majority vote of all its members. If the resignation is not accepted, the President may submit a further resignation within three months, and this time the House of Representatives is obliged to accept it.

Article 116

If the post of the President of the Republic becomes vacant or should the President become permanently disabled, the Vice President temporarily takes over the presidential functions for a period that does not exceed sixty days, during which new elections for the President of the Republic shall take place. If the posts of the President of the Republic and Vice President become vacant at the same time, the Presiding Board of the House shall temporarily take over the functions of the President. If the House of Representatives is under dissolution, the government shall replace the Presiding Board of the House in carrying out the functions of the Presidency, and in this case election of the President of the Republic shall take place within a period that does not exceed sixty days from the first session of the new House of Representatives.

Article 117

The law determines the salaries and appropriations of the President of the Republic, and he is not entitled to any other emolument or remuneration.

Article 118

The President of the Republic may not during his term, directly or indirectly, engage in any private business of any kind whether commercial, financial, or industrial. He is not allowed to buy or rent government property, not even through an open auction and he is not allowed to lease, sell, or barter any of his property to the State.

Article 119

The responsibilities of the President of the Republic are as follows:

• Foreign affairs representative To represent the Republic internally and externally.
• To call the voters, at the specified time, to elect the House of Representatives.
• Referenda To call for national referenda.
• Head of government selection To name the person who will form the government, and to issue a republican decree with the names of the cabinet members.
• To lay down, jointly with the government, the general policy of the state and to oversee the implementation of the policy as stipulated in the Constitution.
• To call the cabinet to a joint meeting with the President, as the need arises.
• To name the members of the National Defense Council according to the law.
• Head of state decree power To promulgate the laws passed by the House of Representatives and their publication, and to issue the decrees that execute them.
• Selection of active-duty commanders To appoint and dismiss senior government officials and military/police officers according to the law.
• To establish military ranks according to the law.
• To award badges, medals and decorations stipulated by Law, or to permit the wearing of badges and honours awarded by other States.
• International law , Treaty ratification To issue decrees endorsing Treaties and Conventions approved by the House of Representatives.
• To ratify agreements that do not require the approval of the House of Representatives if approved by the cabinet.
• To establish diplomatic delegations abroad and to appoint and recall ambassadors according to the Law.
• Foreign affairs representative To accredit diplomatic representatives of foreign countries and organizations.
• Protection of stateless persons To grant political asylum.
• Emergency provisions To proclaim states of emergency and general mobilization according to the Law.
• Any other functions stipulated in the Constitution and Law.

Article 120

The President of the Republic, following a proposal by the relevant minister and approval from the Council of Ministers, shall issue resolutions and regulations to implement laws and to regulate and organize general administration and government departments. These regulations may not obstruct any Law and may not have the effect of exempting any one from abiding by them. The President may authorize others to issue such regulations. The Law may designate who issues such regulations.

Article 121

The President declares a state of emergency by a republic can decree according to the law. The House of Representatives shall be called to session within one week and be presented with the declaration of emergency. If the House of Representatives is dissolved, then the old House of Representatives is called to session by the Constitution. If the House is not called to session, or the declaration of the state of emergency has not been presented to it, then the state of emergency shall cease to exist according to the Constitution. In all cases, a state of emergency is only declared in circumstances of war, internal discord, or natural disasters. Declaring the state of emergency shall only be for a limited time, and may not be extended, except with the approval of the House of Representatives.

Article 122

The President of the Republic has the right to demand reports from the Prime Minister concerning the implementation of the duties of the Council of Ministers.

Article 123

A death sentence shall not be executed unless endorsed by the President of the Republic.

