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Explore the Symbolism and Prestige of Doctoral Degree Gowns

Doctoral degree gowns hold a rich tradition and symbolism, representing the pinnacle of academic achievement. These gowns, often referred to as doctoral robes or regalia, serve as a visual representation of the wearer's scholarly accomplishments and the institution they represent.

Significance of All-Black Gowns with Black Velvet

The classic image of a doctoral robe often features an all-black gown with intricate black velvet accents, particularly on the front panels and sleeve cuffs. The choice of black symbolizes the seriousness, solemnity, and dignity of academia. The luxurious black velvet signifies the discipline and rigor that define the journey toward earning a doctoral degree.

Wearing Gowns with Colors

While the traditional all-black gown is deeply symbolic, some institutions incorporate specific colors or elements into doctoral regalia. These colors often denote fields of study, academic disciplines, or the university's colors. For instance, a splash of a distinctive hue on the velvet trim, hood, or sleeves might represent a specific academic department or discipline. This customization adds a personal touch to the regalia while honoring the diverse fields of study pursued by doctoral scholars.

The Impact of Academic Prestige

Wearing doctoral gowns holds a special significance during commencement ceremonies, academic convocations, and other scholarly events. The attire not only reflects the individual's scholarly achievements but also contributes to the overall atmosphere of achievement, tradition, and scholarly excellence. It signifies the dedication, hard work, and expertise that culminate in earning a doctoral degree. Here's a comprehensive color chart outlining the meanings associated with different colors for doctoral graduation robes:

• Represents solemnity, formality, and the traditional color of doctoral regalia.
• Symbolizes the discipline, dignity, and seriousness of academic achievement.
• Signifies philosophy, a broad field encompassing wisdom, intellect, and scholarship.
• Represents the study of liberal arts, including literature, history, and the humanities.

Gold/Yellow:

• Symbolizes excellence, achievement, and the highest level of academic accomplishment.
• Represents the fields of science, mathematics, and social sciences.
• Represents growth, fertility, and the natural world.
• Signifies the study of medicine, pharmacy, and related health sciences.
• Symbolizes royalty, power, and ambition.
• Represents the study of law, jurisprudence, and political science.
• Signifies passion, energy, and determination.
• Represents the study of arts, including music, fine arts, and performing arts.

Light Blue/Cyan:

• Symbolizes tranquility, creativity, and innovation.
• Represents the study of education, pedagogy, and instructional design.
• Signifies stability, reliability, and practicality.
• Represents the study of business, management, and related disciplines.
• Symbolizes compassion, nurturing, and understanding.
• Represents the study of social work, counseling, and psychology.

Silver/Gray:

• Signifies neutrality, balance, and practicality.
• Represents interdisciplinary studies or a combination of various fields.
• Symbolizes purity, innocence, and spirituality.
• Represents the study of theology, divinity, and religious studies.
• Signifies enthusiasm, creativity, and determination.
• Represents the study of communication, journalism, and media studies.

Doctoral degree gowns, whether in traditional all-black with black velvet or adorned with specific colors, stand as a symbol of academic accomplishment, knowledge, and dedication. They embody the rich heritage of academia and serve as a testament to the wearer's commitment to advancing knowledge in their field. Whether steeped in tradition or personalized with vibrant hues, these gowns showcase the culmination of years of scholarly pursuit and excellence.

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Celebrate in best phd regalia

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You've done all the hard work, now it's time to celebrate! We offer high quality doctoral regalia at a great price.

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University of California Doctoral Regalia

In the midst of end of the semester craziness, I ordered the gown late in the game. PhinisheD was able to ensure that it reached me before graduation. The gown is made well and has some weight to it. It looks and feels exactly like the official UVA regalia sans rotunda emblem. As I wore a stole, onlookers could not tell the difference. As I move into my tenure-track job, having this official regalia from my home institution that I wore on my graduation to hood others in the future means alot to me. Even more that it did not break the bank. That it comes in its own garment bag is an additional plus.

PHinisheD Gown makes a FANTASTIC product. They also contacted me directly to make sure I was getting the best deal in a timely fashion.

Good quality robe and fits nicely. Gets the job done…

"Made-to-Order" Doctoral Regalia Set

The quality is great for half the price Jostens charges. I appreciate how nicely everything was packed and ready for wear or for storage. Thank you!

Thank you for the custom doctoral hood. The colors matched my university's very well and, more importantly, it is a very high quality hood and it reminds me how this regalia was actually standard dress for faculty once upon a time. I purchased my gown, hood, and tam from Phinished and can imagine how these garments could be daily garb. Thank you for the care you put in to tailoring this regalia and appreciating the work we put in to Phinishing these degrees.

I ordered a gown for the University of Notre Dame - since someone had done this previously, they already had the school emblems that go on the front panels. (If you're also at ND, you'll want to order the gown with embroidery, and 8-sided tam. I believe colors are royal blue and gold). I can't verify that the gown is identical to the official one because I live elsewhere and am not attending commencement, but it looks and feels great. Way better deal than going through the university. They can be a bit slow over email, but once they respond, customer service is excellent.

