french for research use only

French: A Guide to Research

• Getting Started
• Research Support

Library Search Tips

Best bets: databases for french resources, general interest databases, find ebooks.

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Library & Internet Research course

TIP : Academic libraries are different from public libraries -- if you are new to finding and using academic resources, Milne Library recommends that you take the 3-credit course, INTD 150: Library & Internet Research . No matter your major, it will help you for your entire college career, and well beyond!

Google Scholar

Google Scholar can be used to search for full-text articles available in Milne Library subscription databases.

Find research sources with a library search

This page offers ideas for how and where to search for research sources in the Milne Library. Scroll down to find reference books ,  databases full of articles, and search tips that are tailored to French students.

Need help with your research on a specific subject?

Contact the library's Reference Desk to help find a source, or set up a consultation with a Reference & Instruction Librarian for an hour-long research session. For more information, visit the Get Library Help page. 

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Search Tips for Databases

Databases are searchable online catalogs for research materials like scholarly journals and articles, books, primary source materials (such as letters, maps, datasets, or photographs), and video and audio materials. Milne Library's databases are all listed at A-Z Databases . 

Use "advanced" search functions in databases

For best results, use Advanced Search options. Try combining the name of the region, country, author, or other main topic you are focusing on with additional French-related subject terms to find scholarly articles. Some example subject terms to try:

• French language / langue française
• French linguistics
• French literature
• Francophone Africa

Filter your search results

Look for "filter" options in your search results that let you choose the language of the resource (if you are looking for French language articles, for example) or the dates of publication. If you are looking for a certain kind of research material -- like a full-text article, a book, or an audio file -- you can often filter for type, too. 

Use French & English search terms

Leverage your knowledge of foreign languages to expand the number of search terms you can use:

• Naming conventions are different in different cultures and databases may or may not take that into account. For example when looking up Honoré de Balzac, try spelling it with and without accent marks or only with the last name (Balzac), etc.
• Articles written in a foreign language may have set their keywords in a foreign language too. So consider searching in English (e.g. for ‘the Enlightenment’) and in your target language (e.g. ‘ la Ilustración ’ or ‘ Le Siècle des Lumières ’).

Specialized Databases for French Scholars 

Research databases are searchable online catalogs of research materials like scholarly journals and articles, books, primary source materials (such as letters, maps, datasets, or photographs), and video and audio materials.

Some databases are freely accessible online. French-language open access databases include:

• Pers ée   provides free and open access to complete collections of scholarly publications (journals, books, conference proceedings, serial publications, primary sources, etc.) and to a range of research and exploitation tools. It is organized by the French government and several universities. 

Some databases require paid subscriptions by your library. Milne Library's databases are all listed at A-Z Databases .  Here are some best bets in our collection for French:

• Archives of Latin American & Caribbean History, 16th-20th Century This link opens in a new window Primary source documents about Latin America and the Caribbean. Includes academic journals, reference articles, news-feeds, maps, statistics, audio and video as well as over 1.3 million pages of historical material.
• Diversity Studies This link opens in a new window A subset of Academic OneFile. This collection explores cultural differences, contributions and influences in our global community. Includes more than 150 journals. Coverage is about from 1996 to the present.
• Europa World This link opens in a new window Online global resource including political, economic and statistical information about more than 250 countries and territories, as well as international and regional organizations. You do not need to login to access content. more... less... The Europa World Year Book was first published in 1926 and, together with the nine Regional Surveys of the World, is renowned as one of the world's leading reference works.

• MLA International Bibliography This link opens in a new window Contains over 2.3 million citations from more than 4,400 journals & series and 1,000 book publishers. Includes almost 60 titles from J-STOR's language and literature collection as well as links to full text. Coverage is from about 1920.

General Interest Databases: Best Bets

These databases cover general interest and academic topics, but targeted search terms (like those suggested in "Library search tips" above) can yield great results for French course assignments and projects. Most offer language-specific searches.

• Academic Search Complete This link opens in a new window Full text for about 8,500 periodicals including over 7,300 peer-reviewed journals across most areas of academic study as well as indexing and abstracts for more than 12,500 magazines and journals. Coverage is from 1887 to the present.
• Historical Abstracts with Full Text Covers the history of the world (excluding the United States and Canada) from 1450 to the present, including world history, military history, women's history, and the history of education. Indexing and abstracts for about 1800 journals; full-text for about 350 journals. Coverage is from 1955 to the present.

Searching for Library Books

To look for books in the Milne Library catalog, navigate to the library homepage and click on 'Advanced Search.' Then enter your search terms.

• If you want print volumes, change the search scope to 'Library Catalog', limit to 'Books', enter your search terms and click 'Search'. Once in the results list, click 'Held by Library' to limit to print volumes only.
• If you wish to find online books, limit the search scope to 'Online Access' and change the 'Material Type' to 'Books'.

Reference Books in the Library

Reference sources--like encyclopedias and dictionaries--provide an overview or summary of your topic and are ideal to be used when starting research. Some useful French reference titles are listed here.  Print reference resources are currently located on the sub-basement and the 2nd floor in the Milne Library.

Acclaimed by language professionals the world over, the Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary has long been the market leader. Using the statistical evidence provided by vast electronic databanks of language currently being written and spoken, our expert editors have made it the most comprehensive, reliable, and up-to-date dictionary of French and English available today. This fully updated fourth edition has even better coverage of the language than ever before, with improved treatment of acronyms and EU terminology, as well as thousands of new words in both English and French. A must for anyone studying the French language, this dictionary has been tailored to the needs of students in consultation with key academic advisors. This edition contains even more of the useful information for language students or part-time residents abroad, including sample bills and rental agreements. By far the most up-to-date and complete French dictionary of its size, it will provide one-stop shopping for all your language needs.

The Collection Littéraire Lagarde et Michard is an anthology of French literature by century.

Repensée et soigneusement mise à jour, cette nouvelle édition du Bescherelle La conjugaison pour tous constitue plus que jamais l'outil indispensable de la conjugaison française. L'ouvrage comprend trois parties complémentaires qui donnent toutes les indications nécessaires pour trouver et orthographier les formes de n'importe quel verbe français.

Can't Find Your Book at our Library?

One option is to use  ILLiad , our interlibrary loan system, to request that the book be sent from another library. Remember that it can take a while to fulfill an ILL request, and it's occasionally not possible. Another possibility is Resource Sharing , which allows us to borrow books from most other SUNYs, CUNYs, and several other private colleges throughout New York State. An advantage to Resource Sharing is that the checkout terms are longer.

You cannot obtain required course textbooks through ILL or Resource Sharing.

Open Access Online Books

There are many open access book collections available freely on the internet. Here are a few great collections:

A service of the OAPEN Foundation based at the National Library in The Hague, Netherlands. Database contains more than 5,000 academic, peer-reviewed books from 163 publishers.

Partnership of academic and research institutions, offering a collection of millions of titles digitized from libraries around the world.

Offers over 53,000 free eBooks, most of which are primary source texts in the public domain.

Project of the U.S. Library of Congress and UNESCO. Makes available on the Internet, free of charge and in multilingual format, significant primary materials from all countries and cultures.

Milne Library eBook Collections

There are two ways to find eBooks from the library's collections. One method is to search in the Milne Library catalog. Navigate to the  library homepage  and click on 'Advanced Search.' Then enter your search terms.

The second method is to search each Milne Library's eBook databases (in case something in a database is not showing up in our catalog). All eBook databases are available in the A-Z Database list , and here are some best bets:

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Kathryn A. Martin Library

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French Research Guide

• Find Articles and Databases
• Find Books and Films
• Cite Sources

Humanities & Fine Arts Librarian

Introduction

This guide serves as an introduction to the French resources provided by the Kathryn A. Martin Library. However, this guide is by no means a complete list of resources. To see all the available digital resources in World Languages and Cultures, visit the A-Z databases list:

• World Languages & Cultures Subject Page

If you have questions, contact your librarian!

Databases for French

These databases and journals contain articles relevant to the study of the French language, as well as French politics and culture. In addition, they contain articles related to a wide range of humanities and social science disciplines.

• List of French journals in print and electronic format The journals linked here are either in French or contain articles concerning France.

Find Articles

After clicking the UMD Find It icon, if the article is not available online or in the library, UMD Library Catalog will say "Check availability":

• If you are not already logged into your library account, click Sign in to request
• Click Interlibrary Loan and log in using your UMD credentials.
• Choose "date needed by" and your department.
• Submit your request.

If you need assistance contact a librarian .

Do you have more questions about FindIt? Check out this video from UMN Libraries on the subject

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• Last Updated: Jun 18, 2024 12:34 PM
• URL: https://libguides.d.umn.edu/french
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research translation | English-French dictionary

research assistant , research fellow , Medical Research Council , research and development

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French Language and Literature

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• Guides et ouvrages de référence

Need help finding articles?

Databases/bases de données, cross-disciplinary databases, databases specific to middle ages-renaissance resources, linguistics databases.

• Dictionnaires
• Bibliothèque numérique
• Thèses et mémoires
• Guides de recherche supplémentaires

See the UBC Library Guide to Finding Articles . The guide shows you  how to search for a known article from a list or in course reserve, find articles on a topic, and what to do when UBC Library doesn't have the article you're looking for.