Article 124

The Vice President assists the President in his duties. The President may delegate some functions of his to the Vice President

Article 125

A Consultative Council shall be formed by power of a Presidential Decree. Council members shall be drawn from a corpus of qualified individuals with professional expertise and from social dignitaries in order to widen the base of political participation and make use of national experts in the decision-making process. The Consultative Council shall have constitutional powers to:

• Commission studies and forward proposals and recommendations to inform government agencies on issues such as development strategies and to contribute to institutional capacity-building of state agencies. The studies cited above shall aim at addressing social issues and thug consolidating national unity and social cohesion.
• Advisory bodies to the head of state Give opinion and counsel to the President of the Republic at request.
• Offer counseling and present informed opinion on the State's national strategies particularly in political, economic, social, military and security matters to assist state agencies in realizing these strategies at the local and national levels.
• Provide counseling and offer informed opinion on the government's administrative reform programs and on modernization and institutional capacity-building issues.
• Treaty ratification , International law , Head of state selection , Economic plans Hold joint sessions in conjunction with the House of Representatives to second nominations for the office of the President of the Republic, approve socio-economic development plans and ratify agreements and treaties of defense, alliance, conciliation, peace and border concerns. In addition, members of the Consultative Council shall have the right to offer counseling and present informed opinion on matters forwarded by the President to the joint sessions.
• Promote freedom of the press, cultivate the development of civil societies and sponsor studies aiming at improving the performance of these institutions.
• Advance the cause of local authority through assessment studies with an eye on the promotion and cultivation of this democratic experience.
• Assess the government's economic, financial, fiscal and investment policies and programs on annual basis.
• Review periodic reports issued by the Audit and Control Bureau and forward a summary report of these to the President of the Republic.

Article 126

The Consultative Council shall consist of (111) members to be directly appointed by the President of the Republic. Members of the Council shall not be drawn from the House of Representatives or from local councils. The Law shall stipulate membership conditions as well as the duties, rights and responsibilities of Council members. Council members shall have to attain the age of forty and shall be required to take the oath of office in the presence of the President of the Republic. The Consultative Council shall draft internal regulations to govern its functions and duties. These by-Laws shall be enacted by power of the Law.

Article 127

The Consultative Council shall hold joint sessions in conjunction with the House of Representatives upon a call from the President of the Republic to discuss issues of mutual concern as detailed in the Constitution. Issues shall be resolved via voting by the absolute majority of members who are present in a joint ballot. The Speaker of the House of Representatives shall preside over such joint sessions.

Article 128

The President of the Republic may be charged with grand treason, violation of the Constitution, or any other action that prejudices the independence and sovereignty of the country. Such a charge requires the petitioning of half of the House of Representatives. The indictment decision on this matter requires the support of two thirds of the House of Representatives and the Law stipulates the procedures of the trial. If the charge is directed at the President and his deputy, then the Presidency Board of the House of Representatives temporarily assumes the duties of the President and until the giving of the court's verdict on the charge brought against the President. The House of Representatives shall pass the above mentioned law in the first regular round of its sessions once this Constitution takes effect. If the court's verdict finds either of the two guilty, then he is relieved of his post by the Constitution, and is then subject to the normal penalties of the law. In all cases, prescription shall not be applied to crimes stipulated in this article.

The Second Branch. The Council of Ministers

Article 129.

The Council of Ministers is the government of the Republic of Yemen, and it is the highest executive and administrative authority of the State. All State administrative organizations, bodies and executive organs, without exception, are under the directives of the Council of Ministers.

Article 130

The government is composed of the Prime Minister and his deputies and Ministers who together shall form the Council of Ministers. The law defines the general basis for organizing ministries and the various bodies of the State.

Article 131

The Prime Minister, his deputies and the Ministers shall meet the same conditions as must be met by a member of the House of Representatives, in addition, his age must not be less than thirty years, excepting the Prime Minister who must not be less than forty years old.

Article 132

In consultation with the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister chooses the members of his cabinet, and seeks the confidence of the House of Representative on the basis of a program he submits to the House.

Article 133

The Prime Minister and ministers are collectively responsible for the actions of the government before the President of the Republic and the House of Representatives.

Article 134

Before the Prime Minister and the ministers can assume their responsibilities, they shall perform the constitutional oath before the President of the Republic.

