literature review green technology

Green Information Technology: Literature Review and Research Domains

January 2014
24(1):57-79

Middlesex University Dubai

Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, progress on green technology research in hotels: a literature review.

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights

ISSN : 2514-9792

Article publication date: 28 October 2022

Issue publication date: 1 December 2023

The aim of this research, which is based on a literature review and bibliometric analysis, is to reveal the development of green technologies in hotels, based on the articles published in tourism and hospitality journals between 1999 and 2020.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on five conditions and five databases, 64 journal papers were retrieved and reviewed. Among the surveyed publications pertinent to the eco-friendly/green technology practices at hotels, the majority focus was on the need for eco-friendly/green technology practices at hotels and the schemes implemented to achieve sustainable development.

The research findings especially from the last decade report that today's guests generally prefer green hotels based on their increased awareness of environmental degradation and an ever-growing need for conservation and sustainability.

Practical implications

The environmental responsibility which is inherent in the hospitality and tourism industry due to the environmental burden generated by the combined effect of both industries on Mother Earth, brings forth a substantial sense of commitment on the part of hotel companies. In that regard, a set of corporate initiatives in the form of green technology practices are implemented by hotels, toward the development of new product and service offerings, management of processes and corporate policy formation.

Originality/value

This research focuses on green technologies aimed at sustainability in the field of accommodation and tourism, consisting of a systematic literature search on the subject. It is important in the way that it provides a general overview to researchers in terms of the theoretical implications of green technologies while also offering a road map with respect to green technology applications to the practitioners of the field.

Green technology
Sustainability
Tourism and hospitality
Systematic literature review

Gunduz Songur, A. , Turktarhan, G. and Cobanoglu, C. (2023), "Progress on green technology research in hotels: a literature review", Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights , Vol. 6 No. 5, pp. 2052-2072. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-10-2021-0280

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Mapping green technologies literature published between 1995 and 2019: a scientometric review from the perspective of the manufacturing industry

Affiliations.

1 School of management, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
2 School of management, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. [email protected].
3 School of management, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. [email protected].
4 Department of Business Administration, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. [email protected].
5 College of management and economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
6 School of Business Administration, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan, China.
PMID: 33840032
PMCID: PMC8036163
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13473-w

This study presents a comprehensive literature review and gives an insight into the increasing research trends that are based on the discipline of green technology (GTs) in the manufacturing industry. Prior research in this field indicates that there is a scarcity of research on the topic. Therefore, this study seeks to draft a multi-perspective literature review that is based on GTs in the manufacturing industry. Moreover, to make this analysis more detailed, the science-mapping technique and the quantitative approach were also applied on 5734 bibliographic references that were extracted from the web of science. Ultimately, the focus of the research is to understand the tendencies and trends in journals, institutions, and the main areas of research, along with the integration style of these elements in the previous literature that has been written on the subject of GTs. This technique also helps to fill in the research gap, address the limitations of existing literature, and shed light on the various possible directions this could lead to for future research. The implications of this research offer wide directives for editors, researchers, research institutions, policymakers, and practitioners.

Keywords: Global research; Green technologies; Manufacturing industry; Scientometric review.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Wave and trend of GTs…

Wave and trend of GTs literature in manufacturing industry from 1995 to 2019

Major research domains of GTs…

Major research domains of GTs research in manufacturing industry (keywords cooccurance network)

Represnetation of strongest citation burst…

Represnetation of strongest citation burst for the top 25 keywords

Main outlets network of GTs…

Main outlets network of GTs literature

GTs literature and collaboration network…

GTs literature and collaboration network of different international institutions

GTs literature and countries based…

GTs literature and countries based collaborative network

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Int J Environ Res Public Health

Towards Green and Sustainable Healthcare: A Literature Review and Research Agenda for Green Leadership in the Healthcare Sector

Justyna berniak-woźny.

1 Department of Management, University of Information Technology and Management, 35-225 Rzeszów, Poland

Małgorzata Rataj

2 Department of Cognitive Science and Mathematical Modeling, University of Information Technology and Management, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland

Associated Data

All data relevant to this work are included in the article or are uploaded as Supplementary Information .

The health sector is one of the keys to sustainable development. Although it is directly related to only one Sustainable Development Goal (Goal 3, “Ensuring a healthy life and promoting well-being at all ages”), the sector itself, which aims to protect health, is paradoxically at the same time the main emitter of environmental pollutants that have a negative impact on health itself. Therefore, sustainability has become a key priority for health sector organizations, and leadership in this area is essential at all levels. Scientific research plays a particular role here, helping to more clearly define the links between environmental sustainability and the health effects of a polluted environment and climate change as well as indicating the direction of actions needed and disseminating good practices that can help accelerate the adoption of efforts towards climate neutrality and sustainable development of health sector organizations. The aim of this article is to present the current state of the art and future research scenarios in the field of green and sustainable healthcare through a literature review by using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method to perform a bibliometric analysis of papers published in 2012–2022. The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database is used for this purpose. A total of 144 papers are included for analysis, categorized based on eight fields: author(s), title, year of publication, country, journal, scientific category, and number of citations. Based on the results, themes for future research on green leadership in the healthcare sector are identified and recommended.

1. Introduction

Sustainable development is one of the greatest, if not the greatest, global challenges of the 21st Century. However, the importance of sustainable development had already been recognized and declared as early as the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in 1972 [ 1 ]. Fifteen years later, sustainable development was defined by Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Norwegian Prime Minister and Chair of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), as “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” [ 2 ]. In 1992, the United Nations organized the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, during which one of the most important documents related to sustainable development was prepared, Agenda 21, a comprehensive plan of action for the 21st Century for the United Nations, governments, and social groups in every area in which man has an impact on the environment. The Earth Summit was attended by representatives of 172 governments, 2400 NGOs, and 10,000 journalists, and 172 countries signed the Agenda [ 3 ]. The document includes the statement that humanity has reached a turning point in history, and a cautionary tale that by continuing the present policy we contribute to the widening of the economic gap in societies and between countries, the expansion of poverty, hunger, disease, and illiteracy. We cause a progressive degradation of the natural environment on which life on Earth depends [ 4 ]. Additionally, a proposal to change procedures in the future was defined. Recommendations range from new teaching methods to new methods of using raw materials and contributing to a sustainable economy. The overall ambition of Agenda 21 is a safe and just world in which every living thing is able to maintain its dignity. In parallel, the United Nations has launched a number of initiatives for sustainable development. The first comprised the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), including eight interrelated goals as a holistic process, set at the 2000 Millennium Summit for a period of 15 years to 2015 [ 5 ]. Given its achievements and importance, in 2015 the United Nations established the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, agreed to by 195 countries and consisting of 17 goals and 169 measures related to economic, environmental, and social objectives [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].

Sustainable development is one of the key issues in the healthcare industry. While of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) only the third goal of “ensuring healthy living and promoting well-being for all ages” is directly relevant to the health sector, other SDGs (such as on hunger, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, sustainable cities and communities, climate action, peace, justice and strong institutions) with 43 health-related indicators apply to this industry indirectly. Even though the last two decades have been called a golden age for global health due to the increase in national health spending and donor funding by low- and middle-income countries, which has translated into increased access to health determinants (such as clean water and sanitation) and health services (such as vaccination, antenatal care, and HIV treatment) [ 9 ], recent years have only seen improvements in 24 (56%) of the 43 health-related SDG indicators, as WHO data shows [ 10 ].

However, satisfying the health needs of the population is associated with a negative impact on the natural environment, as health care is one of the main emitters of environmental pollution that has a negative impact on health. In Brazil alone, hospitals consume 10.6% of the energy used for commercial purposes [ 11 ]. In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) emits 18 million tonnes of CO 2 annually, accounting for almost a quarter of the total emissions coming from the public sector [ 12 ]. In the US, total gas emissions from healthcare organizations increased by 6% from 2010 to 2018 [ 13 , 14 ]. India generated over 33,000 tonnes of medical waste during the seven months of the COVID-19 pandemic [ 15 ]. Healthcare, including pharmaceuticals, is responsible for 4.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions globally. In addition, the global market for medical waste management is expected to grow from an estimated USD 6.8 billion in 2020 to USD 9 billion by 2025 [ 16 ]. This negative impact was further exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic, mainly as a result of the increased intensity of health sector activities and the increased use of personal protective equipment (PPE) as well as diagnostic tools and vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which in both cases translated into an increase in the generation of medical waste. [ 17 ] Thus, the healthcare sector strives to transform itself into a sustainable one.

Sustainable healthcare can be defined as suggested - “a complex system of interacting approaches to the restoration, management and optimisation of human health that has an ecological base, that is environmentally, economically and socially viable indefinitely, that functions harmoniously both with the human body and the non-human environment, and which does not result in unfair or disproportionate impacts on any significant contributory element of the healthcare system” [ 18 ]. Sustainable healthcare is often referred to as green healthcare, which means the provision of healthcare services in an environmentally friendly manner that aims to promote health while having a positive impact on the community [ 19 , 20 ]. The concept of green hospitals defined by Howard in a report of the US Office of the Federal Environmental Executive is popular in this regard, and is defined as the practice of increasing the efficiency with which buildings and their sites use energy, water, and materials while reducing building impacts on human health and the environment through better siting, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal. [ 21 ] Indeed, according to Kreisberg [ 22 ], green healthcare facilitates a sustainable future for medicine, physicians, patients, and the environment. According to Fadda [ 19 ], green health systems are based on the following ten components.

