md phd bedeutung

Promotion, Ph.D. und M.D.

Unterschiede zwischen dem Dr.-Titel (Deutschland), dem Ph.D. (angelsächsischer Raum) und dem M.D.

Durch die Globalisierung kommt es immer häufiger vor, dass man im akademischen Kontext mit verschiedenen Titeln konfrontiert wird. Daher haben wir hier die drei häufigsten aufgelistet und die Unterschiede erklärt.

Unter Promotion wird im deutschen Sprachraum die Verleihung des Doktor-Titels als akademischer Grad in einem bestimmten Studienfach und in der Form einer Promotionsurkunde verstanden. Sie gilt als Nachweis der Befähigung zu besonders vertiefter wissenschaftlicher Arbeit.

Dabei handelt es sich nicht um ein eigenständiges Studium mit Vorlesungen und Prüfungen, sondern um eine selbständige, mit Begleitung der betreuenden Professorin oder des betreuenden Professors durchgeführte, wissenschaftliche Arbeit zu einem selbstgewählten Thema. Je nach Fakultät, in der die Promotion erarbeitet wurde, kann man an der FAU zu folgenden Doktortiteln promovieren: Dr. phil., Dr. theol., Dr. rer. pol., Dr. jur., Dr. med., Dr. med. dent., Dr. rer. biol. hum., Dr. rer. nat., Dr.-Ing.

Die Promotion besteht aus zwei Teilen

• der selbstständig verfassten wissenschaftlichen Arbeit (Dissertation) und
• der mündlichen Prüfung (Rigorosum, Disputation).

Personen, die eine Promotion anstreben und deren Absicht und Eignung vom Promotionsbüro der FAU bestätigt wurde, werden als Doktoranden, Doktorandinnen, Promovierende oder auf Englisch als doctoral candidates bezeichnet. Voraussetzung für die Zulassung zur Promotion ist ein Masterabschluss oder ein äquivalenter Abschluss. Für eine Promotion kann man sich nicht offiziell an einer zentralen Stelle an der FAU bewerben. Der Weg zur Promotion führt über die selbständige Suche einer Betreuerin oder eines Betreuers UND eines Themas. Die Promotion kann an der FAU als Individualpromotion oder im Rahmen eines strukturierten Promotionsprogramms (siehe unten) durchgeführt werden.

Führung des Titels

Der Doktortitel wird vor dem Namen geführt, zum Beispiel Dr. Franziska Mustermann, wobei die Fachspezifikation in Verbindung mit dem Namen in den meisten Fällen weggelassen wird.

Ph.D. Ph.D.

In immer mehr Ländern, insbesondere im angelsächsischen Sprachraum, kann der akademische Grad eines Ph.D. (auch Ph.D., Doctor of Philosophy) erworben werden. Dabei handelt es sich im Gegensatz zur Promotion (siehe oben) um ein eigenständiges Studium , dem Doktorstudium , mit speziellen Vorlesungen und  Prüfungen und einer üblichen Dauer von drei bis fünf Jahren (abhängig von den Zulassungsvoraussetzungen, siehe unten). In Bayern kann ein Ph.D. nur nach einem Studium in einem entsprechenden Studiengang vergeben werden. An der FAU gibt es einen solchen Studiengang im Bereich Advanced ImmunoMedicine .

Trotz des Wortlauts handelt es sich beim Ph.D. in der Regel nicht um den Doktor in Philosophie (Fach), sondern um den für die meisten Fächer üblichen Doktorgrad. Das Studienfach wird normalerweise hinten mit angehängt, zum Beispiel Ph.D. in Economics.

Die Erlangung des Ph.D. besteht aus drei Teilen

• dem regelmäßigen Besuch von spezialisierten Kursen und weiterer nachweispflichtiger Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen,
• der selbstständig verfassten wissenschaftlichen Arbeit, der Dissertation, und

Der Ph.D. ist im angelsächsischen Sprachraum der wissenschaftliche Doktorgrad in fast allen Fächern und der höchste Abschluss des Postgraduiertenstudiums. Das Postgraduiertenstudium beginnt im angelsächsischen Raum nach dem Bachelor-Studium. Der Studierende beginnt nach dem Bachelor mit dem Master-Studium und entscheidet zum Ende seines Masterstudiums ob er/sie das Studium mit dem Master beendet oder bis zum Ph.D. weiterführt. Es kann so gesehen einen fließenden Übergang geben, wenn die Zulassungsbedingungen erfüllt sind. Zulassungsbedingung ist nach einem vorangegangenen Bachelor-Studium zumeist ein Master-Abschluss, oder der vier- bis fünfjährige universitäre Bachelor with Honours mit mindestens cum-laude-Abschluss.

Im Allgemeinen enthalten Ph.D.-Programme, die aus den Masterstudiengängen weitergeführt werden, einen hohen Anteil an Kursen und Seminaren im Vergleich zur in Deutschland weit verbreiteten Individualpromotion . Die Dauer von Master- und darauffolgendem Ph.D.-Studium zusammen beträgt im angelsächsischen Raum in der Regel mindestens 5 Jahre.

Den Studienabschnitt der im angelsächsischen Raum nach dem Masterstudium zur Erlangung des Ph.D. erfolgt, kann man an der FAU am ehesten mit einem strukturierten Promotionsprogramm vergleichen, das in der Regel in drei bis vier Jahren absolviert werden kann. Die kürzere Zeit im Vergleich zu einem strukturierten Programm im angelsächsischen Raum ist in den unterschiedlichen Bildungssystemen begründet. In Deutschland kommen diese Spezialisierungskurse, die für den Ph.D. gebraucht werden, oft schon im Masterstudium vor. Daher ist die Durchführung der Promotion durch ein kürzeres strukturiertes Programm in Deutschland und an der FAU möglich und als Alternative zur meist üblichen Individualpromotion durchaus sinnvoll und weit verbreitet.

Der Titel Ph.D. wird hinter dem Namen geführt, zum Beispiel Franziska Mustermann, Ph.D. Entsprechend der gängigen wissenschaftlichen Konvention wird ein Ph.D. als Dr. angesprochen.

Führung des Ph.D. als Dr. Führung des Ph.D. als Dr.

Inhaber des PHD dürfen ohne weitere Schwierigkeiten vom “Dr.” Gebrauch machen. Für US-amerikanische Doktorgrade gilt allerdings die Voraussetzung, dass die Universität, von der sie den Titel verliehen bekommen haben, auf einer der zwei Carnegie-Listen “ Doctoral Universities – Highest activity” und “Doctoral Universities – Higher research activity” stehen. Personen, die ihren Doktorgrad in Australien, Israel, Canada oder Russland erworben haben, dürfen den deutschen Doktortitel “Dr.” nur mit Zusatz tragen.

Eine gute Zusammenfassung zum Thema ist die Stellungnahme der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.

Ob ein internationaler Doktorgrad in Deutschland als Dr. oder ein in Deutschland erworbener Doktortitel in einem anderen Staat in der dort üblichen Form geführt werden dürfen, hängt davon ab, ob zwischen den relevanten Staaten Äquivalenzabkommen bestehen. Ein Ausgangspunkt für eine entsprechende Recherche kann die Datenbank ANABIN bei der Zentralstelle für ausländisches Bildungswesen sein.

Der Titel M.D. (Doctor of Medicine) ist ein akademischer Grad und in manchen Ländern ein sogenanntes Berufsdoktorat. Berufsdoktorate sind Doktorgrade, die z.B. in den USA, Österreich und einigen anderen Ländern als Abschluss eines Diplomstudiengangs ohne Promotionsleistung verliehen werden. In Deutschland ist dies nicht üblich. In den USA wird der M.D. als berufsqualifizierender Hochschulabschluss des Medizinstudiums („professional degree“) mit dem Abschluss des Studiums (Examens) ohne zusätzliche Promotionsleistung vergeben.

Berufsdoktorate sind nicht mit dem eher forschungsbasierten Doktorgrad (Dr.) gleichzusetzen. Derartige Doktorgrade im Sinne eines Berufsdoktorats entsprechen in Deutschland dem Staatsexamen in Medizin. Das Führen der medizinischen Berufsdoktorgrade ist ausschließlich in der jeweils verliehenen Originalform möglich. Die Führung dieser Grade als Dr. oder als Dr. med. sowie in einer anderen ins Deutsche übersetzten Form ist aufgrund des Fehlens einer Promotionsleistung nicht erlaubt.

Der Titel M.D. wird hinter dem Namen geführt, zum Beispiel Franziska Mustermann, M.D.

Dr. vs. PhD: Was ist der Unterschied?

Das Wichtigste auf einen Blick

• Während in Deutschland am Ende eines Promotionsstudiums der Doktortitel verliehen wird, ist es in englischsprachigen Ländern meistens der PhD.
• Beide Grade berechtigen zum Lehren an einer Universität und werden international anerkannt.
• Die Systeme der beiden Titel haben jedoch einige Unterschiede.

Dr. oder PhD?

Wenn Du Deinen Bachelor und Master bereits hinter Dir hast, die Universität aber nicht verlassen möchtest, bietet es sich an, in der Forschung und Entwicklung zu arbeiten . Dazu benötigst Du einen Promotionsplatz – und von denen gibt es immer mehr. Das ist die Reaktion auf die Nachfrage der wachsenden Zahl an Studenten in Deutschland. Wissenschaft und Forschung werden aber auch international immer wichtiger . So bietet sich Dir vielleicht sogar die Chance, die Promotion mit einem Auslandsaufenthalt zu verknüpfen.

Was bringt ein Dr. oder PhD?

Wer denkt, der Doktortitel sorgt nur für Anerkennung oder schmückt den eigenen Namen, liegt falsch. Ein Doktortitel öffnet nicht nur Türen in Medizinberufen oder im naturwissenschaftlichen Sektor. Auch Juristen und Wirtschaftswissenschaftler verdienen mit einem Titel spürbar mehr oder bekommen sogar erst dadurch Zugang zu höheren Positionen . Für Geisteswissenschaftler bedeutet der Titel leider kaum Zuwachs beim Gehalt, dafür kannst Du in einem Sektor forschen, der Dich interessiert, oder auch am Lehrstuhl arbeiten.

Begriffliche Unterscheidung

Während der klassische Grad des Doktors in Deutschland verbreitet ist, wird in englischsprachigen Ländern vor allem vom PhD , also vom Philosophical doctorate, gesprochen. Das leitet sich vom lateinischen philosophiae doctor ab, der aus der antiken Wissenschaftstradition kommt, heute aber nichts mehr mit dem Fach Philosophie zu tun hat . Stattdessen berechtigt der Titel zum selbstständigen und alleinverantwortlichen Lehren an einer Universität. Gleichzustellen ist der PhD im Englischsprachigen jedoch nicht mit einer Promotion in medizinischen Fächern. Hierbei handelt es sich um einen MD-PhD, der nur an Schools of Medicine verliehen wird. Der PhD hat meistens noch den Zusatz ‚in’, der angibt, in welchem Fach man den Titel erlangt hat.