My gown fits perfectly - it is so nice and cozy! I am not really sure what the gowns provided by the university look/feel like, but this gown seems like it is high-quality!

These are excellent. The robe has buttons exactly where it is convenient for making everything hang properly. Love the pockets. Very fairly priced in comparison to other comparable robes (similar fabrics etc) and of comparable, if not better, quality. Regalia is a big, complicated, bulky garment - these hang nicely, the fabric feels nice, and they have nice finishing touches. Everything arrived well before graduation

I shopped for a long time to find the right doctoral gown and tam. I purchased the classic black gown with blue PhD velvet. Excellent quality. And the tam is perfect. Really, it is - I have a tam from another vendor, it cost the same, but nowhere nearly as nice as this one from PhinisheD - I'm tempted to wear it as a fall weather hat! Regarding the gown, this is a professional looking, faculty quality gown that can last decades of commencements and convocations, etc. If you aren't looking for wool or to spend more than $1,000, then I don't think you can get a better gown. Looks great -- a nice black matte. Feels great - heavy, substantial feel. Has pockets. There are a lot of gowns online for about the same price, but the photos on PhinisheD web site revealed the quality, and when I got the gown, the impressions I got from the Web site matched what I actually received. Many thanks! Ordering my hood right now from PhinisheD.

Team was very communicative throughout the process and the final product looks terrific! Love that there are pockets :)

I received my regalia in a timely manner and was very pleased upon wearing the attire for an academic event. The quality of the materials is high, and the construction is also high quality. I hope to use this for many years to come.

California Doctoral Regalia

The quality of the regalia from PhinisheD Gown is incredible, and so much nicer than the set I could have gotten from my university. Jane was quick to answer my questions over email and helped me choose the correct size gown. Once shipped it only took 2 days to arrive!

About Phinished Gown

We take pride in offering the highest quality regalia and great customer service. All the materials we use have been specifically chosen to closely match university designs and crafted into beautiful PhD regalia. We strive to make our doctoral regalia affordable to all PhD graduates so that you can celebrate your graduation day in style.

Academic Apparel

Graduation Cap and Gown, Choir Robes, Academic Regalia, and more.

Graduation Caps and Gowns, Choir Robes, Academic Regalia, Judicial Robes, and more.

• Cap and Gown

We’re the best Graduation cap and gown manufacturer in the United States. Focusing on every commencement ceremony aspect. Robes , honor stoles and college stoles. We have tassels, graduation gowns, caps and mortarboards. Hoods and tams . Academic also supplies the industry-best middle school cap and gown sets! Wholesale prices for bulk purchases available.

• Academic Regalia

Over 70 years of the best Academic Regalia . Including: graduate gown, tam (tams in 4/6/8 sides), and hood with appropriate hood colors. Serving PhD, Doctoral, Master’s, and Bachelor’s graduates. Choose from inexpensive Verona brand of student regalia cap and gown. longer-lasting Professional faculty regalia and graduate gowns are also available.

Honor Cords, College Stoles

With a variety of honor cord colors, we’ve got the honor cords (AKA honor chords or honors chords) for you. Great honors products for honor societies. College stole selection (or church stoles.) Silk-screened or embroidered with honor society symbols! Academic Apparel covers every grade for students and faculty. From middle school to high school. Collegiate college university bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees.

• Choir Robes

Choir robes , church robes, and choral accessories. Large stole supply. Choral Directors to Presidents, Minister of Music, or member of a committee. Academic Apparel choir gowns fit your needs. Specializing in choral gowns and church gowns since 1946. Also providing costumes and uniforms for studios. Check resources for recent gowns, choir robe, and church robes coverage. Research the History of Choir Robes . You can request a catalog by phone at (800) 626-5000 x0, or by email at [email protected] . Also view or download a free PDF of our entire Choir Catalog by clicking on the link below: 

Judicial Robes, (Judge)

Judicial robes for all judges: federal or state, ALJ, and commissioner. The finest judicial robes, and accessories for judge robes. Judge robe styles tailored to gender or unisex. Customize your judicial gown to include such things as eyeglass pockets. We’ve been supplying judge robes for over 60 years!

• Caps, Mortarboards, Tams

Academic offers the finest selection of graduation accessories. Tams, caps, and mortarboards in a variety of fabrics and quality levels. Tams come in four, six, or eight sides. We also offer a large number of tassel colors, with year-date tassel drops. Find a multi-colored tassels to match your school colors.  Gold bullion tassels for use with your tam.

Academic Choir Apparel was founded on the production and sale of church gowns and accessories. Our selection of stoles has only grown over the years. Choose from an an excellent array of choral stoles. You can even highlight it with embroidery in a standard design. Create your own unique organizational or church symbol.