(1) Leadership through education, goal setting, accountability, and incorporating these priorities in all external relations and communications
(2) Substituting harmful chemicals with safer alternatives
(3) Reducing, treating, and safely disposing of healthcare wastes
(4) Implementing energy efficiency and clean renewable energy generation
(5) Reducing hospital water consumption and supplying potable water
(6) Improving transportation strategies for patients and staff
(7) Reducing food waste and the environmental footprint while improving patient and worker health by making changes in hospital service menus and practices
(8) Reducing pharmaceutical pollution and developing safer pharma
(9) Taking advantage of green buildings to develop safer, more resilient, greener, and healthier building products and systems
(10) Changing purchasing habits in ways that reduce environmental and human rights impacts.

Unfortunately, the awareness of the healthcare community regarding the negative impact of the sector on the natural environment and society, and in turn the responsibility for dealing with it, is very low [ 23 ]. To support sustainable health systems, leadership is essential at all levels [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], both at the level of green politics [ 28 , 29 , 30 ] and at the level of influencing and shaping the attitudes of members of the health community and organizations [ 31 ]. Fortunately, in recent years there have been promising examples of green leadership at the international level, such as by the following organizations:

The Alliance of Nurses for Healthy Environments (ANHE), a nursing organization focused solely on the intersection of health and the environment [ 32 ].
Health Care Without Harm (HCWH), an international nongovernmental organization (NGO) that works to transform health care worldwide to ensure that it reduces its environmental footprint and becomes a community anchor for sustainability and leader in the global movement for environmental health and justice [ 33 ].
The Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL), the leading European not-for-profit organisation addressing how the natural and built environments affect health in the European Union (EU) and beyond [ 34 ].
The Global Climate and Health Alliance, made up of health and development organizations from around the world united by a shared vision of an equitable and sustainable future. Alliance members work together to (1) ensure that health impacts are integrated into global, regional, national, and local policy responses to climate change to reduce them as far as possible, with a particular focus on reducing health inequalities through mitigation and adaptation; (2) encourage and support the health sector to lead by example in mitigating and adapting to climate change; (3) raise awareness of the health threats posed by climate change and the potential health benefits of well-chosen climate mitigation policies in areas such as energy, transport, food, and housing [ 35 ].
Irish Doctors for Environment is an NGO and registered charity consisting of doctors, medical students, and allied healthcare professionals in Ireland who aim to create awareness and interest and implement action around environment health and the impact it has on patient health [ 36 ]
OraTaiao: The New Zealand Climate and Health Council comprises health professionals in Aotearoa/New Zealand concerned with (1) the negative impacts of climate change on health; (2) the health gains that are possible through strong health-centred climate action; (3) highlighting the impacts of climate change on those who already experience disadvantage or ill-health (equity impacts); and (4) reducing the health sector’s contribution to climate change [ 37 ]
The Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment, which takes action to enable health for all by engaging with governments, running campaigns, conducting research, and drawing media attention to key issues [ 38 ]
Doctors for the Environment Australia (DEA), an organisation of medical professionals that protect human health through care of the environment. The devastating impacts of climate change on human health and the solutions needed to address this grave threat are a major focus of their work. DEA members include GPs, surgeons, physicians, anesthetists, psychiatrists, pediatricians, public health specialists, academics, medical students, and researchers, bringing leadership and expertise from every branch of medicine [ 39 ].

To provide better guidance for the development and adoption of new practices and procedures in the field of sustainable and green healthcare, the aim of this article is to present the current state of the art and future research scenarios in the field of green and sustainable healthcare.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 defines the methodology and datasets. In Section 3 , the main results of the review are presented and discussed. Finally, our conclusions are outlined, including the implications and limitations of the paper and future research directions.

2. Materials and Methods

As mentioned in the Introduction, the aim of this article is to present the current state of the art and future research scenarios in the field of green and sustainable healthcare. To achieve the assumed goal, the authors conducted a review of the literature on green and sustainable healthcare published in 2013–2023 (early access) using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines [ 40 ]. The review was supplemented with a bibliographic analysis to analyze large numbers of publications and identify research trends and patterns in the defined research area [ 41 ]. This allowed for a holistic view of the constantly growing knowledge resources and the assessment of specific research directions as well as the outlining of the anatomy of current knowledge in a green and sustainable healthcare field [ 42 ].

The search was carried out in October 2022. The search process used the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database, which is the leading database for classifying academic research. The Web of Science Core Collection contains over 21,100 peer-reviewed, high-quality scholarly journals published worldwide in over 250 scientific disciplines. Conference proceedings and book data are available as well. The WoS Core Collection was analyzed to find related publications based on the following keyword combination: “sustainability” OR “green” AND “healthcare/health care”. We searched for articles with these phrases in the title, abstract, or keywords. Additionally, the search was limited to records published from 2013 to 2022 in English. The results of these searches contributed to the selection of a database consisting of 4289 documents that matched our query. The WoS database was downloaded as a file in PDF format. Further, we screened the titles and abstracts, which limited the database to 836 records. The selection process involved two independent reviewers and two steps: (1) selection based on inclusion criteria (publications on sustainable and/or green healthcare systems or institutions and publications with a minimum of ten citations) and (2) final inclusion in the review. Discrepancies between reviewers were resolved through discussion and agreement. The database was downloaded in the TXT format, as the authors planned to use it for visualization in VOSviewer software, which requires CSV or TXT files. As WOS has built-in analyzer features, initial descriptive analysis was carried out using these features, and further Excel analyzing features were employed. Tables were created to provide quantitative data. Additionally, VOSviewer software version 1.6.18 was applied to quantitatively and visually analyze keyword co-occurrences.

Next, as we wanted to have access to the full content of the articles, the database was narrowed to 653 records. Further, in order to focus on scientific contributions and avoid editorials and other unrelated material, reviews, editorial materials, and notes were excluded. The database was narrowed down to articles and proceedings only, and 219 records were excluded. The analysis of the full text of the publications resulted in the exclusion of a subsequent 163 records. The next round of full text analysis eliminated a further 127 records, as they were considered to be irrelevant to the review aim or were not published in a journal with sufficient impact factor. As shown in Figure 1 , the final database consisted of 144 documents, including 142 articles and two proceedings papers.

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PRISMA flow chart [ 43 ].

To provide a holistic academic landscape and understandable overview of the latest trends in research related to green and sustainable healthcare, the results of the review are presented from the perspective of (1) the number of publications between 2013–2022 and the keywords clusters, (2) leading countries, (3) leading journals, (4) the most impactful papers, and (5) major disciplines.

3.1. Results—Total Number of Publications

The number of publications over time, or the growth trend, is one of the most relevant factors as to how much scholars are interested in a specific topic, and is an indicator of the expansion of a field of research [ 44 , 45 , 46 ]. Figure 2 shows the yearly distribution of the selected articles on green and sustainable healthcare in the last decade. The growth in the annual number of published articles in 2020–2022 reflects the growing popularity of the subject around the world.

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Number of articles published in the years 2013–2022.

The significant increase in the last three analyzed years is interesting. These dynamics of publication growth in the area of a sustainable and green healthcare may be related to the crisis caused by the pandemic. Examples of the articles on the issues analyzed from the perspective of COVID are as follows:

“Implementation of Obstetric Telehealth During COVID-19 and Beyond” [ 47 ],
“Framework for PESTEL dimensions of sustainable healthcare waste management: Learnings from COVID-19 outbreak” [ 48 ],
“Selection of the best healthcare waste disposal techniques during and post COVID-19 pandemic era” [ 49 ],
“Leveraging nurse practitioner capacities to achieve global health for all: COVID-19 and beyond” [ 50 ],
“Development of a Multi-Criteria Model for Sustainable Reorganization of a Healthcare System in an Emergency Situation Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic” [ 51 ]
“How Can Health Systems Better Prepare for the Next Pandemic? Lessons Learned from the Management of COVID-19 in Quebec (Canada)” [ 52 ].

3.2. Results—Keyword Analysis

The keyword analysis began with the initial sample of 836 publications, on which mapping was performed based on VOSviewer software. Figure 3 shows a graphical representation of keyword co-occurrences. Only keywords which appeared at least ten times in our sample were covered by the analysis. Keywords that occurred more frequently are represented with a larger font size and circle. Keywords that appeared together are linked with lines. A thicker line between two keywords indicates that these two keywords appeared together more often in one publication. Looking at Figure 3 , four different thematic clusters can be seen, represented by different colors.

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Keywords co-occurrence map.

First, the red cluster is the medical branch of research, which deals with sustainable development of health management. Keywords such as “health system”, “health policy”, “quality”, “design”, and “optimalization” indicate that the focus is on understanding implementation of green scenario in the context of health care.

The blue cluster focuses on the natural environment, and consists of keywords such as “sustainability”, “environment”, or “climate change”. The blue cluster is about education, with keywords such as “knowledge”, “medical education”, and “attitudes”. In most cases, the ultimate goal of the articles within the green cluster is about implementation of green solutions in medical institutions.

The green cluster is driven generally by prevention and risk assessment in the context of eco-health. In this cluster, “behavior”, “perception”, and “empowerment” are among the keywords. Closely related to the green cluster is general health, with terms such as “overweight”, “physical activity”, and “nutrition”.

The yellow cluster is sustainable development in medical care, underlying how important is education in this field both for students and medical personnel.