Die wichtigsten Unterschiede

Dr. vs. PhD

4–6 Jahre (ausgenommen Mediziner)

Viel Eigenarbeit

Ausrichtung

Starke Bindung an Professor und Lehrstuhl

Angestrebtes Karriereziel

Strukturiert; Vorlesungen & Kurse gehören zum Programm

Betreuung und Austausch; Keine feste Bindung an einen Lehrstuhl oder einen Professor

Der Hauptunterschied zwischen Dr. und PhD ist also, dass man beim PhD nicht an einen bestimmten Lehrstuhl gebunden ist. Damit kannst Du beim PhD auch leichter den Betreuer wechseln. Beim Dr. ist das in der Regel schwer bis gar nicht möglich. Zusätzlich musst Du beim PhD im Schnitt eine größere Anzahl an Kursen belegen - also im Endeffekt mehr ECTS Credits sammeln. Der Umfang und die erwartete Qualität Deiner Doktorarbeit bzw. Deiner PhD-Thesis unterscheiden sich jedoch nicht voneinander. In jedem Fall ist sehr viel Eigenarbeit gefragt.

Achtung: Dr. nicht in PhD übersetzen

Auch wenn der deutsche Doktortitel im Ausland genauso anerkannt wird wie der PhD, solltest Du ihn auf gar keinen Fall übersetzen. Das ist sogar illegal . Grund dafür ist der Unterschied der beiden Systeme – vor allem die wissenschaftliche Forschung in PhD-Programmen ist intensiver als im Promotionsstudium.

Weitere Artikel

PhD oder Doktortitel - Was passt zu Dir?

Auch wenn der PhD im Ausland für Arbeiten auf Augenhöhe mit den Professoren steht, darfst Du das natürlich nicht verallgemeinern. Es kann sowohl im Ausland als auch an deutschen Universitäten große Unterschiede im Promotionsstudium geben. Falls Du die Wahl zwischen beiden Optionen hast, ist es wichtig, dass Du Dir Gedanken über Deine Zukunft machst. Dazu gehört zum Beispiel auch die Frage danach, wo Du später arbeiten möchtest. Du solltest Dich außerdem fragen, ob Du für diese Zeit ins Ausland gehen willst .

Falls Du das mit Nein beantwortest, der PhD aber trotzdem besser zu Dir passt, kannst Du nach geeigneten Programmen in Deutschland suchen, die es mittlerweile auch schon gibt.

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• Rodenberg Rodenberg
• Rödinghausen
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• Rövershagen
• Rückersdorf
• Rüdesheim am Rhein
• Rüsselsheim
• Russische Föderation
• Saalburg-Ebersdorf
• Saalfeld/Saale
• Saarbrücken
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• Salzgitter Barum
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• Sandersdorf
• Sandersdorf Sandersdorf
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• Storkow (Mark)
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• [Die ganze Welt]
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• Banking, Financial Services & Insurance
• Baugewerbe/-industrie
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• Druck-, Papier- und Verpackungsindustrie
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• Konsumgüter/Gebrauchsgüter
• Land-, Forst- und Fischwirtschaft, Gartenbau
• Leisure & Tourism
• Manufacture of chemical products
• Manufacturing
• Maschinen- und Anlagenbau
• Medien (Film, Funk, TV, Verlage)
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• Sonstige Branchen
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• Textilien, Bekleidung & Lederwaren
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• Unternehmensberatg., Wirtschaftsprüfg., Recht
• Versicherungen
• Wissenschaft & Forschung
• Arbeitnehmerüberlassung
• Ausbildung, Studium
• Bachelor-/Master-/Diplom-Arbeiten
• Befristeter Vertrag
• Berufseinstieg/Trainee
• Feste Anstellung
• Freie Mitarbeit/Projektmitarbeit
• Handelsvertreter
• Promotion/Habilitation
• Referendariat
• Studentenjobs, Werkstudent
• Mit Berufserfahrung
• Mit Personalverantwortung
• Ohne Berufserfahrung

Detailsuche

Post-doc in der versorgungsforschung mit routinedaten (m/w/d), doctoral researcher – autonomous mobile robots, doktorand – kostenoptimale direct-air-capture-and-storage-anlagenparks zur realisierung von treibhausgasneutralität (w/m/d), promotion - hybride modellierung von mechanischen prozessen in der halbleiterfertigung, professur (m/w/d) für maschinenbau – schwerpunkt: versorgungs- und energiemanagement, promotion - dynamische optimierung leistungstransistoren automotive und nicht-automotive anwendungen, research associate / phd student (m/f/x), wissenschaftliche*r mitarbeiter*in – energieeffizienz, promotion im bereich der entwicklung von kathoden für lkw-anwendungen ab juli 2024.

• Karrieremesse
• Für Arbeitgeber

PhD – Unterschiede PhD und Doktor

Der Ph. D. ( Philosophiae Doctor ) ist in englischsprachigen Ländern (engl. Doctor of Philosophy) der wissenschaftliche Doktorgrad der höchste Abschluss des Postgraduiertenstudiums. Auch in Deutschland wird der PhD als akademischer Grad in PhD-Programmen, von einigen Universitäten und gleichgestellten Hochschulen verliehen. Der Ph.D. steht im Einklang mit dem traditionellen deutschen Doktortitel (z.B. Dr. rer. nat., Dr. phil., Dr. ing.) und repräsentiert ebenfalls den höchsten akademischen Grad in einem Fachgebiet. Der wesentliche Fokus eines PhD-Programms liegt auf der Forschung, die in einer Dissertation oder Doktorarbeit mündet und einen bedeutenden Beitrag zum jeweiligen Fachgebiet leisten soll.

Was bedeutet Ph.D.

Ph.D. steht für Philosophiae Doctor und entspricht in Deutschland dem akademischen Doktorgrad . Der Ph.D. wird vor allem in englischsprachigen Ländern verliehen, doch auch in Deutschland wird dieser Titel verliehen, insbesondere an international ausgerichteten Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen. Der Ph.D. ist nicht, wie es die wörtliche Übersetzung „Doktor der Philosophie“ vermuten ließe, an eine wissenschaftliche Disziplin gebunden.

Die Erlangung eines PhD in Deutschland erfordert die Durchführung eines eigenständigen Forschungsprojekts, das in einer Dissertation mündet, sowie das Bestehen einer mündlichen Prüfung oder eines Rigorosums. Die Dauer eines PhD-Programms kann variiert typischerweise zwischen drei bis fünf Jahren. PhD-Programme in Deutschland sind oft strukturiert und beinhalten Kurse sowie die Teilnahme an Seminaren und Konferenzen.

Einführung PhD in Deutschland

Die Einführung des PhD-Titels in Deutschland ist eng mit dem Bologna-Prozess verknüpft, der Ende der 1990er Jahre begann. Der Bologna-Prozess zielte darauf ab, einen gemeinsamen europäischen Hochschulraum zu schaffen, um die Mobilität von Studierenden und Akademikern zu erleichtern und die Vergleichbarkeit der Hochschulabschlüsse zu verbessern. Obwohl der Prozess in erster Linie die Struktur des Studiums (Bachelor/Master-System) harmonisieren sollte, hatte er auch Auswirkungen auf die Doktorandenausbildung und die Verwendung des PhD-Titels.

In Deutschland wurden traditionelle Doktortitel wie Dr. rer. nat., Dr. phil., Dr. ing. und andere schon lange vor der Einführung des PhD-Systems verliehen. Diese traditionellen Titel sind in Deutschland und international hoch angesehen. Der PhD als spezifische Bezeichnung begann jedoch, größere Verbreitung in Deutschland im Zuge der Bologna-Reformen zu finden, vor allem seit den frühen 2000er Jahren. Die Einführung von strukturierten Promotionsprogrammen, oft in Form von Graduiertenschulen, die den PhD verleihen, trug dazu bei, die Doktorandenausbildung stärker zu internationalisieren und die Attraktivität Deutschlands für ausländische Studierende und Forschende zu erhöhen.

Unterschiede Ph.D und Doktortitel

In Deutschland unterscheidet sich der Ph.D. (Philosophical Doctorate) vom traditionellen Doktorgrad (Dr.) in mehreren Aspekten. Beim Ph.D.-Programm wird die Betreuung der Doktoranden oft von mehreren Professoren übernommen, die den Studierenden als Ansprechpartner zur Verfügung stehen, während bei der Promotion zum Dr. in der Regel nur ein Professor die Betreuung des Promovierenden übernimmt. Ein Ph.D.-Programm ist strukturiert und ähnelt einem Studium, das neben den üblichen Kursen auch die Anfertigung einer Dissertation umfasst. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Promotion zum Dr. meist individueller gestaltet und verbindet oft die wissenschaftliche Mitarbeit am Institut mit der Erstellung der Dissertation. Es gibt aber auch strukturierte Promotionsprogramme wie Graduiertenkollegs, die zum Doktorgrad führen. Die Dauer des Ph.D.-Programms ist meist auf drei bis fünf Jahre festgelegt, während die Promotion zum Dr. flexibler ist, aber üblicherweise mit einer Höchstdauer von vier bis sechs Jahren verbunden ist. Für beide Abschlüsse wird zunehmend eine kürzere Dauer von 3 Jahren angestrebt. Der Ph.D. legt den Fokus mehr auf allgemeine wissenschaftliche Forschung, wohingegen beim Dr. der Erwerb der Fähigkeit, selbständig wissenschaftlich zu arbeiten, im Vordergrund steht.

Der Ph.D. ist in englischsprachigen Ländern, wie in Deutschland der Doktorgrad, der höchste Abschluss des Postgraduiertenstudiums. In diesen Ländern ist der Ph.D.-Abschluss in aller Regel mit der Berechtigung verbunden, an einer Universität selbstständig und alleinverantwortlich zu lehren. In Deutschland hängt die Wahl zwischen der Bezeichnung „PhD“ und dem traditionellen „Doktortitel“ (wie Dr. rer. nat., Dr. phil., Dr. ing. etc.) oft vom Fachgebiet, der spezifischen Hochschule und manchmal von der Präferenz des Promovierenden ab.

Naturwissenschaften und Ingenieurwissenschaften

• Doktortitel: In den Naturwissenschaften (wie Physik, Chemie, Biologie) und den Ingenieurwissenschaften ist der traditionelle Doktortitel wie Dr. rer. nat. (Doctor rerum naturalium) oder Dr.-Ing. (Doctor Ingenieur) in Deutschland sehr verbreitet. Diese Bereiche haben eine lange Tradition in der Vergabe spezifischer Doktortitel, die eng mit der deutschen akademischen Geschichte verknüpft sind.
• PhD: Es gibt allerdings auch zunehmend internationale PhD-Programme in diesen Fachbereichen, besonders in Graduiertenschulen und Forschungsinstituten, die sich an internationale Studierende richten oder Teil internationaler Forschungsnetzwerke sind.

Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften

• Doktortitel: In den Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften ist der Dr. phil. (Doctor philosophiae) traditionell der verbreitetste akademische Grad. Dieser Bereich neigt dazu, die traditionellen deutschen Titel stärker zu bewahren, was teilweise auf die tiefe Verwurzelung dieser Fächer in der nationalen Kultur und Geschichte zurückzuführen ist.
• PhD: Jedoch gibt es auch hier internationale PhD-Programme, die oft interdisziplinär ausgerichtet sind oder sich speziell an internationale Forschungsfragen richten.
• Doktortitel: In der Medizin ist der Dr. med. (Doctor medicinae) der traditionelle Grad. Die medizinische Doktorarbeit in Deutschland unterscheidet sich in Umfang und Tiefe oft von den Forschungsarbeiten in anderen Disziplinen und ist in der Regel weniger umfangreich.
• PhD/MD: Für Mediziner, die eine stärkere Forschungsausrichtung verfolgen, gibt es spezielle PhD-Programme oder kombinierte MD/PhD-Programme. Diese sind allerdings weniger verbreitet als in einigen anderen Ländern und richten sich speziell an diejenigen, die eine Karriere in der medizinischen Forschung anstreben.

Wirtschaftswissenschaften

• Doktortitel und PhD: In den Wirtschaftswissenschaften findet man sowohl traditionelle Doktortitel (wie Dr. rer. pol. für Wirtschaftswissenschaften) als auch PhD-Programme. Die Wahl hängt oft von der internationalen Ausrichtung der Fakultät und den Karrierezielen des Promovierenden ab.

Passende Jobs

Phd position in generative ai.

PhD position (f/m/d)

Phd student (f/m/d).

Insgesamt lässt sich sagen, dass die Vergabe von PhDs in Deutschland tendenziell in Fachgebieten und bei Programmen häufiger ist, die stark international ausgerichtet sind oder an internationalen Standards orientiert werden müssen. Traditionelle deutsche Doktortitel dominieren weiterhin in vielen Disziplinen, besonders in solchen mit einer starken nationalen Tradition oder solchen, die weniger international ausgerichtet sind.

Was ist besser Ph.D. oder Doktor?

Ob ein Ph.D. oder ein traditioneller Doktortitel besser ist, hängt von den individuellen Karrierezielen, dem Fachbereich und der geographischen Ausrichtung ab. Hier findest du die Vorteile der beiden Abschlüsse in der Übersicht:

Vorteile des Ph.D.

Internationale Anerkennung :

• Der Ph.D. wird weltweit anerkannt und ist besonders in englischsprachigen Ländern gut etabliert, was bei internationalen Karriereambitionen nützlich sein kann.

Strukturiertes Programm :

• Ph.D.-Programme bieten oft ein klar strukturiertes akademisches Umfeld mit festgelegten Kursen und regelmäßigen Bewertungen, was hilfreich sein kann, um Fortschritte zu messen und Forschungskompetenzen systematisch zu entwickeln.

Netzwerkmöglichkeiten :

• Durch die internationale Ausrichtung vieler Ph.D.-Programme können Studierende von umfangreichen Möglichkeiten zur Vernetzung und Zusammenarbeit auf globaler Ebene profitieren.

Forschungsorientierung :

• Ph.D.-Programme legen starken Fokus auf die Entwicklung von Forschungskompetenzen und das Erstellen von Publikationen, was für eine akademische oder forschungsorientierte Karriere vorteilhaft sein kann.

Vorteile des traditionellen Doktortitels (Dr.)

Anerkennung in Deutschland :

• Der traditionelle deutsche Doktortitel ist in Deutschland besonders hoch angesehen und bietet eine exzellente Grundlage für Karrieren in Wissenschaft, Forschung und auch in der Industrie.

Flexibilität im Forschungsansatz :

• Promotionsprogramme zum Erwerb des Dr.-Titels sind oft individueller gestaltet und bieten mehr Freiheit bei der Wahl des Forschungsthemas und der Methodik.

Fähigkeit zur selbständigen Forschung :

• Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf dem Erwerb der Fähigkeit, unabhängig wissenschaftlich zu arbeiten, was besonders in der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft geschätzt wird.

Dauer und Flexibilität :

• Obwohl die Promotionsdauer variabel ist, ermöglicht die individuelle Gestaltung oft eine bessere Anpassung an persönliche Umstände und Karrierepläne.

Dr. Eva Birkmann, MBA

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Faculty of Medicine

Quicklinks und sprachwechsel, main navigation, md-phd-programm, table of contents, general information, admission requirements, program structure, study guide and curriculum, interfaculty md-phd committee impk.

The MD-PhD Program enables medical students and graduates (in addition to their regular degree in medicine, dentistry, or veterinary medicine) to gain a basic natural science education which allows them to conduct regular doctoral studies at the Science Faculty of UZH, without previously attaining an MSc degree in natural science. The program serves as an entry point for medical students and graduates into the Life Science Zurich Graduate School. The role of the MD-PhD program is to select eligible candidates and to coordinate their integrated science education. The program consists of original research (doctoral thesis) as well as of curricular content (propaedeutic studies).

The MD-PhD is oriented exclusively toward Master students and graduates of degree courses in human medicine, veterinary medicine or dentistry. The MD-PhD program can be entered as MD-PhD Track I in parallel to the medical Master studies at UZH. Applicants to the Track II program must hold a Master's degree from a university in human medicine, veterinary medicine or dentistry.

The MD-PhD program is supervised by an Interfaculty steering committee (IMPK), which consists of representatives of the Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Medicine, and the Vetsuisse Faculty.

Track I: The Track I MD-PhD program is open to students who are enrolled in a medical Master program at UZH, with at least good grades during their Bachelor studies.

Track II: Students who have earned at least a Master’s degree in human medicine, veterinary medicine or dentistry. We recommend that candidates enter the program no later than five years after completing their medical degree. Admission of applicants from outside Europe is subject to the recognition of their degree by the Admission Office of UZH.

Graduates of other fields such as biology, pharmacy, or biochemistry are not admitted.

In addition to fulfilling the requirements of the regular doctoral studies at the Science Faculty, MD-PhD students are required to earn additional ECTS credit points in the framework of the MD-PhD propaedeutic studies.

Track I: The propaedeutic studies are entered in parallel to the medical Master studies at UZH. The doctoral dissertation is conducted after earning the medical Master degree.

Track II: Both propaedeutic studies and doctoral dissertation are conducted after attaining a medical Master degree (human medicine, veterinary medicine, dentistry).

The doctoral dissertation must be carried out in one of the research groups of UZH affiliated to the Life Science Zurich Graduate School. Students must endeavor independently to secure a position in a host laboratory.

The study guides for students and supervisors as well as the curriculum of the propaedeutic studies can be downloaded on the right.

3 years minimum

Dr. sc. nat.

The doctorate is conducted in the frame of one of the PhD programs of the Life Science Graduate School (MNF).

Regulations: https://www.mnf.uzh.ch/de/studium/reglemente/phd.html (in German)

Medical doctorate degrees (Dr. med., Dr. med. dent., Dr. med. vet.) are not awarded in the framework of the MD-PhD program. They have to be obtained separately from the respective faculties.

The MD-PhD program is supervised by an Interfaculty steering committee (IMPK), which consist of representatives of the Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Medicine, and the Vetsuisse Faculty.

The responsibilities of the IMPK include:

• Supervision and coordination of the MD-PhD program
• Supervision and coordination of the MSc Medical Biology program
• MD-PhD program
• Clinical Science
• Biomedical Ethics & Law
• Epidemiology and Biostatistics

Current members:

• Prof. Dr. Adriano Aguzzi (President, supervision MD-PhD)
• Prof. Dr. Nicole Joller (Vice President, supervision MSc Medical Biology)
• Prof. Dr. Felix Beuschlein
• Prof. Dr. Urs Greber
• Prof. Dr. Johannes Loffing
• Prof. Dr. Bjoern Menze
• Prof. Dr. Anne Müller
• Prof. Dr. Christian Münz
• Prof. Dr. Chantal Pauli
• Prof. Dr. Hanspeter Nägeli (Vetsuisse representative)
• Prof. Dr. Nikola Biller-Andorno (representative for Biomedical Ethics & Law)
• Prof. Dr. Milo Puhan (representative for Epidemiologie und Biostatistik)
• Prof. Dr. Beatrix Latal (representative for Clinical Science)

Artemi Bendandi, Coordinator E-mail: [email protected]

Weiterführende Informationen

Study guides

Study guide MD-PhD until 2021

Study guide MD-PhD from 2022

Information for Supervisors

Propaedeutic Studies

Application deadlines

• 15. Juni

• 15. Dezember

Confirmation of Host Laboratory

National MD-PhD Scholarship

https://www.samw.ch/en/Funding/MD-PhD-Program.html

Open MD-PhD position

PhD position at University Heart Center

'Promotion', PhD and MD

Differences between 'Promotion' (Germany), PhD (English-speaking countries) and MD.

Globalisation means that we are increasingly coming across various titles in an academic context. We have therefore listed the three most common titles and explained the differences between them below.

A doctorate in Germany, known as ‘Promotion’

In German-speaking countries, the term ‘Promotion’ refers to achieving a doctoral degree in a specific subject and the right to use the term ‘Dr.’, confirmed by a doctoral degree certificate. It documents the ability of the person awarded the doctoral degree to conduct in-depth academic work.

In this case, a doctoral degree is achieved not via a structured programme of study with lectures and examinations but takes the form of independent academic research on a topic chosen by the doctoral candidate and conducted under the mentorship of a supervising professor. The following doctoral degrees are awarded at FAU depending on the faculty and subject: Dr. phil., Dr. theol., Dr. rer. pol., Dr. jur., Dr. med., Dr. med. dent., Dr. rer. biol. hum., Dr. rer.nat. and Dr.-Ing.

These doctoral degrees consist of two parts:

• The doctoral thesis which documents independent research
• The oral examination (known in Germany as the ‘Rigorosum’ or ‘Disputation’ and often referred to as the defence or viva in English-speaking countries).

People looking to study at this level and whose intention and suitability has been acknowledged by the Office of Doctoral Affairs at FAU are described as doctoral candidates (‘Doktoranden’, ‘Doktorandinnen’, ‘Promovierende’ in German). To be admitted to a doctoral degree, candidates need to hold a Master’s degree or an equivalent qualification. You cannot apply for admission to a doctoral degree at a central office. The path to a doctoral degree requires the candidate to first find a supervisor AND a topic. Doctoral degrees at FAU can take the form of an individual doctoral degree or a structured doctoral degree programme (see below).

How to use the title

The doctoral title is written before the name, as in ‘Dr. Franziska Mustermann’, with the subject specification (such as phil.) often omitted.

In many countries, and in English-speaking countries in particular, doctoral studies are completed as a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy). Unlike doctoral degrees in German-speaking countries (see above), PhD programmes often take the form of a specific study programme, the PhD programme, that requires the candidate to attend specific lectures and examinations and has a standard duration of three to five years (depending on the admission requirements, see below). In Bavaria, you have to study a formalised course of studies to achieve a PhD. At FAU, there is such a program in Advanced ImmunoMedicine .