• Class Rings

Academic manufactures and sells class rings through a separate web site. We sell high school class rings, corporate rings, sports rings, and organization rings. A class ring is a perfect highlight to celebrate and represent the conclusion of your school career. Purchased along with your graduation gowns. Choose from any of our side designs, stones, metals, finishes, engravings, and styles.

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Graduation Products:

• Honor Cords
• College Stoles

Choir Products:

• Choir Stoles

Judicial Products:

• Judicial Robes

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Academic Apparel 8944 Mason St. Chatsworth, CA 91311 USA

ACADEMIC was established in 1946 (starting as a judge robe manufacturer), and remains with the same family, dedicated to the best customer service in the industry.

Marston Robing

Doctoral graduation gown.

Your PhD graduation ceremony will be a proud and prestigious occasion, and a quality Doctorate graduation cap and gown will ensure you look the part for the big event. We understand how significant your Doctorate graduation is, even if you’re celebrating at home , so we overlook no detail.

Ordering Your Doctorate Graduation Cap and Gown

When it comes to PhD regalia, there is a range of different gowns and accessories to choose from.

At Marston Robing, we offer Doctoral gowns, hoods and bonnets in three styles – PhD, QMUL, and London PhD. Our gown sizes are designed to fit individuals from 5’0 to 7’0 ft tall. To find your doctoral graduation gown size please take a look at our gown size chart .

You can also order a Tudor Bonnet from us, a traditional Doctoral graduation hat. The Tudor Bonnet is soft, comfortable and features an adjustable inner headband. You can choose from a velvet or cloth fabric in black, red or royal blue.

If you are ordering a Doctoral hat, we recommend looking over our graduation hat guide before purchase.

As with all of our graduation gowns , customisation is an option. If you can’t find a Doctorate graduation cap or gown in a colour you’d like, please get in touch with our team and we can discuss your options.

Bespoke Orders: For bespoke orders, please get in touch or give us a call on 01264 339706 . Our team are more than happy to discuss your requirements with you and help you to complete your order.  

If you have any more queries, please head to our FAQ page or get in touch with our team. 

QMUL Gown, Hood and Bonnet with Cord for Doctorate/PhD Level

To enable graduates to celebrate at home due to the current situation, we are offering the sale of o..

£660.00 Ex VAT: £550.00

Adjustable Tudor Bonnet

A Tudor bonnet is a traditional soft round cap, with a tassel hanging from a cord encircling the hat..

£85.00 Ex VAT: £70.83

Adjustable Tudor Bonnet - Ceremony Stock

This item is from our ceremony stock and has been worn once but is in excellent condition.It is adju..

£35.00 Ex VAT: £29.17

Honour Cord with Tassels

Honour cords are traditionally provided to individuals graduating with honours and are worn around t..

£8.50 Ex VAT: £7.08

London PhD Style Gown, Hood and Bonnet-Ex Hire Stock

This is the London PhD style gown and matching hood with tudor bonnet. Gown - burgundy with bur..

£280.00 Ex VAT: £233.33

PhD Style Gown, Hood and Bonnet--Ex Hire Stock

This PhD style gown comes with matching hood and a black tudor bonnet. Gown - re..

£195.00 Ex VAT: £162.50

Frequently Asked Questions

• Can my order be sent to a different delivery address?  Yes, when ordering you will have the opportunity to select a different delivery address.
• What do I do if I want a colour that is not listed?  Please contact us to discuss your requirements, we will help to the best of our ability, but please allow 4-6 weeks for customised orders.
• I would like customised stoles, how do I order?  Please contact us to discuss your requirements.
• Orders received before 2pm are usually dispatched that working day, or if later, then within 1 working day, and should be received in line with our shipping times.

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Premium Black Doctoral Regalia Set

Bachelor's & Master's Regalia

In search of Bachelor's or Master's degree regalia? Our friends at Happy Tassel provide sustainable graduation caps and gowns with outstanding customer service!

Save with Your Classmates and Colleagues

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Coordinate with Peers

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FREE sample set provided so your group can see and feel the quality and tailoring of CAPGOWN Regalia.

Order Together and Save!

Save up to $45 per regalia set when you order with 10 or more colleagues.

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Why Choose Us?

CAPGOWN was started by a Stanford Ph.D. who believes everyone should be able to celebrate their accomplishments in high-quality, well-made doctoral regalia.

Our products are tailored with super-premium fabrics – plush velvet, breathable crêpe, and luxurious satin – that will last throughout your career.

Our direct-to-consumer model allows us to offer the best prices without sacrificing quality. With our regalia, you can save up to $600 compared to the university bookstore!

Hundreds of positive five-star reviews say it all! We offer quick and friendly service with free shipping both ways. If you are not happy with your order, contact us and we will assist you right away.

What Do The Doctors Say?

Hundreds of happy grads and faculty members have said it all!

"Wonderful overall experience."

Ph.D., | Texas A&M Commerce

"It arrived as new and the quality can't be compared to others."