Overall, the keyword “co-occurrence network” in Figure 3 underpins the multidisciplinary nature of the green and sustainable health sector.

By conducting a comprehensive analysis of the Authors’ Keywords in the final database generated from WoS (144 papers), the following three thematic clusters were formed.

Cluster 1—“Sustainability”. Presented in Figure 4 , this cluster includes 20 terms: building sustainability assessment methods, environmental sustainability, sustainable development, sustainable employability, sustainable enterprise, sustainable healthcare, sustainable healthcare supply chain, sustainable healthcare systems, sustainable transportation, environmental sustainability, social sustainability, sustainable behaviors, sustainable business models, sustainable competitive advantage, sustainable design, sustainable development goals (SDGs), sustainable diets, sustainable physical healthcare pattern recognition, sustainable policies, sustainable health care education. In general, the papers referring to this cluster focus on:

The 2030 Agenda of United Nations for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), for example, “Sustainable development goals and mental health: learnings from the contribution of the FundaMentalSDG global initiative” [ 53 ], “Soft power and global health: the sustainable development goals (SDGs) era health agendas of the G7, G20 and BRICS” [ 54 ], “Approaches to protect and maintain health care services in armed conflict—meeting SDGs 3 and 16” [ 55 ].
Sustainability assessment methods and competitive advantage: “Assessment of Environmental Sustainability in Health Care Organizations” [ 56 ], “Advanced therapy medicinal products and health technology assessment principles and practices for value-based and sustainable healthcare” [ 57 ], “Development of a healthcare building sustainability assessment method—Proposed structure and system of weights for the Portuguese context” [ 58 ].
Sustainable healthcare organization and systems: “AMEE Consensus Statement: Planetary health and education for sustainable healthcare” [ 59 ], “Faculty development and partnership with students to integrate sustainable healthcare into health professions education” [ 60 ], “Empowering Patients to Co-Create a Sustainable Healthcare Value” [ 61 ].
Sustainable supply chains: “Integration of a Balanced Scorecard, DEMATEL, and ANP for Measuring the Performance of a Sustainable Healthcare Supply Chain” [ 62 ], “The Healthcare Sustainable Supply Chain 4.0: The Circular Economy Transition Conceptual Framework with the Corporate Social Responsibility Mirror” [ 63 ], “Managing a sustainable, low carbon supply chain in the English National Health Service: The views of senior managers” [ 64 ].

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Sustainability cluster Authors’ Keywords.

Cluster 2, “Climate”, is presented in Figure 5 , and includes 19 terms: climate change, climate change and health, environmental hazards, environmental health, environmental health inequalities, Environmental scan, environmental sustainability, green care, green economies, green exercise, green gentrification, green growth strategies, green hospital, green public health, green space, hazardous waste, healthcare waste management, waste minimization assessment, creating and utilizing resources, ecological crisis. In general, the papers referring to this cluster focus on:

Climate change and health: “Towards Climate Resilient and Environmentally Sustainable Health Care Facilities” [ 65 ], “Nurses’ perceptions of climate and environmental issues: a qualitative study” [ 66 ], “Impact of a Telemedicine Program on the Reduction in the Emission of Atmospheric Pollutants and Journeys by Road” [ 67 ].
Green health facilities: “Greening healthcare: systematic implementation of environmental programmes in a university teaching hospital” [ 68 ], “Residential Greenery: State of the Art and Health-Related Ecosystem Services and Disservices in the City of Berlin” [ 69 ], “Using the World Health Organization health system building blocks through survey of healthcare professionals to determine the performance of public healthcare facilities” [ 70 ].
Healthcare resources management: “Healthcare waste generation and management practice in government health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia” [ 71 ], “Impact of intervention on healthcare waste management practices in a tertiary care governmental hospital of Nepal” [ 72 ], “LCA of Hospital Solid Waste Treatment Alternatives in a Developing Country: The Case of District Swat, Pakistan” [ 73 ].

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Climate cluster Authors’ Keywords.

Cluster 3, “Digital transformation”, is presented in Figure 6 , and includes 17 terms: digital innovation, digital platforms, digital policy, Internet of Health Things (IoHT), telemedicine, decision support, decision-making, decision-making tool, digital health, digital health ecosystem, telehealth, telemedicine, telemedicine service, ecosystem services (ESs), digital dentistry, health technology development, healthcare informatics. New technology has numerous applications in healthcare allowing for lowering medical costs, upgrading the quality and efficiency of medical procedures, improving healthcare pathways, and giving better control over resource management. All these factors in the healthcare sector contribute to the implementation of sustainable development as promoted and recommended by the United Nations. In general, the papers referring to this cluster focus on:

Digital innovations and policy for healthcare: “Sustainable Value Co-Creation and Digital Health: The Case of Trentino eHealth Ecosystem” [ 74 ], “Engagement in Healthcare Systems: Adopting Digital Tools for a Sustainable Approach” [ 75 ], “Pursuing Sustainability for Healthcare through Digital Platforms” [ 76 ].
Decision making support: “Sustainability of knowledge translation interventions in healthcare decision-making: a scoping review” [ 77 ], “Sustainability in health care by allocating resources effectively (SHARE) 3: examining how resource allocation decisions are made, implemented and evaluated in a local healthcare setting” [ 78 ], “Pinch Analysis as a Quantitative Decision Framework for Determining Gaps in Health Care Delivery Systems” [ 79 ].
Telemedicine: “Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of a Healthcare System for Depressive Disorders by Implementing Telemedicine: A Health Economic Modeling Study” [ 80 ], “Impact of a Telemedicine Program on the Reduction in the Emission of Atmospheric Pollutants and Journeys by Road” [ 67 ], “Adoption mechanism of telemedicine in underdeveloped country” [ 81 ].

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Digital Transformation cluster Authors’ Keywords.

3.3. Total Number of Publications Per Location

One of the basic criteria for bibliographic analysis is the index of countries that contribute most in this field [ 82 , 83 ]. The twelve leading countries in terms of the number of published articles in the field of the green and sustainable health sector are presented in Figure 7 . The country selection criterion for multi-author publications was the country of the corresponding author. Most productive in this field were researchers from the USA, England, and Australia. The leading country in the European Union was Italy.

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Number of articles per country.

3.4. Total Number of Publications Per Journal

The 144 articles selected were published in 66 different journals. The Impact Factor (IF) of the journals ranged from 202.731 for The Lancet to 0.863 for Quality in Ageing and Older Adults. Out of 66 scientific journals, we identified seven which are the most popular among researchers ( Figure 8 ). The remaining 89% of journals only occasionally publish articles about eco-health sustainability.

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Number of papers per journal.

The most popular journal, Sustainability, is published by MDPI. It is an international, cross-disciplinary, scholarly, peer-reviewed, and open-access journal on the environmental, cultural, economic, and social sustainability of human beings. The Impact Factor of this journal is 3.889. The second-most popular journal is the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, which an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open access journal published semimonthly online by MDPI. It covers Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Public Health, Environmental Health, Occupational Hygiene, Health Economic, and Global Health Research. The Impact Factor of this journal is 4.614.

Further, we highlight the three BMC journals. These are Health Research Policy and Systems, which covers all aspects of the organisation and use of health research, including agenda setting, building health research capacity, and how research as a whole benefits decision makers, practitioners in health and related fields, and society at large, and has an impact factor of 4.139; BMC Public Health journal, with a special focus on the social determinants of health, the environmental, behavioral, and occupational correlates of health and disease, and the impact of health policies, practices and interventions on the community, which has an impact factor of 4.135; and Globalization and Health, a transdisciplinary journal that publishes papers on how globalization processes affect health through their impacts on health systems and the social, economic, commercial, and political determinants of health. The focus of this journal is on policy, systems, technological, organizational, clinical, community and individual perspectives, and it has an impact factor of 10.401.

Similarly impactful is the Journal of Cleaner Production, which serves as a platform for addressing and discussing theoretical and practical cleaner production, encompassing environmental, and sustainability issues in corporations, governments, education institutions, regions, and societies, with an impact factor of 11.072.

Figure 7 covers the International Journal for Quality in Health Care (IJQHC), an interdisciplinary journal in the field of health services research, health care evaluation, policy, health economics, quality improvement, management, and clinical research focused on the quality and safety of care, with an impact factor of 2.257, as well as Medical Teacher, the official journal of the Association for Medical Education in Europe (AMEE). This international journal publishes research on medical education, including the developments in teaching approaches and methods, and has an impact factor of 4.277.

3.5. Total Number of Citations Per Paper

The most cited article has at least twice as many citations as any other article in the field ( Figure 9 ).

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The total number of citations per paper.

The most cited article was published in the Lancet in 2015 by researchers from the USA. The title of the article is “Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015” [ 84 ]. The research focuses on analysis of 33 health-related SDG indicators based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015. The indicators have an impact on sustainable or pro-environmental behavior. The objective of the study was to meet a core dimension of SDG Goal 3, aiming to “ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages”.

Second is the article “The Roles of System and Organizational Leadership in System-Wide Evidence-Based Intervention Sustainment: A Mixed-Method Study” [ 85 ], published in the Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research in 2016 by an international team from Asia, the USA, and Europe. The article highlights the role of positive sustainable leadership in positively contributing to the implementation of the sustainable development goals in the context of public health.

Third is the article “Implementation of Obstetric Telehealth During COVID-19 and Beyond” [ 47 ], published in the Maternal and Child health Journal (Springer) in 2020 by an American research team, which concludes that “due to the COVID-19 pandemic, implementation of telehealth and telehealth have become crucial to ensure the safe and effective delivery of obstetric care”.

