case study html

This HTML course for web developers provides a solid overview for developers, from novice to expert level HTML. Go back

Welcome to Learn HTML!

This HTML course for web developers provides a solid overview for developers, from novice to expert level HTML.

Overview of HTML

A brief introduction to the key concepts in HTML.

Document structure

Learn how to structure your HTML documents with a solid foundation.

How to use meta tags to provide information about your documents.

Semantic HTML

Using the correct HTML elements to describe your document content.

Headings and sections

How to correctly use sectioning elements to give meaning to your content.

Learn about the different global attributes along with attributes specific to particular HTML elements.

Text basics

How to format text using HTML.

Everything you need to know about links.

Lists and other ways of grouping your content.

Navigation is a key element of any site of application, and it starts with HTML.

Understanding how to use tables to mark up tabular data.

An overview of forms in HTML.

An overview of images in HTML.

Audio and Video

Discover how to work with HTML media such as audio and video.

Template, slot, and shadow

An explanation of template, slot, and shadow.

Learn how HTML information can be exposed and manipulated using JavaScript.

How to manage focus order in your HTML documents.

Other inline text elements

An introduction to the range of elements used to mark-up text.

Details and summary

Discover how the very useful details and summary elements work, and where to use them.

The element is a useful element for representing any kind of dialog in HTML, find out how it works.

Conclusion and next steps

Wrapping up with some further resources.

Web Development & Design Foundations with HTML 5

A first course in web development.

The 10th edition of Web Development & Design Foundations is available!

Announcing the 10th Edition

Building on this textbook’s successful ninth edition, new features for the tenth edition include:

• Chapter 7 has been renamed Responsive Page Layout and takes a mobile first approach! There is a greatly expanded focus on new layout systems including CSS Flexible Layout Module (Flexbox) and CSS Grid Layout — including configuring grids using named areas.
• Chapter 9 introduces form layout with the CSS Flexbox and Grid Layout Systems
• Updated coverage of HTML5 elements and attributes
• Updated code samples, case studies, and web resources
• Expanded treatment of page layout design and responsive web design techniques
• Updated reference sections for HTML5 and CSS
• Additional Hands-On Practice exercises

The book will be primarily available as a Pearson eText. Print copies will be available on demand. Table of Contents Purchase at Pearson

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and World Wide Web

This brief introduction covers the terms and concepts related to the Internet and the Web with which Web developers need to be familiar. For many students, some of this will be a review. Chapter 1 provides the base of knowledge on which the rest of the textbook is built.

Chapter 2: HTML Basics

As HTML5 is introduced, examples and exercises encourage students to create sample pages and gain useful experience. Students are encouraged to create sample pages as they read through the text.

Chapter 3: Configuring Color and Text with CSS

The technique of using Cascading Style Sheets to configure the color and text on web pages is introduced.

Chapter 4: Visual Elements and Graphics

This chapter discusses the use of graphics and visual effects on web pages, including image optimization, CSS borders, CSS image backgrounds, new CSS3 visual effects, and new HTML5 elements. Students are encouraged to create web pages as they read through the text.

Chapter 5: Web Design

This chapter focuses on recommended web design practices and accessibility. Some of this is reinforcement because tips about recommended website design practices are incorporated into the other chapters.

Chapter 6: Page Layout

This chapter continues the study of CSS begun earlier and introduces techniques for positioning and floating web page elements, including a two-column CSS page layout, CSS sprites, CSS for printing, single page website navigation, and more!

Chapter 7: Responsive Page Basics

A mobile first approach is used as this chapter introduces coding techniques for responsive web pages including media queries, feature queries, CSS Flexible Box Layout (Flexbox), CSS Grid Layout, HTML5 picture element, and responsive attributges for the img element.

Chapter 8: Tables

This chapter focuses on the HTML elements used to create tables. Methods for configuring a table with CSS are introduced.

Chapter 9: Forms

This chapter focuses on the HTML elements used to create forms. Methods for configuring the form with CSS, including CSS Grid Layout, are introduced. New HTML5 form control elements and attribute values are introduced.

Chapter 10: Web Development

This chapter focuses on the process of website development, including the job roles needed for a large-scale project, the web development process, and web hosting.

Chapter 11: Web Media and Interactivity

This chapter offers an overview of topics related to adding media and interactivity to web pages. These topics include HTML5 video and audio, CSS3 transforms, CSS transitions, CSS animation, aninteractive image gallery, interactivity with HTML5 Details and Summary elements, and a quick overview of HTML5 APIs, JavaScript, and AJAX.

Chapter 12: E-Commerce Overview

This chapter introduces e-commerce, security, and order processing on the Web.

Chapter 13: Web Promotion

This chapter discusses site promotion from the web developer’s point of view and introduces search engine optimization.

Chapter 14: A Brief Look at JavaScript & jQuery

This chapter provides an introduction to client-side scripting using JavaScript and jQuery.

Author Profile

Dr. Morris has a unique combination of years of industry experience in addition to many years teaching technology courses. Her hands-on approach to this topic enables students to become productive quickly. More Author Info

Student Files

Student files for the 10th edition are available for free download from Pearson .

Instructor Materials

Downloads are available to instructors with exercise solutions, case solutions, PowerPoint presentations, and sample test questions. Contact your Pearson Higher Ed representative or visit Pearson Publishing for more information.

Collection of 100 HTML and CSS Mini Projects for Beginners with Source Code

By Faraz - February 12, 2024

Explore 100 beginner-friendly HTML and CSS projects with source code. Kickstart your coding journey with hands-on practice, tutorials, and easy-to-follow examples.

HTML and CSS form the backbone of web development, and mastering them is crucial for anyone aspiring to become a web developer. One effective way to enhance your skills is by working on mini-projects. In this article, we'll explore a collection of 100 HTML and CSS projects suitable for beginners, each accompanied by its source code.

Table of Contents

Introduction to HTML and CSS Mini Projects

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) are fundamental technologies for building web pages. Mini projects provide a practical approach for beginners to apply their knowledge and gain hands-on experience.

1. Glowing Search Bar

Enhance your web development skills with our first mini project - the Glowing Search Bar. This engaging HTML and CSS project not only teaches you the basics of form design but also introduces a captivating glowing effect. Users will learn how to create an interactive search bar that lights up when clicked, adding a touch of sophistication to any website. Dive into the provided source code to understand the underlying structure and make your web pages shine.

2. Social Media Icons

In the vast world of web development, incorporating social media icons seamlessly into your website is a crucial skill. Our second mini-project focuses on just that. Learn how to design and implement stylish social media icons using HTML and CSS. The accompanying source code breaks down the process step by step, empowering beginners to create visually appealing icons that link directly to their respective profiles.

3. Drop Down Menu

Navigation is key in creating user-friendly websites, and our third mini project, the Drop Down Menu, will teach you just that. This project delves into HTML and CSS to guide you through the creation of a sleek and functional drop-down menu. Understand the coding principles behind building a responsive navigation system that enhances the user experience. The provided source code ensures that beginners can grasp the concepts and implement this essential feature in their own projects effortlessly.

4. Simple Calculator

Explore the fundamentals of interactive web applications with our Simple Calculator mini project. This HTML and CSS project introduces the basics of form handling and user input. Users will discover how to create a minimalist calculator using straightforward code. Dive into the source code to comprehend the logic behind each function, gaining valuable insights into building more complex applications in the future.

5. Login Form

Security is paramount in the online world, making the creation of effective login forms a crucial skill for any web developer. Our fifth mini project guides beginners through the process of building a user-friendly Login Form using HTML and CSS.

6. Registration Form

Strengthen your grasp on web development by creating a Registration Form using HTML and CSS. This mini project walks beginners through the process of building a form that captures user details efficiently.

7. Animated Search Button

Elevate the visual appeal of your website with an Animated Search Button. This mini project delves into HTML and CSS animations, teaching beginners how to add dynamic elements to their pages. The provided source code breaks down the animation process, empowering users to implement eye-catching search buttons that enhance user engagement and interactivity.

8. Breadcrumb

Navigation is made seamless with the Breadcrumb mini project. Learn how to create a breadcrumb trail using HTML and CSS, aiding users in understanding their location within a website. The source code provides a step-by-step guide, making it easy for beginners to integrate this essential navigation feature into their web pages effectively.

9. Carousel Sliders

Delve into the world of dynamic content presentation with Carousel Sliders. This mini project introduces HTML and CSS techniques to create engaging image sliders. By exploring the source code, beginners can comprehend the logic behind carousel functionality, paving the way for them to showcase content in a visually appealing and interactive manner.

10. Loaders

Master the art of visual feedback with Loaders. This mini project focuses on creating loading animations using HTML and CSS, enhancing the user experience on your website. The source code offers a comprehensive understanding of designing and implementing loaders, providing beginners with the tools to make their websites more dynamic and user-friendly.

11. Radio Button

Dive into form elements with the Radio Button mini project. This HTML and CSS project guide beginners through the creation and styling of radio buttons, adding interactivity to user input forms.

12. Blog Card Grid

Enhance the visual appeal of your blog layout with the Blog Card Grid mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create an organized and stylish grid of blog cards. The accompanying source code breaks down the structure and styling, offering insights into designing captivating blog layouts for a more engaging user experience.

13. Responsive Footer

Complete your website with a polished touch by mastering the art of a Responsive Footer. This mini project focuses on creating a bottom section that adapts seamlessly to various screen sizes.

14. Responsive Navbar

Navigation is made effortless with the Responsive Navbar mini project. Learn to create a navigation bar that adjusts gracefully to different screen sizes using HTML and CSS. The source code provides a step-by-step guide, enabling beginners to implement responsive navigation for an optimal user experience.

15. Switch Button

Add a touch of interactivity to your website with the Switch Button mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create a toggle switch for various settings.

16. Bottom Tab Bar

Explore mobile-friendly navigation with the Bottom Tab Bar mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can create a sleek bottom navigation bar commonly found in mobile applications. The source code provides insights into the structure and styling, making it easy for users to implement this intuitive navigation feature on their websites.

17. To Do List

Organize tasks efficiently with the To-Do List mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn the basics of creating a dynamic task list with checkboxes.

18. Landing Page

Make a striking first impression with the Landing Page mini project. Learn to design and structure an appealing landing page using HTML and CSS. The source code breaks down the components, empowering beginners to create captivating entry points for their websites or projects.

19. Card Design

Elevate your content presentation with the Card Design mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the art of creating visually appealing cards to showcase information or products.

20. Login and Sign-Up Form

Strengthen your form-building skills with the Login and Sign-Up Form mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can create a comprehensive user authentication system.

21. Neon Button

Add a vibrant and eye-catching element to your website with the Neon Button mini project. This attention-grabbing button design stands out, encouraging user interaction. Elevate the visual appeal of your site and draw attention to important calls-to-action with this electrifying HTML and CSS project.

Improve user interaction and focus with the Modal mini project. This feature allows you to display additional content or prompts in a pop-up window without navigating away from the current page. Enhance user engagement and create a more immersive experience on your website with this versatile HTML and CSS project.

23. Split Text

Bring a creative touch to your website's typography with the Split Text mini project. This eye-catching effect divides text into distinct elements, adding visual interest to headings and other textual content.

24. Product Page

Showcase your products effectively with the Product Page mini project. Learn to structure and style a compelling page using HTML and CSS. The source code breaks down the components, providing beginners with a foundation for creating engaging and informative product pages on their websites.

25. Button with Border Animation

Elevate your button designs with the Button with Border Animation mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the creation of buttons with dynamic border animations.

26. Google WebPage Clone

Hone your web development skills by recreating the iconic Google WebPage. This ambitious mini project uses HTML and CSS to guide beginners through the process of cloning Google's homepage.

27. Glitch Text Effect

Embrace the digital aesthetic with the Glitch Text Effect mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create text elements with a glitchy, distorted appearance.

28. Apple Website Clone

Learn from the best by cloning Apple's website with this mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the intricacies of designing a modern and sleek webpage.

29. Spinners and Loaders

Optimize the user experience during loading times with the Spinners and Loaders mini project. These visually pleasing loading animations entertain users and signal that content is on its way. Improve user retention and satisfaction by incorporating these stylish loaders, turning potential wait times into engaging interactions.

30. NFT Landing Page

Explore the world of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) with the NFT Landing Page mini project. This project allows you to create a dedicated page for showcasing NFT collections or information. Stay on top of current trends in web development and cater to niche interests by incorporating this HTML and CSS project into your site.

31. Accordion

Enhance your webpage's content organization with the Accordion mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create collapsible sections, saving space and improving user navigation. Dive into the source code to understand the structure and styling, enabling you to implement accordions seamlessly into your websites.

32. Social Media Icons with Tooltip

Elevate your social media presence with Social Media Icons featuring Tooltips. This mini project focuses on combining HTML and CSS to design and implement icons with interactive tooltips. Explore the source code to understand the principles behind creating visually appealing icons that provide additional information when hovered over.

33. Neobrutalism Sign-up Form

Embrace the modern design trend of neobrutalism with the Neobrutalism Sign-up Form. This mini project uses HTML and CSS to guide beginners through the creation of a sleek and minimalist sign-up form. Dive into the source code to understand the styling techniques, adding a touch of contemporary aesthetics to your web pages.

34. Responsive Card

Master the art of creating cards that adapt to various screen sizes with the Responsive Card mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design cards that look great on both desktop and mobile devices. Explore the source code to understand responsive design principles, ensuring a polished appearance on all platforms.

35. Circular Grid

Explore a unique layout with the Circular Grid mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to arrange elements in a circular pattern, adding a creative touch to their web pages.

Add a user-friendly rating system to your website with the Rating mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create interactive star or number-based ratings.

Introduce dynamic elements to your website with the Clock mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design and implement a digital or analog clock.