Despite the name, a PhD is usually not a doctorate in philosophy, but is the standard form of doctoral degree awarded for most subjects. The subject is normally appended to the title, e.g. ‘PhD in Economics’.

A PhD consists of three parts:

• Attending specialist courses on a regular basis and acquiring specialist skills
• Writing a doctoral thesis on independent academic research

In English-speaking countries, a PhD is the doctoral degree awarded in virtually all subjects and is the highest postgraduate qualification that can be obtained. In these countries, postgraduate study begins after students have obtained their Bachelor’s degree. After completing a Bachelor’s degree programme, students can choose to study for a Master’s degree, before then deciding whether to stop after completing their Master’s degree or to carry on and obtain a PhD. Providing admission requirements are met, students can move on smoothly from one stage to the next. To be admitted to a PhD programme, candidates require a Bachelor’s degree and usually also a Master’s degree or need to have successfully completed a four to five year Bachelor with Honours course with a cum laude distinction.

In general, PhD programmes that continue on from Master’s degree programmes involve a higher proportion of taught courses and seminars compared to the individual doctoral degrees that are the standard in Germany. In English-speaking countries, it usually takes at least five years to complete the consecutive Master’s and PhD degree programmes.

The period of study following on from a Master’s degree required to obtain a PhD is similar to that of a structured doctoral degree programme at FAU, which is normally completed after three to four years. The shorter period of time required in Germany is due to the differences in the educational systems. In Germany, the specialisation courses that have to be attended to obtain a PhD are usually already included in the Master’s degree programmes. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a doctoral degree in Germany and at FAU through a shorter structured programme. This represents a viable alternative to the more common individual doctoral degree and is also fairly widespread.

The PhD title is written after the name, as in ‘Franziska Mustermann, PhD.’ In line with standard academic conventions, a PhD graduate is addressed as Dr.

Using the title Dr. with a PhD Using the title Dr. with a PhD

Holders of a PhD may carry the title ‘Dr.’ without any restrictions. However, for doctoral degrees gained in the USA, the university at which the title was obtained must be on one of the two Carnegie list s ‘Doctoral Universities – Highest activity’ and ‘Doctoral Universities – Higher research activity’. Researchers who have been awarded a doctoral degree in Australia, Israel, Canada or Russia may only carry the German title ‘Dr.’ with an addition.

The statement of the Max-Planck Society provides a good summary of the topic.

Whether the ‘Dr.’ title can be used with an international doctoral degree in Germany or if a doctoral degree gained in Germany can use the title commonly used in the other country depends on whether both countries have an equivalency agreement. The ANABIN database from the Central Office for Foreign Education is a useful place to start researching.

The title MD (Doctor of Medicine) is an academic degree title, which is referred to as a professional degree in some countries. Professional degrees are doctoral degrees that are awarded, for example, in the USA, Austria and in some other countries on completion of a degree programme without a thesis. This is not common practice in Germany. In the USA, the title of MD is awarded as a degree qualifying the holder for the medical profession (professional degree) after completion of a degree (exam) without an additional thesis.

Professional degrees cannot be equated with the more research-based doctoral degree (Dr.). Professional degrees such as these are roughly equivalent to the Staatsexamen (state examination) in medicine. The holder of a professional degree in medicine may only use the title in the original form in which it was granted. The title Dr. , Dr. med. , or any other alternative German translation may not be used as the holder has not completed a doctoral thesis.

The MD title is written after the name, as in ‘Franziska Mustermann, MD.’

• Research and Teaching
• Wissenschaftliche Graduierung
• PhD, MD/PhD and DMD/PhD

Earning the doctorate degree PhD, MD/PhD or DMD/PhD

With the introduction of the PhD, MD/PhD and DMD/PhD programmes, University Medicine Greifswald offers high-achieving graduates of medicine, dentistry, and natural and life sciences the opportunity to conduct a structured doctorate with a focus on research, and thus excellent prospects for their further professional career and the continuation of an academic career, especially in an international context. 

The most important information at a glance:

• The basis of the doctorate is the publication of your own research results in at least 3 original scientific publications (cumulative thesis)
• The period between requesting admission to the doctoral procedure and the submission of the thesis is usually 3 years
• Completion of an accompanying curriculum amounting to 24 ECTS (courses, participation in congresses, continuing education)
• Supervision of the research work by a thesis committee and conclusion of a supervision agreement

Doctoral Board PhD, MD/PhD, DMD/PhD Chair: Prof. Elke Krüger

Upcoming dates:

• 14 May 2024
• 11 June 2024
• 2 July 2024
• August: Summer break
• 10 September 2024
• 8 October 2024
• 12 November 2024
• 10 December 2024

Documents and applications are to be handed in 14 days in advance

PLEASE NOTE: The accompanying curriculum has been re-structured and now comprises: a compulsory part which is attended by all doctoral students, an elective part with general and subject-specific options, as well as the possibility of crediting active congress participation (poster presentation or talk). More information can be found below. The structured curriculum is compulsory for all doctoral students admitted from April 2023.

Before admission

The following requirements apply for admission to the doctoral programmes:

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

• Master's degree or equivalent university degree in a natural or life science subject other than human medicine or dentistry (min. 300 credit points)
• Overall grade of "good" or better (better than 2.5)

Medical Doctor/Doctor of Philosophy (MD/PhD)

• Passed the medical examination (state examination)
• Overall grade of "good" or better

Doctor of Medical Dentistry/Doctor of Philosophy (DMD/PhD)

• Passed the dental examination (state examination)

Preliminary review of admission requirements

If you are unsure whether you meet the admission requirements for the PhD, MD/PhD or DMD/PhD programme (e.g. because you are planning to change from Dr. med. to MD/PhD and have already started your research work), there is the possibility of a non-binding preliminary review by the Doctoral Board. This does not formally constitute a request for admission according to § 4 of the Doctoral Regulations.

• Cover letter (approx. 1 page) in which you outline your research project and, if applicable, any work you have already done
• Curriculum vitae with information about your academic career
• Degree certificate(s) and transcript of records from the relevant degree course

The first step in preparing your doctorate is to find a supervisor in the desired subject area. The supervisor must be a habilitated member of University Medicine Greifswald, i.e. professor or associate professor (apl. Professor,   Privatdozent  (PD)). Co-opted professors from other faculties of Greifswald University can also supervise doctorates at UMG.

Your doctoral subject corresponds to the designation of the chair of your supervisor, or the chair your supervisor belongs to.

Your doctorate will later be supervised by an individual thesis committee , which is appointed by the doctoral board as part of the admission process. In addition to your supervisor, this committee includes two other members; also habilitated; one UMG-internal and one UMG-external person. This way, expertise from different areas that are relevant to your research project is combined. When you complete your doctorate, the thesis committee is responsible for conducting and grading the doctoral defense.

Degrees obtained abroad must be checked for equivalence to the above-mentioned admission requirements before you can be admitted to the doctoral programme. Please have your certificates and transcripts of records checked by the ZAB (Central Office for Foreign Education) .

Please note: The ZAB is not open to the public. It is not possible to hand in or collect documents on site. Information can only be obtained by e-mail and telephone.

Tel.:  +49 228 501-664 Mon, Tue, Thu 9:00-12:00 and 14:00-15:00, Fri 9:00-12:00

Address for items sent by post: Zentralstelle für ausländisches Bildungswesen Postfach 2240 53012 Bonn Deutschland

Address for shipments with a courier service: Zentralstelle für ausländisches Bildungswesen Graurheindorfer Straße 157 53117 Bonn Deutschland

Please submit the ZAB's evaluation along with your degree certificates, transcripts of records and further application documents (see Application for admission) to the Dean's office.

To apply for admission to the doctoral programme, you will prepare a detailed work plan (exposé) of your research project together with your supervisor, including the planned timeline. The exposé should consist of 3-4 pages and follow the prescribed structure (see below, Admission to the doctoral procedure ).

In addition, you and your supervisor will compile a list of the courses that you will attend during the qualification phase (for specifications, see Accompanying curriculum below). Apart from the compulsory part, you will select further courses that complement or deepen skills and knowledge relevant to your research project. Courses that you attended as part of your academic studies (e.g. Masters') cannot be credited or taken again. German courses cannot be credited either.

The curriculum is generally begun after admission to the doctoral programme. The crediting of courses that you have previously taken is possible in exceptional cases; max. 12 months retrospectively. The decision lies with the doctoral board. For examination, please fill out the form Request for recognition of lectures already completed and submit it with your application for admission.

To support the administration of doctoral procedures, an internal database is used at University Medicine Greifswald, the Research Information System (RIS, German: Forschungsinformationssystem / FIS ).

After entering and saving your data (address, degree, doctoral topic, etc.), you can generate the application form for admission to the doctoral procedure as well as the confirmation of acceptance as a doctoral student (required for enrolment at the University) by klicking the respective buttons at the top of the data sheet.

Admission to the doctoral procedure

• Request for Admission to the Doctoral Procedure PhD, MD/PhD or DMD/PhD (application form with handwritten signature; to be generated in the RIS )
• Curriculum vitae with information about your academic career (with handwritten signature)
• Certified copies of all university degree certificates (degrees obtained abroad must be checked in advance, see above, and submitted in the original language and as a certified translation in German or English); single copies of transcripts of records (with German or English translation if necessary)
• Agreement to supervise the doctoral procedure, including suggestions for thesis committee members (signed by the supervisor, see  Templates for admission to the doctoral procedure )
• Scientific work plan of 3-4 pages (see Templates for admission to the doctoral procedure )

Preliminary plan of accompanying curriculum, according to the requirements for compulsory and elective parts (co-ordinated with the supervisor, see Templates for admission to the doctoral procedure )

If applicable, request for recognition of a semester off completed for research purposes as part of the degree course (informal; proof of completion of the semester off must be provided)

• If applicable,  Request for recognition of lectures already completed
• Confirmation of Acceptance as Doctoral Candidate  for enrolement as a doctoral student (after admission to be handed in at the Students’ Registration Office, Rubenowstraße 2, see  Doctoral website University of Greifswald )

You will be informed in writing about the admission to the doctoral program or the rejection of your application.

Please sign the supervision agreement  (Betreuungsvereinbarung) with the members of your thesis committee within 6 weeks of admission and submit a copy (scan by e-mail) to the Dean's Office. The supervision agreement should ensure that you receive the best possible supervision during your qualification phase. Here, for example, you specify the frequency of meetings with the thesis committee and undertake to exchange information and comply with the principles of good scientific practice.

You should organise the first meeting with your thesis committee soon after admission in order to present your research exposé and the planned curriculum to all members.

Upon admission to the doctoral programme, you are required to register for doctoral studies at the University of Greifswald for the duration of your doctorate (Students’ Registration Office, Rubenowstr. 2). Please refer to the university's doctoral website  (ger) for documents to be submitted and contact details.