Ph.D. | The University of Texas at Austin

The staff made it as an easy and excellent experience.

The quality is much better than anything in the bookstore. The price is extremely reasonable

"Worth it. Excellent regalia that looked great."

Ph.D. | University of Washington

"The regalia fit perfectly and looked fantastic."

Ph.D. | The Chicago School of Professional Psychology

Commencement

About premium black doctoral regalia.

CAPGOWN makes it easy for proud graduates and alumni to wear high-quality regalia by offering a rental or purchase option, both of which are delivered right to your door. You will receive a premium quality regalia set with either option. Our premium regalia is designed in the traditional sense. Our premium standard regalia set includes a doctoral gown, Ph.D. hood, and an eight-sided velvet tam with adjustable velcro and your choice of silk or gold bullion tassel. The body of the doctoral gown is black with plush black velvet panels that include gold pipping. The gown features bell sleeves with three black velvet chevrons in the doctoral gown tradition. The doctoral hood is trimmed with plush blue velvet denoting the awarded Doctorate of Philosophy and your choice of lining. Whether you are being awarded your doctorate and want to commemorate this momentous occasion or you’re a faculty member looking for regalia that will last you year after year, you are going to shine on the graduation stage with our premium material and skillful craftsmanship. Don't wait 4-8 weeks to get your regalia from your university bookstore. We offer industry-leading customer service with one-day fulfillment, free shipping, and free exchanges.

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Academic Regalia at Graduation, Explained

University commencements are exciting celebrations of student achievement, and they also provide faculty, students, and their families a visible connection to the birth of the modern university way back in the 12th century.

The black robes worn by graduating students and their faculty are known as academic “regalia” – and there’s a difference between a master’s degree gown vs bachelor’s.

While undergraduate graduation robes may all seem the same, at the graduate level regalia tell a rich story of the graduate’s academic journey. That is, they do if you know what to look for!

Master’s regalia meaning

What do masters graduates wear? At the master’s level, regalia consists of a simple black gown. What distinguishes a master’s level gown from a baccalaureate gown are the sleeves. Master’s level gowns usually have long, extended sleeves. Historically, those sleeves could have been used as pockets.

The headgear for the master’s regalia is traditionally the square mortarboard cap. (Graduates wear the mortarboard only at the full University commencement, as they get in the way of the College hooding ceremony.) At University commencement, wear the mortarboard tassel on the right. After your degree is conferred, move the tassel to the left.

The master’s hood is a modern interpretation of the hooded robes worn by medieval monks who taught in the early universities. The monks would use their hoods to keep warm in the winters and also to collect alms. The master’s hood is 3.5 feet long and features a three-inch velvet trim that indicates the graduate’s academic discipline. The inside of the hood, displayed on the graduate’s back, shows the colors of the school from which the student graduated.

Master’s hood colors

Master’s students at the College of Graduate and Professional Studies receive hoods with UNE blue and silver on the inside, and the following colors on the outside:

• Master of Science in Applied Nutrition : Science Gold
• Master of Science in Education : Light Blue
• Master of Science in Health Informatics : Science Gold
• Master of Public Health : Salmon
• Master of Social Work : Citron
• Master of Healthcare Administration : Drab (light brown)

Certificates of Advanced Graduate Study (CAGS) regalia

Students graduating from the post-master’s Certificate of Advanced Graduate Study program wear the light blue hood of Education with a light blue cord indicating their advanced study.

Doctoral regalia meaning

At the doctoral level, regalia consists of a more elaborate gown with a five-inch velvet panel down the front and three velvet bars on each sleeve. The velvet trim on a doctoral gown indicates the degree and academic discipline of the graduate. Some schools choose a color other than black for their doctoral regalia. Harvard University’s doctoral robes, for instance, are the school’s trademark crimson color.

Doctoral regalia colors

Graduates of UNE’s Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) program wear black gowns with light blue velvet, showing their connection to the field of education.

Doctoral regalia with navy blue or black velvet trim indicates that the wearer has earned a Doctorate of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree. Other colors of trim indicate other academic disciplines. At University commencement, you may see regalia with lilac trim (Doctorate of Dental Medicine), Olive Green (Pharmacy Doctorate), or Kelly Green (Medical or Osteopathic Doctorate).

The doctoral hood, like the master’s hood, features the colors of the graduate’s university on the inside and the color of the academic discipline on the outside.

Doctoral tam

The doctoral headgear is traditionally the soft tam. Some tams have four corners and look like floppy mortarboards. Others have six corners. The style of tam is determined by the school from which one graduates.

Fun fact: most doctoral tams have the tassel sewn to the fabric of the hat. Instead of moving the tassel from right to left, you turn the entire tam so that the tassel “moves” to the left side!

Cords and stoles for graduation regalia

You may also see graduates at commencement wearing stoles or cords. These indicate that the wearer is a member of an honor society, or has earned honors in other ways. Veterans or active duty students in the US military, for instance, have their service recognized with a red, white, and blue cord.