• Klapp Online This link opens in a new window Online edition of Klapp, the most comprehensive bibliography of French literature. Annual update of the database with approx. 16,000 titles
• Bibliographie de la littérature française - Rancoeur This link opens in a new window Database of the Bibliography of French Literature. Produced by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (National Library of France), the Société d'histoire littéraire de la France (Society of Literary History of France) and published by Classiques Garnier digital. It lists studies published since 1998 on French and Francophone literature, from the sixteenth century to today.
• MLA International Bibliography (Modern Language Association) This link opens in a new window MLA International Bibliography is the core databases for English language and literature but also covers French language literature..
• JSTOR Collection This link opens in a new window In addition to fully-searchable journal backfiles, also includes current issues for some titles as well as collections of primary-source documents such as their '19th century British pamphlets'.
• Academic Search Complete This link opens in a new window A scholarly, multi-disciplinary full-text database providing indexing and abstracts for thousands of journals and other publications.
• Arts & Humanities Citation Index (Web of Science) This link opens in a new window Multidisciplinary index. Can be used to determine where and how many times an article has been cited.
• Humanities & Social Sciences Index Retrospective, 1907-1984 This link opens in a new window Humanities & Social Sciences Index Retrospective offers the ability to search a wide range of important journals in the humanities and social sciences as far back as 1907.
• ARTFL (American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language) This link opens in a new window Main database of almost 115 million words, constituting 1880 French texts from the 12th to the 20th centuries, and other files
• Oxford Journals Online This link opens in a new window Oxford Journals is a division of Oxford University Press, which is a department of Oxford University. Contains academic and research journals covering a broad range of subject areas,
• Project Muse This link opens in a new window Online access to a comprehensive selection of important journals and ebooks in the humanities and social sciences.
• FRANCIS (Humanities and Social Sciences) FRANCIS propose une indexation bibliographique de plus de 2,5 millions d'entrées remontant à 1972. Produite par l'Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (INIST-CNRS), cette base de données multilingue couvre plusieurs disciplines liées aux sciences humaines et sociales. Les documents sources comprennent des articles de revues, des ouvrages, des analyses de conférence, des thèses et des rapports.

The following databases are not specifically for French literature courses. They provide access to articles written in French that apply to ALL subjects in the Humanities and Social Sciences (i.e. Political Science, Education, History etc.)

• Cairn Offers access to the most comprehensive collection of French language periodicals in the social sciences and humanities disciplines. The collection is currently comprised of over 150 titles from more than 40 publishers, teaching institutions and learned societies and is growing rapidly. Journals range in date from 2001 to the present, gathering more than 40,000 articles more... less... Revues scientifiques et culturelles françaises
• Erudit A multi-institutional publishing consortium comprising the Université de Montréal, the Université Laval and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Érudit is a non-profit society that offers an innovative model for the promotion and dissemination of research outputs. It's currently composed of 59 journals covering various disciplines - law, anthropology, biology, education, history arts etc. They're published mainly in French, but also including a few bilingual and English titles. more... less... Revues scientifiques et culturelles québécoises
• Persée is a program which was created for the digital publication of scientific journals in the field of the humanities. The entire printed collection of journals is digitized and published online through a portal which offers access to the collections as well as advanced functionalities which facilitate and enhance use of the portal’s resources. The journals are selected by an editorial board, thereby guaranteeing the collection’s scientific coherence.
• Canada Commons This link opens in a new window Canada Commons is an unmatched resource for Canadian content. It offers a bilingual (English-French) interface that gives Canadian readers access to all content in their language of choice. Originally named the Canadian Electronic Library, it is boasts a collection of ebooks which has been available to libraries since 2005. The Canadian Documents Collection includes research papers, reports, studies, policy papers & briefs, discussion papers, numbered series, working papers, political party platforms, evidence reviews, systematic reviews, economic evaluations and environmental scans.
• Repère This link opens in a new window Provides the most comprehensive source for journal articles in French: more than 255,000 references to articles from 500 French-language periodicals, including all of the major Canadian French language titles in addition to articles published in France, Belgium and Switzerland. It offers full-text for 8,600 articles appearing in approximately 41 Quebec periodicals
• International Medieval Bibliography Online This link opens in a new window Citations to articles in journals and miscellanies (collected essays, conference proceedings and Festschriften) covering all aspects of the European Middle Ages (c450-1500).
• Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance This link opens in a new window Iter resources include the Iter bibliography (with more than 1,070,000 records), the Iter italicum online, the Medici archive project and other databases.

See also  Gallica and Numelyo

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6 French Search Engines

How do you explore le Web like a native French speaker?

With French search engines of course.

Read this post to find out the six most useful French search engines , and then you decide which one will best fit your Gallic research interests. We’ll also tell you how to choose French language websites and change your language preference to French.

Authentic French Search Engines

6. french google, web domains in the french-speaking world, and one more thing....

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere. Click here to get a copy. (Download)

Founded in 2013, Qwant, a French-based search engine, competes with Google in French language web search.

Its standout feature is privacy and not storing your browsing history like Google does for targeted ads. This tracking can be handy for returning to recent sites or auto-completing web addresses but compromises privacy.

For French learners, Qwant favors French results when you type in French, and a flag option ensures results from French-speaking countries. It offers a “Social” results box showing real French Twitter conversations on your topic. You can also search for news, images and videos on the left side after your initial search.

Exalead is a French search engine geared towards businesses .

This means that Exalead features advanced filters based on language (another simple way to ensure you get French sites as results), file type and category (“arts,” “science,” “reference” and more).

What exactly does that mean for French learners? Exalead can be an asset for more scholarly or intellectual search topics , such as a French author or other historical figure.

A search engine like Qwant is more general and can be used for a variety of queries for more everyday usage.

Exalead, however, has tools to help you refine a search and find a more specific kind of resource in French.

Orange was not originally founded to be a search engine, however Orange’s homepage is often used by French people as a search engine. The layout is similar to Yahoo’s main search page and features news articles , advertisements and entertainment, as well as a search box.

Although Orange’s search feature is basic and is actually powered by Google (you will still likely get French results, provided you type in French), it is widely used in France and is an option for research.

In any case, the homepage acts as a good springboard for authentic French content .

You can easily browse current news, tabloid articles, videos, music and more.

Even the ads can be helpful for a French learner. They may not be the most exciting material, but they offer a chance to practice numbers, currency and imperatives such as: A chetez maintenant!  (Buy now!)

What makes Xooloo unique is that it is designed for kids . However, that does not mean that it is only good for young French learners.

In any language, children’s books, shows and content tend to feature simpler words and style. Thus, Xooloo might offer less intimidating practice for beginner or lower intermediate learners .

Furthermore, you are not likely to get overwhelmed by results on this French search engine. Since it is designed to be kid-friendly, Xooloo will only display results that have been reviewed for relevance and safety.

Xooloo is not only useful for basic searching and reading practice . The Xooloo main page also functions as a portal to various  activités  (activities), which can offer an engaging language experience.

Lilo is another private French search engine, but it has one very unique feature.

Lilo donates 50% of their ad revenue to various causes and you get to choose which you wish to support.

Every search you do generates a virtual  goutte d’eau  (drop of water). As your drops accumulate, you may choose the organization you want that profit to go to.

Do not worry. Lilo is still free to use. The profit comes from ads posted on sites you visit.

The possible charities span environmental, social and health or education causes. Within these categories, there are dozens of organizations to choose from . You are sure to find something you care about.

Sure, you could just type a French word, question or phrase into your regular English Google search bar and you would probably get some results in French. You could even change your language and region search settings in Google  to French.

But using French Google (with the .fr ending) is the best choice. One notable benefit is that it can expand your vocabulary with image searches . Connecting a French word to an image, as opposed to simply an English equivalent, is always a more natural way to study vocabulary.

Since Google is the world leader in web search and intuitive to use, you can’t go wrong with this choice.

FluentU takes authentic videos—like music videos, movie trailers, news and inspiring talks—and turns them into personalized language learning lessons.

You can try FluentU for free for 2 weeks. Check out the website or download the iOS app or Android app.

P.S. Click here to take advantage of our current sale! (Expires at the end of this month.)

Try FluentU for FREE!

Sure, using authentic French websites sounds like a good idea, but how can you really know if a given site is actually operated in a French-speaking region or simply a site that has been translated into French?

There is a good chance that most of the websites you visit end in .com . Others might end in . net , .org or .gov .

The letters at the end are technically called “top level domains.” Just as .org tells you the site is for a nonprofit or other organization and .gov tells you the site is run by the U.S. government, international top level domains can tell you the country in which the site is operated.

Here are the top level domains from several French-speaking countries:

• .fr (France)
• .be (Belgium)
• .ca (Canada)
• .ch (Switzerland)
• .ci (Ivory Coast)
• .ma (Morocco)

Switching everyday items into French alternatives (search engines and otherwise) is a key part of the immersion method of language learning. Essentially, immersion means that you’re surrounding yourself with your target language so that it becomes part of your daily life.

Despite being deceptively simple to carry out, the strategy is quite powerful. In fact, some language learning programs also utilize the immersion strategy. One example is  FluentU , which takes authentic French videos and combines them with interactive tools so that you can learn the language and bits of French culture in context.

Now you know how to stroll (scroll?) through the French-speaking web like a native.

Knowing how to find good resources yourself is a key skill as you advance in the language.

So whether you wish to do an in-depth search, play educational activities or support a worthy cause, with these French search engines you now know how to do it Gallic-style.

FluentU has a wide variety of great content, like interviews, documentary excerpts and web series, as you can see here:

FluentU brings native French videos with reach. With interactive captions, you can tap on any word to see an image, definition and useful examples.

For example, if you tap on the word "crois," you'll see this:

Practice and reinforce all the vocabulary you've learned in a given video with learn mode. Swipe left or right to see more examples for the word you’re learning, and play the mini-games found in our dynamic flashcards, like "fill in the blank."

All throughout, FluentU tracks the vocabulary that you’re learning and uses this information to give you a totally personalized experience. It gives you extra practice with difficult words—and reminds you when it’s time to review what you’ve learned.

Start using the FluentU website on your computer or tablet or, better yet, download the FluentU app from the iTunes or Google Play store. Click here to take advantage of our current sale! (Expires at the end of this month.)