The fourth most cited article is entitled “Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019” [ 86 ], and was published in the Lancet in 2021 by the GBD 2019 Under-5 Mortality Collaborators. It reveals that global child mortality declined by almost half between 2000 and 2019, although progress remains slower in neonates, and 65 (32%) of 204 countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia, are not on track to meet either SDG 3.2 target by 2030.

The fifth most-cited article is entitled “Making change last: applying the NHS institute for innovation and improvement sustainability model to healthcare improvement” [ 87 ], and was published in Implementation Science in 2013 by a UK research team. The paper states that the Sustainability Model presented by authors is an important attempt to enable teams to systematically consider determinants of sustainability, provide timely data to assess progress, and prompt action to create conditions for sustained practice. Tools such as these need to be tested in healthcare settings to assess strengths and weaknesses and their findings disseminated to aid development.

3.6. Most Popular Subject Categories

The final stage of the bibliographic analysis was focused on the most popular WOS subject categories in which the sample papers were published. As presented in Figure 10 , the green and sustainable healthcare papers most often related to the categories of Green and Sustainable Science and Technology, Health Care Science and Services, and Public, Environmental, and Occupational Services. It is worth highlighting that green and sustainable papers are popular among professional healthcare categories such as Psychiatry, Anesthesiology, and Nursing as well. The presence of green and sustainable healthcare research topics in educational categories can be seen as a good signal, as everything starts with attitude, knowledge, and skills.

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The most popular subject categories.

4. Discussion and Conclusions

The problem of sustainable development has been widely discussed in the health sector since the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in 1972 [ 1 ]. On the one hand, this sector is essential to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (UNSDG) “Good health and well-being” and related goals [ 9 ]. At the same time, healthcare, including pharmaceuticals, is responsible for 4.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions [ 13 ]. Therefore, green and sustainable development of the health sector is a highly complex, integrated, and interconnected phenomenon. In the last decade, the demand for green healthcare has increased and become more urgent, as health care facilities, in particular hospitals, are organizations that require large amounts of resources for medical services (such as water, electricity, gas, and food), and generate both medical and hazardous waste. Therefore, the green transformation of this sector is crucial to achieving climate and sustainable development goals.

A special role in the green transformation of the health sector is played by scientific research disseminated in the form of scientific publications. Researchers around the world diagnose the current state of affairs, disseminate good practices, develop models, frameworks, and tools, and indicate future directions of development [ 88 ]. Thus, the aim of this paper was to present the current state of the art and future research scenarios in the field of green and sustainable healthcare. The authors performed a literature review supplemented by a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications on green and sustainable healthcare published in 2013–2022 using the WOSCC database. A total of 144 papers were included in the final analysis and categorized into eight fields, including author(s), title, published year, country, journal, scientific category, and paper citations.

As a result of the bibliographic analysis, it was found that the concept of green and sustainable health care is becoming more and more popular among researchers, especially during the last three years. As a result of our systemic review, we can state that the interests of researchers are encapsulated in three thematic clusters: the first (general) focuses on sustainable development in the health sector; the second (climate) focuses on the impact of health sector organizations on the climate or wider environment; and the third (digital transformation) focuses on new technologies applied in healthcare that can support the sustainable development of the sector.

Taking into account the other analyzed indicators, it can be concluded that most research work is concentrated in English-speaking countries such as the USA, UK, Australia and Canada in several interdisciplinary journals, mainly from the publishing houses MDPI, Elsevier, and BMC, and is related to several scientific categories consistent with the thematic clusters identified earlier, namely, technology, environment, health systems, and professions.

The analysis of the publications selected for review revealed blank spots in the issues raised by researchers. For example, regarding resource management, the focus lies mostly on waste management. Little or no research was found within the scope of other green elements of the health care system, such as energy management, water management, transportation, and food, as well as medicines and other chemicals used in this sector.

There is a lack of work devoted to green leadership in the health sector, which translates into continuing insufficient awareness in the health sector community regarding the negative impact that the sector has on the natural environment and possible steps to be taken to reduce or completely eliminate this impact. Although, as discussed in the introduction, there are numerous international, national and professional initiatives for the green and sustainable recovery sector around the world, these represent only a drop in the ocean of needs, although the intensification of research in this area may lead and guide practice. Thus, the authors recommend that researchers undertake the following research agenda:

Development of comprehensive green healthcare assessment tools and maturity models for green and sustainable healthcare organizations to support a holistic transformation of the healthcare sector. This will make it easier for decision makers to make strategic decisions. In addition, such tools and models allow for objective comparison of the level of transformation progress of individual organizations and entire health systems.
Further development of the concept of green hospitals and the related evaluation standards, which may be the basis for certification of such facilities. Systematic updating of concepts allows us to capture the latest and most effective process and product solutions and innovations.
Diagnosing the use of water and energy resources in the health sector, defining good practices, and proposing paths to optimize the consumption of these resources, as well as initiating innovations in this area.
Analyzing and shaping mobility behavior across the entire health sector chain and developing policies and good solutions (especially technological/digital) to minimize the impact of the sector on climate change.
Assessing waste management (especially hazardous and medical waste) and developing good practices to minimize harmfulness and waste generation and maximize waste recycling.
Exploring current and potential solutions in the area of food systems in order to reduce the environmental footprint of hospitals while shaping healthy eating habits of patients and staff.

The study presented here has a number of limitations. First, the researchers focused on a single database (WOSCC); in the future, it is advisable to use the resources of other databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, or EMBAS as well. Moreover, only English-language publications were selected for the analysis. In the future, it would be worthwhile to examine publications on green and sustainable health care in other languages in order to assess their consistency with or differences from the main English-language research stream. The analysis presented here is quantitative, and in subsequent studies it would be well worth supplementing with a qualitative content analysis, which would allow for an overview of the available definitions, models, tools, and measures. It would be most useful to analyze publications in terms of their research methodology and to review the good practices presented in selected publications.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijerph20020908/s1 , File S1: The database of final 144 records included in review (excel). File S2: The database of 836 records included in the VOSviewer visualisation (TXT format). File S3: he database of 836 records included in the VOSviewer visualisation (RIS format).

Funding Statement

This research received no external funding.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.B.-W.; Data curation, M.R.; Formal analysis, M.R. and J.B.-W.; Investigation, M.R. and J.B.-W.; Methodology, M.R. and J.B.-W.; Writing—original draft, J.B.-W. and M.R.; Writing—review and editing, J.B.-W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

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Aysegul Ozbebek

Evan Theodorus

Rohit V Kumar

Selection of renewable energy development path for sustainable development using a fuzzy MCDM based on cumulative prospect theory: the case of Malaysia

Taikun Li 1 ,
Hong Wang 2 &
Yonghui Lin 3

Scientific Reports volume 14 , Article number: 15082 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

Energy and society
Environmental social sciences
Sustainability

Malaysia's excessive energy consumption has led to the depletion of traditional energy reserves such as oil and natural gas. Although Malaysia has implemented multiple policies to achieve sustainable national energy development, the current results are unsatisfactory. As of 2022, only 2% of the country's electricity supply comes from renewable energy, which accounts for less than 30% of the energy structure. Malaysia must ensure energy security and diversified energy supply while ensuring sustainable energy development. This article uses the fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM) method based on cumulative prospect theory to help decision-makers choose the most suitable renewable energy for sustainable development in Malaysia from four dimensions of technology, economy, society, and environment. The results show that solar power is the most suitable renewable energy for sustainable development, followed by biomass, wind, and hydropower, but the optimal alternative is sensitive to the prospect parameters. Finally, it was analyzed that efficiency, payback period, employment creation, and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions are the most critical factors affecting the development of renewable energy in Malaysia under the four dimensions. Reasonable suggestions are proposed from policy review, green finance, public awareness, engineering education, and future energy. This research provides insightful information that can help Malaysian decision-makers scientifically formulate Sustainable development paths for renewable energy, analyze the problems encountered in the current stage of renewable energy development, and provide recommendations for Malaysia's future renewable energy transition and sustainable development.

Introduction

The utilization of fossil fuels poses detrimental effects on the environment and generates toxic pollutants. It also harms the ecosystem and releases hazardous gasses, all while its energy source remains unsustainable 1 . It is expected that the world population will reach 9 billion by 2050. In addition, economic growth, technological progress, and environmental degradation are leading to an increasing global demand for renewable energy 2 , 3 . Therefore, sustainable energy (SusE) is crucial for a country's economic and social development, environmental improvement, and improving people's quality of life 4 . Figure 1 shows the world's renewable energy consumption and generation from 2012 to 2022 5 . More and more countries are beginning to realize the role of renewable energy in their economy, environment, and energy transition 6 . Malaysia has been exploring which engine to use to strengthen its sluggish economy in recent years. Renewable energy's enormous economic benefits and sustainable development paths have provided an essential way for Malaysia's economic growth and energy transition. The Malaysian government is increasingly valuing them 7 . With the rapid economic development in recent years, Malaysia is enjoying the benefits of economic growth while also being affected by environmental changes. Figure 2 indicates the carbon dioxide emissions of Malaysia and the world.

Global renewable energy generation and consumption from 2012 to 2022 (source: British Petroleum(BP) Statistical Review of World Energy 2023 5 ).