In the same way that the regalia robes and hoods are historical descendants of the clothing of medieval monks, cords were used in the Catholic and Anglican churches to distinguish between the varying ranks of the clergy.

In 2019, CGPS introduced the silver service cord for Public Health graduates. These students have e arned honors by engaging in service activities . If you see a graduate with a silver service cord, ask them about their service experiences. They’ve done some amazing things!

Determining the meanings of different pieces of academic regalia

Commencement may look like a sea of more-or-less uniform black gowns, but with a sharp eye, you can tell where the graduate earned their degree, what degree they earned, what honors they earned during their degree, and in what field they earned their degree.

That’s not bad for an outfit that’s more than 900 years old!

Click here for more commencement details! 

Have additional questions? Reach out! Specialized Enrollment Counselors are available Monday – Friday, 8 am – 5 pm EST via email at [email protected] or by calling (855) 325-0896.

If you dream about walking across the stage yourself someday, download our guide to find out which online program is right for you:

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Make it count for your 2024 graduation.

Choose from a variety of graduation apparel for your high school graduation.

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Choose from a variety of graduation apparel for your college/university graduation.

Custom and In-Stock Academic Regalia

GradShop is your source for ordering Custom and In-Stock Academic Regalia for students and faculty.

We Stock the Largest Selection of Graduation Products For All Ages and School Levels

Faculty regalia.

• Bachelor's Degree Cap and Gown
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Why buy your graduation products from Gradshop ?

Discover the world of graduation essentials at Gradshop! We offer a wide range of graduation attire, from caps and gowns to stoles and gifts. Whether it's kindergarten, high school, university or beyond, we have you covered. Enjoy unbeatable prices on items like tassels, honor cords, and academic hoods. With secure ordering, free shipping options, and flexibility, Gradshop is your top choice for graduation needs. Join us in celebrating your achievements!

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Easy and efficient. I appreciated the short time that it took to arrive. Prices are very good and the items were just what we wanted. Thank you!

I ordered one before and I received it within 3 days. Very happy with this company!

It was easy to place my order for my Son’s graduation... Very pleased with the site.

The interface and navigation are fine. But I will update this comment once I receive the actual product :)

The ladies were very helpful with the questions I needed.

Quick and easy to get my regalia ordered. Very informative on what specific colors and additions needed.

It was easy to navigate through to order my graduation gown. Very accessible.

I love my products it fit me well.

so far it was pleasant. Please deliver as soon as possible. Need it by the 23rd April.

Brittney K.

It was amazing and very easy to get my baby her cap and gown for graduation:)

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Commencement regalia information, congratulations on your upcoming graduation.

Graduating students can review the below information to learn more about academic dress, military recognition, and the process of ordering regalia for their upcoming commencement.

Academic Regalia

Academic regalia, or the dress uniform of one of the U.S. Armed Forces, is required to participate in the commencement ceremony. Advanced degree candidates wear the tassel of the cap on the left front edge. Doctoral candidates should carry their hoods over their left arms during the processional; master’s candidates should wear the hoods over their shoulders (velvet toward chin).

Ordering Regalia

Master's students: Master's package includes, gown, hood, cap & tassel. If placing your order online you will receive an email requesting your height, weight, and degree. After you provide this information, the order will be processed.

You can purchase regalia or view or compare all regalia options .

Doctoral students: The doctoral package includes a custom-made gown, tam & hood. Renting is an option, as well as purchasing your regalia package. You may also view or compare regalia options .

Once you have a placed your order online, you will receive an email with either purchase or rental forms that need to be filled out and emailed to [email protected] . Once the forms are received, your order will be placed with Jostens. There is a 5-week lead time for Doctoral packages for both purchase and rentals. If you are renting, the regalia is due back to the bookstore within two weeks following commencement. Please make sure all packages are labeled with your name to guarantee proper tracking. If you need assistance, please contact the Penn State Bookstore at 814-865-9147.

Military Recognition

All graduating students who are military veterans, currently serving on active duty, in the reserve, or National Guard, or who will be granted a commission obtained through Penn State Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) are eligible to receive a red, white, and blue cord to wear with approved academic dress at commencement ceremonies. Those personnel who have already been granted priority registration status are automatically eligible for an honor cord and may visit or contact (814-863-0465) the Office of Veteran's Programs at 325 Boucke Building during normal business hours to receive it. ROTC personnel may pick up their honor cord from their representative/office. Those personnel who have not been granted priority registration, please visit this website for instructions on required proof of service and where to submit the required documentation.

Students receiving commissions in the armed forces will stand with their classmates when the academic degree is conferred, and when receiving acknowledgment as a group.

Please note - Military cords received through the University is University recognized commencement attire. Additional ornamentation is not permitted.