Please hand in the form Confirmation of Acceptance as Doctoral Candidate according to § 9 with your request for admission to the doctoral procedure. You will receive it back signed by the Dean, along with the confirmation of your admission.

Qualification phase (ca. 3 years)

The qualification phase usually lasts three years and begins with admission to the doctoral procedure. During the qualification phase, you will conduct the scientific research on which your dissertation thesis is based. You will first publish your research results in peer-reviewed journals before writing your dissertation on the basis of at least three original publications.

In addition, you will acquire a sound understanding of scientific problems, in-depth specialist knowledge and the ability to work in an interdisciplinary manner. On the one hand, you will do this in exchange with your colleagues, research group leaders, other doctoral researchers and your thesis committee. On the other hand, you will acquire specific knowledge and skills that will advance you and your research project within the framework of the accompanying curriculum.

Regulations on qualitative and quantitative requirements for publications (Appendix 3 to the PhD, MD/PhD, DMD/PhD Doctoral Regulations)

• In the three required original publications of the cumulative thesis, the doctoral candidate must have acted as first author at least once.  Among the three original publications, there may be in exceptional cases one paper that has been submitted for publication at the opening of the doctoral procedure but has not yet been finally accepted for publication.
• The journals to which the papers have been published or accepted for publication or submitted should be able to be assigned subject-specifically according to the criteria of a recognised bibliographic database such as Web of Science.
• The cover text  ("Manteltext") within the thesis should be at least 6,000 and at most 12,000 words long (approx. 20-40 pages) excluding the bibliography, and should be structured as follows: short Summary of one page both in German and English, Introduction, Methods and Materials, Results, Discussion. The cover text serves to link the publications in terms of content (embedding them in an overarching context) and to discuss issues that go beyond the topics dealt with in the publications. For example, methodological principles, calculations or evaluations can be described in more detail, and further results or problems that have arisen after the publications were published can be addressed.
• The doctoral candidate's share in the publications must be documented (when submitting the thesis) by a written declaration from the doctoral candidate and the supervisor to the doctoral board. In the case of publications in which the doctoral candidate is the first author, he/she must have played a predominant role in the planning of the scientific work, the data collection and/or analysis, the evaluation and the interpretation of the results. In the case of publications for which the doctoral candidate is co-author, he/she must have played a significant role in the planning of the scientific work, the data collection, the evaluation and the interpretation.
• If two persons share a first authorship , this can be counted as a full first authorship upon justified application by the thesis committee. The application is decided by the doctoral board and should be submitted before the thesis is submitted. In the case of three or more first authorships for one article, such a request is excluded.

The thesis committee monitors the progress of the doctorate and is later responsible for organising and grading the doctoral colloquium (see also information sheet for members of a thesis committee ).

You arrange regular meetings (possibly via video conference) with your thesis committee to report on the status of your doctorate (research, curriculum, publications), to clarify questions and any problems, and to receive important feedback. You have jointly agreed on the frequency of your meetings in the supervision agreement (usually 1-3 meetings per year) .

To prepare and record the meetings, please use the template for the

• Progress Report

Please note that the progress report is to be completed by you in advance and sent to the members of the thesis committee by e-mail two weeks before the meeting. The minutes of the meeting will be taken by your supervisor.

Please keep your data in the doctoral module of the RIS up to date until you have completed your doctorate (address/contact data, topic of the dissertation, ...).

After admission, you will also find an extension to your input mask, see screenshot. Here, please continuously enter the courses that you have attended as part of the curriculum (by klicking "new entry"). After submitting your transcripts to the Dean's Office, you will be shown the total ECTS you have earned.

Accompanying curriculum

The accompanying curriculum is divided into three parts: complusory courses (4 ECTS), elective courses with interdisciplinary and subject-specific components (min. 5 ECTS), and the possibility of crediting active congress participation (max. 15 ECTS). A total of at least 24 ECTS must be achieved (§ 5 Para. 4 PromO).

Note: The structured curriculum described here is mandatory for all admissions from April 2023. Doctoral candidates who were admitted before this date will complete an individual curriculum (as confirmed by the doctoral board with admission to the program).

Thesis Submission

The dissertation should summarise at least three original publications with related content that have been published in renowned journals (cumulative dissertation).

The reference to University Medicine Greifswald must be recognisable in all publications and the thesis must relate to a subject area according to Appendix 1 to the PhD doctoral regulations. For further information on requirements for the publications and first- or co-authorship, see Appendix 3.

A jacket text of 20-40 pages links the publications in terms of content and provides additional insights or outlooks into the topic. When preparing your dissertation, please refer to

• Notes on thesis structure and submission
• Templates (thesis submission)

You can request that the doctoral procedure be initiated after you have completed the accompanying curriculum (approximately 3 years after admission). Please send the following documents to the Dean’s Office:

• Request for Initiating the Doctoral Procedure (application form with handwritten signature; should be completed in RIS)
• 3 printed and bound copies of the thesis including the original publications
• Proof of lectures and congresses/training attended (see accompanying curriculum/qualification phase)
• Official certificate of good conduct (document type 0 = official) not older than 3 months when submitting the doctoral thesis to be addressed directly to: Dekanat, Fleischmannstraße 8, 17475 Greifswald
• If applicable, declaration of shares in publications and shared lead authorship (with handwritten signature)

Applicants will be informed in writing that the doctoral procedure has been initiated.

After the doctoral procedure has been initiated, an internal first assessment and an external second assessment are requested. If the thesis is evaluated with at least "rite" by both assessors, the oral examination (doctoral colloquium) takes place.

The doctoral colloquium is held before the thesis committee and is comprised of a presentation (max. 30 minutes) and a scientific discussion (30-90 minutes). The language of the presentation is German or English.

The date is set by the thesis committee and is announced to the doctoral candidates at least 14 days in advance. The colloquium is open to the public and will be announced to the members of the faculty.

Completion of the doctoral procedure

After passing the doctoral colloquium, the thesis must be published in an unchanged and complete form according to § 12 PromO PhD (4 durable bound copies and a pdf file). The copies are to be submitted to the University Library, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 10 (Ms. Franzus, Tel. 03834 420 1519 (printed copies) and Ms. Waha, Tel. 03834 420 1553 (electornic version)) . For more information, please visit the

Central University Library Website .

The Dean's Office will be notified of the thesis submission by the University Library.

After submitting the required copies to the University Library, a confirmation of successful completion of the doctoral procedure is issued. This entitles the doctoral candidate to use the doctoral title - for a limited period of time until the original certificate is presented.

The award of the doctoral certificates takes place during a festive ceremony in May/June each year at St. Nikolai church (Domstr. 54, Greifswald, "Verleihung der akademischen Grade" ). Doctoral candidates will receive an invitation and are kindly asked to confirm by e-mail whether or not they will attend the ceremony. If participation is not possible or not desired, the certificates will be sent by post.

Mathilda Guerin Universitätsmedizin Greifswald Dekanat/Wissenschaftlicher Vorstand Fleischmannstr. 8 17475 Greifswald

What is the Real Difference between an MD and PhD?

Phds advance knowledge, whereas mds merely apply existing knowledge..

Posted March 7, 2011 | Reviewed by Kaja Perina

If you ask someone in the psychology world how people with PhDs (Doctor of Philosophy ) differ from those with MD (Doctor of Medicine) you may get an answer like "MDs can prescribe medication , whereas PhDs cannot." That is true. Another difference is that MDs generally make more money in the United States.

MDs are consider by many to be the "real doctors" because they can help with physiological medical problems. That too is true. I certainly don't refer to myself as "Dr. Kelly" in any context other than an academic setting, because people might get the false impression that I could jump in and help in the event of a broken foot or migraine headache.

All that sounds pretty bad for the PhD. But here's the most essential difference between the two degrees: PhDs advance knowledge, whereas MDs merely apply existing knowledge. Unlike the MD who does not need to produce any original research, the person earning a PhD must produce original research and write it up in a thesis or dissertation. Then a committee of experts must deem that thesis as offering an acceptable advancement of knowledge before the PhD is conferred. It typically takes a couple of years longer to earn a PhD than an MD. Part of the reason it takes so long is that the person earning the PhD is being trained on how to think critically about existing knowledge, and it can take a while to find one's niche and fill a gap in the knowledge base.

If you yourself want to make important scientific discoveries and then tell the world about them, you will be much better prepared by getting a PhD than an MD. You also will be much better prepared to criticize studies you read about in virtually any field because you will be trained in critical thinking and writing.

If you are deciding which degree is right for you, ask yourself if you will be content with applying the knowledge you learn (MD) from other people, or if you would like to get in on the action of making the discoveries yourself (PhD). For instance, would you like to be one of the scientists who are figuring out how to reverse the aging process (PhD)? Would you like to see if giving aging mice a particular the enzyme (one that you discover) makes their hair shiny again and restores their fertility (PhD)? Or would you be content giving your future medical patients the proper dose of the medications that arise from this research and then seeing the signs of youth return in your patients (MD)? These are the kinds of questions that college students everywhere should be asking themselves, and yet I have never seen them do so.

This difference in training also means that if you want to know what the cutting -edge knowledge is in a given field, you have to ask a PhD in that field, not an MD. So for instance, let's say you or your mate is having trouble getting pregnant . If you just ask your local obstetrician or gynecologist what the cutting edge discoveries are regarding fertility, that MD is not likely to know. That MD can give you fertility treatments that he or she has learned about and tried with other patients. It should be noted, however, that many MDs make an effort to remain abreast of scientific research long after their degree has been conferred.

The upshot of my message is this: We need both kinds of people, those who apply existing knowledge (such as the MD does in the medical field) and those who advance it (PhDs). But if you think a PhD is less qualified than an MD when it comes to having cutting-edge knowledge, you have that backwards.

Anita E. Kelly, Ph.D., is a Professor of Psychology at the University of Notre Dame. She is author of The Clever Student and The Psychology of Secrets.

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Why Pursue an MD-PhD?

New section.

Just some of the reasons why people choose a career as a physician-scientist.

• The career of a physician-scientist is unique. There are few comparable careers that allow one to experience the passion of solving a patient's medical struggles while pursuing research that may define the mechanism of that patient’s disease and may ultimately translate into a clinical cure for the disease.
• MD-PhD trainees are research scientists who solve mechanisms underlying disease, combined with their passion to treat patients in a clinical setting.
• MD-PhD training efficiently integrates the scientific and medical education of the physician-scientist.
• During the PhD training years, MD-PhD students take the coursework and formal training in research methodology that are important for the development of the research scientist.
• Most MD-PhD programs provide trainees with a stipend and tuition scholarships. This financial support recognizes the time that a student must spend in training for the MD-PhD career. The extent of financial support varies among programs and may only support U.S. citizens and permanent residents.