Global and Malaysian carbon dioxide emissions from 2010 to 2019. (source: World Bank(WB) 16 ).

Comparing the world's total CO 2 emissions, we find Malaysia has not made good progress in control of carbon emissions in recent years 8 . Malaysia still faces significant challenges in achieving stable decarbonization 9 . Solar, biomass, wind, and hydropower are among the abundant renewable resources in Malaysia. Figure 3 depicts the utmost net generating capacity of power plants and other installations that produce electricity from renewable energy sources in Malaysia 10 . As of 2022, Malaysia has produced around 2% of its power from different renewable sources, which falls well short of the original goal of achieving a 20% renewable energy penetration by 2030. Meanwhile, expanding Renewable and Sustainable Energy Sources (RnESs) has become essential to meet energy demand, address climate change, and achieve clean and sustainable development. Selecting the optimal renewable energy source would have positive effects on sustainability in several areas, including social and environmental aspects 11 .

The greatest net generating capacity of power facilities and other renewable energy installations in Malaysia from 2013 to 2022. (source: The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Capacity Statistics 2023 10 ).

Malaysia has diverse endowments of renewable energy resources. The average annual rainfall in Malaysia is 3549 mm. There are approximately 189 named rivers with a total length of approximately 57,300 kilometers 12 . In recent years, Malaysia's hydropower resources have been exhausted, and the major environmental and social problems caused by hydropower plants have attracted the attention of the government 13 . Although Malaysia lacks wind energy resources, it has 29 longest coastlines in the world, totalling approximately 4,675 km. The offshore wind energy resources are abundant and suitable for developing offshore wind power projects according to their resource characteristics 14 . The average sunshine intensity in Malaysia is 4.21–5.56 kWh/m 2 . Solar energy potential is roughly four times that of fossil fuels 13 . Oil palm is the most significant source of biomass in Malaysia. As the world's second-largest producer of palm oil, the current oil palm plantation area is close to 6 million ha 12 . In this context, Although the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused great damage to all aspects of the economy of Malaysia 15 , the Malaysian government still actively seek sustainable path for renewable energy development.

This article is intended to assist Malaysian policymakers in analyzing the current state of renewable energy in Malaysia, to formulate a scientific and effective renewable energy policy. This article's structure is as follows: Section " Literature review " reviews the relevant literature, focusing primarily on MCDM techniques, cumulative prospect theory, and fuzzy set theory. The evaluation criteria system and renewable energy selection decision model are established, and the decision-making process is elaborated in Section " Research methodology ". Section " A study case in Malaysia " evaluates the types of renewable energy in Malaysia. The final section summarizes and discusses the entire article and provides suggestions for Malaysia's renewable energy policies, which will help Malaysia pursue a low-carbon and sustainable development path.

Literature review

MCDM techniques were extensively employed in selecting renewable energy sources(RPS) 17 . Büyüközkan et al. proposed a novel MCDM approach that integrates Spherical Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (SF-DEMATEL), Spherical Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (SF-ANP), and Spherical Fuzzy Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje (SF-VIKOR) algorithms in a Group Decision Making (GDM) environment. By evaluating wind energy, geothermal energy, solar energy, hydropower, and biogas, it is finally determined that wind and solar energy are the most appropriate energy options for sustainable development in Turkey 18 . Giri et al. have established a criteria system based on society, environment, economy, technology, and politics, including 21 sub-criteria. The study determined that wind energy was India's most optimal energy source, followed by solar and biomass energy, with tidal energy having the lowest value 19 . Nuriyev et al.used four different MCDM methods to make optimal choices for renewable energy transition scenarios in oil and gas-producing countries. The final determination of Azerbaijan's energy planning path is to increase natural gas (NG) moderately, maintain hydro, and increase solar notably and wind moderately 20 . Akpahou et al. evaluated the alternatives using eighteen criteria categorized under the four pillars of sustainability (technical, social, economic, and environmental). Ultimately, it is concluded that solar photovoltaic power generation is the finest energy choice for Benin's government 21 .

Additionally, MCDM techniques have been implemented in other renewable energy sectors, such as efficiency assessment 22 , material supplier selection 23 , and site selection 24 . Scholars combine MCDM techniques with fuzzy set theory.This was called the fuzzy MCDM theory. This theory has been widely used in PRS selection. Sylvester et al. adopted the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy technique for order performance by similarity to the ideal solution (fuzzy TOPSIS) to analyze the influencing factors on the development of renewable energy in Malawi 25 . Ighravwe et al. built a framework that combines the fuzzy entropy method and fuzzy-VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) to rank hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) simulation software 26 . Nguyen et al. have already developed a fuzzy MCDM model for suitable turbine suppliers in wind power energy projects 27 . Bandira et al. studied the optimal location of solar power plants using the MCDM method 28 . It is significant to apply fuzzy MCDM techniques to RPS selection to control uncertainty.

Classic MCDM techniques typically rely on the expected utility theory, which assumes that decision-makers are entirely rational. However, in complex and diverse environments, decision-makers may face various dangers. Kahneman's prospect theory demonstrated that decision-makers' psychological behaviour exhibits a risk-averse tendency for gains and a risk-seeking tendency for losses 29 . Some individual decision-making theories, such as regret theory, cumulative prospect theory, disappointment theory, and third-generation prospect theory, have begun to develop swiftly based on prospect theory. Among these theories, the cumulative prospect theory best describes the behavioral characteristics of decision-makers. The calculation formula can give the value and weight of the likely result. Therefore, it is considered the most popular theory.

Due to the logical clarity and simplicity of the formulations, the method has been extensively used to solve numerous decision-making problems 30 . Currently, cumulative prospect theory is applied to the decision-making process regarding renewable energy. Zhang et al. evaluated five commercial photovoltaic technologies from a sustainable perspective using a cumulative prospect theory 31 . Zhao et al. used the cumulative prospect theory to select the location of a wind farm in China 32 . Due to the unpredictability and volatility of renewable energy, the decision to utilize it is fraught with significant dangers. Decision-makers frequently exhibit distinct risk preferences, including risk neutrality, risk aversion, and risk pursuing. Decision-makers' varying risk preferences will have a decisive effect on the outcome.

The above research does not consider the risk preference of decision-makers based on traditional fuzzy MCDM. At the same time, it does not consider the deep integration of sustainable development concepts and renewable energy development plans. The above model and viewpoint have not been well applied in Malaysia's renewable energy sustainable development plan. Based on previous research, we propose a fuzzy MCDM model based on cumulative prospect theory, providing scientific guidance for sustainable renewable energy development in Malaysia. The innovation of this article lies in combining fuzzy theory and cumulative prospect theory to evaluate Malaysia's renewable energy from a sustainable development perspective.

Research methodology

Evaluation criteria system.

Establishing a criteria system plays a vital role in RPS selection decision-making. In this section, four main criteria directly related to the sustainability objective were selected for analysis: technical, economic, social, and environmental aspects. These criteria align with the Eleventh Malaysia Plan developed by the Malaysian government. Moreover, sub-criteria associated with each criterion were identified from the scientific databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus. We finalized 15 criteria after conducting an extensive literature review and consulting with 10 experts. To achieve the goal of this study, we contacted 10 experts from academic institutions, government energy departments, stakeholders, and industries. Table 1 contains the demographic data of the experts. Figure 4 depicts the RPS selection criteria evaluation system. The following are the explanations of the sub-criteria:

Evaluation criteria system for RPS evaluation. ( www.freepik.com Designed by Freepik) .

Technical criterion

Reliability C11 33 , 34 Reliability is the ability of the system to operate as required under specified conditions.

Efficiency C12 35 , 36 Efficiency refers to the level of conversion of natural resources into usable electrical energy.

Maturity C13 35 , 36 Maturity indicates the size of the application range of the technology and whether there is room for improvement.

Resource availability C14 35 The RPS's secure operation is determined by the availability of renewable energy resource (RER) for energy generation.

Economic criterion

Investment Cost (C21) 35 , 37 Investment Cost includes the overall investment from the establishment of the factory to the operation of the equipment, including installation, commissioning, labor, equipment, infrastructure, etc.

O&M cost(C22) 36 , 37 Operations and maintenance cost(O&M cost) represents the operating cost of the factory, which includes parts maintenance costs, worker wages, etc. Compared with traditional energy, renewable energy has lower operating and maintenance costs.

Electricity Cost(C23) 35 , 37 Electricity Cost is the net present value of the lifecycle unit cost of electricity for a generating asset.

Payback period(C24) 35 , 38 The payback period of a renewable energy initiative is the amount of time required for the total return on investment to equal the initial investment.

Market maturity(C25) 37 indicates the overall situation of international market investment in this field.

Social criterion

Social benefits(C31) 35 , 36 By initiating a power initiative, social benefit represents social progress in the local community and region.

Employment creation(C32) 35 , 37 The number of jobs the energy system can provide throughout its life cycle.

Public acceptance (C33) 39 : This criterion pertains to the level of public acceptance of renewable energy (RE), which is acknowledged as a significant factor influencing the adoption of RE technology and the attainment of energy policy objectives. The opinions of the population and pressure groups can significantly impact the time required to complete an energy project, making it of utmost importance.

Environmental criterion

Land requirement(C41) 35 , 37 refers to the land area occupied by renewable energy power plants, which may cause resettlement or affect the surrounding environment and increase additional costs.

Impact on the ecosystem(C42) 13 , 35 This indicator measures the environmental harm caused by the power facility.