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Located within the University of Sydney, USYD STORE is the official home of the University's approved regalia, gift, memorabilia and clothing ranges. We believe in quality at the best price with an easy click and collect online booking method. On graduation days, guests are welcome to wait within the store while you are expertly fitted by our friendly staff. We can accommodate and welcome all schools, institutions and individuals to hire from us. If you are celebrating a non-university specific graduation, we look forward to you joining us on the iconic University of Sydney campus and grounds. Please select the “Casual Hire” option or contact us for group hire enquiries.

USYD Grad Experience

Booking graduation regalia for university of sydney graduation ceremonies.

Casual Hire

Hiring graduation regalia for other occasions.

Custom made graduation regalia for graduates and alumni of the University of Sydney

GRADUATION GUIDE

Make your graduation day run as smoothly as possible, here is our guide to making it a memorable day.

• Check the graduation ceremony time and date sent to you by the Sydney University Graduation Department before booking your hire to make sure the appropriate fitting appointment is made.
• Ensure you have written the correct degree title and faculty from which you are graduating so that the correct hood or stole can be provided at your fitting.
• Book before the week of your graduation ceremony to secure the cheapest price for your regalia hire and if you have a USU Rewards membership use your own USU Rewards membership number to get a 10% discount on your hire and any purchases made from USYD STORE.
• The dress code for the graduation ceremony is business and cocktail attire or semi-formal, depending on your personal preference. Come dressed in the outfit you are wearing to the ceremony if your fitting is the day of your graduation, as you made need to be redressed after changing (exception to day before fittings).
• Make sure you have some form of ID (Student ID, licence etc.) with you when collecting your graduation regalia.
• Allow enough time to arrive at USYD STORE for your fitting and to check in before your ceremony with the Graduations Department tent, located on the grass next to the Great Hall.
• Our team of graduation staff will fit you according to your degree requirements and for hire all sizing of the gown and trencher will be done at your fitting appointment so there is no need to supply size measurements unless purchasing.
• Make sure to return your regalia if you hired from USYD STORE, according to the return time listed on your booking form to avoid a late fee.

GRADUATE DIPLOMA STOLES

*1 Indigenous Australians are welcome to wear the indigenous stole together with their degree’s hood stole. Please note this can only be worn by Graduands who are of Aboriginal descent. It is worn in addition to the degree's hood or stole. *2 All Graduate Diploma's in faculty of Architecture wear the Architecture stole. *3 All Graduate Certificates in faculty of Health Sciences wear the Health Science stole.

If your course is not listed and you have previously graduated from a degree then you are welcome to wear the hood that signifies your qualification. Please note that degree colours vary from each University and we only stock Sydney University regalia. If you have previously graduated from another University and you have an idea of what your degree colours are we will try to match them accordingly.

If your course is not listed and you have not previously attained a University degree of any kind then you are only required to wear a Bachelor style gown and trencher cap (2 pieces).

MERCHANDISE

USYD STORE sells official University of Sydney merchandise and memorabilia instore and online through the USU Shop.

You can pre order flowers, bears and frames during check out, when booking your graduation package. You must collect your order, along with your graduation package, at USYD STORE on the day of your graduation ceremony. You must collect your pre order along with your Graduation package at the USYD Store on the day of your graduation ceremony.

PHOTOGRAPHY

USYD STORE official photography partner, GFP Graduations, provides a range of fun and professional photography experiences plus all Certificate Framing and Plaque services for Graduates. GFP are available on campus to capture your important moments with family and friends and they offer a range of packages and prices during your graduation ceremony. To find out more, click here .

Each item of graduation dress item (gown, hood and trencher) is referred to as a piece. This includes the following:

• The appropriate style gown for your degree.
• The correct coloured hood or stole which signifies the degree in which you are graduating from as per the universities senate resolutions.
• The appropriate headwear for your degree.

Get in Touch

Store information.

Location: Level 3 (Ground Floor), Holme Building, Science Road, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006

Open Monday to Friday: 9am – 4pm On the day of graduation ceremonies, we are open from 7:30am – 5pm

The Citadel Board of Visitors approves tuition rates for 2024-25 academic year

The citadel’s nursing program secures 10 year reaccreditation, showcasing educational excellence, russell triplett introduced as the citadel baseball head coach, after a semester at the citadel, four ukrainian exchange students reflect on their experience, what’s new at the citadel: provost visits with mp rotary, introducing the citadel class of 2024.

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During a June meeting, The Citadel Board of Visitors voted not to raise in-state cadet tuition for the upcoming academic year. At the same meeting, the BOV also voted to slightly increase tuition for out-of-state cadets.

Last year, in November, the BOV voted for a 4.25% tuition increase for both in-state and out-of-state cadets but later determined that increase to be unnecessary.

Instead, in-state tuition will remain the same as the previous year and the out-of-state tuition will be increased by only 3%.

“For the past six years, we’ve worked to keep tuition as low as possible for our cadets and students as we educate and develop principled leaders,” said Col. Greg Delleney, ’74, chair of The Citadel Board of Visitors. “This small increase validates the college’s strategic efforts to reduce costs while maintaining our exceptional programs. We are also grateful for the support and additional funding from the South Carolina legislature and Gov. Henry McMaster, which helps offset the inflation that continues to weigh on families.”