Article 135

The Law stipulates the salaries of the Prime Minister, his deputies, the ministers and vice-ministers.

Article 136

During their term of office, the Prime Minister and Ministers may not engage in any other public office, or in any private, commercial, financial or industrial activities, even if indirectly. They may not participate in any undertakings the government (or any of its Public corporations) contracts, and they may not combine the posts of minister with membership of the board of directors of any company. During their term, they may not purchase, refit or barter government property, even through an open bid. They may not lease, sell, or barter any of their property to the government.

Article 137

The Council of Ministers is responsible for the execution of overall state policies in the political, economic, social, cultural, and defense fields, according to the Laws and cabinet's resolutions. In particular, it shall exercise the following:

• To participate, in conjugation with the President of the Republic, in preparing broad outlines of internal and external policies.
• Budget bills , Economic plans To prepare drafts of the national economic plan, and the annual budget, to organize and execute them, and to prepare the government's final annual account.
• Initiation of general legislation To prepare drafts of Laws and resolutions and present them to the House of Representatives or the President of the Republic according to the jurisdiction of each.
• International law , Treaty ratification To approve treaties and conventions before presenting them to the House of Representatives or the President of the Republic according to the responsibilities of each.
• To take the necessary measures to guard the internal and external security of the State, and to protect the rights of citizens.
• To guide, coordinate and review the activities of the ministers, the administrative apparatus corporations and boards and the public and mixed sectors according to the Law.
• To appoint and dismiss senior government officials according to the Law, and to set and execute the policies that technically intend to develop manpower in government organizations, and to train/qualify personnel according to the needs of the country within the framework of the economic plan.
• To follow up the execution of the Laws, and to protect state funds.
• To supervise the organization and administration of the monetary, credit and insurance systems.
• To contract and award loans within the overall policies of the state, and within the limits of the provisions of the Constitution.

Article 138

The Prime Minister shall mange the affairs of the Council of Ministers and shall head its meetings. He shall represent the Council in the implementation of the state's general policies and shall supervise the execution of Council decisions and overall state policies in a unified and coordinated manner. He may demand from any member of the cabinet, reports on any matter pertaining to their ministries and the duties assigned to them, and they must comply with such demands.

Article 139

• Legislative oversight of the executive , Head of government immunity The President of the Republic and the House of Representatives has the right to place the Prime Minister, or his deputies or ministers under investigation and trial for any crimes committed by them in discharging their duties or as a consequence thereof. A decision of the House of Representatives to take such a measure shall be based on a proposal presented by at least one fifth of its members. The accusation may not be issued without the support of two thirds of the House.
• Those accused according to paragraph 1 mentioned above shall be suspended from work until judgment is passed. Their dismissal may not stop the charge against them or the course of the charge.
• The investigation and trial of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, his deputies and ministers and the trial procedures and guarantee (of fairness) shall be as stipulated by Law.
• The roles of the previous items are applicable to vice ministers.

Article 140

If the Council of Ministers resigns, or is dismissed, or confidence is withdrawn, it remains as a caretaker government responsible for day to day administration until a new government is formed. A caretaker government may not appoint or dismiss officials.

Article 141

The Prime Minister, if it becomes clear that his cooperation with one of the members of the cabinet has become impossible, may request from the President the dismissal of the said member.

Article 142

If the Prime Minister becomes unable to carry out his responsibilities, or if the House of Representatives bars withdraws confidence from the Council of Ministers, or a general election for the House of Representatives is undertaken, the Prime Minister is obliged to tender the resignation of his government to the President of the Republic.

Article 143

If the majority of the members of the Council of Ministers submit their resignations, the Prime Minister has to tender the resignation of the whole government.

Article 144

Each minister is in charge of the supervision and direction of his ministry and its branches throughout the Republic. He is responsible for the execution of the government's overall policies in his ministry. The law specifies the resolutions and regulations that the Minister may issue to implement the law.

The Third Branch. Bodies of Local Authority

Article 145.