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• Directories
• Topics, Keywords, and Search Tips
• Dictionaries/Encyclopedias
• Comics and Graphic Novels (Bandes Dessinées)
• Book Recommendations (In French and in translation)
• Full List of Related Databases
• French-language News
• French-language Films & TV
• Primary Sources
• Literary & Critical Theory This link opens in a new window
• History of Printing and Publishing in France
• Learn French This link opens in a new window
• Open Educational Resources for Language Learning: French
• Collection Guidelines: French & Italian Studies This link opens in a new window
• Start Your Research
• Research Guides
• University of Washington Libraries
• Library Guides
• UW Libraries
• French Studies

French Studies: Topics, Keywords, and Search Tips

From topic to research focus.

Strategy A) To narrow your topic to a researchable question or statement, complete the following statements:

1)  I am researching ________________________ (topic) 2)  because I want to find out ____________  (issue/question) 3)  in order to ________________________ (application/significance).

Strategy B) Making Connections. Complete this worksheet to make scholarly connections between a primary text and related themes.

• Making Connections Worksheet from Duke University's Library 101 Toolkit

These are just two strategies, get more help by making at appointment with a writing tutor at the OWRC.

Find more suggestions from:

• The Odegaard Writing and Research Center Handouts
• Purdue's Online Writing Lab

Understanding Keywords

Keywords  are the essential elements that describe complex ideas and topics; the important, descriptive nouns and verbs. Do not try to search phrases or sentences—find keywords.

Focus on the concepts at the heart of your question first . Using these core concepts you will generate several relevant keywords that will better focus your search results.

5 Steps to Generating Keywords

• Have a well-formed research question
• Extract core terms from this research question
• Brainstorm a list of alternative terms or phrases for each core term
• Organize the list of terms and phrases by creating a hierarchy, indicating broader and narrower terms for each core term
• Identify which terms you would combine to conduct a search

Sample Keyword Brainstorm

Le thème de l' identité dans Moi, Tituba, sorcière-- : noire de Salem de Maryse Condé

Using UW Libraries Search to Find Books and Articles

• Use French keywords to find French-language titles:   français AND identité AND québec.
• By Title  - search for a specific book by title. Type in the first few words of the book title in quotations.  For example:  "language citizenship and identity in quebec  " . 
• By Author  - search for books written by a specific author. Type in the last name followed by the first name of the author in quotations. For example:  "oakes leigh" . 

On the results screen use the "Resource Type" options on the left toolbar to limit your results to print books, eBooks, articles, etc. Note down the library name and call number for books -- you need this information to locate the book.  For articles, click for online access, or request a scan.

Recreate your search in Worldcat to find more if you need to be comprehensive, and request items that we don't own from there.

Evaluating your Sources

• FAQ: How do I know if my sources are credible/reliable?
• ACT UP: Evaluating Sources The ACT UP methods helps to critically evaluate sources. Author, Currency, Truth, Unbiased, Privilege. Infographic by Dawn Stahura.

Organize your Research

• Research Log Template Use Google Docs (or your preferred note-taking tool) to create a research log. Include your search strategies, keywords, databases you’ve tried, as well as citations, quotes and page numbers. It will help you stay organized as you get ready to write your paper.
• Manage your Citations Use Zotero or another tool to store, organize, and share your research citations.

Citing Sources

• MLA Syle MLA (Modern Language Association) Style is widely used in French & Italian Studies and the humanities.
• MLA Style: Citation Examples by Format Example citations for five basic source types, using the MLA's template of core elements.
• Citation Styles & Tools Quick help on citing sources and tools for storing and organizing sources.
• Citation Politics By Dawn Stahura at Salem State University.
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• French Negations

How to say Only in French [+9 Examples & Quiz]

• Sam Denishin
• February 1, 2021

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In this grammar lesson you will learn how to say only in French.

In this lesson you will learn about:

• how to say only in French
• how the negation is used in sentences
• how you can quiz yourself on how to say only in French
• how to practice with flashcards on how to say only in French
• how and why you should use the courses of Language Atlas to learn French

Please refer to the French A2 Curriculum to get a better overview of French grammar, if you are curious about this negation fits in French A2 grammar.

By the end of the lesson you will know all about how to say only in French!

Table of Contents

Only in french with “ne…que”.

“Only” in French can be expressed in the following way:

• ne [ verb ] que = only [verb]

You place the ne…que around a verb to restrict it.

This way you can say “only” in French.

Je ne parle que l’anglais. I only speak English.

Tu n’ aimes que ça ? Do you only like this/that?

Il ne mange que des fruits. He only eats fruit.

Nous ne voulons que vous. We only want you.

Vous n’ êtes que des pions. You are only pawns.

Ils ne boivent que de l’eau. They only drink water.

This is the formal way to say “only” in French.

Only in French with “seulement”

“Only” in French can also be expressed in the following way:

• [ verb ] seulement = only [verb]

Je parle seulement l’anglais. I only speak English.

Il mange seulement des fruits. He only eats fruit.

Ils boivent seulement de l’eau. They only drink water.

This is an easier way to say “only” in French.

You will hear this in informal environments.

Sentences Overview of How to say Only in French

The final section of this lesson on how to say only in French is about seeing the negation in action.

This is valuable because you can improve your understanding on how to say only in French through examples.

Here you can find the sentences of the previous chapters, neatly stored in one place.

Quiz Yourself on How to say Only in French

At the end of every lesson you can do a small quiz.

You will see the sentences of the previous chapter.

You will either need to fill in the blanks, choose the correct multiple choice option, or both.

Once you are done the correct answer will be shown.

You can redo the quiz as many times as you want!

How to Practice With Flashcards for This Lesson

Using flashcards is an absolute necessity when it comes to learning a language!

It is the best way to memorize what you learn, you can personalize your progression because it adapts to your actions, and all flashcards have audio to improve your hearing and pronunciation.

Please read our article on how to learn a new language for more information on flashcards and the best way to learn a new language.

There are two ways to practice with Flashcards for this lesson.

• The Flashcards in our Courses

Anki is a free software with which you can create and practice flashcards.

After you have downloaded Anki , you can get our French A2 Anki Deck .

This Anki Deck contains 3,816 flashcards with which you can practice absolutely everything for French A2.

All the flashcards have text, images, explanations, and audio.

You can also use our courses that have flashcards integrated alongside lessons with audio, quizzes and much more!

However, I am sure you are wondering, what are your courses, and why should I take them?

The Courses of Language Atlas

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French studies: research tools.

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Research Tools for French Studies

Use bibliographic tools like these to either focus or broaden your research:

Archival Collections and Primary Sources • Article Databases and Indexes • Bibliographies and Subject Guides • Book Review Sources • Dissertation and Theses • French Libraries • News Databases, Indexes and Web Sites

Archival Collections and Primary Sources

Online Resources

The complete list of databases is available through the Library's Electronic Resource Finder .

• ArchiveGrid This link opens in a new window more... less... Searchable descriptions of nearly a million historical documents, personal papers, and family histories kept in libraries, museums, and archives worldwide. Includes information on how to examine and order copies.

• *France & French Collections at the Library of Congress
• French History (ESS)

Available in Print Only

• Dictionnaire des journaux, 1600-1789 by Jean Sgard Call Number: Doe Reference PN5184.P4 D5 1991 v.1-2
• France: Empire and Republic, 1850-1940 by David Thomson Call Number: Main Stacks DC340 .T52 1968 & NRLF

• French Revolution documents by J. M. Roberts and R. C. Cobb Call Number: Main Stacks DC141 .R39 v.1-2
• Les gazettes européennes de langue française : répertoire by Pierre Rétat Call Number: Doe Reference PN5184.P4 R47 2002
• Guide des sources de la Commune de Paris et du mouvement communaliste, 1864-1880 : Paris et Ile de France Call Number: Main Stacks DC317 .G85 2007
• Répertoire des sources historiques du moyen âge by Ulysse Chevalier Call Number: Doe Reference, Bancroft Reference D112 .C53 & Online
• Les Sources de l'histoire de France depuis les origines jusqu'en 1815 Call Number: Main Stacks DC6 .S7 1901a & Online
• Les sources de l'histoire de France. Notices bibliographiques et analytiques des inventaires et des recueils de documents relatifs à l'histoire de France by Alfred Franklin Call Number: Doe Reference DC6 .F8 & Online

Article Indexes and Databases

Below is a selection of article indexes and databases pertinent to French and Francophone Studies.   You can find a complete list of all Berkeley databases subscriptions at the  A-Z database list .

The first three are highly recommended:

• FemEnRev (Féminismes En Revue) Full text of 11 or more French feminist journals from the 1970s-1990s. Searchable, includes text and PDFs, and index of authors.
• Indexes and Guides to Western European Periodicals-French (ESS)
• Bibliographie historique et critique de la presse périodique française by Eugène Hatin Call Number: Doe Reference AP1.36.F8 H3, Bancroft Reference Z6956.F8 H2 & Online
• Bibliographie des revues et journaux littéraires des XIXe et XXe siècles by Jean-Michel Place et André Vasseur Call Number: Main Stacks PQ281.A12 P4 v.1-3:1
• French literary journals : a selected annotated guide by Anna Danuta Kaczynska Call Number: Doe Reference & NRLF(UCB) PQ100.A12 .K3
• Repère by Bibliothèque nationale du Québec Call Number: Doe Reference AJ7 .I512
• Les revues littéraires belges de langue française de 1830 à nos jours by Paul Aron, Pierre-Yves Soucy Call Number: Main Stacks Z2405 .A76 1998

Bibliographies and Subject Guides

Selected lists of materials in any format organized around a common theme or topic.