This vote on tuition comes as the Higher Education Price Index (HEPI) projects a 3.4% tuition increase for many colleges and universities across the country. The HEPI estimate is calculated with available, year-to date data points coupled with a forecast of remaining numbers based on historic data.

The South Carolina Corps of Cadets

The Citadel is one of the only two remaining 24/7 military colleges, aside from the federal academies. As such, when comparing college tuition rates, it is important to note that The Citadel’s fee structure is different because the costs of room and board, and multiple sets of military uniforms, comprise the overall “all-in” rate. This is because members of the South Carolina Corps of Cadets — all undergraduates — must live in the barracks, eat most meals in the mess hall and wear uniforms while on or near campus. Laundry, dry cleaning and books are also included in the all-in rate, with those costs calculated as part of each cadet’s One Card/ Quartermaster Account .

The all-in rate does not include other items such as fees that vary according to the academic major or schedule of each cadet or student. Those major-specific fees align with the higher cost of some majors for faculty, labs, materials or programming.

For all cadets, there will be a small increase in pricing for additional fees; all cadets will also see a slight increase in room and board.

The costs of attendance for the 2024-25 academic year are below. Freshman year charges are higher because of first-year uniform purchases.

The Citadel Graduate College

Both undergraduate and graduate students with The Citadel Graduate College may also see very slight increases in tuition. Additional fees are different from those for cadets, as CGC students do not live on campus.

The costs of attendance for the 2024-25 academic year are below.

The Citadel has a consistent track record of achieving some of the highest four-year graduation rates in the state of South Carolina, as well as some of the highest rates of employment after graduation with alumni earning top salaries. This combination of high four-year graduation rates, high employment and high salaries helped The Citadel earn recognition as  #1 Public University in the South by  U.S. News & World Report  for 13 consecutive years .

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The Unique Burial of a Child of Early Scythian Time at the Cemetery of Saryg-Bulun (Tuva)

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Pages:  379-406

In 1988, the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition (led by M. E. Kilunovskaya and V. A. Semenov) discovered a unique burial of the early Iron Age at Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva. There are two burial mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture dated by 7th century BC. Within the barrows, which adjoined one another, forming a figure-of-eight, there were discovered 7 burials, from which a representative collection of artifacts was recovered. Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather headdress painted with red pigment and a coat, sewn from jerboa fur. The coat was belted with a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles. Besides that, a leather quiver with arrows with the shafts decorated with painted ornaments, fully preserved battle pick and a bow were buried in the coffin. Unexpectedly, the full-genomic analysis, showed that the individual was female. This fact opens a new aspect in the study of the social history of the Scythian society and perhaps brings us back to the myth of the Amazons, discussed by Herodotus. Of course, this discovery is unique in its preservation for the Scythian culture of Tuva and requires careful study and conservation.

Keywords: Tuva, Early Iron Age, early Scythian period, Aldy-Bel culture, barrow, burial in the coffin, mummy, full genome sequencing, aDNA

Information about authors: Marina Kilunovskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Semenov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Varvara Busova  (Moscow, Russian Federation).  (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Kharis Mustafin  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Irina Alborova  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Alina Matzvai  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected]

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The History of the U.S. Bar Exam, Part I – The Law’s Gatekeeper

February 13, 2024

Posted by: Sarah Friedman

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The following is a guest post by Katlin Kiefer , a former intern with the Digital Resources Division of the Law Library of Congress . She is a graduate student in the School of Information Sciences at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign .

Becoming a lawyer in the United States (U.S.) requires completing the ultimate dance recital: the bar exam. This exam separates prospective candidates from licensed lawyers. The exam’s name actually derives from this very idea of division by referencing the physical “bar” railing that would divide courtrooms. The outer side of the bar would be for public observation, while the inner side would contain the judge’s bench where the actual court proceedings would occur. Only permitted participants such as the judge, attorneys, and their clients were allowed to pass the bar into this official area. The bar has become synonymous with the law. The professional organizations of lawyers even took on the name of “ bar associations .” These bar associations govern the legal profession much like the physical bar itself does, and the bar exam is one of their most prominent tools for regulating admittance.

The Creation of the Bar Exam

Law training, like many other professions in early America , started out as an apprenticeship or clerkship . Prospective candidates would pay a fee to an established lawyer for the opportunity of both academic schooling and practical experience. No law schools or bar associations existed in colonial times, but all the colonies had their own professional bar by 1750. (Susan Katcher, Legal Training in the United States: A Brief History, 24 Wis. L. Rev. 335, 339 (2006).) Each colony had its own standards for entry, usually requiring several years of experience in a law practice. (Katcher at 339-40.) Due to the expansion of the profession as the country grew, bar associations began to form in the 18th century as well and thus began to dictate the rules of legal education. (Katcher at 340.)