The territory of the Republic of Yemen shall be divided into administrative units. The Law shall specify their number, demarcation lines and divisions and shall explain the objective criteria underpinning such an administrative division. The Law shall also detail procedural matters in connection with the nomination, election and/or selection and appointment of heads of these administrative units. Duties and functions of these administrative units and their heads shall also be specified by Law.

Article 146

The administrative units enjoy a nominal personality and shall have council which must be freely and fairly elected, both at the local and governorate level, which shall exercise their functions within the borders of the administrative area. They shall propose programmes, plans and investment budgets for the administrative unit as well as supervise, monitor and audit the agencies of the local authority according to law. The Law shall specify the means for nomination and election of the local authority, its administration and financial resources, the rights and duties of its members, its role in the execution of development plans and programmes and all other Provisions, through considering the adoption of the principle of administrative and financial decentralization as the foundation of a local administration system.

Article 147

All the administrative units and the local council are an inseparable part of the power of the state. The governors shall be responsible before the President of the Republic and the Council of Ministers, whose decisions are obligatory to the districts and councils which must execute them in all cases. The law defines the methods of control over the actions of the local councils.

Article 148

The state shall encourage and sponsor the local development cooperatives as they are one of the most important means of local development.

Chapter III. The Judicial Authority

Article 149.

The Judiciary authority is an autonomous authority in its judicial, financial and administrative aspects and the General Prosecution is one of its sub-bodies. The courts shall judge all disputes and crimes. The judges are independent and not subject to any authority, except the law. No other body may interfere in any way in the affairs and procedures of justice. Such interference shall be considered a crime that must be punished by law. A charge regarding such interference cannot be nullified with the passing of lime.

Article 150

The judiciary is an integrated system. The law organizes this system in terms of ranks, responsibilities, the terms and procedures of appointment, transfer and promotion of judges, and their other privileges and guarantees. Exceptional courts may not be established under any conditions.

Article 151

Members of the judiciary and public prosecution office shall not be dismissed except under the conditions stipulated by the law. They may not be transferred to non-judicial posts except with their own consent, the approval of the relevant judicial council, unless that was taken as a disciplinary measure. The law shall regulate the disciplinary trial of the judiciary and it organizes the legal profession.

Article 152

The judiciary shall set up the supreme judicial council. The law shall organize it, stipulate its jurisdiction and system of nominating and appointing its members. The supreme judiciary council shall execute these guarantees for the judiciary in the fields of appointment, promotion, discharge and dismissal according to the law. The council shall study and approve the judicial budget in preparation for inserting it as one item within the overall budget of the State.

Article 153

The Supreme Court of the Republic is the highest judicial authority. The law shall specify how it can be formed, clarify its functions and the procedures to be followed before it. It shall undertake to do the following:

• Constitutional interpretation Judge on cases and pleas that laws, regulations, by-laws and decisions are not constitutional.
• Judge disputes over conflict of jurisdiction.
• Investigate and give opinions regarding appeals referred by the House of Representatives which relate to its membership.
• Right to appeal judicial decisions Rule on appeals of final judgments in civilian, commercial, criminal, personal and administrative disputes and disciplinary cases according to the law.
• To try the President of the Republic, the Vice President, the Prime Minister, his deputies, the ministers and their deputies according to the law.

Article 154

Court sittings are open to the public unless a court determines, for reasons of security or general morals, to hold sessions behind closed doors. In all cases, verdicts are announced in an open session.

PART FOUR. THE EMBLEM, FLAG AND NATIONAL ANTHEM OF THE REPUBLIC

Article 155.

The law stipulates the Republic's insignia, emblems, badges, and national anthem.

Article 156

The national flag is composed of three colors. These are, starting from the top:

Article 157

The city of Sana'a is the capital of the Republic of Yemen.

PART FIVE. BASIS FOR AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION AND GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 158.