• *Feminism & French Women in History: A Resource Guide
• French 17 (online)
• Research Guide for French and Francophone Literature (PDF, 21 pages, rev. 4/11)
• Les années littéraires en Afrique : 1912-1987 by Pius Ngandu Nkashama Call Number: Main Stacks PQ3981.A12 P58 1993
• Bibliographie annuelle de l'histoire de France du cinquième siècle à 1958 Call Number: Doe Reference DC6 .C65
• Bibliographie d'histoire littéraire française = Bibliographie der französischen Literaturwissenschaft Call Number: Main Stacks PQ47.5 .B48
• Bibliographie de l'histoire médiévale en France (1965-1990) by Michel Balard Call Number: Doe Reference DC61.A12 B35 1992

• A Critical bibliography of French literature by D.C. Cabeen Call Number: Doe Reference PQ47.5 .C3 v.1-6
• Dictionnaire de la France coloniale by Jean-Pierre Rioux Call Number: Main Stacks JV1811 .D53 2007
• Dictionnaire de la politique française by Henry Coston Call Number: Main Stacks DC55 .C72 2000
• Dictionnaire des œuvres littéraires de langue française by Jean-Pierre de Beaumarchais Call Number: Doe Reference PQ41 .D533 1994 v.1-4; Main Stacks PQ41 .B42 1994
• Dictionnaire du Second Empire by Jean Tulard Call Number: Doe Reference DC276 .D53 1995
• Dictionnaire des auteurs Maghrébins de langue française by Jean Déjeux Call Number: Doe Reference PQ3988.N6 D38 1984
• Dictionnaire de la colonisation française by Claude Liauzu Call Number: Doe Reference JV1807 .D53 2007
• Ecritures littéraires : dictionnaire critique des œuvres africaines de langue française by Pius Ngandu Nkashama Call Number: Doe Reference PQ3980.A52 P583 2002 v.1-2

• Guide to French Literature by Anthony Levi (Editor) Call Number: Doe Reference Hall PQ41 .L48 1992 & Main Stacks PQ41 .L48 1992
• Histoire de la littérature en Suisse romande by Roger Francillon Call Number: Main Stacks PQ3871 .H57 2015

• Lettres françaises de Belgique : dictionnaire des œuvres by Robert Frickx et Raymond Trousson Call Number: Doe Reference PQ3814 .L47 1988 v.1-4
• Negritude : an annotated bibliography by Colette V. Michael Call Number: Doe Reference PN56.N36 M5 1988

Book Reviews

• Acta Fabula, revue des parutions
• Google Scholar This link opens in a new window more... less... Lists journal articles, books, preprints, and technical reports in many subject areas (though more specialized article databases may cover any given field more completely). Can be used with "Get it at UC" to access the full text of many articles.

• Book review digest Call Number: Doe Reference Z1219 .B8 Periodical Indexes

Some sources to peruse for new French publications include:

• Critique by Editions de Minuit Call Number: Main Stacks Z1007 .C8 & Online via Cairn
• Décapage: revue littéraire Call Number: Main Stacks PQ2 .D43, latest in Current Periodicals, Heyns Reading Room
• Lire Call Number: Main Stacks Z2174.B6 L57 latest in Current Periodicals, Heyns Reading Room
• Livres de France Call Number: Main Stacks Z2161 .L73 latest in Current Periodicals, Heyns Reading Room
• Quinzaines : lettres, arts et idées Call Number: Main Stacks f AP20 .Q53 latest in Current Periodicals, Heyns Reading Room, shelved in Folio Section

Dissertations and Theses

Older dissertations not available full text may be obtained through Interlibrary Loan .

For more extensive indexing of doctoral dissertations and theses from Western Europe, here are a few other resources to consult:

• OPAC SBN: Catalogo del Servizio Bibliotecario Nazionale - Italy
• theses.fr - France

French Libraries and Catalogs

• Biblissima more... less... This portal is a virtual library of libraries: discover the history of various texts and books that were written, translated, illuminated, collected and catalogued from Classical Antiquity through the 18th century.
• BULAC, Bibliothèque universitaire des langues et civilisations
• Catalogue des incunables by Bibliothèque nationale Call Number: Main Stacks Z240 .F718 1981 v.1-2 & Bancroft Reference

• A short title catalogue of French books, 1601-1700 : in the Library of the British Museum by V.F. Goldsmith Call Number: Doe Reference Z2162 .B87 & Bancroft Reference

News Databases, Indexes and Web Sites

Listings (may include abstracts or full text) of articles in newspapers, newsmagazines, broadcast news transcripts or wire services. Also includes web sites of these media, or directories of such sites.

• French Language News and Newspapers (MIT) more... less... Compiled by the MIT Libraries.
• *Les principaux quotidiens (Gallica)
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• Last Updated: Jun 28, 2024 2:28 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/subject-guide/french-studies

French & Francophone Studies

• Highlighted Resources
• French Reference Titles
• Find Articles
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Find more reference books & e-books

Search the Davidson Library Catalog to find additional reference books.

• Gale eBooks Reference Library Encyclopedias and reference sources that cover a variety of topics.

Welcome to the French & Francophone Studies research guide! Use this guide as a starting point for your research in this subject area.

Highlighted Resources

• ARTFL (American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language) Texts, ranging from classic works of French literature to various kinds of non-fiction prose and technical writing. more... less... ARTFL is a cooperative project between the Institut National de la Langue Française of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the University of Chicago.
• MLA International Bibliography with Full Text The MLA International Bibliography covers scholarship in a broad range of Humanities disciplines related to global literatures and languages. Coverage includes materials published in more than 100 countries and in more than 50 languages, in the areas of literatures and languages from around the world

French & Francophone Studies Reference Sources

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• Last Updated: Jul 3, 2024 3:58 PM
• URL: https://davidson.libguides.com/french

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French: Reading French for Research Purposes

Program(s): sli undergrad.

* Taught Online *   This intensive course is designed to help students with little or no background in French develop the reading comprehension skills necessary for academic research. To that end, students will work on grammar, vocabulary, and reading strategies. Students will read a range of scholarly texts, a number of which will be directly drawn from their respective areas of research. Some prior experience with French highly recommended.

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How to cite sources written in a different language than English?

Assume one wants to cite a paper written in a different language than the article citing said paper (e.g., ones own article is written in English, but the source is French).

How to properly handle citation in such a case?

Do I cite the original (French) title or a translated title? If I use a translated title, people might have a hard time to find the source; if the original (French) title is cited, people might have a hard time understanding it.

4 Answers 4

You cite the original title, for the very reason you gave: to enable readers to find the original title. If your work is subject to guidelines, you should also check those.

Usually, there is no point in giving a translation of the title as it does not contain any relevant information for the reader. Many citation styles do not mention the title of papers at all. I see two exceptions though:

If a translation of the cited work into English exists (but you worked with the French original), you can mention it in addition to the French title, e.g. with:

[actual citation] (translated into English under the title [translated title])

If the title allows the reader to estimate what the source contains and whether they want to read it at all. In this case, you should arguably change your text such that it states in what way the citation is relevant for your work.

It actually depends on the citation style. It is particularly well documented in the APA Style (see Citing Translated Sources in APA Style ):

For example, here’s how you would cite the original French edition of a work by Piaget (note that an English translation of the title is included in brackets): Piaget, J. (1966). La psychologie de l’enfant [The psychology of the child]. Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France.

Here’s another example, from a German journal. Again, brackets contain an English translation of the work’s title (the article, not the journal). Janzen, G., & Hawlik, M. (2005). Orientierung im Raum: Befunde zu Entscheidungspunkten [Orientation in space: Findings about decision points]. Zeitschrift für Psychologie , 213(4), 179–186. doi:10.1026/0044-3409.213.4.179

If the reference uses a foreign alphabet, be sure to also check the transliteration requirements .

• Much better answer, since it gives a concrete example of how to do this. –  JeffThompson Commented Mar 31, 2018 at 14:03

It is common to either use a combination of the original title and a translated title. The exact form for punctuation has to be adapted to the specific journal. I use an example from "my" journal (Instructions for Authors):

Author name(s), year. Title in original language (if possible) [Title translated into English]. Publication name in original language (if possible) [Publication name translated into English]. Volume/issue/page information (according to type of publication). [In ‘language’]

Krenke, A.N. and Khodakov, V.G., 1966. O svyasi povercknostnogo tayaniya lednikov s temperaturoy vozdukha [On the relationship between melt of glaciers and air temperature]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy [Data of Glaciological Studies], 12. 153–163. [In Russian]

If the original is in a language written with different characters such as Russian, Chinese or Japanese to mention a few then one can also use a shorter form such as (again using the example above:

Krenke, A.N. and Khodakov, V.G., 1966. On the relationship between melt of glaciers and air temperature. Data of Glaciological Studies, 12. 153–163. [In Russian]

In the Russian case there sometimes exist a transcription with Latin letters but not always.

I will add that many journals in my field do not translate titles in for major languages such as Spanish, French and German since it is assumed that everyone has some grasp of languages. This is of course a notion of the past since the "western focus" is, and has not been for long, a useful perspective.

For references in other languages (non-English), I use titles translated into English if the translation by the author is given in the paper (usually together with an English abstract). In such a case, a remark should be put at the end in brackets, eg. (in French). The use of translated titles should also be recommended for papers written in non-Latin scripts, eg. Chinese.

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regreSSHion: Remote Unauthenticated Code Execution Vulnerability in OpenSSH server

Last updated on: July 3, 2024

Table of Contents

About openssh: securing enterprise communications and infrastructure, affected openssh versions:, potential impact of regresshion, immediate steps to mitigate risk, technical details, qualys qid coverage, discover vulnerable assets using qualys cybersecurity asset management (csam), enhance your security posture with qualys vulnerability management, detection, and response (vmdr).