CO 2 emission(C43) 13 , 40 The capacity of renewable resources to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Renewable energy selection decision model

MCDM is commonly employed in renewable energy management, particularly in energy policy analysis, technology selection, project appraisal, and environmental effect analysis 41 . Considering Malaysia's renewable energy resource endowment, scholars have selected solar, biomass, wind and hydro energy as important alternative options in their research 6 , 13 , 42 , 43 . Numerous studies by scholars have shown that MCDM models could be used to evaluate, compare and rank different renewable energy sources based on a comprehensive set of technical, environmental, economical, and social criteria 37 , 44 , 45 , 46 . The combination of MCDM techniques and fuzzy set theory,named fuzzy MCDM. Currently widely used in the field of renewable energy selection. Due to the high degree of uncertainty in the selection of renewable energy, combining MCDM with fuzzy theory can effectively solve the uncertainty. In different environments, the subjective preferences of decision-makers can affect the final decision results. Therefore, this article adopts the cumulative prospect theory method to describe decision-makers' characteristics in different situations.The decision model is a systematic framework incorporating triangular fuzzy number (TFN), AHP, and cumulative prospect theory.

The data in this study were obtained from literature review and expert evaluation. Refer to Table 4 for specific data sources. The structure comprises two major components: the first part is preparation, and the second part is decision-making. In the preparation phase, alternative, criteria and sub-criteria were obtained through a literature review. Experts select the most appropriate criteria, sub-criteria and renewable energy alternatives. Quantitative and qualitative data were then obtained through literature and report reviews as well as expert evaluations. Divide the obtained raw data into three categories: Crisp Value, Interval Value and Linguistic term, and convert the original data into TFN according to different rules. Then the converted data is normalized. In the decision-making stage, the final ranking of the renewable energy alternatives is calculated based on the formula used in steps 1–6.Fig. 5 describes the preparation and decision-making stages of the theory.

Decision framework of RPS selection.

Alternatives selection and Determining energy types and criteria and sub-criteria

Based on the research results of previous scholars,4 criteria (technical, environmental, economical, and social) and 20 sub-criteria (Reliability et al.) were selected as alternative indicators, and 4 alternative resources (solar, biomass, wind, and hydro energy) were selected. Finally, experts from various fields will select and evaluate the criteria and sub-criteria based on actual situations and work experience while determining four alternative resources. The experts affirmed four criteria and four alternative resources and selected 15 of 20 sub-criteria.

Data collection

Quantitative and qualitative standards need to be used when establishing an evaluation system. Usually, qualitative criteria are obtained from journal literature, websites, reports, etc. Acquiring qualitative criteria requires authoritative experts to evaluate them based on their experience and knowledge 47 . Experts usually use linguistic terms to process qualitative data because language is closer to human thinking 48 . We assume that the linguistic evaluation set is:

Data transformation

In the following manners, we convert crisp values, interval values, and linguistic terms to TFN:

The TFN form of crisp value is three equal values. For instance, the crisp value 5.8 can be converted to the TFN value (5.8, 5.8, 5.8) 46 .

We perform an arithmetic average on the upper and lower limits of the interval value to find the intermediate value of TFN. For instance, the interval value (6,8) can be converted to the TFN value (6,7,8).

This approach relies on linguistic variables represented by TFNs. Table 2 presents the use of the TFNs scale in this investigation. For instance, the term 'Very Low (LV)' can be converted to the TFN (0, 1, 2).

Data normalization

This section needs Eq. ( 1 ) to calculate the normalize the matrix to eradicate the impact of multiple physical variables on the decision-making process.

The decision matrix \({\left[{b}_{ij}\right]}_{m\times n}\) needs are normalized as \({\left[{r}_{ij}\right]}_{m\times n}\) where \(\left( {\tilde{r}_{ij} = r_{{i\underline {j} }} ,r_{ij} ,\overline{r}_{ij} } \right)\) and \({\overline{b} }_{maxj}\) = \(\mathit{max}\left\{{\overline{b} }_{ij}\mid i=\text{1,2}\dots ,m\right\}\) , \({\underline{b}}_{minj}\) = \(\mathit{min}\left\{{\overline{b} }_{ij}\mid i=\text{1,2}\dots ,m\right\}\)

According to the Data transformation rule, sub-criteria values are converted to corresponding TFN. Then determine the sub-criteria attributes. Finally, the data is normalized by Eq. ( 1 ).

Decision-making

Step 1 calculate the pis and nis for every sub-criteria.

First, calculate the defuzzification values of all TFNs in the normalized decision matrix using Eq. ( 2 ), the value of defuzzification S( \(\widetilde{b}\) ) is calculated as follows:

Let \(\widetilde{b}=(\underline{b} ,b,\overline{b })\) be a TFN. Then, for each sub-criteria, sort the TFNs of the alternatives by their defuzzification values. Then, the positive ideal solution (PIS) and the negative ideal solution (NIS) of all options under each sub-criterion, named \({\text{M}}_{j}\) and \({\text{N}}_{j}\) (j = 1,2…,m), can be determined 46 .

Step 2 Determine the gain and loss value

Equation ( 3 ) can be used to calculate the gain or loss values. The gains or losses values can be represented by the distance between alternative and NIS/PIS using Eq. ( 3 ), respectively.

Let \(\widetilde{b}=(\underline{b} ,b,\overline{b })\) and \(\widetilde{c}=(\underline{c} ,c,\overline{c })\) to be TFNs.

Step 3 Calculate the positive and negative prospect value matrixes

According to the obtained gain and loss values, use Eq. ( 4 ) to calculate the positive and negative prospect value matrixes( \({\text{A}}_{\text{ij}}^{+}\) and \({\text{A}}_{\text{ij}}^{-}\) ).

When x ≥ 0 indicates the gains, x < 0 indicates the losses. α and β are exponential parameters associated with gains and losses. We assume that 0 ≤ α ≤ β ≤ 1 49 . λ is the risk aversion parameter, indicating that losses have the characteristic of being steeper than gains, λ > 1 49 . This analysis uses the values α = β = 0.88 for these parameters 49 .

Step 4 Determine the relative weights of criteria and sub-criteria

Utilize the AHP to determine the weight of each indicator based on all criteria and sub-criteria.

Step 5 Calculate the cumulative prospect weights

According to the sub-criteria weight obtained, calculate the cumulative prospect weights \({U}_{{w}_{j}}^{+}\) and \({U}_{{w}_{j}}^{-}\) using Eq. ( 5 ).

where χ and δ represent the attitude coefficient for risk gains and losses, respectively, 0 < χ; δ < 1. Similarly, experiments determine the values of χ and δ to be 0.61 and 0.69, respectively 49 .

Step 6 Calculate and rank the cumulative prospects of each renewable energy system

Compute the comprehensive prospect values for each alternative. Since the prospect value and cumulative prospect weight have been determined, the comprehensive prospect value of each alternative V i can be calculated by Eq. ( 6 ).

A study case in Malaysia

Rps selection in malaysia based on the cumulative proposed approach.

Collecting renewable energy data in Malaysia combines them with relevant expert evaluations. Fill in the quantitative and qualitative criteria in Table 3 - the criteria values and their references and Table 4 - the sub-criteria values and references. Convert the crisp values, interval values, and linguistic terms to TFNs. The transformed matrix is in Table 5 - the transformed decision matrix. Normalize the transformed matrix according to Eq. ( 1 ). Fill in the calculated data in Table 6 - the normalized decision matrix.

Equation ( 2 ) calculates the defuzzification values of all TFNs based on the normalized decision matrix. The PIS and NIS of each alternative under each sub-criteria are then calculated as follows:

M(PIS) = {M1,M2,…,Mm} = \(\underset{1\le i\le n}{\{\text{max}}\left({\widetilde{r}}_{i1}\right),\underset{1\le i\le n}{\text{max}}\left({\widetilde{r}}_{i2}\right),\dots ,\underset{1\le i\le n}{\text{max}}\left({\widetilde{r}}_{im}\right)\}\) ={(0.80,0.90,1.00),(1.00,1.00,1.00),(0.80,0.90,1.00),(1.00,1.00,1.00),(0.35,0.52,1.00),(0.29,0.44,1.00),(1.00,1.00,1.00),(0.50,0.67,1.00),(0.75,0.88,1.00),(0.80,0.90,1.00),(1.00,1.00,1.00),(0.80,0.90,1.00),(1.00,1.00,1.00), (0.67,0.80,1.00), (0.02,0.03,1.00)}.

N(NIS) = {N1,N2,…,Nm} = \(\{\underset{1\le i\le n}{\text{min}}\left({\widetilde{r}}_{i1}\right),\underset{1\le i\le n}{\text{min}}\left({\widetilde{r}}_{i2}\right),\dots ,\underset{1\le i\le n}{\text{min}}\left({\widetilde{r}}_{im}\right)\}\) ={(0.40,0.50,0.60),(0.12,0.12,0.12),(0.40,0.50,0.60),(0.09,0.09,0.09),(0.18,0.22,0.30),(0.14,0.16,0.19),(0.07,0.09,0.12),(0.31,0.34,0.38),(0.50,0.63,0.75),(0.00,0.1,0.2),(0.07,0.07,0.07),(0.40,0.50,0.60),(0.00,0.00,0.00),(0.40,0.44,0.50), (0.01,0.02,0.07)}.