38. Glassmorphism Loader

Stay on top of design trends with the Glassmorphism Loader mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create loaders with a glass-like frosted glass effect. Explore the source code to understand styling techniques, allowing you to incorporate this trendy design element into your websites.

39. Checkout Form

Perfect your e-commerce user experience with the Checkout Form mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create a comprehensive and visually appealing checkout form.

40. Modern Tooltips

Upgrade your website's tooltips with the Modern Tooltips mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design and implement tooltips that align with contemporary design trends. Explore the source code to understand styling techniques, adding informative and visually appealing tooltips to your web pages.

41. Product Landing Page

Create a compelling showcase for your products with the Product Landing Page mini project. This feature allows you to present product details, images, and calls-to-action in a visually appealing layout.

42. Neumorphic Button

Embrace the neumorphic design trend with the Neumorphic Button mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create buttons with a soft and tactile appearance. Dive into the source code to understand styling techniques, adding a touch of modern aesthetics to your web pages.

43. Maintenance Page

Handle website maintenance gracefully with the Maintenance Page mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design a visually appealing maintenance page that keeps users informed.

44. Neumorphic Gradient Loader

Stay at the forefront of design trends with the Neumorphic Gradient Loader mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create loaders with a neumorphic design and gradient background.

45. Industrial Web Design

Embrace an industrial aesthetic with the Industrial Web Design mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design web pages with a rugged and mechanical look. Dive into the source code to understand styling techniques, adding a unique and thematic touch to your web projects.

46. Animated Checkbox

Add a touch of animation to user interactions with the Animated Checkbox mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create checkboxes with engaging animations.

47. Responsive Grid List

Master the art of designing responsive grid lists with this mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create lists that adapt gracefully to different screen sizes. Dive into the source code to understand responsive design principles, ensuring a polished appearance on various devices.

48. Marquee

Bring a dynamic touch to your website with the Marquee mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create scrolling text or images.

49. Filter Menu

Enhance user navigation with the Filter Menu mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create interactive menus that filter content based on user selections.

50. Comments Section

Encourage user interaction and community engagement with the Comments Section mini project. This project provides a platform for users to share their thoughts and feedback.

Explore the fundamentals of list design with this mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create well-organized and visually appealing lists. Dive into the source code to understand the principles behind list styling, adding a touch of sophistication to your web pages.

52. Social Media Buttons

Amplify your social media presence with Social Media Buttons. This mini project uses HTML and CSS to guide beginners through the process of designing and implementing buttons that link directly to social media profiles.

53. Neubrutalism Cards

Embrace the neobrutalist design trend with Neubrutalism Cards. This mini project uses HTML and CSS to guide beginners through the creation of cards with a minimalist and raw aesthetic.

54. WhatsApp Web Interface

Replicate the familiar interface of WhatsApp for the web with this mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the structure and styling of a messaging application's web interface.

55. 3D Gradient Card

Add depth to your card designs with the 3D Gradient Card mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create cards with a three-dimensional appearance and gradient background.

56. Hamburger Menu

Streamline navigation on your website with the Hamburger Menu mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create a responsive and visually appealing menu that collapses into a hamburger icon on smaller screens.

57. Transitional Buttons

Add a touch of elegance to your buttons with the Transitional Buttons mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create buttons with smooth transitions between states.

58. Our Services Section

Showcase your offerings effectively with the Our Services Section mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design and structure a dedicated section highlighting the services offered.

59. Survey Form

Gather valuable insights from users with the Survey Form mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create a comprehensive and visually appealing survey form.

60. Flower Shop Template

Create a visually stunning online presence for a flower shop with the Flower Shop Template mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the design and structure of a website template tailored for a floral business.

61. YouTube Clone

Embark on a comprehensive web development journey with the YouTube Clone mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the design and structure of a simplified version of the popular video-sharing platform.

62. Fruit Shop

Create a vibrant and visually appealing online presence for a Fruit Shop with the Fruit Shop mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the design and structure of a website template tailored for a fresh produce business.

63. Comment Box

Foster user interaction on your website with the Comment Box mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design and structure a visually appealing comment section.

64. Gooey Effect Loader

Stay on the cutting edge of design trends with the Gooey Effect Loader mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create loaders with a gooey, liquid-like effect.

65. Spotify Clone

Immerse yourself in the world of music streaming with the Spotify Clone mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the design and structure of a simplified version of the popular music platform. The source code provides insights into creating a visually appealing interface for music playback and exploration.

66. Social Media Share Buttons

Boost your content's visibility with Social Media Share Buttons. This mini project focuses on using HTML and CSS to design and implement buttons that facilitate easy sharing of content on various social media platforms.

67. Tailwind CSS Accordion

Dive into the world of utility-first CSS with the Tailwind CSS Accordion mini project. Beginners can explore the design and structure of an accordion component using the Tailwind CSS framework. The source code provides insights into creating a responsive and customizable accordion for efficient content organization.

68. Tailwind CSS Timeline

Master the art of creating timelines with the Tailwind CSS Timeline mini project. Using the Tailwind CSS framework, beginners can explore the design and structure of a responsive timeline component.

69. Testimonials

Showcase positive feedback and build trust with the Testimonials mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design and structure a section dedicated to displaying customer testimonials. Explore the source code to understand the layout and styling, ensuring an impactful presentation of client reviews on your website.

70. Blog Post Layout

Elevate your content presentation with the Blog Post Layout mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the design and structure of a visually appealing blog post template. The source code offers insights into creating an engaging and well-organized layout for sharing articles on your website.

71. Tag Cloud

Enhance content categorization with the Tag Cloud mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design and structure a visually appealing tag cloud. Dive into the source code to understand the layout and styling, ensuring an effective and dynamic way to display tags on your web pages.

72. Not Found Page

Handle 404 errors gracefully with the Not Found Page mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the design and structure of a visually appealing 404 error page. The source code offers insights into creating a user-friendly and informative experience for visitors who encounter missing pages on your website.

73. Simple Search Bar

Enhance user navigation with the Simple Search Bar mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design and structure a clean and efficient search bar.

74. Range Slider

Master the art of user input with the Range Slider mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the design and structure of a visually appealing slider component. Dive into the source code to understand the principles behind creating interactive sliders, adding a dynamic element to your web pages.

75. Comic Book Layout

Bring a touch of creativity to your website with the Comic Book Layout mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the design and structure of a visually engaging comic book-inspired layout.

76. Skeleton Loading

Optimize user experience during page loading with the Skeleton Loading mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design and structure a skeleton loading animation that provides visual feedback while content loads. Dive into the source code to understand the styling techniques, ensuring a smooth transition for users.

77. Coming Soon Page

Build anticipation for your upcoming projects with the Coming Soon Page mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the design and structure of a visually appealing page that teases upcoming content or features. The source code offers insights into creating an attractive and informative coming soon experience for your audience.

78. Pricing Page

Present your product or service offerings effectively with the Pricing Page mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design and structure a comprehensive pricing page. Explore the source code to understand the layout and styling, ensuring a clear and visually appealing presentation of your pricing tiers.

79. Bank Dashboard

Dive into the world of financial user interfaces with the Bank Dashboard mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the design and structure of a simplified bank dashboard. The source code provides insights into creating a user-friendly and visually appealing platform for managing financial information.

80. Star Rating

Implement a customizable star rating system with the Star Rating mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design and structure interactive star-based ratings.

81. Bootstrap 5 Navbar

Explore the power of Bootstrap 5 with the Bootstrap 5 Navbar mini project. Using HTML and the Bootstrap framework, beginners can learn to create a responsive and feature-rich navigation bar. Dive into the source code to understand the Bootstrap classes and styling techniques, ensuring a sleek and functional navbar for your web pages.

82. HTML Table

Master the art of data presentation with the HTML Table mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design and structure a clean and organized table. Explore the source code to understand the principles behind creating responsive and visually appealing tables for displaying various types of data on your web pages.

83. Login Modal Form

Enhance user interactions with the Login Modal Form mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design a sleek modal form that provides a seamless login experience. Dive into the source code to understand the styling techniques, ensuring an elegant and user-friendly modal for your web pages.

84. Movie Poster Cards

Dive into the world of cinema with the Movie Poster Cards mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design visually appealing cards showcasing movie posters. Explore the source code to understand styling techniques, ensuring an engaging and attractive presentation of movie information on your web pages.

85. Text Overlay

Elevate your image presentations with the Text Overlay mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to overlay text on images, creating a visually dynamic effect.

86. Sticky Call Button

Improve user accessibility with the Sticky Call Button mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create a button that remains fixed on the screen, providing quick access to essential actions. Explore the source code to understand the principles behind creating a sticky call button for enhanced user engagement.

87. Weather App Interface

Bring real-time weather information to your website with the Weather App Interface mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the design and structure of an intuitive weather application interface. Dive into the source code to understand styling techniques, ensuring a visually appealing and informative weather display.

88. Tailwind CSS Modern Buttons

Embrace the simplicity and flexibility of Tailwind CSS with the Tailwind CSS Modern Buttons mini project. Beginners can explore the design and styling of modern buttons using the Tailwind CSS framework.

89. Button with Hover Effects

Elevate your button designs with interactive hover effects in the Button with Hover Effects mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create buttons that respond dynamically to user interactions.

90. Code Snippets

Showcase your code snippets effectively with the Code Snippets mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design a visually appealing container for displaying code snippets.

91. Underline Hover Effect

Add a subtle but effective hover effect with the Underline Hover Effect mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create links that underline dynamically upon hovering.

92. Animated Wave Footer

Make a lasting impression with the Animated Wave Footer mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design a footer with a dynamic wave animation.

93. Animated Wave Banner

Capture attention with the Animated Wave Banner mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the design and structure of a banner with a captivating wave animation. Dive into the source code to understand animation techniques, creating an eye-catching introduction to your web pages.

94. Tailwind CSS Resume

Craft a professional online resume with the Tailwind CSS Resume mini project. Beginners can explore the design and styling of a modern and responsive resume using the Tailwind CSS framework.

95. Blog Card

Enhance your blog layout with the Blog Card mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design visually appealing cards to showcase blog posts. Explore the source code to understand styling techniques, ensuring an organized and engaging presentation of blog content on your web pages.

96. Tile Spinner

Add a touch of dynamism to your website with the Tile Spinner mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create a spinner animation that adds visual interest during page loading.

97. Pagination

Improve navigation through content with the Pagination mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design and structure a pagination system. Explore the source code to understand the layout and styling, ensuring an efficient and user-friendly way to navigate through multiple pages of content on your website.

98. Wooden Toggle Button

Bring a unique aesthetic to your user interface with the Wooden Toggle Button mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to design a toggle button with a wooden texture.

99. Neumorphic Buttons

Embrace the neumorphic design trend with the Neumorphic Buttons mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can learn to create buttons with a soft and tactile appearance.

100. Fire Animation

Conclude your mini project collection with a dynamic touch using the Fire Animation mini project. Using HTML and CSS, beginners can explore the design and structure of a captivating fire animation.

Mastering web development requires a combination of theoretical knowledge and hands-on experience. The collection of 100 HTML and CSS projects presented here offers a practical approach to learning, allowing you to enhance your skills in a structured manner.

Remember, the key to becoming a proficient web developer lies in consistent practice and exploration. As you work through these mini projects, don't hesitate to experiment, modify, and make each project your own. The journey of a web developer is both challenging and rewarding, and these mini projects are your stepping stones to success.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. do i need any special software for these projects.

All you need is a code editor and a web browser. No fancy software is required – just your enthusiasm for coding!

2. How can I get feedback on my projects?

Consider sharing your projects on platforms like GitHub, CodePen, or web development communities to receive constructive feedback.

3. Are these projects suitable for absolute beginners?

Yes, these projects are designed with beginners in mind. Start with simpler ones and gradually progress to more complex projects.

4. Can I modify the projects and add my own features?

Certainly! It's encouraged to personalize the projects and add your unique touch to showcase your creativity.

5. What's the next step after completing these mini projects?

After mastering these mini projects, consider exploring more advanced topics like JavaScript frameworks, backend development, and responsive design principles.

6. How long does it take to finish a mini project?

The beauty of mini projects lies in their bite-sized nature. You can complete some in a few hours, making them perfect for your busy schedule.

That’s a wrap!

Thank you for taking the time to read this article! I hope you found it informative and enjoyable. If you did, please consider sharing it with your friends and followers. Your support helps me continue creating content like this.

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Thanks! Faraz 😊

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HTML5 Case Studies: Introduction

Case studies illustrating development approaches to use of HTML5 and related Open Web Platform standards in the UK Higher Education sector.

Author: Brian Kelly

1. About This Document

This document provides an introduction to a series of HTML5 case studies which were commissioned by the JISC. The document gives an introduction to HTML5 and related standards developed by the W3C and explains why these developments represent a significant development to Web standards, which is of more significance than previous incremental developments to HTML and CSS.

2. About HTML5

The core aims of HTML5 are to improve the language with support for the latest multimedia while keeping it easily readable by humans and consistently understood by computers and devices.

HTML5 has been developed as a response to the observation that the HTML and XHTML standards in common use on the Web are a mixture of features introduced by various specifications, along with those introduced by software products such as web browsers, those established by common practice, and the many syntax errors in existing web documents

It is also an attempt to define a single markup language that can be written in either HTML or XHTML syntax. It includes detailed processing models to encourage more interoperable implementations; it extends, improves and rationalises the markup available for documents, and introduces markup and application programming interfaces (APIs) for complex web applications.

For the same reasons, HTML5 is also a potential candidate for cross-platform mobile applications. Many features of HTML5 have been built with the consideration of being able to run on low-powered devices such as smartphones and tablets.