• Gain exposure visibility and remediation tracking with the regreSSHion Unified Dashboard
• Automatically Patch regreSSHion vulnerability With Qualys Patch Management

Detect and remediate CVE-2024-6387 with Qualys TotalCloud Container Security

Qualys products and customer responsibilities, frequently asked questions (faqs).

The  Qualys Threat Research Unit (TRU)  has discovered a Remote Unauthenticated Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability in OpenSSH’s server (sshd) in glibc-based Linux systems. CVE assigned to this vulnerability is CVE-2024-6387.

The vulnerability, which is a signal handler race condition in OpenSSH’s server (sshd), allows unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE) as root on glibc-based Linux systems; that presents a significant security risk. This race condition affects sshd in its default configuration.

Based on searches using Censys and Shodan, we have identified over 14 million potentially vulnerable OpenSSH server instances exposed to the Internet. Anonymized data from Qualys CSAM 3.0 with External Attack Surface Management data reveals that approximately 700,000 external internet-facing instances are vulnerable. This accounts for 31% of all internet-facing instances with OpenSSH in our global customer base. Interestingly, over 0.14% of vulnerable internet-facing instances with OpenSSH service have an End-Of-Life/End-Of-Support version of OpenSSH running.

In our security analysis, we identified that this vulnerability is a regression of the previously patched vulnerability CVE-2006-5051, which was reported in 2006. A regression in this context means that a flaw, once fixed, has reappeared in a subsequent software release, typically due to changes or updates that inadvertently reintroduce the issue. This incident highlights the crucial role of thorough regression testing to prevent the reintroduction of known vulnerabilities into the environment. This regression was introduced in October 2020 (OpenSSH 8.5p1).

Qualys has developed a working exploit for the regreSSHion vulnerability. As part of the disclosure process, we successfully demonstrated the exploit to the OpenSSH team to assist with their understanding and remediation efforts. We do not release our exploits, as we must allow time for patches to be applied. However, even though the exploit is complex, we believe that other independent researchers will be able to replicate our results.

OpenSSH (Open Secure Shell) is a suite of secure networking utilities based on the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol, which is vital for secure communication over unsecured networks. It provides robust encryption to ensure privacy and secure file transfers, making it an essential tool for remote server management and secure data communication. Known for its extensive security and authentication features, OpenSSH supports various encryption technologies and is standard on multiple Unix-like systems, including macOS and Linux.

OpenSSH’s implementation serves as a critical tool for secure communication. Its enterprise value lies in its scalability and the ability to enforce robust access controls and secure automated processes across various environments. This includes everything from automated backups and batch processing to complex DevOps practices, which involve the secure handling of sensitive data across multiple systems and locations. Its continued development and widespread adoption highlight its importance in maintaining the confidentiality and integrity of network communications worldwide.

OpenSSH stands as a benchmark in software security, exemplifying a robust defense-in-depth approach. Despite the recent vulnerability, its overall track record remains exceptionally strong, serving as both a model and an inspiration in the field.

• OpenSSH versions earlier than 4.4p1 are vulnerable to this signal handler race condition unless they are patched for CVE-2006-5051 and CVE-2008-4109.
• Versions from 4.4p1 up to, but not including, 8.5p1 are not vulnerable due to a transformative patch for CVE-2006-5051, which made a previously unsafe function secure.
• The vulnerability resurfaces in versions from 8.5p1 up to, but not including, 9.8p1 due to the accidental removal of a critical component in a function.

OpenBSD systems are unaffected by this bug, as OpenBSD developed a secure mechanism in 2001 that prevents this vulnerability.

This vulnerability, if exploited, could lead to full system compromise where an attacker can execute arbitrary code with the highest privileges, resulting in a complete system takeover, installation of malware, data manipulation, and the creation of backdoors for persistent access. It could facilitate network propagation, allowing attackers to use a compromised system as a foothold to traverse and exploit other vulnerable systems within the organization.

Moreover, gaining root access would enable attackers to bypass critical security mechanisms such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and logging mechanisms, further obscuring their activities. This could also result in significant data breaches and leakage, giving attackers access to all data stored on the system, including sensitive or proprietary information that could be stolen or publicly disclosed.

This vulnerability is challenging to exploit due to its remote race condition nature, requiring multiple attempts for a successful attack. This can cause memory corruption and necessitate overcoming Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR). Advancements in deep learning may significantly increase the exploitation rate, potentially providing attackers with a substantial advantage in leveraging such security flaws.

Addressing the regreSSHion vulnerability in OpenSSH, which enables remote code execution on Linux systems, demands a focused and layered security approach. Here are concise steps and strategic recommendations for enterprises to safeguard against this significant threat:

• Patch Management : Quickly apply available patches for OpenSSH and prioritize ongoing update processes.
• Enhanced Access Control : Limit SSH access through network-based controls to minimize the attack risks.
• Network Segmentation and Intrusion Detection : Divide networks to restrict unauthorized access and lateral movements within critical environments and deploy systems to monitor and alert on unusual activities indicative of exploitation attempts.
• Custom Assessment and Remediation: Quickly execute mitigation script on required assets. To find out more, check out the FAQ section ‘Are there any mitigations for this vulnerability?’

You can find the technical details of this vulnerability at:  

https://www.qualys.com/2024/07/01/cve-2024-6387/regresshion.txt

Qualys is releasing the QIDs in the table below as they become available, starting with vulnsigs version VULNSIGS-2.6.83-4 and in Linux Cloud Agent manifest version LX_MANIFEST-2.6.83.4-5

It is recommended that Qualys customers use OS-specific QIDs to scan for backported packages on supported Linux distributions.

Please check the Qualys Vulnerability Knowledgebase for the full list of coverage for this vulnerability.

The initial and crucial step in managing this critical vulnerability and mitigating associated risks involves pinpointing all assets susceptible to this specific issue. Use CSAM 3.0 with External Attack Surface Management to identify your organization’s internet-facing instances that have vulnerable versions of OpenSSH or are at their End of Life (EOL) or End of Support (EOS).

Identify internet-facing instances with vulnerable versions of OpenSSH

In the following example, we aim to identify all assets running the OpenSSH:

Qualys VMDR  offers comprehensive coverage and visibility into vulnerabilities, empowering organizations to rapidly respond to, prioritize, and mitigate the associated risks. Additionally, Qualys customers can leverage Qualys Patch Management to remediate these vulnerabilities effectively.

Leverage the power of Qualys VMDR alongside TruRisk and the Qualys Query Language (QQL) to efficiently identify and prioritize vulnerable assets, effectively addressing the vulnerabilities highlighted above.

Try Qualys VMDR at no cost for 30 days

Use this QQL statement:

Gain exposure visibility and remediation tracking with the “regreSSHion” Unified Dashboard

With the Qualys Unified Dashboard, you can track the vulnerability exposure within your organization and view your impacted hosts, their status, distribution across environments, and overall management in real time, allowing you to see your mean time to remediation (MTTR).

To make it easier for customers to track and manage regreSSHion vulnerability in their subscriptions, we have created the Manage regreSSHion dashboard , which you can download and import into your subscription.

Automatically Patch “regreSSHion” vulnerability With Qualys Patch Management

We expect vendors to release patches for this vulnerability shortly. Qualys Patch Management can  automatically deploy those patches to vulnerable assets, when available.

Customers can use the “patch now” button found to the right of the vulnerability to add regreSSHion to a patch job. Once patches are released, Qualys will find the relevant patches for this vulnerability and automatically add those patches to a patch job. This will allow customers to deploy those patches to vulnerable devices, all from the Qualys Cloud Platform.

Qualys Patch Management No-Cost 45-Day Trial

Qualys TotalCloud Container Security offers comprehensive coverage and visibility into vulnerabilities across all your container environments, including managed Kubernetes and on-premises Kubernetes. This empowers organizations to rapidly respond to, prioritize, and mitigate associated risks effectively.

Leverage the power of Qualys TotalCloud Container Security and the Qualys Query Language (QQL) to efficiently identify and prioritize vulnerable assets, ensuring prompt and effective remediation of the vulnerabilities highlighted by CVE-2024-6387.

Qualys is cutting the release cycle short for certain products that are deployed on customer premises. At least one of those products depends on a supplier that will publish a fix release shortly. We intend to release fixes for this Severity HIGH CVE in the coming days to ensure that customers are safe from regreSSHion. Once builds have cleared Quality Assurance, we will provide updates to help customers patch.

Will the Qualys Research Team publish exploit code or include proof-of-concept code for this vulnerability?

No, as part of our commitment to responsible disclosure and maintaining high-security standards, we will not publish exploit codes. Given the complexity of this vulnerability, it is crucial to allow organizations to apply patches effectively without the immediate pressure of public exploits.

Are there any mitigations for this vulnerability?

If sshd can’t be updated or recompiled, set LoginGraceTime to 0 in the config file. This exposes sshd to a denial of service by using up all MaxStartups connections, but it prevents the remote code execution risk.

Using Qualys Custom Assessment and Remediation (CAR), you can easily apply this mitigation across affected assets in one go. Just follow these easy steps:

1. Go to CAR Library, look for Zero Day Utilities, and import the mitigation script.

2. You can approve while importing or later on.

3. Execute it across required assets/asset tags.

To execute this mitigation, enable your free trial of CAR – https://www.qualys.com/forms/custom-assessment-remediation/

Is this vulnerability remotely exploitable?

Yes, this vulnerability can be exploited remotely and allows unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE) as root, posing a significant security risk.

Why is the vulnerability named “regreSSHion”?

This is a pun/reference to this being a regression bug affecting OpenSSH.

Should organizations patch these vulnerabilities urgently?