Using Eq. ( 3 ), the value of the gains or losses can be depicted by the distance between the alternative and the NIS or PIS. The calculation yields the following result:

After obtaining the gain and loss values, the following positive and negative prospect value matrices \({\text{A}}_{\text{ij}}^{-}\) and \({\text{A}}_{\text{ij}}^{+}\) Are calculated using Eq. ( 4 ).

This article invites experts and scholars from various fields related to renewable energy in Malaysia to evaluate renewable energy based on actual situations. According to the AHP method, we get the weights of criteria (Fig. 6 ) and sub-criteria (Fig. 7 ). The Malaysian renewable energy assessment model shows that economy and technology are the two most important indicators, with weights of 0.41 and 0.29, respectively. The proportion of environmental indicators is higher than social indicators, with weights of 0.19 and 0.11, respectively.

The weights of criteria.

The weights of sub-criteria.

The payback period has become the most important secondary standard in Malaysia's renewable energy generation system, and it is foreseeable that more and more renewable energy investors will shift their focus to whether they can recover their renewable energy investment costs within the contract's validity period. CO 2 emissions have become the most important environmental consideration, consistent with Malaysia's development goal of limiting carbon emissions in the energy sector. From a technical perspective, efficiency is the most critical standard. Compared to other technological indicators, this preference for efficiency indicates risk-taking behavior and acceptance of new technologies. From a social perspective, employment creation is considered a crucial factor.

Calculate the cumulative prospect weights based on the sub-criteria weights and Eq. ( 5 ). The specific results are as follows:

According to the prospect value and cumulative prospect weight, calculate using Eq. ( 6 ). The integrated prospect values of each alternative are ultimately measured as follows:

V 1 = 1.86; V 2 = 0.38; V 3 = 1.49; V 4 = 1.35.

The final RPS ranking is determined as follows: V 1 > V 3 > V 4 > V 2 . Solar power is the superior option, followed by biomass, wind, and hydropower. The study's results confirm the study by Ahmad and Tahar in 2014 13 .

After further research revealed that each RPS performed differently in the four criteria: solar energy has advantages in economics, bioenergy is inclined towards social criteria, and wind power is inclined towards environmental criteria. The technical criteria of hydropower are better than the other three alternative power sources. Figure 8 shows the specific parameters.

Performance of RPS alternatives in relation to criteria.

Sensitivity analysis

Prospect parameters(λ,α,β) largely influence decision-makers' risk tolerance. Therefore, analyzing the above three parameters is necessary to prove whether parameter changes will affect the final result. For the above purpose, we have created three scenarios to analyze the impact of the three prospect parameter changes on the results.

Scenario 1. By altering the value of the parameter λ from 1 to 10.

Scenario 2. By altering the value of the parameter α from 0.1 to 1.

Scenario 3. By altering the value of the parameter β from 0.1 to 1.

The sensitivity analysis results for the three scenarios are depicted in Fig. 9 , Fig. 10 , Fig. 11 . based on the sensitivity analysis graph. We conclude that the ranking results are sensitive to the parameters of β but insensitive to parameters λ and α. The ranking results between 0.1 and 0.24 are modified to be V 4 > V 1 > V 3 > V 2 . While between 0.24 and 0.5, the ranking results are changed to V 1 > V 4 > V 3 > V 2 . When the value exceeds 0.5, the outcome is identical to the conclusion of this article. This implies that the risk parameters will influence the decisions of decision-makers. In this formula, α represents the concavity degree of the gain region of the prospect value function, while β represents the convexity degree of the loss region. Therefore, the greater the values of α and β, the more adventurous decision-makers will choose to be when making decisions. While λ indicates the sensitivity of investors to losses. So, with the decrease of the α or β value, decision-makers tend to be more conservative when faced with risks. From the perspective of decision security, Malaysian policymakers would give more attention to wind power.

Sensitivity analysis in the Scenario of the parameter λ changes.

Sensitivity analysis in the Scenario of the parameter α shifts.

Sensitivity analysis in the Scenario of the parameter β shifts.

Comparative analysis

This section introduces two comparison methods: fuzzy TOPSIS and fuzzy simple additive weighting (SAW). The fuzzy TOPSIS technique to resolve MCDM problems in a fuzzy setting successfully deals with assessment uncertainty. This strategy is based on choosing an alternative closest to the PIS and farthest from the NIS 53 . The Fuzzy SAW technique is commonly used to tackle problems related to fuzzy MCDM 54 . The ultimate score for each choice is determined by multiplying the assigned importance weight for each criterion by the fuzzy value of the alternative on that criterion and then summing the products across all criteria. We may obtain the optimal solution by employing fuzzy TOPSIS and fuzzy SAM by utilising the parameters proposed by Tversky and Kahneman. This approach is equivalent to the recommended method. Table 7 shows the ranking results of three methods.

Conclusion and discussion

This article proposes a fuzzy MCDM technique based on cumulative prospect theory to select Malaysia's best sustainable development path for renewable energy. Firstly, establish a standard system based on the literature review and expert evaluation, which includes 4 criteria and 15 sub-criteria. Secondly, convert qualitative and quantitative information into TFNs. Thirdly, derive the weights of criteria and sub-criteria using the AHP method. Fourthly, considering different risk parameters, use the cumulative prospect theory to choose alternative energy sources. Fifth, take Malaysia's renewable energy as an example to get the renewable energy ranking results. The weight results show that the economic aspect is the most critical criterion. The ranking result shows that solar power is the most suitable development and investment, followed by bioenergy, wind energy, and hydropower. Sixth, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the parameters, and the results show the ranking order is sensitive to the parameters of β. Finally, the correctness of this study was verified through comparative analysis using fuzzy TOPSIS and fuzzy SAW.

The model results showed that payback period and investment cost are the most critical sub-criteria from an economic aspect, while efficiency is from a technical aspect. From the environmental and social perspective, CO 2 emission and employment creation are the highest sub-criteria, respectively. The four sub-standards indicate that strengthening energy transformation to achieve sustainable development of green energy requires evaluating the effectiveness of national renewable energy-related policies, accelerating the introduction of renewable energy technologies, and strengthening financial support for renewable energy projects. At the same time, improving the effectiveness of existing measures to raise public awareness and ultimately enhance the level of knowledge and awareness within the national education system. The ranking results of the model show that solar power is the most suitable development and investment, followed by bioenergy, wind energy, and hydropower.

Malaysia's abundant solar power resources, increasingly mature technologies, and declining solar panel prices make it the most worthwhile renewable energy investment. Considering the current status of renewable energy resources in Malaysia and the international renewable energy development trend, solar power generation has entered the fast lane of rapid development. However, there are uncertainties in the supply of raw materials for biomass. At the same time, Malaysia's abundant biomass reserves and huge power generation potential can effectively solve this problem. Nevertheless, wind energy resources in Malaysia are slightly scarce compared with other resources. Actually, the long coastline and abundant offshore wind energy resources are still worthy of project decision-makers' consideration. Hydropower projects are the areas where investors have the most cooperation with the Malaysian government. In recent years, Malaysia's hydropower resources have gradually dried up, and the resource potential has been exhausted. In this case, investors and the Malaysian government must find new renewable energy alternatives for corporate and economic development, respectively. Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia has offered to host a webinar on the subject of Shaping the Future of the Green Hydrogen Economy on 23 July 2020. Hydrogen has started to receive attention from the government as a new potential renewable energy (RE) in Malaysia.

Future directions and perspectives

The implementation of the Five Fuel Diversification Policy (FDP) in 2000 failed to achieve the intended objective of increasing the adoption of RE. Despite Malaysia's abundant natural and renewable resources, such as solar, hydro, and biomass, there has been no substantial progress in their development for the past twenty years. As of the end of 2022, Malaysia had not adequately diversified its energy sources in accordance with the supply strategy of the National Energy Policy and continued to rely mostly on petroleum. Malaysia should promptly undertake an evaluation of its current renewable energy development procedures to identify any deficiencies and obstacles that may hinder the implementation of these projects.

Further endeavors should be undertaken to establish a comprehensive green financial framework, encompassing provisions for green bonds, green loans, and other forms of finance. This method will be critical in alleviating the substantial financial challenges faced by authorized renewable energy producers. The Sustainable Energy Development Authority is highly qualified to assist in the establishment of such a framework due to its direct comprehension of the difficulties faced by program participants. The Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (MEGTW) should engage in discussions with local financial institutions, private equity funds, and angel investors to find practical solutions for addressing the funding shortages in renewable energy project development.

In order to improve the progress of sustainable development, legislation pertaining to RE and green technologies must effectively tackle many societal concerns. For example, more jobs should be created for the public in order to improve their living standards. Therefore, it is essential to assess and enhance the effectiveness of current public awareness initiatives, which play a vital role in promoting renewable energies and environmentally friendly policies, in order to gain increased public backing for sustainable development.

A further barrier is the lack of advanced technology for the generation of RE and a general ignorance about the benefits of RE. To tackle these difficulties, the Malaysian Centre for Education and Training in RE and Energy Efficiency should raise awareness and knowledge of the nation's educational system. Secondary school and university curricula should incorporate concepts from both RE and energy efficiency(EE). The primary impediments to renewable energy generation are a lack of knowledge of adequate equipment and process operation, inadequate energy management, and limited technology availability.

In order to better safeguard Malaysia's energy demand and security and achieve sustainable energy development as soon as possible, it is necessary to explore future energy sources actively. Malaysia has built a roadmap for a green hydrogen economy by 2025. By 2035, Malaysia should implement the Green Hydrogen initiative alongside the other RE policies and action plans outlined in the roadmap.