In particular, HTML5 adds many new syntactical features. These include the new,andelements, as well as the integration of Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) content that replaces the uses of generic tags and MathML for mathematical formulae.

have been changed, redefined or standardised. The APIs and document object model (DOM) are no longer afterthoughts, but are fundamental parts of the HTML5 specification. HTML5 also defines in some detail the required processing for invalid documents so that syntax errors will be treated uniformly by all conforming browsers and other user agents.

3. The Open Web Platform

The Open Web Platform ( OWP ) is the name given to a collection of Web standards which have been developed by the W3C [3] . The Open Web Platform has been defined as “ a platform for innovation, consolidation and cost efficiencies ” [4] .

The Open Web Platform covers Web standards such as HTML5, CSS 2.1, CSS3 (including the Selectors, Media Queries, Text, Backgrounds and Borders, Colors, 2D Transformations, 3D Transformations, Transitions, Animations, and Multi-Columns modules), CSS Namespaces, SVG 1.1, MathML 3, WAI-ARIA 1.0, ECMAScript 5, 2D Context, WebGL, Web Storage, Indexed Database API, Web Workers, WebSockets Protocol/API, Geolocation API, Server-Sent Events, Element Traversal, DOM Level 3 Events, Media Fragments, XMLHttpRequest, Selectors API, CSSOM View Module, Cross-Origin Resource Sharing, File API, RDFa, Microdata and WOFF.

Use of the term Open Web Platform can be helpful in describing developments which make use of standards which complement HTML5.

The list of Web standards covered by the term provides an indication of the significant developments which are currently taking place which aim to provide much greater and more robust support for use of the Web across a variety of platforms and for a variety of uses.

4. Importance to Higher Education

The Web became of strategic importance to higher education in the mid 1990s primarily in its role as an informational resource. As the potential of Web became better understood new types of services were developed and the Web is now used to support the key areas of significance to higher educational institutions: teaching and learning and research.

However although innovative uses of the Web have been seen in these areas, the limitations of Web standards made it difficult and costly to develop highly-interactive cross-platform applications. Such difficulties meant that significant developments in use of the Web to provide applications (as opposed to access to information) was being led to large global companies, with Google's range of services such as Google Docs providing an example of a widely used Web-based application.

The experiences gained in developing such Web-based applications led to the evolution of Web standards to support such development work. In addition the growth in popularity of mobile devices led to the development of standards which could be used across multiple types of devices, in addition to the cross-platform independence which allowed Web services to be accessed across desktop PCs running MS Windows, Apple Macintosh or Linux operating systems.

Developments to the HTML5 standard enable multimedia resources to be embedded in HTML resources as a native resources. In addition developments to related standards, such as SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) and MathML (the Mathematics Markup Language) together with developments to standards which support programmatic manipulation of objects defined in these markup languages will provide a rich environment for the development of new types of tools and services which will be value to support a range of institutional requirements.

In addition the support for mobile devices will enable access to this new generation of applications to be provided across a range of mobile devices, including iPhones and iPads, Android devices and smart phones and tablet computers which may use operating systems provided by other vendors.

In brief the development of HTML5 and the Open Web Platform can provide the following benefits across higher education:

• A rich environment for the development of applications which can run in a Web browser.
• A rich environment for the development of applications which can run across a range of platforms and suit the particular requirements of mobile devices.
• A rich environment for defining the structure of scholarly resources, such as research papers, to support more effective processing of the resources.
• A neutral and open environment based on use of open standards which can provide a level playing field for application development.

5. About the HTML5 Case Studies

The HTML5 case studies have been commissioned in order to demonstrate development approaches taking place across the higher education sector by early adopters in order to support a variety of use cases which are particularly relevant in a higher education context.

The case studies are aimed primarily at developers and technical managers who wish to gain a better understanding of ways in which development approaches based on use of HTML5 and Open Web Platform can be used.

Whilst the examples described in the case studies are being used across a number of higher educational institutions we appreciate that not all institutions will wish to make use of the approaches described in the case studies - in particular we recognise that institutions may not have the development and support expertise to emulate the approaches described in the following documents. However increasingly we are seeing commercial vendors making use of HTML5 in new versions of their products. This suggests vendor support for HTML5 may be a relevant factor that in the procurement of new applications.

6. Summary of the HTML5 Case Studies

The HTML5 case studies included in this work are summarised below:

• Case Study 1: Semantics and Metadata: Machine-Understandable Documents by Sam Adams
• Case Study 2: CWD: The Common Web Design by Alex Bilbie:
• Case Study 3: Re-Implementation of the Maavis Assistive Technology Using HTML5 by Steve Lee
• Case Study 4: Visualising Embedded Metadata by Mark MacGillivray
• Case Study 5: The HTML5-Based e-Lecture Framework by Qingqi Wang
• Case Study 6: 3Dactyl: Using WebGL to Represent Human Movement in 3D by Stephen Gray
• Case Study 7: Challenging the Tyranny of Citation Formats: Automated Citation Formatting by Peter Sefton
• Case Study 8: Conventions and Guidelines for Scholarly HTML5 Documents by Peter Sefton
• Case Study 9: WordDown: A Word-to-HTML5 Conversion Tool by Peter Sefton

Semantics and Metadata: Machine-Understandable Documents: Case study 1 describes how embedding machine-understandable metadata into researchers' Web sites can help to enhance researchers' reputation by making their research outputs more visible, easier to discover and increasing their use.

CWD: The Common Web Design: Case study 2 describes the Common Web Design (CWD): the interface for the University of Lincoln’s online services. Developed with HTML5 and CSS3 technologies, the University of Lincoln's Common Web Design enables rapid development of attractive, interactive and modern Web sites.

Re-Implementation of the Maavis Assistive Technology Using HTML5 : Case study 3 is aimed at those interested in applications that provide alternative or innovative user experiences using HTML5 Web applications. The focus is on assistive technology which is designed to enable wider access to media, apps and other online technology. This access may be for users who have varying access requirements, such as older users or those with physical or cognitive impairment. Alternatively it may be for use in environments that require alternative interaction styles, for example in bright light or with restricted access to a mobile device.

Visualising Embedded Metadata: Case study 4 addresses ways of enhancing the dissemination and discoverability of research outputs. Having achieved success in making bibliographic metadata available on a large scale there is now a need to demonstrate ways for individuals and small groups to interact easily and usefully with the data, in order to show the benefit of open bibliography and open publishing in general. This case study describes how HTML5 and related Open Web Platform standards such as JavaScript, DOM and SVG can be used to provide visualisations of embedded metadata.

The HTML5-Based e-Lecture Framework: Case study 5 focuses on providing a solution to allow e-lecture creators to convert their Microsoft PowerPoint presentations into online lectures in a simple and quick fashion. The resulting e-lecture can be easily deployed on an existing Web server and delivered to both desktop and mobile platforms.

3Dactyl: Using WebGL to Represent Human Movement in 3D: Case study 6 covers the development of 3Dactyl, a hardware and software configuration, which is intended to record and represent the physical movements of an individual online in three dimensions, for scholarly research purposes. Resulting 3D scenes (as an XML document) are embeddable within a standard Web page or VLE. Examples of such 3D footage might be various forms of performance art, e.g. dance, drama or even sport where the performance of play strokes can be carefully analysed. Within the same constraints of space, surgical or therapeutic procedures would be another feasible use. When such scenes are viewed on future versions of browsers, they will not, typically, require special plug-ins to use the 3D footage interactively

Challenging the Tyranny of Citation Formats: Automated Citation Formatting : Case study 7 looks at how citations and reference lists can be represented in HTML5 in two ways; firstly with reference information supplied in-page and secondly using URIs that point to trusted bibliographic data stores. The end goal is to automate as much of the citation and reference management experience as possible at all stages of the academic workflow, from research to authoring, to publishing to citation analysis, generation of metrics and machine processing of data.

Conventions and Guidelines for Scholarly HTML5 Documents : Case study 8 looks at the fundamentals of using HTML5 for scholarly documents of all kinds, particularly theses and courseware documents (with application to journal articles as well), but with an eye on a much broader spectrum of resources, including those which are the subject of other case studies in this project such as slide presentations. It will aim to establish the basic structural and semantic building blocks for how resources should be marked up for the Web, to increase their utility for people and machines, as well as help to ensure they can be preserved effectively.

WordDown: A Word-to-HTML5 Conversion Tool : Case study 9 examines ways that academic authors working with word processors such as Microsoft Word, the OpenOffice.org family and Google Docs would be able to produce compliant Scholarly HTML5.

[1] HTML5 , Wikipedia, < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5 >

[2] Sergey’s HTML5 & CSS3 Quick Reference. 2nd Edition , Sergey Mavrody, ISBN 978-0-9833867-2-8

[3] Open Web Platform , Wikipedia, < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Web_Platform >

[4] Jeffe Jappe, W3C CEO quoted in < http://www.w3.org/2001/tag/doc/IAB_Prague_2011_slides.html >

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The Innovation Support Centre was funded during 2010-13 by the JISC , managed by UKOLN and hosted by the University of Bath .

A Space for Creative Growth

6 Web Design Case Studies We Can Learn From

Convey your thought processes and skills - and show future clients who you are as a designer

• Apr 11, 2019

We all know the importance of having a good online design portfolio. It’s your opportunity to show off your masterpieces to the world, while having full control over all aspects, from the layout, to animations, navigation and more. This way, you can have an impact on the way your work is perceived and experienced by potential clients or employers.

That’s all very well, but when it comes to web design projects, why not simply add a link to the website itself and let your visitors browse freely over there? Sure – you should link to any websites you’ve designed, but there are many ways to effectively showcase your web design projects on your portfolio.

Creating a case study that explains your work process and final results can elevate your projects to a whole other level. It can help your site visitors gain a better understanding of who you are, the way you work, your decision-making processes and more. Just like any other design project, a case study should tell a story. It should take your site visitors on a journey through your process, from color palette choices, to icons created specifically for the project, ‘before and after’ pics and more.

We’ve gathered six designers who have chosen diverse ways to expertly showcase their web design projects on their Wix portfolios. Dive in for some inspiration:

1. Brown Owl Creative for Creative House Group

> Showcasing custom-made icons and full-length screenshots

Multidisciplinary design company, Brown Owl Creative, chose to place a fullscreen gif on the top fold of this project page, instantly setting the tone. Directly beneath, a brief sentence introduces the client they were working with, plus the discipline involved and a link to the final result: the website itself. A generous use of white space helps put the focus on the text.

Scrolling down, you’ll find full-length screenshots of their website design, with a simple non-obtrusive gray border. They’ve also chosen to display a section of the client’s website on a laptop, offering an alternative perspective. Another nice touch is the emphasis they’ve put on three animated icons that are featured on the final site. And let’s not forget some basic UX principles they’ve taken care of: a ‘Back to top’ button and a ‘Next project’ button to ensure fluid navigation.

2. Miki Twersky for Nosta Fragrances

> Merging video screenshots with atmospheric photos

There are many subtle additions to NYC-based designer Miki Twersky’s portfolio that make it such a success. The comic footer, delightfully honest ‘ About ’ page and spacious layout make for a browsing experience that is both smooth and entertaining.

It comes as no surprise that her inner project pages are crafted with just as much care and attention to detail. This web design case study starts with a mood-setting image, followed by a brief explanation of the brand and some additional basic details, such as the date, her roles within the project and any other contributors. A slider invites you to scroll through to view the various stages involved in the logo design process.

Further down, Miki has seamlessly integrated video screenshots of the website, enabling her to choose which aspects of her design to put a spotlight on. The page ends with a few product photos that help strengthen the look-and-feel and tie everything together, while presenting more of her branding work.

3. Adelaide Wang for Humm.ly

> Thorough case study incorporating texts, images and videos

San Francisco-based product designer, Adelaide Wang, definitely knows the ins and outs of creating an intriguing and comprehensive case study. Having worked on many aspects of this project for Humm.ly , a music healthcare platform and app, she was able to share her and her team’s full work process.

The long-scrolling page takes you on a journey through some of the major stages of any design project. It starts by presenting their search for a defined visual identity. It then moves on to the details of the app’s various screens and navigation, putting an emphasis on the accessibility of the website’s design . Lastly, Adelaide presents the website itself on various devices, including a video screenshot of the website on mobile.

A consistent layout is used throughout the page, with titles, subtitles and paragraph text all retaining the same style. Two alternating shades of gray make up the website’s background, creating a clear, but subtle, separation between folds, and ultimately contributing to a successful user experience.

Learn more about how to nail your website’s UX design with these professional examples.

4. Studio&more for Din7

> Presenting color choices, logo design and more

Here’s another example of a detailed web design case study, by graphic design studio, Studio&more. In this project for industrial design company, Din7, they worked on both branding and UX. As a result, they had the material necessary to cover everything from color palette and typography choices, to the development of the company’s logo design, illustration style, website and various applications of the visual identity.

Each section of the case study is numbered and presented with a succinct selection of images. They’ve also used the visual language they came up with for the brand in the background, creating a strong and clearly defined tone of voice. Lastly, the studio has picked out a few of their website design’s screens to showcase separately, drawing attention to them.

5. Ariel Sun for her wedding website

> Telling a story through text and images

NYC-based artist and designer, Ariel Sun, created this web design case study for her own wedding website. There are many ways to write copy for your design portfolio – and here, Ariel’s gone for a friendly and personal tone of voice to provide site visitors with an inviting summary of the project. She also clearly explained what she and her partner’s different roles were in the process, giving everyone the credit they deserve.

Two simple, static screenshots of the website design follow, presenting the most prominent pages of the site. These are accompanied by an illustration of the couple and an image of the wedding invitation, helping us get a feel for the vibe they were going for. All of this is presented in a highly aesthetic way, using a clean grid, plus a fixed menu at the top for comfortable navigation.