Areas of Research Interest for MD-PhD Training

• Most MD-PhD candidates earn their PhD in biomedical laboratory disciplines such as cell biology, biochemistry, genetics, immunology, pharmacology, physiology, neuroscience, and biomedical engineering.
• Some MD-PhD Programs also allow trainees to do their graduate work in fields outside of laboratory disciplines, including computational biology, economics, epidemiology, health care policy, anthropology, sociology, or the history of medicine.
• The spectrum of graduate degree programs offered is an important element to consider when applying to specific MD-PhD Programs.
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Emily battled viral encephalitis for years during college, and now as a MD/PhD student, she reminds premeds that it's okay to ask for help.

Cesar couldn't apply to medical school when he first graduated from college due to his undocumented status. Now he's in a MD-PhD program and hopes to practice in the Southwest where there's a high need for Spanish-speaking physicians.

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Is an MD/PhD program right for me? Advice on becoming a physician–scientist

We are living in a golden age of biomedical research in which it is increasingly feasible to translate fundamental discoveries into new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to human illnesses. Inherited diseases are being cured with gene therapy. Cancer cells are being eliminated with less toxic small molecule inhibitors and reengineered T-cells. Direct connections are being made between the central nervous system and prosthetic devices. These efforts are being led by scientists and engineers, some of whom are also physicians. This article is intended to help anyone considering a career as a physician–scientist, but unsure about how best to begin. It is also intended for faculty, staff, and parents who are on the front lines of advising talented students about the options that they have for their future. With this in mind, I have tried to answer common questions about MD/PhD programs, but I have also included information about other paths to becoming a physician who does research.

INTRODUCTION

Because this is a perspectives piece, I will begin it with a confession: I have been a physician–scientist for more than 30 years and I like what I do. I am also a graduate of one of the earliest MD/PhD programs and have been director of the University of Pennsylvania’s MD/PhD program for 20 years. Being a physician who is also a scientist already makes me atypical. According to the American Medical Association, only 14,000 U.S. physicians (out of nearly 1 million) consider research to be their major job, and a search of National Institutes of Health (NIH) databases in 2012 turned up only 8200 physicians who were principal investigators on NIH research grants ( Ginsburg et al. , 2014 ). To put that number in context, there were 28,000 total investigators with NIH grants in 2012. In other words, most NIH principal investigators are PhD scientists, not physician–scientists (MD or MD/PhD).

My primary day (and sometimes night and weekend) job as a card-carrying physician–scientist is overseeing an NIH-funded research team. My clinical responsibilities include taking care of patients with the kinds of bleeding and blood clotting disorders that we study in the lab. Some of these patients have medical problems that are common in the United States. Some of them are true “zebras,” the kinds of patients who get referred to a well-respected academic medical center because physicians are unsure how best to proceed or lack the resources to manage the patient’s problem. I also teach medical students and graduate students, and I direct a very large MD/PhD program. In my spare time, I talk to lots of undergraduates and recent college graduates who are thinking about becoming physician–scientists and wondering whether they should be applying to MD/PhD programs. I meet them at Penn, but also on visits to other colleges and universities. This article is a distillation of some answers to questions that I am commonly asked. If you are an undergraduate trying to decide whether to go to medical school, graduate school, or both, this article may help you. Whatever you decide, I wish you success.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF MD/PhD TRAINING?

MD/PhD programs were established in the 1950s to combine training in medicine and research. They were specifically designed for men and women who wanted to become research physicians, also known as physician–investigators or physician–scientists. Most of the graduates of MD/PhD programs in the 60-plus years since then have become faculty members at medical schools and universities, investigators at research institutes such as the NIH, or leaders in in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries ( Brass et al. , 2010 ). Regardless of where they eventually end up, MD/PhD trainees are being prepared for careers in which they will spend most of their time doing research or translating that research into new therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. It is a busy, challenging, and hugely rewarding career. A study of what has happened to MD/PhD program graduates from 24 schools appeared in Academic Medicine in 2010 and is worth reading not only for the data set, but also for the discussion of what the data mean ( Brass et al. , 2010 ). An even larger outcomes study that includes data on over 10,000 MD/PhD program graduates is scheduled for publication as a AAMC report in April 2018 ( Akabas et al. , 2018 ).

HOW CAN ONE PERSON DO TWO JOBS?

When I was an undergraduate and trying to decide what to do with my life, my mentors told me that I could become a doctor or a scientist, but that trying to combine two busy professions was futile. Many years later, I know that many current undergraduates are being told the same thing. However well-meant, that advice misses the point. The goal of MD/PhD program training is not to prepare you for two unrelated full time jobs. Instead, you should think of physician–scientists as chimeras—blends of a physician and a scientist with the two parts fitting closely together. A more relevant question is: if you are going to become a physician–scientist, do you have to go through an MD/PhD program? I will try to answer that one a bit later in this article. First, I’ll provide some definitions.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN MD/PhD PROGRAM, A COMBINED DEGREE PROGRAM, AND AN MSTP PROGRAM? A BIT OF HISTORY AND A WORD ABOUT FUNDING

None. Programs designed to train physician–scientists go by all of these names. For the most part, the terms are interchangeable, although at some schools “combined degree” programs can include MD/JD and MD/masters programs as well—also VMD/PhD programs, which train veterinary physician–scientists. A list of MD/PhD programs can be found at http://www.aamc.org/students/research/mdphd/applying_MD/PhD/61570/mdphd_programs.html . The NIH uses the term MSTP (short for “medical scientist training program”) to refer to programs at schools that have been competitively awarded special training funds to help support MD/PhD candidates. There are currently 46 MD/PhD programs that receive support from the National Institute of General Medical Studies. A list can be found at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Training/InstPredoc/PredocOverview-MSTP.htm .

When they first started, there were only a handful of MD/PhD programs. I can clearly remember reading a small booklet about applying to medical school that had a single page at the back about MD/PhD programs. Over time, the number of programs has grown. Now there are ∼90 active MD/PhD programs that admit anywhere from a few students per year to 25 or more. The average size of an MD/PhD program in 2017 was ∼90 students in all stages of training. Compared with the many thousands who apply to medical school in each year, only 1900 (∼3%) apply to MD/PhD programs. About one-third of the applicants are accepted, which is similar to the acceptance rate for medical school. 1 When I began medical school, there were very few MD/PhD trainees—I was one of two in my entering class. That has changed considerably. There are currently ∼5500 men and women in training in MD/PhD programs.

Most MD/PhD programs provide tuition waivers for both medical school and graduate school plus a stipend to help cover living expenses. Such fellowships are exceedingly valuable for trainees and very expensive for medical schools and the NIH, so admissions committees work hard to pick the right students for their programs. Despite the high training costs, when I visit other MD/PhD programs to conduct reviews, it is not uncommon to hear deans refer to their MD/PhD program as “the jewel in the crown.” One can easily argue that the existence of MD/PhD programs is evidence of the high value that our society places on physician–scientists.

ARE MD/PhD PROGRAMS LIMITED TO THOSE INTERESTED IN LABORATORY RESEARCH?

The answer varies from school to school. Not all schools offer PhD programs in all disciplines. The majority of MD/PhD students receive their PhD in biomedical laboratory disciplines such as cell biology, biochemistry, genetics, immunology, pharmacology, neuroscience, and biomedical engineering. The names of departments and graduate programs vary from school to school. At some schools, MD/PhD trainees do their graduate work outside of the laboratory disciplines, in fields such as economics, epidemiology, health care economics, sociology, medical anthropology, or the history of science. This is not an exhaustive list, and you should check before you apply to see what is actually offered at any particular school.

Although there is no fully up-to-date and reliable list of which MD/PhD programs offer training in which graduate disciplines, a place to start is at the Website of the AAMC MD/PhD section (which is a good source for other types of information as well). 2

ARE THERE OTHER WAYS TO BECOME A PHYSICIAN–SCIENTIST?

Yes. Definitely. MD/PhD programs are a great choice for people who decide early that that they want to be physician–scientists and have built the necessary track record of academic success and research experience before they apply. Not everyone does this, however, either because he or she did not learn about the option early enough, he or she did not make a decision in time, or he or she does not have an academic and research experience record that supports an application. Not finding out early enough turns out to be a common problem. In my experience, college prehealth advisors know much less about MD/PhD training than MD training—not surprisingly, since only 3% of medical school applicants in the United States every year apply for MD/PhD training. As a result, some people choose (or are obliged) to do MD/PhD training in series, rather than parallel—finishing one degree and then starting the other. The disadvantages of this approach include taking longer to finish training and the likely need to cover the cost of medical school on your own.

I am frequently asked about the strategy of starting medical school and then applying to graduate school as a medical student. Some schools will consider you for transfer into their MD/PhD programs after you have completed a year or two of medical school or graduate school at the same university. Although it is very rare that an MD/PhD program will consider accepting a medical or graduate student from a different school, it does occasionally happen when faculty move from one institution to another and want to bring their students with them. The rules and requirements vary from school to school.

Other programs worth checking out include the NIH MD/PhD program that provides support for the PhD phase at the NIH campus or in Oxford/Cambridge, with the MD training taking place at one of the participating MSTP-designated programs. Note that not all of the MSTP programs have chosen to participate, so if you have your heart set on a specific medical school, you should be sure to ask. 3

Another option is to complete medical school and residency training before doing an extended period of supervised research. A number of Nobel Prize–winning physician–scientists did just that. However, with the increase in the number of MD/PhD training programs nationwide, most people who make the decision to become physician–­scientists while still in college should think hard about doing both degrees together in an integrated MD/PhD program that combines graduate school and medical school into a joint program that currently takes 8 years on average to complete ( Akabas et al. , 2018 ).

DO I REALLY NEED A PhD TO DO RESEARCH? CAN I SAVE TIME BY SKIPPING IT?

The answer to the first of these questions is “Clearly not.” However, while medical school will put you firmly on the path to becoming an accomplished clinician, it does not provide training in how to do research. At some point you will benefit from that additional piece of your education if you intend to become a physician–scientist.

As noted above, in years past it was not uncommon to learn how to do research by doing an extended postdoctoral fellowship after (or instead of) a clinical residency. I am often asked whether it is possible to save time on the path to becoming a physician–scientist by skipping graduate school and just going to medical school. The available data suggest that the answer to this one is “No.” Physician–scientists get their first jobs in academia and their first independent NIH grants at approximately the same age regardless of whether they completed an MD/PhD program or went solely to medical school and then did a more extended postdoc ( Ginsburg et al. , 2014 ). As a result, I normally tell undergraduates that if they are ready to make the commitment before starting medical school, MD/PhD programs offer many advantages, including integrated training, mentored research training, and medical school tuition waivers. On the other hand, if you are sure you want to be a doctor, but less sure about being a scientist, then my advice is to go to medical school and figure out the rest of what you need when you know more about the opportunities that being a physician provides.

HOW DOES MD/PhD TRAINING WORK AND HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE?