Yes, we would encourage organizations to patch this vulnerability urgently, especially on their internet-facing assets.

How will the new security fix be implemented for different versions?

This fix is part of a major update, making it challenging to backport. Consequently, users will have two update options: upgrading to the latest version released on Monday, July 1st (9.8p1) or applying a fix to older versions as outlined in the advisory, which is the approach most vendors will take.

Does this vulnerability affect macOS or Windows?

While it is likely that the vulnerability exists in both macOS and Windows, its exploitability on these platforms remains uncertain. Further analysis is required to determine the specific impact.

How can users identify exploitation attempts of this vulnerability?

Exploitation attempts for this vulnerability can be identified by seeing many many lines of “Timeout before authentication” in the logs.

What is the exposure to Qualys infrastructure?

The Qualys security team has taken immediate steps to protect our corporate infrastructure and products from any impact regarding the exploitation of this vulnerability. At this time, we have not experienced any negative impacts or detected any exploitation attempts. In addition, the Qualys security team has implemented enhanced monitoring and response plans to detect and respond to future exploit attempts. Emergency patching procedures have been initiated to fully remediate the vulnerability. To further help the broader security community, we are sharing our detection logic (see FAQ: “How to identify exploitation attempts of this vulnerability?”) to help customers respond should attacks occur before patching and mitigation efforts are completed.

How can users identify systems vulnerable to the OpenSSH regreSSHion vulnerability?

Users can determine if their systems are vulnerable by verifying the version of the OpenSSH server installed. Systems running affected versions should be considered at risk and prioritized for updates.

Under what circumstances might QID 42046 fail to report accurately?

Accurate detection with QID 42046 requires root privileges, as the command used only runs with root access.

Why is a QID categorized as a confirmed or potential vulnerability?

A QID is reported as confirmed in authenticated scan results because these scans can access detailed information that verifies the vulnerability more reliably. On the other hand, remote unauthenticated scans categorize a QID as potential because they primarily depend on the information presented by the OpenSSH service banner. This banner might display a partial version of details, leading to less definitive conclusions about the presence of a vulnerability.

When will the Qualys Detection Score (QDS) be updated?

As the vulnerability begins to trend across various threat intelligence sources, our QDS will utilize these intelligent feeds for dynamic updates. We expect its effectiveness to reach a score of 90 or above.

Has the threat feed been updated to include the regreSSHion vulnerability?

Yes, the Qualys threat feed is updated when emerging threats are tracked and reported from the dark web and other sources. The update activates as soon as a vulnerability trends across various threat intelligence platforms.

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No record found for this QID or CVE in Qualys KB. Great job on reporting however the data set is not published.

“Immediate Steps to Mitigate Risk” there’s a config-based mitigation, this section is just marketing nonsense and it’s irresponsible of you to hide the actual immediate mitigation in the “technical details”

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Glossary entry (derived from question below)

English term or phrase:, for external use only, french translation:, à usage externe uniquement, english term.

Works in: English to German, French to German

Follow or mute ("flag" or "filter")

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Reactive, reliable, win/win service

Works in: French to English, English to French

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Background in social sciences

Native in: French 

Works in: Spanish to French, English to French, Catalan to French, and 1 more.

usage externe

Passion des langues étrangères.

Works in: German to French, Italian to French, English to French

pour usage externe seulement (ou uniquement)

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Research: Using AI at Work Makes Us Lonelier and Less Healthy

• David De Cremer
• Joel Koopman

Employees who use AI as a core part of their jobs report feeling more isolated, drinking more, and sleeping less than employees who don’t.

The promise of AI is alluring — optimized productivity, lightning-fast data analysis, and freedom from mundane tasks — and both companies and workers alike are fascinated (and more than a little dumbfounded) by how these tools allow them to do more and better work faster than ever before. Yet in fervor to keep pace with competitors and reap the efficiency gains associated with deploying AI, many organizations have lost sight of their most important asset: the humans whose jobs are being fragmented into tasks that are increasingly becoming automated. Across four studies, employees who use it as a core part of their jobs reported feeling lonelier, drinking more, and suffering from insomnia more than employees who don’t.

Imagine this: Jia, a marketing analyst, arrives at work, logs into her computer, and is greeted by an AI assistant that has already sorted through her emails, prioritized her tasks for the day, and generated first drafts of reports that used to take hours to write. Jia (like everyone who has spent time working with these tools) marvels at how much time she can save by using AI. Inspired by the efficiency-enhancing effects of AI, Jia feels that she can be so much more productive than before. As a result, she gets focused on completing as many tasks as possible in conjunction with her AI assistant.

• David De Cremer is a professor of management and technology at Northeastern University and the Dunton Family Dean of its D’Amore-McKim School of Business. His website is daviddecremer.com .
• JK Joel Koopman is the TJ Barlow Professor of Business Administration at the Mays Business School of Texas A&M University. His research interests include prosocial behavior, organizational justice, motivational processes, and research methodology. He has won multiple awards from Academy of Management’s HR Division (Early Career Achievement Award and David P. Lepak Service Award) along with the 2022 SIOP Distinguished Early Career Contributions award, and currently serves on the Leadership Committee for the HR Division of the Academy of Management .

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Medical terms in lay language.

Please use these descriptions in place of medical jargon in consent documents, recruitment materials and other study documents. Note: These terms are not the only acceptable plain language alternatives for these vocabulary words.

This glossary of terms is derived from a list copyrighted by the University of Kentucky, Office of Research Integrity (1990).

For clinical research-specific definitions, see also the Clinical Research Glossary developed by the Multi-Regional Clinical Trials (MRCT) Center of Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard  and the Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) .

Alternative Lay Language for Medical Terms for use in Informed Consent Documents

A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I  J  K   L   M   N   O   P   Q   R   S   T   U   V   W  X  Y  Z

ABDOMEN/ABDOMINAL body cavity below diaphragm that contains stomach, intestines, liver and other organs ABSORB take up fluids, take in ACIDOSIS condition when blood contains more acid than normal ACUITY clearness, keenness, esp. of vision and airways ACUTE new, recent, sudden, urgent ADENOPATHY swollen lymph nodes (glands) ADJUVANT helpful, assisting, aiding, supportive ADJUVANT TREATMENT added treatment (usually to a standard treatment) ANTIBIOTIC drug that kills bacteria and other germs ANTIMICROBIAL drug that kills bacteria and other germs ANTIRETROVIRAL drug that works against the growth of certain viruses ADVERSE EFFECT side effect, bad reaction, unwanted response ALLERGIC REACTION rash, hives, swelling, trouble breathing AMBULATE/AMBULATION/AMBULATORY walk, able to walk ANAPHYLAXIS serious, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction ANEMIA decreased red blood cells; low red cell blood count ANESTHETIC a drug or agent used to decrease the feeling of pain, or eliminate the feeling of pain by putting you to sleep ANGINA pain resulting from not enough blood flowing to the heart ANGINA PECTORIS pain resulting from not enough blood flowing to the heart ANOREXIA disorder in which person will not eat; lack of appetite ANTECUBITAL related to the inner side of the forearm ANTIBODY protein made in the body in response to foreign substance ANTICONVULSANT drug used to prevent seizures ANTILIPEMIC a drug that lowers fat levels in the blood ANTITUSSIVE a drug used to relieve coughing ARRHYTHMIA abnormal heartbeat; any change from the normal heartbeat ASPIRATION fluid entering the lungs, such as after vomiting ASSAY lab test ASSESS to learn about, measure, evaluate, look at ASTHMA lung disease associated with tightening of air passages, making breathing difficult ASYMPTOMATIC without symptoms AXILLA armpit

BENIGN not malignant, without serious consequences BID twice a day BINDING/BOUND carried by, to make stick together, transported BIOAVAILABILITY the extent to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the body BLOOD PROFILE series of blood tests BOLUS a large amount given all at once BONE MASS the amount of calcium and other minerals in a given amount of bone BRADYARRHYTHMIAS slow, irregular heartbeats BRADYCARDIA slow heartbeat BRONCHOSPASM breathing distress caused by narrowing of the airways

CARCINOGENIC cancer-causing CARCINOMA type of cancer CARDIAC related to the heart CARDIOVERSION return to normal heartbeat by electric shock CATHETER a tube for withdrawing or giving fluids CATHETER a tube placed near the spinal cord and used for anesthesia (indwelling epidural) during surgery CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) brain and spinal cord CEREBRAL TRAUMA damage to the brain CESSATION stopping CHD coronary heart disease CHEMOTHERAPY treatment of disease, usually cancer, by chemical agents CHRONIC continuing for a long time, ongoing CLINICAL pertaining to medical care CLINICAL TRIAL an experiment involving human subjects COMA unconscious state COMPLETE RESPONSE total disappearance of disease CONGENITAL present before birth CONJUNCTIVITIS redness and irritation of the thin membrane that covers the eye CONSOLIDATION PHASE treatment phase intended to make a remission permanent (follows induction phase) CONTROLLED TRIAL research study in which the experimental treatment or procedure is compared to a standard (control) treatment or procedure COOPERATIVE GROUP association of multiple institutions to perform clinical trials CORONARY related to the blood vessels that supply the heart, or to the heart itself CT SCAN (CAT) computerized series of x-rays (computerized tomography) CULTURE test for infection, or for organisms that could cause infection CUMULATIVE added together from the beginning CUTANEOUS relating to the skin CVA stroke (cerebrovascular accident)

DERMATOLOGIC pertaining to the skin DIASTOLIC lower number in a blood pressure reading DISTAL toward the end, away from the center of the body DIURETIC "water pill" or drug that causes increase in urination DOPPLER device using sound waves to diagnose or test DOUBLE BLIND study in which neither investigators nor subjects know what drug or treatment the subject is receiving DYSFUNCTION state of improper function DYSPLASIA abnormal cells