6. Liron Ashkenazi for The-Artery

> Including mobile and tablet view, process, and more

Multidisciplinary design director, Liron Ashkenazi, worked with a team of 3D artists, designers and developers to come up with the award-winning design for The-Artery ’s website. Liron’s case study of the project is made up of a selection of beautifully designed screenshot videos, short explanatory titles, the 3D model design process and accompanying text. The layout is concise, while including all the relevant details.

A thin column on the left provides us with background information on the client, The-Artery, as well as a breakdown of the various roles and the people involved. It also includes a list of links where the website has been featured.

Scrolling down the page, you see the development of the 3D animated models that appear on the final website. There’s also an image that showcases the website on three different devices. Incorporating elements from the design outside of the screenshots, makes for an intriguing visual representation of the overall project. The text above and on each image clarifies which page you’re looking at and who’s responsible for which elements, while not distracting from the design itself. Finally, Liron has included the design for a 404 page – a welcome addition, especially when it looks this good.

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HTML & CSS I

HTML & CSS are languages used to build and design the appearances of your websites. Let's learn the fundamentals of web programming whilst actually building a web page.

Course Overview

• 1. Getting Started with HTML
• 2. Getting Started with CSS
• 3. The Basic Layout
• 4. The Header
• 5. The Footer
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Start the lesson from the initial state. Warning: your code will be deleted.

Review the lesson without resetting your code.

Case Study Research Method in Psychology

Saul Mcleod, PhD

Editor-in-Chief for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester

Saul Mcleod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

Learn about our Editorial Process

Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc

Associate Editor for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education

Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.

On This Page:

Case studies are in-depth investigations of a person, group, event, or community. Typically, data is gathered from various sources using several methods (e.g., observations & interviews).

The case study research method originated in clinical medicine (the case history, i.e., the patient’s personal history). In psychology, case studies are often confined to the study of a particular individual.

The information is mainly biographical and relates to events in the individual’s past (i.e., retrospective), as well as to significant events that are currently occurring in his or her everyday life.

The case study is not a research method, but researchers select methods of data collection and analysis that will generate material suitable for case studies.

Freud (1909a, 1909b) conducted very detailed investigations into the private lives of his patients in an attempt to both understand and help them overcome their illnesses.

This makes it clear that the case study is a method that should only be used by a psychologist, therapist, or psychiatrist, i.e., someone with a professional qualification.

There is an ethical issue of competence. Only someone qualified to diagnose and treat a person can conduct a formal case study relating to atypical (i.e., abnormal) behavior or atypical development.

 Famous Case Studies

• Anna O – One of the most famous case studies, documenting psychoanalyst Josef Breuer’s treatment of “Anna O” (real name Bertha Pappenheim) for hysteria in the late 1800s using early psychoanalytic theory.
• Little Hans – A child psychoanalysis case study published by Sigmund Freud in 1909 analyzing his five-year-old patient Herbert Graf’s house phobia as related to the Oedipus complex.
• Bruce/Brenda – Gender identity case of the boy (Bruce) whose botched circumcision led psychologist John Money to advise gender reassignment and raise him as a girl (Brenda) in the 1960s.
• Genie Wiley – Linguistics/psychological development case of the victim of extreme isolation abuse who was studied in 1970s California for effects of early language deprivation on acquiring speech later in life.
• Phineas Gage – One of the most famous neuropsychology case studies analyzes personality changes in railroad worker Phineas Gage after an 1848 brain injury involving a tamping iron piercing his skull.

Clinical Case Studies

• Studying the effectiveness of psychotherapy approaches with an individual patient
• Assessing and treating mental illnesses like depression, anxiety disorders, PTSD
• Neuropsychological cases investigating brain injuries or disorders

Child Psychology Case Studies

• Studying psychological development from birth through adolescence
• Cases of learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, ADHD
• Effects of trauma, abuse, deprivation on development

Types of Case Studies

• Explanatory case studies : Used to explore causation in order to find underlying principles. Helpful for doing qualitative analysis to explain presumed causal links.
• Exploratory case studies : Used to explore situations where an intervention being evaluated has no clear set of outcomes. It helps define questions and hypotheses for future research.
• Descriptive case studies : Describe an intervention or phenomenon and the real-life context in which it occurred. It is helpful for illustrating certain topics within an evaluation.
• Multiple-case studies : Used to explore differences between cases and replicate findings across cases. Helpful for comparing and contrasting specific cases.
• Intrinsic : Used to gain a better understanding of a particular case. Helpful for capturing the complexity of a single case.
• Collective : Used to explore a general phenomenon using multiple case studies. Helpful for jointly studying a group of cases in order to inquire into the phenomenon.

Where Do You Find Data for a Case Study?

There are several places to find data for a case study. The key is to gather data from multiple sources to get a complete picture of the case and corroborate facts or findings through triangulation of evidence. Most of this information is likely qualitative (i.e., verbal description rather than measurement), but the psychologist might also collect numerical data.

1. Primary sources

• Interviews – Interviewing key people related to the case to get their perspectives and insights. The interview is an extremely effective procedure for obtaining information about an individual, and it may be used to collect comments from the person’s friends, parents, employer, workmates, and others who have a good knowledge of the person, as well as to obtain facts from the person him or herself.
• Observations – Observing behaviors, interactions, processes, etc., related to the case as they unfold in real-time.
• Documents & Records – Reviewing private documents, diaries, public records, correspondence, meeting minutes, etc., relevant to the case.

2. Secondary sources

• News/Media – News coverage of events related to the case study.
• Academic articles – Journal articles, dissertations etc. that discuss the case.
• Government reports – Official data and records related to the case context.
• Books/films – Books, documentaries or films discussing the case.

3. Archival records

Searching historical archives, museum collections and databases to find relevant documents, visual/audio records related to the case history and context.

Public archives like newspapers, organizational records, photographic collections could all include potentially relevant pieces of information to shed light on attitudes, cultural perspectives, common practices and historical contexts related to psychology.

4. Organizational records

Organizational records offer the advantage of often having large datasets collected over time that can reveal or confirm psychological insights.

Of course, privacy and ethical concerns regarding confidential data must be navigated carefully.

However, with proper protocols, organizational records can provide invaluable context and empirical depth to qualitative case studies exploring the intersection of psychology and organizations.

• Organizational/industrial psychology research : Organizational records like employee surveys, turnover/retention data, policies, incident reports etc. may provide insight into topics like job satisfaction, workplace culture and dynamics, leadership issues, employee behaviors etc.
• Clinical psychology : Therapists/hospitals may grant access to anonymized medical records to study aspects like assessments, diagnoses, treatment plans etc. This could shed light on clinical practices.
• School psychology : Studies could utilize anonymized student records like test scores, grades, disciplinary issues, and counseling referrals to study child development, learning barriers, effectiveness of support programs, and more.

How do I Write a Case Study in Psychology?

Follow specified case study guidelines provided by a journal or your psychology tutor. General components of clinical case studies include: background, symptoms, assessments, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Interpreting the information means the researcher decides what to include or leave out. A good case study should always clarify which information is the factual description and which is an inference or the researcher’s opinion.

1. Introduction

• Provide background on the case context and why it is of interest, presenting background information like demographics, relevant history, and presenting problem.
• Compare briefly to similar published cases if applicable. Clearly state the focus/importance of the case.

2. Case Presentation

• Describe the presenting problem in detail, including symptoms, duration,and impact on daily life.
• Include client demographics like age and gender, information about social relationships, and mental health history.
• Describe all physical, emotional, and/or sensory symptoms reported by the client.
• Use patient quotes to describe the initial complaint verbatim. Follow with full-sentence summaries of relevant history details gathered, including key components that led to a working diagnosis.
• Summarize clinical exam results, namely orthopedic/neurological tests, imaging, lab tests, etc. Note actual results rather than subjective conclusions. Provide images if clearly reproducible/anonymized.
• Clearly state the working diagnosis or clinical impression before transitioning to management.

3. Management and Outcome

• Indicate the total duration of care and number of treatments given over what timeframe. Use specific names/descriptions for any therapies/interventions applied.
• Present the results of the intervention,including any quantitative or qualitative data collected.
• For outcomes, utilize visual analog scales for pain, medication usage logs, etc., if possible. Include patient self-reports of improvement/worsening of symptoms. Note the reason for discharge/end of care.

4. Discussion

• Analyze the case, exploring contributing factors, limitations of the study, and connections to existing research.
• Analyze the effectiveness of the intervention,considering factors like participant adherence, limitations of the study, and potential alternative explanations for the results.
• Identify any questions raised in the case analysis and relate insights to established theories and current research if applicable. Avoid definitive claims about physiological explanations.
• Offer clinical implications, and suggest future research directions.

5. Additional Items

• Thank specific assistants for writing support only. No patient acknowledgments.
• References should directly support any key claims or quotes included.
• Use tables/figures/images only if substantially informative. Include permissions and legends/explanatory notes.
• Provides detailed (rich qualitative) information.
• Provides insight for further research.
• Permitting investigation of otherwise impractical (or unethical) situations.

Case studies allow a researcher to investigate a topic in far more detail than might be possible if they were trying to deal with a large number of research participants (nomothetic approach) with the aim of ‘averaging’.

Because of their in-depth, multi-sided approach, case studies often shed light on aspects of human thinking and behavior that would be unethical or impractical to study in other ways.

Research that only looks into the measurable aspects of human behavior is not likely to give us insights into the subjective dimension of experience, which is important to psychoanalytic and humanistic psychologists.

Case studies are often used in exploratory research. They can help us generate new ideas (that might be tested by other methods). They are an important way of illustrating theories and can help show how different aspects of a person’s life are related to each other.

The method is, therefore, important for psychologists who adopt a holistic point of view (i.e., humanistic psychologists ).

Limitations

• Lacking scientific rigor and providing little basis for generalization of results to the wider population.
• Researchers’ own subjective feelings may influence the case study (researcher bias).
• Difficult to replicate.
• Time-consuming and expensive.
• The volume of data, together with the time restrictions in place, impacted the depth of analysis that was possible within the available resources.

Because a case study deals with only one person/event/group, we can never be sure if the case study investigated is representative of the wider body of “similar” instances. This means the conclusions drawn from a particular case may not be transferable to other settings.

Because case studies are based on the analysis of qualitative (i.e., descriptive) data , a lot depends on the psychologist’s interpretation of the information she has acquired.

This means that there is a lot of scope for Anna O , and it could be that the subjective opinions of the psychologist intrude in the assessment of what the data means.

For example, Freud has been criticized for producing case studies in which the information was sometimes distorted to fit particular behavioral theories (e.g., Little Hans ).

This is also true of Money’s interpretation of the Bruce/Brenda case study (Diamond, 1997) when he ignored evidence that went against his theory.

Breuer, J., & Freud, S. (1895).  Studies on hysteria . Standard Edition 2: London.

Curtiss, S. (1981). Genie: The case of a modern wild child .

Diamond, M., & Sigmundson, K. (1997). Sex Reassignment at Birth: Long-term Review and Clinical Implications. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , 151(3), 298-304

Freud, S. (1909a). Analysis of a phobia of a five year old boy. In The Pelican Freud Library (1977), Vol 8, Case Histories 1, pages 169-306

Freud, S. (1909b). Bemerkungen über einen Fall von Zwangsneurose (Der “Rattenmann”). Jb. psychoanal. psychopathol. Forsch ., I, p. 357-421; GW, VII, p. 379-463; Notes upon a case of obsessional neurosis, SE , 10: 151-318.

Harlow J. M. (1848). Passage of an iron rod through the head.  Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 39 , 389–393.

Harlow, J. M. (1868).  Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head .  Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society. 2  (3), 327-347.

Money, J., & Ehrhardt, A. A. (1972).  Man & Woman, Boy & Girl : The Differentiation and Dimorphism of Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Money, J., & Tucker, P. (1975). Sexual signatures: On being a man or a woman.

Further Information

• Case Study Approach
• Case Study Method
• Enhancing the Quality of Case Studies in Health Services Research
• “We do things together” A case study of “couplehood” in dementia
• Using mixed methods for evaluating an integrative approach to cancer care: a case study

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How to Create a Case Study + 14 Case Study Templates

Written by: Brian Nuckols

When it comes to high impact marketing content, case studies are at the top of the list for helping show off your brand’s stuff. 

In this post, I’ve put together a few high-level case study design tips as well as 14 professionally designed case study templates that you can use to start designing beautiful case studies today. 

Let’s begin! 

Here’s a short selection of 12 easy-to-edit case study templates you can edit, share and download with Visme. View more templates below:

What is a Case Study?

A case study is a way for you to demonstrate the success you’ve already had with existing clients. When you create a case study, you explore how previous clients have used your product or service to reach their goals. 

In particular, a case study highlights a specific challenge or goal one of your clients was struggling with before they discovered your product. 

It then demonstrates how your work has assisted them on the journey towards overcoming the challenge or accomplishing the goal. 

A case study’s outcome is typically to share the story of a company’s growth or highlight the increase of metrics the company tracks to understand success. 

The case study includes an analysis of a campaign or project that goes through a few steps from identifying the problem to how you implemented the solution. 

How to Write a Case Study

When it comes to adding irresistible design to your content from the start, using a helpful tool is a great start. Sign up for a free Visme account and start highlighting your own client success stories using one of our case study templates today. 

Also, while you’re beginning to transition your case study workflow to include a professional design tool, it’s helpful to review some high level principles you can incorporate into your case study. 

We’ll start by reviewing some of the critical style tips and structural elements to include in your case study before progressing to a more detailed design section. 

Pinpoint Your Main Message

When designing an impactful case study, it’s essential to stay clear on the metrics that you’re highlighting. The process of overcoming business challenges is a dynamic process with many moving parts. 