The President of Republic and the House of Representatives shall have the right to request amendment of one or more than one article of the Constitution. The request must identify the article(s) that require amendment as well as the reasons and justification for such amendment. If the request is issued by the House of Representatives, it must be signed by one-third of its members. In all cases, the House shall discuss whether the motion for constitutional amendment is justifiable in principle or not. The motion shall be sustained if supported by the House absolute majority. If the motion is defeated, another request for constitutional amendments of the same article(s) may not be submitted until one year lapses following that motion defeat. If the motion for constitutional amendment(s) is sustained in principle, the House shall deliberate on the article(s) to be amended after a two-month period from the date of approval. If three quarters of the House support the motion for amendment of any article(s) stipulated in Chapter One and Two (i.e. Articles: 62, 63, 81, 82, 92,93, 98, 101, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112, 116, 119, 121, 128, 139, 146, 158, 159), that motion shall be presented to the people in a general referendum. If the absolute majority of popular votes is in favour of the motion, the amendments shall be up-held as of the date the referendum results are announced. Constitutional articles other than the ones cited above may be amended if the call for an amendment is supported by at least three quarters of the House of Representatives. Such amendments shall be deemed valid as of the date of approval by House of Representatives.

Article 159

A supreme, independent and neutral committee shall administer, supervise and monitor the general elections and general referenda. The law shall specify the number of the members of the committee, the conditions they should meet under and the method for nominating and appointing them. The law also shall specify the jurisdictions and the functions of the committee in a manner that secures the best fulfillment of its functions.

Article 160

The text of the constitutional oath to be sworn by the President of the Republic, his deputy, members of the House of Representatives, the Prime Ministers and Cabinet members and by the speaker and members of the Consultative Council, shall be as follows:

I swear by Almighty Allah:

To faithfully safeguard the Republican system;

To respect the country 's Constitution and Laws;

To fully protect people's freedom and safeguard their interests and;

To safeguard the country's unity, independence and territorial integrity.

Article 161

The seven-year term referred to in Article (112) shall take effect from the beginning of the current term of the President of the Republic.

Article 162

The term of office the current House of Representatives shall be extended by 2 years effective from the date the new constitutional amendments were endorsed in accordance with the provisions of Article 65 of this Constitution.

Constitutional Declaration to organize the foundations of governance during the transitional period in Yemen

In the Name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate:

To the great Yemeni people: based on your aspirations and in execution of your free will that has been manifestly embodied in continuous support for the revolution and marches in various cities and directorates, as well as at the expanded National Dialogue Conference in the capital of Sanaa from 9 to 11 Rabi’ al-Thani 1436 corresponding to 31 January – 1 February 2015 and the statement issued by the Conference that contained a deadline for the political forces to reach an agreement to bring the country out of the present situation and which mandated the Revolutionary Committee to take immediate measures to arrange the status of State authorities. This was met with the support of the popular masses gathering in most governorates of the country, who supported the outcome of the expanded National Dialogue Conference. During the period granted to the political forces, the political elements who believe in the 11 February and 21 September Revolutions exerted tireless efforts to contain the situation and convince the other political elements of the principle of peace and partnership to save the country from the vacuum left behind by the sudden and unjustified resignation of the president and the government.

However, the response to these efforts was obstruction, refusal and abdication of national responsibility. Political elements continued to act opportunistically and neglect the higher national interest, exceeding the deadline set in the statement issued by the expanded National Dialogue Conference, in an explicit challenge to the revolution and the will of the great Yemeni people. They thus placed before the people the prospect of falling into political, economic, security and social dangers as a result of the vacuum they insisted on perpetuating in order to undermine this people, their revolution and its gains.

The leadership of the revolution responded by undertaking its national responsibilities based on the mandate they received from the people and the national revolutionary forces and in execution of the will of the Yemeni people, who have suffered from rulers who were tyrannical, who disdained their higher interest, dignity, rights and freedoms, and who neglected the people’s unity, sovereignty, security and stability.