The answer varies from school to school, but historically students begin with 2 years of medical school, switch to graduate school in the third year of the program, and then return to finish medical school after completing (and defending) a thesis research project. When I was an MD/PhD student in the 1970s, there was little, if any, communication between the medical and graduate phases of the program. That has changed considerably. Now most programs emphasize integration of the MD and PhD parts of the training, with graduate school courses during years 1 and 2 and clinical experiences during graduate school. Some programs allow completion of 3–12 months of clinical training before the start of full-time graduate training. Be sure to ask how things are organized at schools that you are considering. In programs leading to a PhD in laboratory science, MD/PhD trainees usually spend the summer between the first and second years of medical school working in the laboratory of the faculty member they are considering as a potential thesis advisor. Some programs also ask students to do one of these “lab rotations” in the summer before starting medical school classes as well. Depending on the number of clinical months completed before starting the thesis research, students returning to medical school will need 1–2 years to finish their training and meet the requirements for medical licensure. The stated goal is to complete an MD/PhD program in 7 or 8 years. However, numbers from across the country show that some students finish in 6 years, while others take 10 years (or more). The average currently is 8 years ( Akabas et al. , 2018 ). Note that medical education in the United States continues to evolve. One trend is away from the classic two years of preclinical education followed by 2 years of clinical education. The earlier start in clinical training made possible by shortening preclinical time enables some MD/PhD programs to offer full-time clinical experiences before the start of graduate school. However, some schools are choosing not to do this. The only way to find out what is being done is to ask, if it is not evident from the program’s Website.

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO COMPLETE TRAINING AFTER GRADUATING FROM AN MD/PhD PROGRAM?

Corny as this may sound, the process is never really finished. Your education will continue throughout your career. A more pragmatic answer is that training will extend beyond medical school and graduate school as you complete your post graduate education. Here are some typical numbers: MD/PhD program, 8 years. Residency, 3–6 years. Postdoctoral fellowship, 3–6 years. For most people the term “postdoctoral fellowship” includes another year or two of clinical training, followed by a return to research for 2 or more years ( Figure 1 ). For example, I completed an MD/PhD program in 6 years, followed by a residency in internal medicine (3 years) and a fellowship in clinical hemato­logy and oncology that was combined with postdoctoral training back in a lab (3 years). After that I became an assistant professor and started my own lab. That timing was fairly typical when I did it. Now it would be considered fast. On the other hand, my job description when I finished included running a research team, looking after postdocs and graduate students, and taking care of sick people with complicated medical problems, so maybe all of that training time was necessary.

Paths to becoming a physician who is also a scientist. Integrated MD/PhD training programs that combine research and medical training are not the only path to becoming a physician–scientist. Alternatives begin with doing a research year in medical school (MD+ in the figure) or just doing the standard four-year medical school education. These save time at the start, but usually require a longer period of postgraduate clinical and research training to reach the point where a job as a physician–scientist in academia becomes feasible. As a result, physician–scientists often arrive at the “get a job” point at about the same age whether they began as medical students, MD+ students, or MD/PhD students, although usually with greater student debt if they have not been in an MD/PhD program. See the text for details.

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE GRADUATES OF MD/PhD PROGRAMS?

Short-term, nearly all do additional clinical training. Those who do not are usually headed toward careers at research institutes or outside clinical medicine entirely. Those who do apply for residencies often find that their MD/PhD training makes them particularly appealing to residency programs at top institutions. Long-term, most program graduates end up with careers in which they combine patient care and research. The research may be lab-based, translational, or clinical. Most (75–80%) end up at academic medical centers, at research institutions such as the NIH, or in the pharmaceutical/biotech industry ( Figure 2 ; Brass et al. , 2010 ; Akabas et al. , 2018 ). A much higher percentage of MD/PhD program graduates have ended up in academia than of medical school graduates in general ( Brass et al. , 2010 ). Those who build research careers and apply for NIH research grants find that having the PhD in addition to the MD improves their chances of obtaining funding ( Ginsburg et al. , 2014 ).

Where are they working? Data from 2202 MD/PhD program alumni who have completed all phases of postgraduate clinical and research training. Adapted from Brass et al. (2010) . Industry includes the biotech and pharmaceutical industries. Pvt Practice refers to full-time clinical practice outside of an academic medical center.

HOW DO I APPLY?

The process of application varies from school to school. Some schools have an MD/PhD-focused committee that will screen your application and coordinate the interview and admission process. Other schools consider MD/PhD applicants only after a decision has been made about MD admissions. Finally, some schools consider students for the MD/PhD program only after they have completed a year or more of medical school. Schools that subscribe to AMCAS will ask you to indicate your interest in an MD/PhD program and then to provide additional information as part of a secondary application.

WHEN DO I APPLY?

Most people apply after finishing their junior year in college, but a growing number of applicants finish college and work for a year or more before applying. Some people use the time after college to take courses needed for medical school admission or to gain more full-time laboratory research experience. Some people simply were not ready to make decisions about their future careers and postponed choosing beyond the finish of college. It is a mistake to assume that MD/PhD programs are interested only in applicants who have worked in a lab for a year or more after college. That is clearly not the case, and some of us who direct MD/PhD programs are concerned about the growing percentage of applicants who have waited to apply after they graduate in the mistaken impression that it will improve their resumes. My advice is that for a training path that lasts as long as this one does, it is best to get started as soon as possible.

WHAT DO ADMISSIONS COMMITTEES LOOK FOR?

The answer clearly varies from school to school, but some basic principles apply. In general, admissions committees will look for evidence of academic success, extended research experience, letters of recommendation from people who know you well, and your plans for the future.

• Evidence of academic success. This includes your GPA and MCAT scores, but is not limited to them. Admission committees use a holistic approach and will undoubtedly consider where you went to college and what types of courses you took. They will not necessarily be dismayed if you got off to a slow start, as long as you did well later. They will place the greatest emphasis on courses that are relevant to your chosen area of graduate school training. I have not encountered a program director who seriously believed that the MCAT tests your ability to be a physician–scientist. Nonetheless programs use MCAT scores in a variety of ways, including seeing how you compare with the national pool of applicants and predicting how you will do on the numerous standardized tests that all of us have to take in medical school and beyond.
• Extensive research experience. If you plan to get a PhD in one of the laboratory sciences, then prior laboratory experience counts heavily, particularly if you spent a year or more in the same laboratory. Summer laboratory experience can be helpful because they are usually opportunities to do research full time, but summers are short. Whenever possible, you should try to do research during the academic year, or at least spend multiple summers in the same lab. If you are planning a PhD outside of the laboratory sciences, seek equivalent experiences. The idea is to be sure you like the experience and to create a track record upon which your past performance can be judged and your future success predicted.
• Letters of recommendation. The most important letter(s) are from the faculty members or other senior investigators with whom you worked. The letters should ideally comment on your talents, skills, and potential for success as an independent investigator. If you are working with a senior faculty member, it is very helpful if he or she can compare you with other students with whom he or she has worked. Note that such a letter is not necessarily the most appropriate for an MD-only application. MD/PhD program admissions committees are usually most interested in your talent and ability as a physician–scientist, although they will definitely also consider whether you are likely to become a successful and caring physician. Fortunately, medical schools allow you to submit more than one letter of recommendation.
• Your plans for the future. Because training to be a physician–­investigator is so costly in terms of your time and the school’s resources, your career goals should be compatible with MD/PhD training. Becoming a full-time practitioner is a laudable goal, but does not require a PhD in addition to an MD. Your goal as a trained physician–investigator should be to spend at least 75% of your time on research. You do not need to know the specific problem you want to work on at this point (many do not, and it is likely to change), or with whom you would like to train, but your commitment to becoming an investigator should be clearly communicated in your essays and interviews, and you should have given thought to what will be required.

HOW DO I DECIDE WHERE TO APPLY?

Some applicants have decided that they want to work in a particular field or with a particular faculty member. For them, choosing where to apply is defined by where that faculty member works or where the field is best represented. Most applicants have only a general idea of what they might want to work on in the future and know that their interests are likely to evolve as they are exposed to new things. For them, choice will be defined by issues such as the reputation of the school (hopefully not based solely on U.S. News and World Report rankings!), the success of the graduates of the program (be sure to ask!), and geography. Schools vary in the difficulty of gaining admission. The directors and nonfaculty administrators of MD/PhD programs nationwide are a large pool of resources that you can tap. Most of us get e-mail from future applicants all the time. Take advantage of our willingness to talk with you. Ask questions about the things that are important to you.

FINAL THOUGHTS

I began this perspective with the confession that I am a physician–scientist and I like what I do. It is not unusual these days to encounter articles and opinion pieces that lament the difficulty of becoming and remaining a physician–scientist. I will not cite them here—you can find them on your own. Fortunately, our society is still willing to make a large investment in biomedical research through the NIH and through numerous foundations. If you want to become a physician who discovers the new stuff, there are jobs waiting to be filled. However, you will need good training and great mentorship as you learn the skills needed to be a physician and a research team leader. Good luck with your decision.

Acknowledgments

My thanks to my colleagues who direct MD/PhD programs, the NIH for supporting physician–scientist training (including my own), and the hundreds of MD/PhD candidates and alumni who have taught me so much over the past 20 years.

Abbreviations used:

DOI: 10.1091/mbc.E17-12-0721

1 www.aamc.org/data/facts/enrollmentgraduate/ .

2 www.aamc.org/students/research/mdphd/ .

3 http://mdphd.gpp.nih.gov .

• Akabas MH, Tartakovsky I, Brass LF. (2018). The National MD–PhD Program Outcomes Study. American Association of Medical Colleges Reports.
• Brass LF, Akabas MH, Burnley LD, Engman DM, Wiley CA, Andersen OS. (2010). Are MD–PhD programs meeting their goals? An analysis of career choices made by graduates of 24 MD–PhD programs . Acad Med , 692–701. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Ginsburg D, Shurin SB, Mills S. (2014). NIH Physician–Scientist Workforce (PSW) Working Group Report. [ Google Scholar ]

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Ph.D. Vs. MD: What’s The Difference?

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For individuals looking to pursue a doctorate, most are faced with the decision between PhDs ( Doctor of Philosophy) or MDs (Doctor of Medicine) degrees. These two may seem similar in nature, but there are key differences it’s important to understand before you pursue either one. Depending on your professional goals, one may suit you better than the other.

Both PhDs and MDs represent the highest level of graduate school one can receive. They are prestigious degrees in both regards but can significantly impact your career path once you’re finished with school. In this article, we’ll discuss what each degree is, the differences between them, and which one may be best for the types of goals an individual seeks.

Key Takeaways:

What Is an MD?

MD stands for Doctor of Medicine, meaning those who achieve this level of education are allopathic doctors. This means they are individuals who are licensed to treat and diagnose conditions using tools like x-rays, prescription drugs, and surgery. They can work as broader practitioners or work with a specific specialty.

Pursuing an MD means individuals are pursuing a traditional medical degree where they undergo practical training as they work through graduate school in the hopes of becoming licensed physicians by the time they graduate. Depending on their fields of specialty, their training may vary. Some of these specialties include

Surgery. Surgeons are doctors who specialize in evaluating and treating conditions that require physical changes to the human body. Surgeons use instruments to move live tissues in order to treat a specific ailment or illness. They can perform both open surgery and minimally invasive surgery.