If you do not stay focused on what matters in your case study, you risk obscuring the big win your client experienced by using your product or service. 

This is why you need to focus on a single message or metric. This is often called the north star metric . 

The north star metric is the single most crucial rate, count or ratio that helped your client move closer towards their goals or overcame an obstacle. 

While north star metrics are context dependent, a useful heuristic you can utilize is to figure out the most predictive metric of your client’s long term success. 

In the template I’ll highlight below, cost per lead was the north star metric that The College for Adult Learning needed to optimize. 

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Use Emotionally Rich Language 

Recently researchers at Presado did an interesting study to understand the types of language that help readers take action. They broke the content included in marketing assets into several categories, including functional, emotional and descriptive. 

In the most successful pieces of content, the researchers found that emotionally coded words were present in 61% of the content’s total volume.

This research shows the benefit of using emotionally engaging content in your case study. While it’s essential to focus on the concrete evidence of how you helped your client get from where they started to a successful outcome, do not forget to highlight the emotional journey. 

Use Data For Concrete Evidence 

Once you’ve decided on the north star metric to highlight and you choose the emotional response you want to reinforce in your case study, it’s important to use actual data from the project to share the concrete results your product helped to achieve. 

To make sure your audience can follow your line of thinking, make sure the data in your case study is precise. If you track data across time, your readers must know whether you chose to track by month or years. 

If there are any apparent trends, you can use color to highlight specific areas in a chart. 

If you want to dig deeper into using data to tell compelling stories, check out our video data storytelling tips to improve your charts and graphs. 

In the template below, The College for Adult Learning case study is an excellent example of how these elements can work together. 

Cost per lead was a critical north star metric, so we chose to emphasize the increase in revenue and a decrease in cost per lead. 

Additionally, the background section uses emotionally rich language by highlighting how the school helps students get ahead with their career goals. Also, the factual data is the centerpiece of this page in the case study.

If you’re ready to share how you impacted a client, use the College for Adult Learning case study template right now! 

Include All Necessary Parts of a Case Study

After you’ve interviewed your client and you’re getting ready to start writing, it’s important to remember each piece you need to cover.

All good case studies consist of five parts: Introduction, Challenge, Solution, Benefit and Result.

While you don’t necessarily need to label each section like that, be sure that the flow makes sense and covers each section fully to give your audience the full scope of your case study.

14 Case Study Templates

Now that we have explored some of the high level strategies you can use to create a business case study, we will transition to 14 case study design templates you can use with Visme. 

1. Fuji Xerox Australia Case Study Template

Use the Fuji Xerox case study template to showcase the concrete results you achieved for your clients. It has sections where you can explain the goals you started with and the results you achieved. 

2. College for Adult Learning Case Study Template

As we’ve explored already, the College for Adult Learning template has sections where you can embrace a data driven storytelling approach while also connecting with your audience using emotionally rich language. 

Utilize the professionally designed business case study to connect with your audience. 

3. Intel Case Study Template

The Intel case study has beautiful visual elements and gives you space to share the project’s context and the goals you set out to achieve. It also allows you to get concrete with the results you achieved. 

You can always use the Visme Brand Kit to incorporate your unique brand colors into this stunning design. 

4. Bit.ly Case Study Template

Bit.ly is a marketing product that helps brands track how they are doing with campaign results. The bit.ly business case study template showcases how they drove impressive results for an eCommerce business. 

You can modify the professionally designed case study template to illustrate the key results you drive for your clients. 

5. NVISIONCenters Case Study Template

The NVISIONCenters case study template is an excellent example of how powerful it is to pair beautiful designs with the results you generate for your clients. In this case study, we see how you can transform your past accomplishments into a powerful marketing asset. 

6. Adobe Case Study Template

The Adobe case study is an exciting example of a business case study because it does a great job illustrating how you can use a specific result to create a powerful marketing asset. 

Adobe had a particular goal of branding to position itself as a leader for the future of digital marketing. LinkedIn sponsored messages was an effective tactic to drive the outcome Adobe needed. 

You can use the Adobe case study template to demonstrate the success of your most effective tactics. 

7. Inkjet Wholesale Case Study Template

The Inkjet wholesale case study template is an excellent choice if you want to experiment with your case study’s visual element. The roadmap to objectives diagram is a powerful graphic that illustrates the journey of a successful campaign. 

8. Neutrogena Case Study Template

If you have a strong visual brand to tell your case study’s story with visuals, the Neutrogena template is a great choice. It is already designed with plenty of space to highlight your visuals. 

When it is all said and done, you have the results section to complete a successful client partnership story.

9. Weebly Case Study Template

The Weebly case study template is your choice if you want to add visual flair to your case study. The beautiful layout is a testament to the power of pairing minimal design with an exciting statistic. 

10. Patagonia Case Study Template

The Patagonia case study is a perfect example of how crucial it is to make design choices based on your brand’s unique personality. 

It is a fantastic choice if you have a project to showcase featuring a brand with a distinct brand aesthetic.  

11. Think With Google Case Study Template

The Think With Google case study template tells the story of a mobile game that needed to create more engagement on their app. 

It is a visually impactful case study design template that you can use to tell a compelling story about your results. 

12. Kleenex Case Study Template

This case study template is the perfect way to show off search marketing results for a client or other highly specific KPIs that you managed to accomplish.

Insert the initial challenge followed by your company’s solution and adjust the included data visualization tools to showcase your specific results.

13. Customer Experience Presentation Case Study Template

The presentation case study template is an excellent choice for blending beautiful visual elements with the ability to give detailed information about the results you generated, as well as showcasing that data in a unique format. 

If you are ready to show how the unique features of your product or service drove real world business results then it is a good choice for your case study. 

14. Webinar Presentation Case Study Template

One small business saw incredible results when using Visme to optimize their webinar workflow. They saved 100 hours of their precious time by incorporating our collaborative design tools. 

We designed the small business template using those results as an example. When you have an eye catching effect to showcase to your audience, you can use this template as a starting point. 

Case Study Design Tips

Now that we’ve explored the 14 templates you can use with Visme to create your case study, let’s take a look at some practical design tips that will take your content to the next level. 

Be Brief In Your Case Study 

In discussions about writing with style, brevity is a common topic. However, it’s also an important design principle. 

Brevity in design is when you find the best way to perform your intended objective in as few steps as possible. 

When designing your case study, make sure you do not add extraneous visual elements where they are not needed. Instead, think of the effect you want to have on your reader and try to do it simply. 

Describe Your Vision Clearly

Earlier in this article, I wrote about the north star metric, your case study’s emotional effect and using data to make the case study concrete. Your design choices should serve to reinforce these primary goals. 

Clarity in design is when all of the visual elements add up to a whole. 

A great example of this is in the small business case study template where the shapes, typography and color scheme all emphasize the main idea that Visme helps the reader save time. 

Create A Consistent Style 

Visual consistency is a fundamental design principle that you can not afford to ignore in your case study. It will help you increase readability and make sure your audience does not get frustrated with jarring visual elements. 

In short, a consistent style is when you use a uniform color scheme, typography and the same kinds of visual elements throughout the case study. 

Use A Case Study Template For Readability

Readability is a crucial element of design, especially for case studies that are experienced on mobile devices. Contrast is an impactful readability principle. 

Make sure any contrasting colors you chose are easy on the eye and your reader does not have to strain to read your case study. 

Use Proper Alignment In Your Case Study 

Alignment is one of the principles of design that sets professionally designed business case study templates apart. Great designers have an intuitive eye for the mathematically based ratios of proximity invisible in sound design and an eyesore in lousy design. 

The good news is that you do not have to be a mathematician nor a professional designer to have a perfect alignment for your case study. Visme utilizes an easy to use drag and drop design tool that helps you achieve proper alignment in your case study. 

Let Your Brand Personality Speak

When we make intentional design decisions, we want to create a positive emotional experience for our audience. One of the best ways to do that is to make decisions that showcase your brand’s unique personality .

Is the case study you are creating like a well dressed business person who is serious, trustworthy and capable of doing a great job? Is it more like an extravert at a party bouncing from person to person lighting up the room? 

There is no right answer, but you need to infuse your viewpoint into the case study you create if you want to create a unique design. 

Start Designing Your Case Study Today 

A professionally designed case study template will help you create a stunning case study. While reviewing some high level design strategies is an important step, a tool like Visme will help you make a real impact on your audience.

If you’re ready to create your next case study, get started with Visme today .

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About the Author

Brian Nuckols is a writer working in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He enjoys communicating visionary ideas in clear, action oriented language. When he’s not working on content for a transformative company you can find him analyzing dreams, creating music, and writing poetry.

One Page Case Study Websites

A curated collection of 48 case study websites for inspiration and references. Each review includes a full screenshot of the website design along with noteworthy features. These One Pagers are a great to show users your work in a beautiful long Single Page website, normally pitching your services and social links at the bottom.

Dare to Dream

Reject Pile

Variable fonts support in Figma

Vertigo Typeface

Pudding Studio

Green Reconstruction of Ukraine

Webflow — Build and style your site exactly how you want ✨

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HTML Data Use Cases

This page lists use cases for HTML Data as part of the discussion of the HTML Data TF .

Embedding Data in HTML

This section brings together general use cases for embedding data within HTML.

• use cases collated for microdata

Publishing in Multiple Formats

This section describes situations where users may wish to publish documents that use multiple formats.

Consuming Multiple Formats

This section describes situations where people might need to consume documents that use multiple formats.

• schema.org process data encoded in microdata, RDFa and microformats (reference?)

Use Case Guide

Use cases should provide as much of the following information as possible:

• HTML Data TF
• Toggle limited content width

• Catherine Houle & Ilknur Eren
• Aug 8, 2022

How Our Organization Improved Web Accessibility (Case Study)

• 11 min read
• Accessibility , Case Studies , Usability
• Share on Twitter ,  LinkedIn

About The Authors

Catherine Houle is a Quebec-based software developer passionate about accessibility and design systems. Ilknur Eren is a Software Engineer and a writer currently … More about Catherine & Ilknur ↬

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The Understood front-end team has a special focus on removing barriers for people who learn and think differently. Our core users have ADHD, dyslexia, and other common challenges. But we are committed to creating products that meet the needs of all people. To do this, we combine accessibility and usability in ways that increase ease of use for everyone. This article outlines the why and how of our process. We also include basic steps on how to fix common accessibility issues.

Why Is Digital Accessibility Important?

Understood serves the one in five people who learn and think differently, which translates to approximately 70 million people in the U.S. alone. Learning and thinking differences can include the areas of memory, attention, and reading, as well as language and math, among others.

The Understood front-end team specializes in serving users who learn and think differently. But we are committed to creating products that meet the needs of all people.

Despite how common disabilities are, an article in AdWeek cited the fairly shocking fact that only 2% of all websites meet accessibility standards. Those guidelines are set out by the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), known and accepted worldwide as the minimum requirements to meet digital accessibility.

WCAGs are essential to our work, but they serve as a floor, not a ceiling. These standards should underlie each website and app but also be woven throughout the fabric of every developer’s process. Building and maintaining coding configurations that ensure error-free and equal access is the clarion call for all developers and designers.

Ethically, culturally, financially, and legally , expanding accessibility to include neurodivergent people and those with other disabilities is an intelligent and highly relevant business strategy.

Deep Focus On Accessibility

The engineering team at Understood.org is working to combine accessibility and usability in ways that improve ease of use for everyone.

We define accessibility as removing barriers for people to gain equal access to information, particularly neurodivergent people, and usability as making products like websites and apps easy to use for all people. That includes how simple the product is to use the first time and if the experience was gratifying, one that a user would likely repeat. A physical corollary would be knowing whether you need PUSH or PULL to open a door.

The reality is that digital accessibility is and will be an ongoing process. “

Developers and designers who are fluent in accessibility are increasingly highly sought after. The Wall Street Journal noted job listings with ‘accessibility’ in the title grew a whopping 78% in 2021.

To be truly accessible, we need to implement solutions for people of all abilities, with both visible and invisible differences. Wheelchair ramps and closed captions are essential. But full access to the amazing power granted by access to goods, services, information, and communication options provided by the Internet also needs more learning and thinking support. This includes ways to help users focus and remember key points.

To do this, we have started putting people at the center of the process. Previously, the focus was on process, data evolution, key metrics, and results. That mindset leaves out a sizable portion of the population which diminishes access for users to all websites and apps across the board — from e-commerce and media outlets (including social and traditional) to government sites, search engines, and educational interests.

What Is The Role Of Front-End Developers

As developers, we play an important part in the consistency chain for coding best practices. We believe that due to timing and raising awareness, we are literally part of the process that is developing a foundational language for accessibility and usability that will be utilized by all future generations.

As such, we not only use our knowledge of programming languages to help develop the desired look and feel of our products, we ensure those products are accessible across multiple platforms.

And this is where the rubber meets the road: ensuring flawless operation when incorporating graphics, applications, audio, and video into the mix, ensuring those elements are cohesive and accessible for everyone by consistently testing for speed, usability, and accessibility.

Addressing Accessibility

We are on a continuous mission to ensure that sites are perceivable and error-free. Most industries come at the accessibility thing haphazardly. At Understood, we have found that the cleanest, most efficient way to approach it is to have Accessibility & Usability as prime factors in the initial development process.

It may seem like a basic statement, but as front-end developers, it is crucial that we have an in-depth understanding of how people actually use their devices when they are seeking information or online services.

At Understood, we reverse the traditional site creation process by listening closely to our users and accessibility consultants rather than designing first and asking questions second. It is not an exaggeration to say that our users’ insights guide our work.