Renewable energy has a significant impact on the country's energy transformation and sustainable development. In terms of environmental impact, it decreases greenhouse gas(GHG) pollution, thereby reducing the effects of global change. Sustainable development reduces dependence on finite fossil fuels. In terms of energy security, RE ensures the sustainability of Malaysia’s energy supply by reducing dependence on imported fuel. Furthermore, in terms of economic development, it leverages Malaysia's enormous capacity and establishes a competitive, sustainable energy sector. In terms of society, the development of the renewable energy industry has brought a large number of employment opportunities to the country and provided benefits for residents. At present, the concept of renewable energy in Malaysia is still in its early stages, and the concept of sustainable development is not yet deeply rooted in people's minds. The continuous exploitation of non-renewable energy will have a significant impact on Malaysia's environment and climate change while threatening the global environment and sustainable development. Malaysia needs to continuously strengthen its investment in renewable energy, coordinate various interest groups, and strive to achieve its initial national renewable energy goals by 2030 and achieve net zero emissions by 2050.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data availability

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

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This research was funded by 1. Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department (grant number ZC2024126 ) . 2. Hebei Province University Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Teaching Reform Research and Practice Project (grant number 2023cxcy273) . 3. Chengde City Science and Technology Plan Self-funded Project (Second Batch)( grant number 202303A119).

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Li, T., Wang, H. & Lin, Y. Selection of renewable energy development path for sustainable development using a fuzzy MCDM based on cumulative prospect theory: the case of Malaysia. Sci Rep 14 , 15082 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-65982-6

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Environmental regulations, green technological innovation, and green economy: evidence from china.

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Wang, C.; Du, D.; Liu, T.; Li, X.; Zhu, Y.; Du, W.; Xu, F.; Yan, M.; Chen, J. Environmental Regulations, Green Technological Innovation, and Green Economy: Evidence from China. Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 5630. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135630

Wang C, Du D, Liu T, Li X, Zhu Y, Du W, Xu F, Yan M, Chen J. Environmental Regulations, Green Technological Innovation, and Green Economy: Evidence from China. Sustainability . 2024; 16(13):5630. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135630

Wang, Chenggang, Danli Du, Tiansen Liu, Xiaohuan Li, Yue Zhu, Wenhui Du, Fan Xu, Mingtong Yan, and Junxin Chen. 2024. "Environmental Regulations, Green Technological Innovation, and Green Economy: Evidence from China" Sustainability 16, no. 13: 5630. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135630

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Decatur City Council approves company to review police department

DECATUR, Ala. ( WAFF ) Green Research and Technologies will begin its review of over 700 hours of body cam footage and reports on the Decatur Police Department.

”Its about the people but its about the police too, lets find out the truth,” Green Research and Technology CEO Tory Green said.

The independent firm, Green said he has heard the concerns from residents and city leaders involving the Decatur police Department and now it’s time to get to work.

Decatur City Council approved the third party reviewing the entire department as soon as tomorrow.

“But the first part is getting access to everything that we need access to,” Green said.

That access he’s talking about is over 700 hours worth of body cam footage, police reports, and department policies.

The footage they will watch can be anything from traffic stops, domestic violence calls, and even footage from the protests following Steve Perkins’ shooting death.

“I have some ideas, but I am not privy to certain information yet because I don’t have it, but we’ll have that tomorrow,” Green said.

The effort to start a third party review comes from Decatur City Council President Jacob Ladner. But Nick Perkins, the brother of Steve Perkins who was shot and killed by a Decatur police officer on September 29, 2023, says this should have happened sooner.

“This should have been put in place 9 months ago,” Perkins said. “It’s a shame that my brother’s situation had to result in this type of action.”

Perkins hopes this review on policies and procedures can shed light on the department.

“We have a corrupt police department, that we have no leadership with our mayor, and that we have no leadership with our police chief,” Perkins said.

Another big question residents want this review to uncover is - what happened to the complaints filed against Lieutenant Joe Renshaw who’s officially retired as of July 1?

Many believe he was allowed to quietly retire even with complaints against him over alleged assaults, wrongful arrests and harassment online with a fake profile.

This review of the department begins on Tuesday and will be completed by January 1, 2025.

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Decatur City Council discusses police department review plan

Decatur City Council president calls for outside agency to review police department

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Predicting the Acceptance of Metaverse for Educational Purposes in Universities: A Structural Equation Model and Mediation Analysis of the Extended Technology Acceptance Model

Original Research
Published: 02 July 2024
Volume 5 , article number 688 , ( 2024 )

Cite this article

Mohd Shafie Rosli ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4569-6369 1 &
Nor Shela Saleh 2

This study investigated factors that predict the acceptance of metaverse applications for educational usage among university students from the facet of the Technology Acceptance Model. As both the metaverse and the Technology Acceptance Model gained popularity, little attention was paid to the metaverse’s acceptance and the factors that led to the metaverse’s acceptance from the Technology Acceptance Model’s tenets. This creates a gap in our existing understanding of the metaverse. To fill the gap, Future Learning Intention (FLI), Technology Optimism (TO), Hedonic Motivation (HM), Perceived Enjoyment (PE), Technology Trust (TT), and Anticipated Benefits (AB) were integrated into the Technology Acceptance Model as external variables to study the acceptance of the metaverse among university students. The extended Technology Acceptance Model consists of 18 hypotheses that were tested using the Structural Equation Model and Mediation Analysis with data from 215 university students. The model developed was found to accurately determine university students’ acceptance of metaverse applications. FLI and TT were significant predictors of usefulness, while FLI, TT, and AB were significant antecedents of ease of use, according to the model. The samples’ Attitudes Toward Using (AT) mediated the relationship between Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEU) toward the students’ Behavioural Intention (BI) to use the metaverse. Suggestions for educational practise and metaverse development were highlighted for the metaverse’s future development in both educational and non-educational contexts. Future development of metaverse applications should prioritise understanding their prospective users’ characteristics while still maintaining the applications’ usefulness and ease of use.

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The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Mohd Shafie Rosli

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Conceptualization: Mohd Shafie Rosli; Methodology: Nor Shela Saleh; Formal analysis and investigation: Mohd Shafie Rosli, Nor Shela Saleh; Writing – original draft preparation: Mohd Shafie Rosli; Writing – review and editing: Nor Shela Saleh.

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Rosli, M.S., Saleh, N.S. Predicting the Acceptance of Metaverse for Educational Purposes in Universities: A Structural Equation Model and Mediation Analysis of the Extended Technology Acceptance Model. SN COMPUT. SCI. 5 , 688 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-024-03015-9

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Book Review: 'Hey, Zoey' uses questions about AI to look at women's autonomy in a new light

Dolores is going through the motions of life when she finds a potentially marriage-ending surprise in her garage: a high-end, lifelike sex doll imbued with artificial intelligence named Zoey

Dolores is going through the motions of life when she finds a potentially marriage-ending surprise in her garage: a high-end, lifelike sex doll imbued with artificial intelligence named Zoey.

There are a lot of places that author Sarah Crossan can go from here — when is it cheating? What makes something human or sentient? How can we define a person's value? — and “Hey, Zoey” touches on them all.

But the main focus throughout the story turns out to be women’s autonomy.

The novel jumps straight into Dolores’ life with a rapid-fire series of first-person vignettes, a mosaic of snippets that give an overview of how we got here. Each tidbit ranges from a sentence or two to a few pages and jumps across times and places almost in a stream of consciousness, though the story never becomes lost or incoherent. The bite-size pieces make it easy to tear through, but also to stop and digest when needed.

And you will need to pause now and again.

“Hey, Zoey,” starts out quite funny, at least in a gallows-humor kind of way, before turning sad and then devastating. Even the premise is a bit comedic; a woman whose name is sometimes shortened to Dolly holding her husband’s sex doll, who’s name is Zoey, meaning life. (“Dolores,” in case you’re wondering, means “sorrow” — buckle up.) There's Dolores matter-of-factly giving restaurants one-star reviews based solely on their lighting and music choices — like if they play too much Norah Jones — or reprimanding one of her students for drawing a sexual cartoon, after admitting to him he’s a good artist. And it's extremely British, though Dolores and her family would jump to remind you that they're Irish.

Then, after lulling you into this safe place of silly shenanigans and mundane memories, the story shifts toward morose as the introspection becomes more troubled. The subtle change like bathwater cooling is tempered so that, by the time you realize the water’s grown tepid, you’re too invested to begrudge it for the warmer, funnier bits from before.

Dolores begins talking with Zoey, who becomes a conduit for confronting her own past.

We see how her parents' relationship informed her perceptions of love and marriage. How caring for her younger sister and her baby cousin made her feel needed and connected. And as a teacher with endless students cycling through her class, she feels stagnant. Now, with Zoey, is Dolores replaceable?

As the story progresses, you begin to test your own theories of why Dolores and David’s marriage is falling apart. Her issues are so deeply buried that even Dolores doesn’t have a clue — yet.

Full of microaggressions, cultural touchpoints and self-reflection, “Hey, Zoey” uses AI sentience to consider the issue of women’s autonomy from a new angle.

With a dozen other novels under Crossan's belt, it's to expected that the award-winning author's latest is a page-turner. But the real surprise and delight of “Hey, Zoey” is the compelling story and captivating conversation.

AP book reviews: https://apnews.com/hub/book-reviews

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