The leadership of the revolution decided to rise to this massive responsibility – the responsibility to rescue the nation from the current situation and advance to horizons of freedom and dignity, thus gaining a firm foothold among the liberated peoples of the world.

The revolution is determined to achieve a dignified life for the popular masses, end corruption through an effective national strategy, reform public service, eliminate flaws in community justice, relieve oppression, reform the security and military institutions on national bases as well as restore trust and respect for these institutions, improve the livelihood of their members, achieve security in society, face down criminal takfiri forces and their allies and supporters, build a strong, cohesive Yemeni society that does not exclude any person or party, and end conflicts, divisions and ruptures. The nation is large enough to include all its citizens, and it expects all of them without exception to help rebuild it and work to achieve glory, progress, and prosperity, and to protect its security, sovereignty and independence.

To the great Yemeni people: we have pledged, with God as our witness, to do our utmost to assist our country and raise its banner. Thus you must practice self-denial and dedicate your lives, property and efforts to give strength, joy, prosperity, and glory to your country, united against all difficulties and conspiracies, joined in solidarity and cooperation with the nation, since the nation is one, and has one aim and one people. This is in order for the transitional period to be the start of a new era that will steer the country to safe harbor.

Thus, the leadership of the revolution is issuing this Constitutional Declaration in the name of the people to organize the transitional period:

The provisions of the constitution in force shall continue to apply, provided that they do not conflict with the provisions of the present Declaration.

The Declaration shall regulate the foundations of governance during the transitional period.

General rights and freedoms are guaranteed and the State shall undertake to protect them.

The foreign policy of the State shall be based on adherence to the good neighbor principle, non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries, adoption of sound and peaceful means to resolve disputes and cooperate to achieve shared interests in a manner that upholds the sovereignty, independence, security and higher interests of the nation.

The Supreme Revolutionary Committee is the expression of the revolution and revolutionary committees derived therefrom shall be formed in the governorates and directorates throughout the Republic.

The National Transitional Council

A National Transitional Council with 551 members shall be formed by a decree from the Revolutionary Committee. It shall replace the dissolved House of Representatives and it shall include the components that were not represented in the latter body. Members of the dissolved House of Representatives shall have the right to join it.

The bylaws of the National Transitional Council shall specify its system of work and the rights and duties of members.

The Presidency of the Republic in the transitional period shall be exercised by a Presidency Council composed of 5 members elected by the National Transitional Council and their election shall be ratified by the Revolutionary Committee.

The bylaws of the National Transitional Council shall specify its system of work and the rights and duties of its members. [sic]

The transitional government

The Presidency Council shall task anyone it deems suitable, whether from among the members of the National Transitional Council or outside it, to form a transitional government from the talent pool of the nation.

General and Final Provisions

The Revolutionary Committee shall be competent to take all the necessary measures and arrangements to protect the sovereignty of the nation, guarantee its security and stability, and protect the rights and freedoms of citizens.

The powers of the National Transitional Council and the Presidency Council shall be determined by a decree supplementing the Constitutional Declaration issued by the Revolutionary Committee.

Within a maximum period of two years, the State’s transitional authorities shall work to reach the milestones of the transitional period in accordance with the outcome of the comprehensive National Dialogue Conference and the Peace and National Partnership Agreement. This includes reviewing the new draft constitution, enacting the laws required by the constituent assembly phase, holding a referendum on the constitution in preparation for the country’s transition to a permanent status, and conducting parliamentary and presidential elections in accordance with the provisions of said constitution..

Ordinary legislation shall remain in force unless it explicitly or implicitly contradicts texts of the present Declaration.

This Declaration shall enter into force from its date of issuance.