Specific body parts or organs. MDs can also specialize in body parts or organs, becoming a cardiologist who is an expert on the heart, gastroenterologists who specialize in digestive organs, hematologists who specialize in blood, or neurologists who specialize in the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Psychiatry. Psychiatrists are MDs who specialize in mental health, which can include substance use disorders. They are licensed and qualified to assess the mental and physical aspects of psychological problems as well as administer certain prescription drugs to help with these issues.

Geriatric medicine. MDs in geriatrics have additional specialized training in treating the ailments and illnesses of older patients. They often work in outpatient settings, nursing facilities, or hospitals. They often have added knowledge of diseases such as dementia, incontinence, or osteoporosis.

Pediatrics. Pediatricians are MDs who focus on the health of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults, typically up to age 21. These doctors prevent, detect, and manage any physical, behavioral, or developmental issues that may arise in children or young adults.

In order to become an MD, students must attend graduate school with the specific goal of becoming a physician . It’s during this time most choose a specialty and gain specific experience in that area. Because MDs have expertise in practicing medicine, they are more likely to be found in clinical environments.

A standard program for an MD requires students to take two years of coursework in a classroom-based setting. Then, they’ll be required to take two years of rotational work in a clinical environment. They must attend an accredited medical school as well as a residency program that prepares them to diagnose patients and practice medicine.

What Is a Ph.D.?

A Ph.D. or Doctor of Philosophy is a doctoral research degree that requires the completion of intensive research in order to become an expert in a specific field. To receive this type of degree, a Ph.D. must defend a dissertation or a research document. Unlike an MD, a Ph.D. can be awarded for carrying out original research in any field, not just medicine.

A Ph.D. in a medicinal field is focused on finding out new knowledge as opposed to learning current knowledge, like an MD. That means if you pursue a Ph.D. in medicine, you are not required to attend medical school or complete a residency program. Your dissertation and defense of that dissertation are what complete your program.

Ph.D. programs focus almost entirely on conducting, compiling, and contributing to specific research. The standard Ph.D. program lasts anywhere from five to seven years and seeks students undertaking original research that is typically monitored by a supervisor . Achieving a Ph.D. means the student has contributed to novel findings leading to advancement in knowledge.

There is such a wide variety of Ph.D. fields, but it would be impossible to list them all here; however, it’s important to note that most Ph.D. students continue their studies in their field long after graduation is behind them. Typically they will continue their research and participate in other programs that allow for further research.

Individuals working towards a Ph.D. often choose to work in academia, such as at a college or university, where they can continue their research. Others may opt to work for independent companies such as pharmaceutical or engineering companies. Others may use their Ph.D. in fields unrelated to research, such as senior positions in their field of study.

Ph.D. vs. MD FAQ

Is an MD or Ph.D. better?

Depending on your professional goals, an MD degree is better for those interested in practicing medicine, while a Ph.D. is better for individuals looking to advance knowledge in certain fields.

Does an MD or Ph.D. make more money?

This typically depends on the specific specialty or setting, but MDs typically earn more money than those with a Ph.D.

Can an MD research without obtaining a Ph.D.?

Yes, an MD does not need a Ph.D. to conduct research.

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Caitlin Mazur is a freelance writer at Zippia. Caitlin is passionate about helping Zippia’s readers land the jobs of their dreams by offering content that discusses job-seeking advice based on experience and extensive research. Caitlin holds a degree in English from Saint Joseph’s University in Philadelphia, PA.

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PhD Degrees

The Medical Faculty offers PhD degrees in the following subjects. PhD programs support the PhD education additionally. 

Duration: 3-4 years Requirement: Master’s degree relevant to the discipline

The PhD students benefit from a high level training during the PhD and are prepared for their careers at an advanced level. The required coursework of 12 ECTS will provide the students with the necessary theoretical background and the supervised thesis will offer the students hands-on experience on how to conduct challenging research.

Description of Disciplines

Biomedical engineering is the application of natural science principles and techniques to the medical field. It seeks to close the gap between basic science and clinical applications leading to challenging interdisciplinary research. As a result, successful PhD-projects in biomedical engineering have generally a high impact on the technological developments in patient treatment.

Biomedical Ethics

The PhD in Biomedical ethics is a specialized program in bioethics.  It offers advanced training in empirical bioethics through tailored activities and is aimed at providing students with the methodological tools used to approach and resolve ethical and policy-related biomedical questions and dilemmas that arise in medicine and the life sciences.

Clinical Research

The PhD in Clinical Research is a program that includes a wide variety of clinical disciplines. Students carry out clinical studies in established clinical research groups to answer questions about therapy, prevention, diagnosis or prognosis of patients. Basic and advanced training in clinical epidemiology/health research methodology complement the empirical work.

Medicines Development

The PhD Program in Medicine Development focuses on the discovery and development of new medicines, clinical trial methodology, good clinical practice and ethics, pharmacovigilance and epidemiology, biostatistics, regulatory affairs, health economics, project management, marketing and new therapeutic approaches. Research projects are conducted in a theoretical framework. Please note that you need to bring a self-funded project or proposal.

Nursing Science

The PhD Program in Nursing Science offers training in advanced quantitative and qualitative research methods as well as implementation science methods. The program builds on strong multidisciplinary educational and research infrastructures available at the University of Basel. Research at the Institute of Nursing Science focuses on innovative models of care and quality of care and prepares academic nurse leaders for future healthcare challenges.

Epidemiology/Public Health

The PhD Program in Epidemiology/Public Health addresses dynamic clusters of cross-cutting public health topics. It focuses on a range of methods, diseases, environmental and ecological, genetic and biological, and socio-cultural topics, life styles, and health systems to efficiently approach public health and prevention.

Sport Science

Sport Science includes a variety of disciplines such as sports medicine, exercise physiology, human movement science, sport and exercise psychology, sport pedagogy, etc. Research can be basic or applied, target healthy or clinical populations, take place in general, clinical, occupational or educational settings, and focus on primary, secondary or tertiary prevention.

PhD Regulations in German (Promotionsordnung)

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Pros and Cons of the MD-PhD Degree

• By Lawrence Wang
• August 17, 2018
• Medical Student , Pre-med
• Clinical Rotations , Dual Degree , Research , Residency

“Two roads diverged in a wood, and I— I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.”                                  -Robert Frost

Do you have an interest/background in medicine and research , but balk at the prospect of spending eight years getting the MD-PhD degree? You can theoretically do all the same things (i.e. see patients and run a research lab) with only an MD degree. There are plenty of MD’s out there who are successful physician-scientists, and the MD-PhD  is certainly the less common path, the road less traveled. So why bother getting a PhD as well?

These are all great questions, worth a fair amount of thought and reflection. Pursuing the rewarding, competitive, and singular pathway of a combined MD-PhD degree is a major decision that warrants a critical evaluation of its associated pros and cons.  So without further ado, let’s dive right in.

Pros of the MD-PhD Degree

1 | fully funded.

Medical school is expensive, with the average medical student graduating in 2017 with a debt of nearly $200,000 . In contrast, many MD-PhD students graduate debt-free and may even have a small nest egg saved away. This is because Medical Scientist Training Programs (MSTP) and many non-MSTP MD-PhD programs waive tuition and provide stipends to their students that are comparable to a biology graduate student stipend (~$30,000 of disposable income a year). The stipend is adjusted to match the cost of living in the city in which your school is located.

2 | Options for Fast-Tracking

MD-PhD’s enjoy specialized tracks that enable them to shorten their PhD and residency training. The PhD portion of the dual degree is an average of 4 years (vs. an average of 5-6 years for single degree PhD’s in the biomedical sciences).

Furthermore, MD-PhD graduates can “short-track” their residency into fellowship training. In the case of the three-year internal medicine residency, the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) has a pathway that enables residents with a demonstrated potential for basic science or clinical research to spend only two years doing clinical training before returning to full-time research . These so-called “research residencies” are typically populated by MD-PhD’s, with a few MD-MPH/MD-MS/MD graduates that have strong research credentials thrown into the mix.

3 | Competitiveness for Funding to Start a Lab

According to an NIH report about physician-scientists , MD-PhD’s overall had higher award rates for research program grants (RPGs) (24.6%) than MD’s (21.7%, p<0.01) or PhD’s (21.4%, p<0.01). Furthermore, the award rate for MD-PhD’s from an MSTP program was nearly three times higher than that for MD/PhD’s not from an MSTP program (36.2% vs. 12.3%). If you are interested in more details, there is a wealth of outcomes data in this report as well as the  AAMC National MD-PhD Program Outcomes Study .

Cons of the MD-PhD Degree

1 | delayed autonomy.

The additional four years that an MD-PhD student invests in obtaining a PhD represent a significant opportunity cost (time and money). The ramifications of this can be broad. For example, an MD-PhD student living on a graduate student stipend may not have the financial autonomy to start a family until after they obtain an income (and free time!) commensurate to their training level. Furthermore, the average age of young investigators obtaining their first RPG’s continues to rise (44.3 years for MD-PhD’s, 43.8 years for MD’s, and 41.9 years for PhD’s in 2014) . The path of an academic researcher, especially an MD-PhD, creates an extreme delay in full professional autonomy.

2 | Disjointed Training

MD-PhDs are often likened to chimeras in their duality, which is exemplified by the disjointed path to obtaining the MD-PhD degree.

Students typically complete the first two pre-clinical years of medical school, transition to a 4-year PhD program, and then return to medical school to finish the last two clinical years before graduating with their dual degree. Subsequently, most pursue residency and fellowship training in their chosen medical specialties before finally becoming principal investigators (PIs) of a lab. This disjointed pathway forces many MD-PhD’s to play catch-up when they inevitably fall behind in either medicine or research. For instance, a common issue for MD-PhD’s is that their research skills become outdated when they return to clinical training for a number of years during the latter half of medical school and residency.

3| Balancing Clinical and Research Commitments

Juggling the considerable responsibilities of caring for patients and managing research projects can be challenging. Physician-scientists working at academic medical centers may be incentivized (or even pressured) to spend more time seeing patients, a task that earns more revenue for both the physician-scientist and the medical center. It also requires significant time and money for physician-scientists to maintain their clinical skills and board certifications. Consequently, many MD-PhD’s eventually dedicate themselves to either medicine or research and unfortunately let their less-used skill set fade into irrelevance.

Final Remarks

Any aspiring student considering a dual MD-PhD degree should think deeply and critically about whether this demanding career path is right for them. There are pros and cons to getting the MD-PhD degree, some of which may be deal-makers or deal-breakers. Ultimately, I see MD-PhD’s as chimeras walking a road less traveled, obtaining unique toolkits to address gaps in the existing body of medical knowledge and therapies. If this aligns with your goals, it can be an outstanding career!

If you are considering an MD-PhD degree but are unsure, please consider the Med School Insiders  general advising services . We have advisers who have completed this degree and can give you  detailed, real-world advice and feedback!

Lawrence Wang

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