The fundamentals of solid development and design practices apply doubly to accessibility and usability:

• Basic to advanced accessibility training for all technical teams, including front-end, backend, and designers.
• Attending accessibility conferences each year to keep up with the latest advancements and expand your knowledge base.
• Conducting surveys and tests with ‘actual’ instead of theoretical users. In our case, that would be people who learn and think differently.

Working As A Team

Every industry has its own style and uses a unique flow for development. Because serving people with learning and thinking differences is top-of-mind for us, Understood begins with User Research which includes creating and applying surveys. The information and insights we glean from those surveys inform the designers, who then share content and possibilities with product managers. That information gets relayed to the front-end team to update/create, and then the front-end team creates the site/product for designers who provide feedback and apply their edits.

Why does our process start with user research to inform designers? Deque Systems , a provider of compliance accessibility tools and software, observed that 67% of accessibility issues originate in the design phase of development.

Evolving and maintaining open and honest communications with product managers and design teams translates to less compliance and operational issues down the road. As with any team that works together yet asynchronously, it is sometimes easier to spot potential concerns from the other side. In our experience:

• Engineers detected accessibility flaws for which the designers found alternative solutions that also aligned with the design vision.
• Designers had top-flight guidance on crafting color contrast, character counts, and effective font styles.

All engineer tickets include accessibility, so each ticket includes an Accessibility Audit . That way, we assign time to deal with whatever issues were revealed.

In our process, we use screen readers to test our pages manually. If there is a video, we refine the closed captions and check individual elements, including headings, buttons, navigation, lists, and color contrast.

Our front-end team always works with product managers to prioritize tickets, and we make it a point to align both teams to make things work . Importantly, engineering teams are realistic when they spec out the appropriate timeline for creation and review.

Product managers then QA all the features and test for accessibility issues. This means that we have two entire teams that review all features for accessibility and errors.

In evolving the workflow, we’ve learned how important it is to allocate time in sprints to work on accessibility.

For our mobile app:

• We examine everything page by page and log all errors into a central database.
• We then convert that content to Jira tickets, complete with descriptions, screenshots, and story points.
• If we work with a third party, and one of its tools is not accessible, we work with them to make it accessible.

The Developer’s POV

• Will non-screen reader users have a comparable experience to that of screen reader users?
• Can users focus on every interactivity in the right order?
• Does the HTML markup make sense?
• Are we conveying helpful semantic and stating information to screen readers? For example, we don’t want repeated information that isn’t necessary or bad image descriptions that don’t serve.
• Make sure dynamic (error message for form, confirmation of login) changes are transmitted to screen reader users.
• Are our features or components keyboard accessible?

The Designer’s POV

• Is there sufficient color contrast?
• Do we have a good font size, clean flow, and layout throughout?
• Does the light/dark mode function well and look good?
• Are all interactions reachable and executable?

Fixing Common Accessibility Errors

There’s a wide range of issues that can compromise accessibility, including those the website webaim.org calls “mistakes, misconceptions, over-indulgences, intricacies, and generally silly aspects of modern accessibility.” We find that webaim.org is an invaluable resource for understanding and then rectifying just about anything that can go haywire.

In the article for freecodecamp.org , Ilknur Eren, a front-end developer on our team, included a chart illustrating the most common types of WCAG 2 failures that WebAIM says comprise 96.8% of all accessibility errors :

This chart lists the biggies, but read on for those that are most common and for understanding quick fixes.

Missing Alternative Text For Images

Understanding the “why” of a coding style is as important as knowing a specific guideline. For images, the context from image to image will vary and should determine the code because algorithms can’t always interpret the meaning of an image.

One classic example of this is creating alternative text for an image in the alt attribute of an <img> tag.

If you don’t understand why you’re doing it, you may create something that isn’t helpful to the end user but may actually create a brand new barrier.

Say we have an image, and we add the alt attribute:

While this might not get flagged by automated accessibility tests, a screen reader focusing on this image will say, “image, image.” It doesn’t inform the user and precludes their ability to solve their problem of understanding how to exit a program.

Low Contrast Text

According to recent reports from the WebAim Million, over the last three years, by far the most significant accessibility error is low contrast text. A surprising 80% of websites have this error, but it is relatively simple to fix. Google has a free tool called Lighthouse that makes it quick and easy to check the color contrast on any web page.

Missing Form Input Labels

According to WebAim , in 2021, half of the delinquent websites were missing their form input labels, which describe why the various fields in the form are for.

One of the most common missing labels is for search forms. If there is no label on a search form, screen readers won’t know what the form is.

Here’s how you fix that in HTML:

And here’s CSS coding for the screen-reader portion of that HTML snippet:

Empty Links

As above, almost half of the websites had empty links. This is a simple issue to identify and resolve.

For example, a Facebook logo that doesn’t add a label for a screen reader user will generate an empty link accessibility issue for a non-sighted user.

Adding a label to a link is simple and straightforward:

Missing Document Language

It’s essential to list the language of the page. Screen readers use document language to decide how to pronounce words.

That said, somewhere between 28% and 33% of homepages have been missing a document language for the previous three years.

Add the language to the HTML tag:

Empty Buttons

It can be frustrating to click on a button and have nothing happen. The user is trying to submit a form or show/hide elements, and the lack of functionality is enough to make them exit the page.

Like empty links, buttons need text for screen readers to read when on focus.

If an image is used inside a button, we should add an alt attribute to create a functional image:

Key Takeaways

In this day and age, accessibility should not be an afterthought . Everybody has the right to access the benefits and power of the Internet and apps that make daily life easier and more enjoyable.

When reviewing sites and apps for usability, make sure to test your products manually for accessibility. It makes a difference. Allocate specific time to focus on accessibility and maintain open communication channels with product managers and designers.

Continuing to explore technical training and new knowledge goes hand in hand with interviewing and surveying people who think differently so that what you produce and put out into the world is of the highest quality and easy for everyone to use.

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Student Case Study

Ai generator.

Delving into student case studies offers invaluable insights into educational methodologies and student behaviors. This guide, complete with detailed case study examples , is designed to help educators, researchers, and students understand the nuances of creating and analyzing case studies in an educational context. By exploring various case study examples, you will gain the tools and knowledge necessary to effectively interpret and apply these studies, enhancing both teaching and learning experiences in diverse academic settings.

What is a Student Case Study? – Meaning A student case study is an in-depth analysis of a student or a group of students to understand various educational, psychological, or social aspects. It involves collecting detailed information through observations, interviews, and reviewing records, to form a comprehensive picture. The goal of a case study analysis is to unravel the complexities of real-life situations that students encounter, making it a valuable tool in educational research. In a case study summary, key findings are presented, often leading to actionable insights. Educators and researchers use these studies to develop strategies for improving learning environments. Additionally, a case study essay allows students to demonstrate their understanding by discussing the analysis and implications of the case study, fostering critical thinking and analytical skills.

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Schools especially those that offers degree in medicine, law, public policy and public health teaches students to learn how to conduct a case study. Some students say they love case studies . For what reason? Case studies offer real world challenges. They help in preparing the students how to deal with their future careers. They are considered to be the vehicle for theories and concepts that enables you to be good at giving detailed discussions and even debates. Case studies are useful not just in the field of education, but also in adhering to the arising issues in business, politics and other organizations.

Student Case Study Format

Case Study Title : Clear and descriptive title reflecting the focus of the case study. Student’s Name : Name of the student the case study is about. Prepared by : Name of the person or group preparing the case study. School Name : Name of the school or educational institution. Date : Date of completion or submission.

Introduction

Background Information : Briefly describe the student’s background, including age, grade level, and relevant personal or academic history. Purpose of the Case Study : State the reason for conducting this case study, such as understanding a particular behavior, learning difficulty, or achievement.

Case Description

Situation or Challenge : Detail the specific situation, challenge, or condition that the student is facing. Observations and Evidence : Include observations from teachers, parents, or the students themselves, along with any relevant academic or behavioral records.

Problem Analysis : Analyze the situation or challenge, identifying potential causes or contributing factors. Impact on Learning : Discuss how the situation affects the student’s learning or behavior in school.

Intervention Strategies

Action Taken : Describe any interventions or strategies implemented to address the situation. This could include educational plans, counseling, or specific teaching strategies. Results of Intervention : Detail the outcome of these interventions, including any changes in the student’s behavior or academic performance.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Summary of Findings : Summarize the key insights gained from the case study. Recommendations : Offer suggestions for future actions or strategies to further support the student. This might include recommendations for teachers, parents, or the student themselves.

Best Example of Student Case Study

Overcoming Reading Challenges: A Case Study of Emily Clark, Grade 3 Prepared by: Laura Simmons, Special Education Teacher Sunset Elementary School Date: May 12, 2024   Emily Clark, an 8-year-old student in the third grade at Sunset Elementary School, has been facing significant challenges with reading and comprehension since the first grade. Known for her enthusiasm and creativity, Emily’s struggles with reading tasks have been persistent and noticeable. The primary purpose of this case study is to analyze Emily’s reading difficulties, implement targeted interventions, and assess their effectiveness.   Emily exhibits difficulty in decoding words, reading fluently, and understanding text, as observed by her teachers since first grade. Her reluctance to read aloud and frustration with reading tasks have been consistently noted. Assessments indicate that her reading level is significantly below the expected standard for her grade. Parental feedback has also highlighted Emily’s struggles with reading-related homework.   Analysis of Emily’s situation suggests a potential learning disability in reading, possibly dyslexia. This is evidenced by her consistent difficulty with word recognition and comprehension. These challenges have impacted not only her reading skills but also her confidence and participation in class activities, especially those involving reading.   To address these challenges, an individualized education plan (IEP) was developed. This included specialized reading instruction focusing on phonemic awareness and decoding skills, multisensory learning approaches, and regular sessions with a reading specialist. Over a period of six months, Emily demonstrated significant improvements. She engaged more confidently in reading activities, and her reading assessment scores showed notable progress.   In conclusion, the intervention strategies implemented for Emily have been effective. Her case highlights the importance of early identification and the implementation of tailored educational strategies for students with similar challenges. It is recommended that Emily continues to receive specialized instruction and regular monitoring. Adjustments to her IEP should be made as necessary to ensure ongoing progress. Additionally, fostering a positive reading environment at home is also recommended.

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Case Study Definition

A case study is defined as a research methodology that allows you to conduct an intensive study about a particular person, group of people, community, or some unit in which the researcher could provide an in-depth data in relation to the variables. Case studies can examine a phenomena in the natural setting. This increases your ability to understand why the subjects act such. You may be able to describe how this method allows every researcher to take a specific topic to narrow it down making it into a manageable research question. The researcher gain an in-depth understanding about the subject matter through collecting qualitative research and quantitative research datasets about the phenomenon.

Benefits and Limitations of Case Studies

If a researcher is interested to study about a phenomenon, he or she will be assigned to a single-case study that will allow him or her to gain an understanding about the phenomenon. Multiple-case study would allow a researcher to understand the case as a group through comparing them based on the embedded similarities and differences. However, the volume of data in case studies will be difficult to organize and the process of analysis and strategies needs to be carefully decided upon. Reporting of findings could also be challenging at times especially when you are ought to follow for word limits.

Example of Case Study

Nurses’ pediatric pain management practices.

One of the authors of this paper (AT) has used a case study approach to explore nurses’ pediatric pain management practices. This involved collecting several datasets:

Observational data to gain a picture about actual pain management practices.

Questionnaire data about nurses’ knowledge about pediatric pain management practices and how well they felt they managed pain in children.

Questionnaire data about how critical nurses perceived pain management tasks to be.

These datasets were analyzed separately and then compared and demonstrated that nurses’ level of theoretical did not impact on the quality of their pain management practices. Nor did individual nurse’s perceptions of how critical a task was effect the likelihood of them carrying out this task in practice. There was also a difference in self-reported and observed practices; actual (observed) practices did not confirm to best practice guidelines, whereas self-reported practices tended to.

How do you Write a Case Study for Students?

1. choose an interesting and relevant topic:.

Select a topic that is relevant to your course and interesting to your audience. It should be specific and focused, allowing for in-depth analysis.

2. Conduct Thorough Research :

Gather information from reputable sources such as books, scholarly articles, interviews, and reliable websites. Ensure you have a good understanding of the topic before proceeding.

3. Identify the Problem or Research Question:

Clearly define the problem or research question your case study aims to address. Be specific about the issues you want to explore and analyze.

4. Introduce the Case:

Provide background information about the subject, including relevant historical, social, or organizational context. Explain why the case is important and what makes it unique.

5. Describe the Methods Used:

Explain the methods you used to collect data. This could include interviews, surveys, observations, or analysis of existing documents. Justify your choice of methods.

6. Present the Findings:

Present the data and findings in a clear and organized manner. Use charts, graphs, and tables if applicable. Include direct quotes from interviews or other sources to support your points.

7. Analytical Interpretation:

Analyze the data and discuss the patterns, trends, or relationships you observed. Relate your findings back to the research question. Use relevant theories or concepts to support your analysis.

8. Discuss Limitations:

Acknowledge any limitations in your study, such as constraints in data collection or research methods. Addressing limitations shows a critical awareness of your study’s scope.

9. Propose Solutions or Recommendations:

If your case study revolves around a problem, propose practical solutions or recommendations based on your analysis. Support your suggestions with evidence from your findings.

10. Write a Conclusion:

Summarize the key points of your case study. Restate the importance of the topic and your findings. Discuss the implications of your study for the broader field.

What are the objectives of a Student Case Study?

1. learning and understanding:.

• To deepen students’ understanding of a particular concept, theory, or topic within their field of study.
• To provide real-world context and practical applications for theoretical knowledge.

2. Problem-Solving Skills:

• To enhance students’ critical thinking and problem-solving abilities by analyzing complex issues or scenarios.
• To encourage students to apply their knowledge to real-life situations and develop solutions.