The initial bar exams were not written; they were oral examinations , usually administered by a judge in the jurisdiction in which the candidate wished to practice or by a lawyer already admitted to that bar. The first known bar examination in the U.S. was held in the Delaware Colony in 1783. Starting in the late 18th century and lasting to the late 19thcentury, these exams were considered very lax , being both casual in nature and not terribly difficult.

There is even a historical narrative   sourced from the recollections of a man in the late 1850s of Abraham Lincoln , the 16th U.S. President, being an incredibly lenient bar examiner. ( Robert A. Sprecher, Lincoln As A Bar Examiner , 42 Ill. Bar. J. at 7 (1954) .) Lincoln personally helped several Illinois bar applicants who would be attempting to apply in an Illinois district that had recently increased their work experience requirement beyond the experience the men had completed. (Sprecher at 4-5.) Lincoln reached out to the men to tell them to apply in his district of Springfield instead, where the work experience requirement was not increased. (Sprecher at 5.)

The Evolution of the Bar Exam

The bar exam lost this mercy very quickly upon moving to a written format. The first state to offer a written bar exam was Massachusetts in 1855. This was initially an option for those who could not take the oral exam, but became a requirement in 1876 in the county in which Boston is located. Between 1890 and 1920 , written bar exams were adopted by the majority of states.

The late 19th century saw various routes to licensure with the availability of apprenticeships, written exams, and diploma privileges for law school graduates. Law schools started emerging in the mid-1800s, but the numbers grew significantly at the turn of the century (15 schools in 1850; 102 schools in 1900; 146 schools in 1920). (Katcher at 348.) This expansion can be attributed to the shifting attitudes around academia as a more prestigious and efficient model than apprenticeship. (Katcher at 347-48.) Diploma privilege, automatic admittance to the bar upon graduation from law school, was implemented by states starting in the 1870s. At one time, 32 states offered this option, but today only Wisconsin still offers diploma privilege.

This decline can be traced to a declaration by the American Bar Association (ABA) in 1921, stating that they preferred to license attorneys on their performance on a written exam versus earning a diploma. States mostly agreed with the organization and over time abolished diploma privilege, opting in favor of the written exam over all other options.

Most written exams were just essays until 1972 when the  National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE) decided to create a consistent test, the Multistate Bar Examination (MBE) . The MBE is made up of multiple-choice questions on many fundamental topics. The Multistate Essay Examination (MEE) and the Multistate Performance Test (MPT) were introduced in 1988 and 1997 respectively by the NCBE, once again for consistency. The MEE requires essays with a wider range of topics than the MBE, and the MPT requires the test taker to draft a practical work product such as a memo or brief. All three of these tests, MBE, MEE, and MPT, make up the most popular modern bar exam, which is collectively known now as the Uniform Bar Exam (UBE) .

The “uniform” in the name refers to the use of the same exam across multiple jurisdictions. The ABA and other associations sought a test where a score could transition from one jurisdiction to another in the early 2000s. This came to fruition in the UBE in 2011 . As of 2024, 41 U.S. jurisdictions have adopted the UBE , allowing test takers to transfer their scores to their chosen UBE jurisdiction. While all of these jurisdictions have adopted the UBE, they are still free to set their own minimum passing score . The lowest minimum passing score, found in several states, is 260, while the highest and most common minimum passing score is 270.

The bar exam in all its forms has always had critics. The COVID-19 pandemic greatly disrupted legal education and certification , as it did most of the world, and amplified the criticism of the current system. Several states allowed temporary diploma privilege during the crisis but all have discontinued that measure as of February 2021. The bar exam for some states went remote before returning to in-person exams, but the NCBE is planning a redesigned bar exam by 2026 that may offer this option again. Those who oppose the exam have proposed other models , with options such as experiential learning during law school or a time of supervised practice after law school. Legal training in the U.S. may go full circle back to its roots in an apprenticeship but, for now, the bar exam remains the standard.

Part Two, which discusses individuals who broke down barriers when they joined the bar, will be published tomorrow.

Resources Referenced

• Susan Katcher, Legal Training in the United States: A Brief History, 24 Wis. L. Rev. 335, 339 (2006). https://wilj.law.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1270/2012/02/katcher.pdf
• Robert A. Sprecher, Lincoln As A Bar Examiner, 42 Ill. Bar. J. (1954). https://www.isba.org/sites/default/files/lincoln/1954lincolnbarexamineribjaug.pdf

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Comments (3)

This is an important and consequential history. There are groups that would like to reform or even eliminate the bar exam and return to the 18th/early 19th century practices. But there are mainstream initiatives to re-evaluate the impact of bar admission requirements on the public’s access to legal help, especially in rural communities (e.g., a current study by the Conference of Chief Justices). Looking forward to Part 2.

I believe VA is one of the few states where you can apprentice vice law school. The bar examination requirement remains if one wishes to practice law.

I graduated in 1980..Still, before the Great Bar ..Never give up!

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