• Preferences

Republic of Yemen - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Republic of Yemen

Yemen coastline is about 2200 km long, roughly one third of which is in the red ... 176 species of stony corals are presently known for the yemen red sea. ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• and 5 of the Gulf of Aden coast supports fringing coral communities or reefs.
• Extensive coral growth is found around the Socotra archipelago.
• Yemen reefs support gt 300 species in 60 genera and 14 families of scleractinian stony corals the high richness reflecting the wide range of habitat types, oceanographic and environmental conditions.
• In particular, coral communities of the Socotra archipelago are extremely diverse.
• 176 species of stony corals are presently known for the Yemen Red Sea. new records were identified recently in southern Red Sea.
• Diversity is lower along the mainland Gulf of Aden coast, which is thought to support some 100 coral species but remains relatively poorly studied.
• Socotra archipelago supports a diverse fauna of 253 stony coral species, placing it among the richest sites in the western Indian Ocean
• Table Species diversity of reef-building stony corals from the Yemen Red Sea
• (Turak Brodie 1999), NE Gulf of Aden (DeVantier Hariri)
• and Socotra archipelago (DeVantier AbdalAziz unpubl.).
• In the Red Sea, live coral cover was generally higher (10 ) in the south than at most of the northern and central areas, and there were more large colonies at the southern part of Saba Island in the Zubayr group, and Mayun Island in the straits of Bab Al Mandab.
• Submerged patch reefs were the most dominant in terms of cover and abundance, and were found west of Al Hodeidah, South of Ras Isa peninsula and scattered in the southern Farasan Islands in the inter island waters.
• In the Gulf of Aden there are at least six discrete areas where coral communities are developed,
• Coral diversity is higher to the west of Al Mukalla where there are approximately 40 genera.
• In the north-east Gulf of Aden, coral communities are also found at the islands offshore from Bir Ali with moderate diversity (100 spp. Scleractinia)
• Around the Socotra archipelago, coral communities are distributed patchily around the islands, with most extensive development on the north coasts.
• on the SW side of Abd Al Khuri.
• The northern Red Sea had low average live coral cover (17 ), high average dead coral cover (34 ) and high macro algae cover (20 ).
• The northern and central Yemen coast and near shore islands had very low live coral cover (3 ) and very high dead standing coral cover (averaging 34 ). Macro algae cover was also high (avg. 34 ).
• In the Gulf of Aden and Socotra archipelago, high live coral cover (gt 50 ) some sites, include the islands offshore from Bir Ali and N coasts of the Socotra archipelago. On Socotra, north-facing sites generally had higher cover than the more exposed south-facing areas.
• Around the Socotra archipelago, cover of stony corals ranged from lt 1 to gt 75 .
• Overall, living stony coral cover averaged 20 , with highest cover ( 35 ) on the Brothers (Samha, Darsa and Sabunyah Rocks). Stony coral cover was much higher on the north coasts ( 25 ) than on the south coasts ( 5 ).
• Although the Yemen reefs have proven surprisingly diverse in species composition, the main structural elements are massive corals in the genus Porites. These are by far the most common genus of reef-building coral in Yemen waters and the main reef framework builder of contemporary coral reefs in this region. The other two most common corals were Stylophora pistillata and Platygyra daedelea, both species found in a wide range of habitats.
• Coastal Development
• Shipping and Navigation
• Oil Pollution.
• Crown-of-Thorns Starfish - Offshore Red Sea Reefs.
• Bio-Erosion by Sea Urchins and Parrotfish.
• Coral Breakage by Storm Waves.
• Coral Collecting for Lime, Building Materials.
• Over fishing.
• Aquarium Trade.
• Industrial and Urban Development.
• There is one protected area and six proposed protected areas in Yemen. Two of them are under process of deceleration.

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Central Banking Summer Meetings 2024 – presentations and post-event pack

This article was funded by a third party, but the funder had no editorial control.

• By Eleanor Piotrowicz
• 20 Jun 2024
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The Central Banking Summer Meetings took place in London from June 12–13.

Over 110 central banks joined us from across the globe, providing two days of high-level discussions and sharing of experience.

The agenda provided attendees with in-depth insights and a wide range of views through interactive formats such as keynote speeches, presentations, panel sessions and working groups. 

The presentations and post-event pack can be accessed through the links below.

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