3. Research and Analysis:

• To develop research skills, including data collection, data analysis , and the ability to draw meaningful conclusions from information.
• To improve analytical skills in interpreting data and making evidence-based decisions.

4. Communication Skills:

• To improve written and oral communication skills by requiring students to present their findings in a clear, organized, and coherent manner.
• To enhance the ability to communicate complex ideas effectively to both academic and non-academic audiences.

5. Ethical Considerations:

To promote awareness of ethical issues related to research and decision-making, such as participant rights, privacy, and responsible conduct.

6. Interdisciplinary Learning:

To encourage cross-disciplinary or interdisciplinary thinking, allowing students to apply knowledge from multiple areas to address a problem or issue.

7. Professional Development:

• To prepare students for future careers by exposing them to real-world situations and challenges they may encounter in their chosen profession.
• To develop professional skills, such as teamwork, time management, and project management.

8. Reflection and Self-Assessment:

• To prompt students to reflect on their learning and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses in research and analysis.
• To foster self-assessment and a commitment to ongoing improvement.

9. Promoting Innovation:

• To inspire creativity and innovation in finding solutions to complex problems or challenges.
• To encourage students to think outside the box and explore new approaches.

10. Building a Portfolio:

To provide students with tangible evidence of their academic and problem-solving abilities that can be included in their academic or professional portfolios.

What are the Elements of a Case Study?

A case study typically includes an introduction, background information, presentation of the main issue or problem, analysis, solutions or interventions, and a conclusion. It often incorporates supporting data and references.

How Long is a Case Study?

The length of a case study can vary, but it generally ranges from 500 to 1500 words. This length allows for a detailed examination of the subject while maintaining conciseness and focus.

How Big Should a Case Study Be?

The size of a case study should be sufficient to comprehensively cover the topic, typically around 2 to 5 pages. This size allows for depth in analysis while remaining concise and readable.

What Makes a Good Case Study?

A good case study is clear, concise, and well-structured, focusing on a relevant and interesting issue. It should offer insightful analysis, practical solutions, and demonstrate real-world applications or implications.

Case studies bring people into the real world to allow themselves engage in different fields such as in business examples, politics, health related aspect where each individuals could find an avenue to make difficult decisions. It serves to provide framework for analysis and evaluation of the different societal issues. This is one of the best way to focus on what really matters, to discuss about issues and to know what can we do about it.

Text prompt

• Instructive
• Professional

Education Case Study Examples for Students

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A group of 4 successful surgeons negotiate better contracts: a case study

How can a group of dedicated general surgeons transform their compensation and work conditions in six months? Here’s their story.

The group’s story: facts and dynamics

Four general surgeons, one NP, and one PA for a specific physician have been practicing at a small community hospital with three ancillary facilities in the Northeast for many years. The group and staffing have been dependable, without turnover, for the past three years. Three physicians have many years before retirement and are dedicated to staying in the community. One is planning to retire in three years. They provide a full range of surgical services, including trauma calls and assisting gastroenterology on weekends. They are at maximum work capacity, highly productive, and successful (production = 5.22 90th-percentile physicians). They want to hire a third party to help the team negotiate a new contract versus going alone.

What the group wants

• Increase in pay and benefits, of course.
• Update the structure and contents of the physician agreements with renegotiation targets at 2-3 years instead of 5-6 years.
• Hire a new physician to increase the group to five in anticipation of the upcoming retirement.
• Possible new operating room equipment, including resource and technology updates.
• Will the hospital be open to negotiations with a third party?
• Can the group of surgeons be on the same page?

For any progress to be made, all physicians must agree on terms and what they want. This unity and collaboration benefit the group and the health care community as a whole, fostering a sense of teamwork and shared goals. Fragmentation, back deals, side offers, and similar issues are common in negotiations, posing a significant challenge and potentially breaking groups apart. This facility faces multiple local, regional, and national challenges. These complexities underline the necessity for specialized services for group contract negotiations.

Leveraging third-party expertise in compensation strategy

Thoroughly analyze both sides—what the physicians want and what the hospital can afford to do. Using various data sources, determine the “fair market value” for the group in the particular location. Mediate with the hospital: Most physicians are not prepared for this process, either from a time or knowledge standpoint. The administration viewed the negotiations as a win-win for the hospital, community, and physicians.

Results: What happened?

The conversion factor per wRVU increased by $8 in year one, $10 in year two, and $12 in year three from the baseline number. They added a $50,000 quality bonus per year for each physician (which we were able to guarantee in year one). The call pay didn’t change in favor of the higher CF per wRVU. By running calculations using the last 12 months, the overall benefit to the group in year one will be $594,334 with the same level of production. Accounting for four surgeons, the average of the group (production did vary) will be over $148,000 in year one alone.

What physicians considering a group negotiation need to know

• The total process took about 5-6 months. It’s not uncommon for this process to take longer, with the hospital dragging out the process, resulting in inaction or poor results.
• All the surgeons did was invest a few hours upfront in calls and emails, send documents, and approve the asks/proposals/offers.
• Able to put a ‘renegotiation’ piece in the agreement in three years—so can repeat the process to re-up this in three years (it was 5+ last time before they got an update or appropriate pay and benefits increase).
• The administration enjoyed working with an expert third party, and the best part was that the physicians benefited with minimal effort.

Key takeaways

• Physician employers: partners, not adversaries. They want physicians to be satisfied with their compensation arrangements. There is already a shortage of surgeons, and the number is expected to worsen. Replacement of surgeons poses financial, health care, and community challenges. They find it difficult to get a physician’s time and attention.
• Even within the same group, physicians cannot decide what they want and have no clue what is “fair” since they do not have access to industry knowledge like hospitals do. We solve these issues. Often frustrated and underappreciated, physicians can find solace when their compensation is fair, a sentiment that physician employers may not always be aware of. Maximizing physician compensation reduces burnout. Many physicians know medicine but little about the business of medicine. It is essential to have tools to even the playing field so the team has the power of knowledge in negotiations.
• Physicians: they are busy, overwhelmed, and skeptical. Despite their dedication to medicine, many physicians are locked into long-term agreements without updates. This lack of clarity can lead to uncertainty and feeling in the dark about their contracts, which could be improved with precise and updated agreements. They have difficulty agreeing on patient care, let alone what they want in their careers, which would improve their lives.

This case illustrates the importance of preparation, unity, and strategic communication in contract negotiations. The surgeons’ proactive approach improved their contractual conditions and set a precedent for future negotiations within the hospital.

Jon Appino has been the driving force behind  Contract Diagnostics since 2011, where he leads a dedicated team on a mission to empower physicians with the knowledge, tools, and confidence to negotiate robust employment contracts and secure the best compensation packages. With over a century of collective experience, the CDx team is a paragon of field expertise. With over 25 years of diverse health care experience, Jon leads this seasoned team of professionals. From Pete’s 20+ years to Anu’s 25+ years, complemented by Jillian and Laura’s 10+ years each, our team boasts a wealth of knowledge. This remarkable tenure is further fortified by the skills and backgrounds of our other team members, including Kathryn Sarnoski, MD, and Jan Schmitz, director of operations. Their combined experience ensures that Contract Diagnostics offers the most seasoned and insightful guidance in physician compensation.

Discover more of Jon’s perspectives on physician compensation by exploring the Contract Diagnostics blog or connecting on social media platforms like LinkedIn ,  Facebook ,  YouTube , and  Instagram .

The  Contract Diagnostics  team offers comprehensive consulting services tailored to physicians and their families, addressing employment contracts and compensation structures. Our expertise spans contract physician compensation, schedules, benefits, and more.

Our mission is to establish a central resource where physicians can access information, consulting, and coaching to navigate the intricacies of employment contracts and compensation structures, ensuring equitable remuneration.

Questions? Feel free to reach out to us via our  website  or at 888-574-5526.

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Customer Success Story

AI-Native Networking fuels the digital workplace at M-Files

M-Files helps businesses work smarter. The M-Files document management platform empowers knowledge workers to find information in any context, automates business processes, and enforces information controls to lower risk. With a growing need to manage the information explosion, M-Files reached the elite Centaur status milestone of $100 million in annual recurring revenue in 2023.

M-Files chose the Juniper AI-Native Networking platform for its headquarters in Finland to assure better user and IT operator experiences.

Customers use the M-Files document management SaaS platform

Wired and wireless connectivity at new headquarters  

AIOps frees up IT staff to focus on strategic work

To identify and resolve network problems, minimizing business disruptions

Wi-Fi for the digital workplace

To attract—and retain—top talent, companies need great workspaces. M-Files set out to design a new head office in Tampere, Finland with quiet workspaces, cozy breakout areas, a gym, and a music lounge that would enable efficient work but also creative and social interactions. There’s even a sauna.

M-Files wanted a network that would fit its new workplace—one that would deliver exceptional user experiences with simpler operations as it continues to advance its AI-driven document management platform.

“Managing our wireless gear was a pain,” says Pasi Sjöholm, Lead ICT Administrator at M-Files. “We had many different versions of wireless controllers and configuring them with command-line tools was a headache. We wanted a network that was easy to manage and could support our business needs for years to come.”

M-Files wanted better visibility into the network user experience and tools that could help the IT team quickly troubleshoot problems and identify when the source was the application, device, or network. “When there is a problem, everyone wants to blame the network,” he says. “We need to know exactly where a problem is and how to fix it.”

AI-Native Networking Platform built for global growth

M-Files chose Juniper AI-Native Network for its ability to deliver industry-leading AI for IT operations (AIOps) that assure exceptional digital experiences at its head office. With more than nine years of reinforced learning in a microservices cloud, the Juniper AI-Native Networking Platform ensures that every connection performs flawlessly and is secure.

Juniper AP34 Wireless Access Points deliver high-performance Wi-Fi 6E, which uses the 6 GHz band for faster, more reliable Wi-Fi. M-Files uses Juniper EX4100 Switches and EX4400 Switches for a secure, resilient, and easy-to-manage campus fabric.

Comprehensive AIOps automate network operations. The IT team can set, monitor, and enforce network service levels, including prioritizing resources for critical business apps. Zero-trust network access policies are enforced for corporate and BYOD devices based on user and device identities. Employees no longer need to use a VPN to use their personal devices in the office.

IT can stay one step ahead with the AI-Native Marvis VNA, which provides proactive and prescriptive actions to help IT resolve issues faster, including client problems with Microsoft Teams and bad cabling. “The Juniper Mist management portal is intuitive, so that even less experienced staff can easily understand the network and troubleshoot problems,” says Sjöholm.

Empower workplace collaboration

With a Juniper AI-Native Network, M-Files’ talented team can work efficiently and collaboratively at its headquarters. Based on better operator and end-user experiences, M-Files upgraded the network in its Helsinki office with Juniper.

“A Juniper network delivers improved performance and reliability with long-term cost savings,” says Sjöholm. “We started with Juniper in our local offices in Finland and will expand to other locations around the world.”

With intuitive tools and actionable insights of a Juniper AI-Native Network, Sjöholm can hand more network responsibilities over to his team. IT specialists are empowered to handle more network tasks on their own, and Sjöholm is freed up to plan and implement more strategic business services.

One plan Sjöholm intends to stand by is choosing Juniper. “We are looking forward to partnering with Juniper and growing our AI expertise together for many years to come,” he says.

The Products

The Juniper AP34 integrates Mist AI for AX™ and an omnidirectional Bluetooth antenna to automate network operations and boost performance in the 6GHz band. The Wi-Fi 6E device helps optimize operator and user experiences with secure client-to-cloud automation, insight, and data-driven actions.  

The EX4100 Ethernet Switch is an AI-driven, cloud-ready access switching platform with flow-based telemetry and advanced security built-in, crafted for high-performance campus deployments.

The EX4400 Ethernet Switch is a cloud-ready, AI-powered access switching platform with advanced security for high-performance campus deployments.

Wireless (Wi-Fi) Assurance

Driven by Mist AI and machine learning, the Juniper Mist Wireless Assurance cloud service automates troubleshooting and operations, making wireless networks predictable, reliable, and measurable while providing near-real-time visibility into user service levels.

Wired Assurance

The Juniper Mist Wired Assurance service brings  Mist AI to access-layer switching. It sets a new network management standard with AI-native operations and automation, improving the experiences of devices connected to resources through Juniper  EX Series Switches .

Marvis, the first AI-Native virtual network assistant, optimizes user and operator experiences with proactive actions and self-driving network operations. A natural language conversational interface provides simple and seamless interactions, making Marvis an integrated member of any IT team.

Juniper Mist Access Assurance

Juniper Mist Access Assurance, our cloud-based network access control service, simplifies user and device onboarding with easy policy creation and enforcement. It removes the struggles of design, deployment, and Day 0/1/2 operations while securing your network edge. 

Published July 2024

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ACI Case Study : Physical Domain get disassociated from EPG upon removal of last Static Port Binding from NXOS CLI

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Bias-Free Language

The documentation set for this product strives to use bias-free language. For the purposes of this documentation set, bias-free is defined as language that does not imply discrimination based on age, disability, gender, racial identity, ethnic identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality. Exceptions may be present in the documentation due to language that is hardcoded in the user interfaces of the product software, language used based on RFP documentation, or language that is used by a referenced third-party product. Learn more about how Cisco is using Inclusive Language.

Introduction

This document describes the impact of deleting all static port bindings from APIC CLI for a leaf switch when domain validation feature is enabled on ACI.

Prerequisites

Basic understanding of Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) configuration and Domain Validation feature.

More information on Domain validation feature in ACI can be found at,

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/software/aci-data-center/221206-understand-aci-enforce-domain-validation.html#:~:text=13%201%2C19-,Enforce%20Domain%20Validation%3A%20Enabled,NOT%20programmed%20on%20the%20interface .