ECHOCARDIOGRAM sound wave test of the heart EDEMA excess fluid collecting in tissue EEG electric brain wave tracing (electroencephalogram) EFFICACY effectiveness ELECTROCARDIOGRAM electrical tracing of the heartbeat (ECG or EKG) ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE an imbalance of minerals in the blood EMESIS vomiting EMPIRIC based on experience ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION viewing an  internal part of the body with a lighted tube  ENTERAL by way of the intestines EPIDURAL outside the spinal cord ERADICATE get rid of (such as disease) Page 2 of 7 EVALUATED, ASSESSED examined for a medical condition EXPEDITED REVIEW rapid review of a protocol by the IRB Chair without full committee approval, permitted with certain low-risk research studies EXTERNAL outside the body EXTRAVASATE to leak outside of a planned area, such as out of a blood vessel

FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the branch of federal government that approves new drugs FIBROUS having many fibers, such as scar tissue FIBRILLATION irregular beat of the heart or other muscle

GENERAL ANESTHESIA pain prevention by giving drugs to cause loss of consciousness, as during surgery GESTATIONAL pertaining to pregnancy

HEMATOCRIT amount of red blood cells in the blood HEMATOMA a bruise, a black and blue mark HEMODYNAMIC MEASURING blood flow HEMOLYSIS breakdown in red blood cells HEPARIN LOCK needle placed in the arm with blood thinner to keep the blood from clotting HEPATOMA cancer or tumor of the liver HERITABLE DISEASE can be transmitted to one’s offspring, resulting in damage to future children HISTOPATHOLOGIC pertaining to the disease status of body tissues or cells HOLTER MONITOR a portable machine for recording heart beats HYPERCALCEMIA high blood calcium level HYPERKALEMIA high blood potassium level HYPERNATREMIA high blood sodium level HYPERTENSION high blood pressure HYPOCALCEMIA low blood calcium level HYPOKALEMIA low blood potassium level HYPONATREMIA low blood sodium level HYPOTENSION low blood pressure HYPOXEMIA a decrease of oxygen in the blood HYPOXIA a decrease of oxygen reaching body tissues HYSTERECTOMY surgical removal of the uterus, ovaries (female sex glands), or both uterus and ovaries

IATROGENIC caused by a physician or by treatment IDE investigational device exemption, the license to test an unapproved new medical device IDIOPATHIC of unknown cause IMMUNITY defense against, protection from IMMUNOGLOBIN a protein that makes antibodies IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE drug which works against the body's immune (protective) response, often used in transplantation and diseases caused by immune system malfunction IMMUNOTHERAPY giving of drugs to help the body's immune (protective) system; usually used to destroy cancer cells IMPAIRED FUNCTION abnormal function IMPLANTED placed in the body IND investigational new drug, the license to test an unapproved new drug INDUCTION PHASE beginning phase or stage of a treatment INDURATION hardening INDWELLING remaining in a given location, such as a catheter INFARCT death of tissue due to lack of blood supply INFECTIOUS DISEASE transmitted from one person to the next INFLAMMATION swelling that is generally painful, red, and warm INFUSION slow injection of a substance into the body, usually into the blood by means of a catheter INGESTION eating; taking by mouth INTERFERON drug which acts against viruses; antiviral agent INTERMITTENT occurring (regularly or irregularly) between two time points; repeatedly stopping, then starting again INTERNAL within the body INTERIOR inside of the body INTRAMUSCULAR into the muscle; within the muscle INTRAPERITONEAL into the abdominal cavity INTRATHECAL into the spinal fluid INTRAVENOUS (IV) through the vein INTRAVESICAL in the bladder INTUBATE the placement of a tube into the airway INVASIVE PROCEDURE puncturing, opening, or cutting the skin INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG (IND) a new drug that has not been approved by the FDA INVESTIGATIONAL METHOD a treatment method which has not been proven to be beneficial or has not been accepted as standard care ISCHEMIA decreased oxygen in a tissue (usually because of decreased blood flow)

LAPAROTOMY surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the abdominal wall to enable a doctor to look at the organs inside LESION wound or injury; a diseased patch of skin LETHARGY sleepiness, tiredness LEUKOPENIA low white blood cell count LIPID fat LIPID CONTENT fat content in the blood LIPID PROFILE (PANEL) fat and cholesterol levels in the blood LOCAL ANESTHESIA creation of insensitivity to pain in a small, local area of the body, usually by injection of numbing drugs LOCALIZED restricted to one area, limited to one area LUMEN the cavity of an organ or tube (e.g., blood vessel) LYMPHANGIOGRAPHY an x-ray of the lymph nodes or tissues after injecting dye into lymph vessels (e.g., in feet) LYMPHOCYTE a type of white blood cell important in immunity (protection) against infection LYMPHOMA a cancer of the lymph nodes (or tissues)

MALAISE a vague feeling of bodily discomfort, feeling badly MALFUNCTION condition in which something is not functioning properly MALIGNANCY cancer or other progressively enlarging and spreading tumor, usually fatal if not successfully treated MEDULLABLASTOMA a type of brain tumor MEGALOBLASTOSIS change in red blood cells METABOLIZE process of breaking down substances in the cells to obtain energy METASTASIS spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another METRONIDAZOLE drug used to treat infections caused by parasites (invading organisms that take up living in the body) or other causes of anaerobic infection (not requiring oxygen to survive) MI myocardial infarction, heart attack MINIMAL slight MINIMIZE reduce as much as possible Page 4 of 7 MONITOR check on; keep track of; watch carefully MOBILITY ease of movement MORBIDITY undesired result or complication MORTALITY death MOTILITY the ability to move MRI magnetic resonance imaging, diagnostic pictures of the inside of the body, created using magnetic rather than x-ray energy MUCOSA, MUCOUS MEMBRANE moist lining of digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts MYALGIA muscle aches MYOCARDIAL pertaining to the heart muscle MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION heart attack

NASOGASTRIC TUBE placed in the nose, reaching to the stomach NCI the National Cancer Institute NECROSIS death of tissue NEOPLASIA/NEOPLASM tumor, may be benign or malignant NEUROBLASTOMA a cancer of nerve tissue NEUROLOGICAL pertaining to the nervous system NEUTROPENIA decrease in the main part of the white blood cells NIH the National Institutes of Health NONINVASIVE not breaking, cutting, or entering the skin NOSOCOMIAL acquired in the hospital

OCCLUSION closing; blockage; obstruction ONCOLOGY the study of tumors or cancer OPHTHALMIC pertaining to the eye OPTIMAL best, most favorable or desirable ORAL ADMINISTRATION by mouth ORTHOPEDIC pertaining to the bones OSTEOPETROSIS rare bone disorder characterized by dense bone OSTEOPOROSIS softening of the bones OVARIES female sex glands

PARENTERAL given by injection PATENCY condition of being open PATHOGENESIS development of a disease or unhealthy condition PERCUTANEOUS through the skin PERIPHERAL not central PER OS (PO) by mouth PHARMACOKINETICS the study of the way the body absorbs, distributes, and gets rid of a drug PHASE I first phase of study of a new drug in humans to determine action, safety, and proper dosing PHASE II second phase of study of a new drug in humans, intended to gather information about safety and effectiveness of the drug for certain uses PHASE III large-scale studies to confirm and expand information on safety and effectiveness of new drug for certain uses, and to study common side effects PHASE IV studies done after the drug is approved by the FDA, especially to compare it to standard care or to try it for new uses PHLEBITIS irritation or inflammation of the vein PLACEBO an inactive substance; a pill/liquid that contains no medicine PLACEBO EFFECT improvement seen with giving subjects a placebo, though it contains no active drug/treatment PLATELETS small particles in the blood that help with clotting POTENTIAL possible POTENTIATE increase or multiply the effect of a drug or toxin (poison) by giving another drug or toxin at the same time (sometimes an unintentional result) POTENTIATOR an agent that helps another agent work better PRENATAL before birth PROPHYLAXIS a drug given to prevent disease or infection PER OS (PO) by mouth PRN as needed PROGNOSIS outlook, probable outcomes PRONE lying on the stomach PROSPECTIVE STUDY following patients forward in time PROSTHESIS artificial part, most often limbs, such as arms or legs PROTOCOL plan of study PROXIMAL closer to the center of the body, away from the end PULMONARY pertaining to the lungs

QD every day; daily QID four times a day

RADIATION THERAPY x-ray or cobalt treatment RANDOM by chance (like the flip of a coin) RANDOMIZATION chance selection RBC red blood cell RECOMBINANT formation of new combinations of genes RECONSTITUTION putting back together the original parts or elements RECUR happen again REFRACTORY not responding to treatment REGENERATION re-growth of a structure or of lost tissue REGIMEN pattern of giving treatment RELAPSE the return of a disease REMISSION disappearance of evidence of cancer or other disease RENAL pertaining to the kidneys REPLICABLE possible to duplicate RESECT remove or cut out surgically RETROSPECTIVE STUDY looking back over past experience

SARCOMA a type of cancer SEDATIVE a drug to calm or make less anxious SEMINOMA a type of testicular cancer (found in the male sex glands) SEQUENTIALLY in a row, in order SOMNOLENCE sleepiness SPIROMETER an instrument to measure the amount of air taken into and exhaled from the lungs STAGING an evaluation of the extent of the disease STANDARD OF CARE a treatment plan that the majority of the medical community would accept as appropriate STENOSIS narrowing of a duct, tube, or one of the blood vessels in the heart STOMATITIS mouth sores, inflammation of the mouth STRATIFY arrange in groups for analysis of results (e.g., stratify by age, sex, etc.) STUPOR stunned state in which it is difficult to get a response or the attention of the subject SUBCLAVIAN under the collarbone SUBCUTANEOUS under the skin SUPINE lying on the back SUPPORTIVE CARE general medical care aimed at symptoms, not intended to improve or cure underlying disease SYMPTOMATIC having symptoms SYNDROME a condition characterized by a set of symptoms SYSTOLIC top number in blood pressure; pressure during active contraction of the heart

TERATOGENIC capable of causing malformations in a fetus (developing baby still inside the mother’s body) TESTES/TESTICLES male sex glands THROMBOSIS clotting THROMBUS blood clot TID three times a day TITRATION a method for deciding on the strength of a drug or solution; gradually increasing the dose T-LYMPHOCYTES type of white blood cells TOPICAL on the surface TOPICAL ANESTHETIC applied to a certain area of the skin and reducing pain only in the area to which applied TOXICITY side effects or undesirable effects of a drug or treatment TRANSDERMAL through the skin TRANSIENTLY temporarily TRAUMA injury; wound TREADMILL walking machine used to test heart function

UPTAKE absorbing and taking in of a substance by living tissue

VALVULOPLASTY plastic repair of a valve, especially a heart valve VARICES enlarged veins VASOSPASM narrowing of the blood vessels VECTOR a carrier that can transmit disease-causing microorganisms (germs and viruses) VENIPUNCTURE needle stick, blood draw, entering the skin with a needle VERTICAL TRANSMISSION spread of disease

WBC white blood cell

The beginnings of fashion: why do we wear clothes?

Clothing is understood as a significant component in shaping what makes us human. The emergence of clothing enabled our ancestors to inhabit more corners of the world, access different resources and environments, and connect with a broader community. Today, clothing is associated with identity and status. Yet archaeological evidence indicates that apart from thermal reasons, clothing was not intrinsic for society or cultures to function.

Statement outfit

Artist impression of decorated tailored clothing in the Upper Paleolithic. Image credit: Mariana Ariza.

A team of researchers led by Dr Ian Gilligan, Honorary Associate in the Discipline of Archaeology at the University of Sydney, are the first to suggest that eyed needles were a new technological innovation used to adorn clothing for social and cultural purposes, marking the major shift from clothes as protection to clothes as an expression of identity.

“Eyed needle tools are an important development in prehistory because they document a transition in the function of clothing from utilitarian to social purposes,” says Dr Ian Gilligan.

Dr Gilligan and his co-authors reinterpret the evidence of recent discoveries in the development of clothing in their paper,  Paleolithic eyed needles and the evolution of dress .

“Why do we wear clothes? We assume that it’s part of being human, but once you look at different cultures, you realise that people existed and functioned perfectly adequately in society without clothes,” Dr Gilligan says. “What intrigues me is the transition of clothing from being a physical necessity in certain environments, to a social necessity in all environments.”

Tools by design

The earliest known eyed needles appeared approximately 40,000 years ago in Siberia. One of the most iconic of Paleolithic artefacts from the Stone Age, eyed needles are more difficult to make when compared to bone awls, which sufficed for creating fitted clothing. Bone awls are tools made of animal bones that are sharpened to a point. Eyed needles are modified bone awls, with a perforated hole (eye) to facilitate the sewing of sinew or thread.

As evidence suggests bone awls were already being used to create tailored clothes, the innovation of eyed needles may reflect the production of more complex, layered clothing, as well as the adornment of clothes by attaching beads and other small decorative items onto garments. 

“We know that clothing up until the last glacial cycle was only used on an ad hoc basis. The classic tools that we associate with that are hide scrapers or stone scrapers, and we find them appearing and going away during the different phases of the last ice ages,” Dr Gilligan explains

Dr Gilligan and his co-authors argue that clothing became an item of decoration because traditional body decoration methods, like body painting with ochre or deliberate scarification, weren’t possible during the latter part of the last ice age in colder parts of Eurasia, as people were needing to wear clothes all the time to survive.

Morphological variation in the size and shape of Late Pleistocene eyed needles. Scale bar, 1 cm. Image credit: Gilligan et al, 2024.

“That’s why the appearance of eyed needles is particularly important because it signals the use of clothing as decoration,” Dr Gilligan says. “Eyed needles would have been especially useful for the very fine sewing that was required to decorate clothing.”

Styling community

Clothing therefore evolved to serve not only a practical necessity for protection and comfort against external elements, but also a social, aesthetic function for individual and cultural identity.

The regular wearing of clothing allowed larger and more complex societies to form, as people could relocate to colder climates while also cooperating with their tribe or community based on shared clothing styles and symbols. The skills associated with the production of clothing contributed to a more sustainable lifestyle and enhanced the long-term survival and prosperity of human communities.

Covering the human body regardless of climate is a social practice that has endured. Dr Gilligan’s future work moves beyond the advent of clothing as dress and looks at the psychological functions and effects of wearing clothes.

“We take it for granted we feel comfortable wearing clothes and uncomfortable if we’re not wearing clothes in public. But how does wearing clothes impact the way we look at ourselves, the way we see ourselves as humans, and perhaps how we look at the environment around us?”

This paper was published in  Science Advances .

DECLARATION

The authors declare no competing interests. This research was supported by the following agencies: Initiative d’Excellence IdEx, University of Bordeaux; French government in the framework of the University of Bordeaux’s IdEx “Investments for the Future” program / GPR “Human Past”; Research Council of Norway, Centres of Excellence (SFF), Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour; European Research Council Synergy Grant for the project Evolution of Cognitive Tools for Quantification (QUANTA); The National Social Science Foundation of China, The Taishan Scholars Project Special Funds, State Assignment of the Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Hero image: Artist impression of decorated tailored clothing in the Upper Paleolithic, Mariana Ariza.

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The francophone researcher’s dilemma: publish in English or perish?

French-speaking researchers are increasingly choosing to publish their scientific articles in English.

• One comment

French-speaking researchers are increasingly publishing their scientific articles in English, but opinions differ in Quebec on whether this is the right choice, and how it impacts local research and society.

  “For research to play its full role in improving the society in which it is conducted, researchers must be able to communicate it in the local language,” said Frédéric Bouchard, dean of the faculty of arts at Université de Montréal and president of the Association francophone pour le savoir (Canada’s French-language association for the advancement of science). “It is important for all societies to have a research community that is capable of expressing itself in its own language.”

Yet, for more than 30 years, researchers have increasingly been publishing in English – and not just in Quebec. “In the so-called ‘hard’ sciences, such as the natural sciences, it long ago became a given that researchers publish in English and that it’s not a big deal,” said Yves Gingras, a science historian at Université du Québec à Montréal. “After all, electrons are the same everywhere. But the rise in humanities and social sciences publications in English seems less advisable and more worrisome.”

A question of impact

In 2016, U de Montréal researchers Vincent Larivière and Nadine Desrochers published some startling data on English-language humanities publications in Quebec, France and Germany from the Web of Science database . Between 1980 and 2014, the proportion of English-language articles in the humanities jumped from 30 percent to 80 percent in both France and Germany. In other words, the share of papers written in their local languages dropped from 70 percent to less than 20 per cent. In Quebec, 70 percent of articles were already being written in English in 1980. That proportion now exceeds 90 percent.

What’s behind the trend? It can largely be attributed to quantitative research assessment methods based on the number, and particularly the reach (as in the number of citations), of publications. The two researchers from U de Montréal noticed that humanities papers published in English were cited an average of three times as often than papers written in French in the three areas studied. Political science professors Louis Imbeau and Mathieu Ouimet of Université Laval made a similar observation in 2012 regarding political science research in Quebec. Their data showed that researchers who write mainly in French are both published and cited less frequently.

“You have to get with the times,” said Dr. Imbeau. “The same thing is happening in every country around the world. If you don’t publish in English, you lose the bulk of your potential readership. Your performance metrics are weaker, and that can be damaging to a researcher’s career.”

On the other hand, Dr. Gingras of UQAM said he finds this trend of anglicizing humanities and social sciences research to be insidious. “Subjects of study in these fields are often of national, if not local, interest,” he said. “To be able to publish in a major English-language journal, say from the United States, researchers will choose more theoretical or more universal topics, to the detriment of subjects that are of vital significance to the local community. That creates tension between the best interests of the research and those of the researcher’s career.”

A different way to build recognition

Well aware of the importance of language in humanities and social sciences research, Louise Poissant, scientific director of the provincial granting council Fonds de recherche du Québec – Société et culture , noted that the council “requires that the scientific journals it supports financially consist of at least 50 percent French-language content.” As a result of political representation, the number of French-language scientific journals supported by the FRQSC has increased from 28 to 36 since 2015.

FRQSC grants can also be used to translate scientific texts into English to reach a wider audience. However, French-language texts can be showcased in other ways, such as through the Érudit platform . Created in 1998, Érudit digitally disseminates more than 170 French-language scientific and cultural journals. In 2017, it provided access to more than 200,000 documents in 35 scientific disciplines which are consulted annually in every country around the world. Francophone researchers use it, as do a large number of researchers for whom French is a second or third language.

Technology, therefore, already plays an important role in the dissemination of research published in French. That said, new innovations could reverse the English-only trend. The advent of more effective automated translation tools will enable researchers to publish in their own language, but be read by their entire research community. “The hegemony of English as the language of scientific communication may be short-lived,” said Dr. Bouchard of Acfas. “There is no longer any need to over-anglicize, especially with the emergence of technology tools that foster linguistic and cultural diversity.”

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While this is an interesting article, the headline is somewhat misleading. The choice to publish in English is a choice faced by many non-English speakers, not simply Francophones or Germans. The reality is that more than half of all natural science journals (certainly among the most influential international publications) are published in English. English has been the lingua franca for scientific publication for quite some time.