Setup and Topology

In this setup you are going to ue two different ways to program Vlan on the ACI Leaf switch interfaces

• Attachable Access Entity Profile  (AAEP) attached to Leaf01 ports Interface Policy Group (IPG) has been configured with Endpoint Policy Group (EPG) Mapping.
• AAEP attached to Leaf04 port IPG does not has any EPG mapping however " Static port binding" is performed through CLI to push Vlans.

Two Leaf - 01 and 04 ,

Model: N9K-C93180YC-FX

• Version- 16.0(3e)
• IPG Policy: ipg_1
• aaep1 (Used for Leaf 01)
• system-cdp-enabled
• system-lldp-enabled
• IPG Policy: ipg_2
• aaep_static ( Used for Leaf04)
• Leaf Interface Selector:Leaf_101_interface_profile
•  ipg_1
• Leaf Interface Selector:Leaf_104_interface_profile
•  ipg_2
• Switch Profile: Leaf_101
• Leaf_101_interface_profile
• Switch Profile: Leaf_104
• Leaf_104_interface_profile
• Tenant: abc-tn , Application Profile: abc-ap, EPG: epg-1, BD: bd-1
• Physical Domain: abc-dom , Vlan Pool: Static : abc-vlan-pool(150-152)
• Domain sample-dom is mapped to EPG epg-1

In this lab you are going to observe the "Impact" of deleting static port bindings from NXOS ® CLI. The behaviour in this document is going to show you " When you remove all static port mappings from NXOS ® CLI(CLI Only), the APIC is going to remove physical domain from the EPG". As per the current CLI design a clean-up occurs for Physical Domain to EPG association upon removal of the last Static port. This is a for maintaining an optimal configuration and avoid overlapping vlans in certain scenarios. The same is not relevant to the configurations done via GUI/API.

This behaviour can only impact the ACI Fabric s where the configuration design involves deployment of both Static port attachments and EPG to AEP association mixed under the same EPG, which is uncommon.

If physical domain is removed from EPG and domain validation feature is enabled in the fabric, APIC is going to remove all the vlans from the EPG interfaces.

This issue has already been addresses in  Cisco bug ID  CSCwj74262 Changes to the current expected behaviour regarding config clean-up under the CLI config)

Steps Involved

Step1. Ensure Domain validation is enabled.

If domain validation has been disabled in the scenario, no impact  is seen as removing physical domain association from EPG and this is not going for an  VLAN removal from Leaf Interfaces.

Step2. Vlans are programmed on Leaf 101 due to AAEP to EPG mapping.

Step3 . Vlans not programmed for Leaf 104 as no static mapping is done.

Step3. NXOS ® style config on Leaf 104 from APIC CLI

Step4. Validate on APIC fvIfConn MO is created

Step5. Deleted config from node 104

Step6. Domain got removed due to clean-up script triggered at the backend when config is removed through CLI.

Step7. Vlan programming removed due to Enforce validation feature (As domain is not associate to EPG, vlans are not be pushed)

Revision History

Contributed by Cisco Engineers

• Piyush Kataria TAC

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This Document Applies to These Products

• Application Policy Infrastructure Controller (APIC)

Yale releases report critical of UK transgender youth care research study

The UK's NHS Cass Review has been cited in restrictive trans care policies.

A new report released by Yale Law School and Yale School of Medicine criticizes the often-cited Cass Review on gender-affirming care for transgender youth, commissioned by the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom.

The review , released in April, was performed by Dr. Hillary Cass, a former president of the Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health, amid a rise in referrals to NHS' gender services. Her review – which calls for more research, more support, and more caution around gender-affirming care – has been cited in the NHS decision to restrict the prescribing of puberty-pausing medications, also known as puberty blockers , to children and young people under 18 years old in the U.K.

In the U.S., gender-affirming care remains a hot-button issue in the political and medical arenas. At least 25 states have enacted restrictions on care for transgender youth since 2022, according to the Human Rights Campaign .

The Cass review was cited in recent, successful legislative efforts in Indiana to uphold a 2023 law that prohibited physicians from providing "gender transition procedures" to anyone younger than 18 years old, with certain medical exceptions.

The Yale report – which states it was authored by a team of researchers and clinicians that has "86 years of experience working with 4,800 transgender youth," and "has published 278 peer-reviewed studies, 168 of which are related to gender-affirming care" – takes issue with several aspects of the Cass Review in their critique, saying that it "obscures key findings, misrepresents its own data, and is rife with misapplications of the scientific method." It also accuses the Review of speculating about data on transgender patients, and criticizes certain statements made in the Review about concern over gender care referrals, early medical intervention, and more.

Yet despite being cited in the NHS decision to restrict prescribing puberty blockers to minors, the Yale report notes that the Cass Review does not recommend a ban on trans youth care. It also notes that it consistently makes recommendations that are in line with international gender-affirming medical care guidelines by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) and the Endocrine Society, a professional medical organization that is "dedicated to providing the field of endocrinology with timely, evidence-based recommendations for clinical care and practice," according to its website.

In response to an ABC News request for comment, the team that authored the Cass Review said in a statement that the research that "underpins" the Review's findings "looked at 237 papers from 18 countries, providing information on a total of 113,269 children and adolescents," and was subject to peer review.

"In making her recommendations, Dr. Cass had to rely on the currently available evidence and think about how the NHS can respond safely, effectively, and compassionately," the Review team told ABC News.

The statement continued, "The body of research on gender care for children and young people was strikingly poor compared to other areas of child and adolescent healthcare where life changing interventions are given, meaning there is not a reliable evidence base upon which to make clinical decisions, or for children and their families to make informed choices."

Spike in gender service referrals

The Cass Review repeatedly claims that the increase of referrals for gender-affirming care in the U.K. was "exponential," and that social acceptance of transgender identities is unlikely to be the sole explanation for the rise.

"While it certainly seems to be the case that there is much greater acceptance of trans identities, particularly among younger generations, which may account for some of the increase in numbers, the exponential change in referrals over a particularly short five-year timeframe is very much faster than would be expected for normal evolution of acceptance of a minority group," Cass states.

MORE: Community mourns trans teen murdered, dismembered during Pride month

In their report, Yale researchers counter that the increase in referrals to the U.K.'s Gender Identity Service is not exponential, and points to Cass's own data on referrals, which they say actually shows the number of referrals plateaued, and then decreased starting in 2017. A graph included in the Cass Review that shows a spike from 2021 to 2022 in child and adolescent referrals for gender dysphoria is accompanied by a note that states there is "a strong possibility that there was double counting" of referrals during the time period.

"While there certainly is an increase in referrals, describing this increase as 'exponential' is a serious error that fuels concern that the Review is too often more interested in subjective polemics than in scientific accuracy," the Yale report says.

Research quality on gender-affirming care

The Cass Review also criticized the evidence supporting the need for gender-affirming care. It concluded that "while a considerable amount of research has been published in this field, systematic evidence reviews demonstrated the poor quality of the published studies, meaning there is not a reliable evidence base upon which to make clinical decisions, or for children and their families to make informed choices."

Yale experts counter in their report that the Cass Review's "recommendations are informed by a flawed concept of evidence." It says the Review "fails to recognize the nuances of evidence quality measures"; that it "does not follow established standards for evaluating evidence and evidence quality"; that it "casually discusses evidence quality and does not define it, contravening standard practice in scientific evaluations of medical research"; and that it "fails to contextualize the evidence for gender-affirming care with the evidence base for other areas of pediatric medicine."

"If high-quality evidence were a prerequisite for medical care, we would all be worse off," the Yale report further states. "Moderate, low, and very low-quality evidence," as defined by what the report says is "one of the most widely accepted frameworks for determining evidence quality," and "informs necessary, high-value care at every stage of life."

The Cass Review team states in an online FAQ that "the approach to the assessment of study quality was the same as would be applied to other areas of clinical practice – the bar was not set higher for this Review."

A subsequent clarification in the FAQ further states: "The same level of rigor should be expected when looking at the best treatment approaches for this population as for any other population so as not to perpetuate the disadvantaged position this group have been placed in when looking for information on treatment options."

Early intervention concerns

The Yale report also takes issue with what it calls "unfounded speculation" in the Cass Review that "social transition and puberty-pausing medications may cause harm by putting youth onto a medical path." It further notes instances in which they assert the Cass Review "expresses concern that early supportive interventions, such as social transition and puberty-pausing medications, lock young people into irreversible care."

MORE: Judge blocks Florida's transgender youth care ban for minors

For example, while stating that for some young patients, the "best outcome" will be gender transitioning, the Review also argues that "those who had socially transitioned at an earlier age and/or prior to being seen in clinic were more likely to proceed to a medical pathway," and that "the vast majority of people started on puberty blockers proceed from puberty blockers to masculinizing/feminizing hormones" – an "altered trajectory, culminating in medical intervention which will have life-long implications."

The Cass Review also cautions that young people who transition before they experience life as the gender with which they do not identify "may have no frame of reference to cause them to regret or detransition, but at the same time they may have had a different outcome without medical intervention and would not have needed to take life-long hormones."

"It is completely unscientific and inappropriate to expect a young person, regardless of their gender identity, to 'try out' life as a gender they do not identify with – as the Review supposes transgender youth should," the Yale report states. It further says that "The Review's own data show that most referred patients are never subsequently referred to pediatric endocrinology and even fewer receive medical interventions."

The Yale report argues that continuing care isn't necessarily cause for alarm or concern, and that "The Review does not consider the most likely explanation for why most youth who receive early, supportive interventions continue onto gender-affirming hormone therapy: that they are indeed transgender."

"It is not social transition and puberty-pausing medications that drive a persistent transgender identity," the Yale report asserts. "It is a transgender identity that drives social transition and subsequent medical interventions."

Detransitioning and regret

The Cass Review asserts that "the percentage of people treated with hormones who subsequently detransition remains unknown due to the lack of long-term follow-up studies, although there is suggestion that numbers are increasing."

However, in the Review's audit of 3,306 patients who were discharged from the U.K. Gender Identity Service (GIDS), fewer than 10 patients transitioned back to their birth-registered gender – which Yale researchers note is "a 'detransition' date of 0.3%."

MORE: Ohio Senate overrides governor veto of trans care, sports ban HB 68

The Yale report also states that it is "exceedingly rare that an individual would later determine that they are not transgender" after receiving clinical transgender care and support. "A person who regrets receiving care may continue to identify as transgender; another who stops medications may not experience regret, and one who stops identifying as transgender may not regret receiving medical care," the report says.

A report in JAMA Pediatrics noted by the Yale report found that 1% of youth who received gender-affirming medications in the study re-identified with their assigned sex at birth.

In another study noted in the Yale report, this one in the LGBT Health journal, 82.5% of those surveyed "reported familial pressure, social pressure, employment difficulty, inability to access care, and financial reasons" as the reason they presented themselves as their sex assigned at birth.

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After Supreme Court ruling, judge considers Trump's immunity claim in classified docs case

Donald Trump is seeking to build on his Supreme Court victory, which provided immunity from criminal prosecution for his official acts as president, by asking judges in his federal classified documents case and in his New York hush money conviction to throw out all of those charges.

U.S. District Judge Aileen Cannon postponed deadlines Saturday to debate evidence in the classified documents case and instead asked for written arguments about Trump’s immunity in the next two weeks.

Trump’s lawyers asked Cannon on Friday to halt all action in the classified documents case until she rules whether the charges are valid.

New York Judge Juan Merchan postponed sentencing Trump for his hush-money conviction of 34 counts of falsifying business records, which had been scheduled for Thursday, until September.

When the Supreme Court formally returns the election-interference case to U.S. District Judge Tanya Chutkan, she must weigh which charges are still valid to prosecute.

Neither Justice Department special counsel Jack Smith nor Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg has responded to the Supreme Court’s decision yet.

Trump’s lawyers, Todd Blanche and Christopher Kise, have argued the high court’s ruling means each of the judges will have to determine which conduct is official or unofficial – and not use any official conduct as evidence for charges against unofficial conduct.

Here is where the cases stand:

Supreme Court orders 'close analysis' of whether Trump conduct was unofficial

The reason for uncertainty about criminal charges against Trump is because no former president has ever been charged before and the Supreme Court hadn’t ruled on whether they could be.

Until July 1. That’s when Chief Justice John Roberts wrote for a 6-3 majority that former presidents can’t be tried for their official acts, but could potentially be charged for unofficial acts.

The ruling said presidents discussing policy with executive agencies can’t even be questioned about their motives. This ruled out charges involving Trump urging his acting attorney general to pursue allegations of election fraud with officials in swing states.

But the ruling left open the possibility of charges dealing with Trump’s recruitment of fake presidential electors to support him in states President Joe Biden won. Roberts wrote that determining whether Trump's pressure on then-Vice President Mike Pence "requires a close analysis of the indictment’s extensive and interrelated allegations."

“The President is not above the law,” Roberts wrote. “But under our system of separated powers, the President may not be prosecuted for exercising his core constitutional powers, and he is entitled to at least presumptive immunity from prosecution for his official acts."

Trial judges must now determine whether Trump’s conduct for the various charges was official or unofficial.

Judge postpones filings in classified documents case to study Trump's immunity claim

Trump was charged with retaining national defense records and conspiring to hide them from government authorities until FBI agents seized them during a search of Mar-a-Lago, his Florida estate, in August 2022.

Prosecutors have noted the entire case involves conduct after Trump left the White House in January 2021. Smith's team office said Trump did not have legal authority to designate secret national security documents as personal records and send them to his private home. But Trump’s lawyers have argued his decision to ship the documents to Mar-a-Lago was an official act.

In an order Saturday, Cannon scrapped a Monday deadline for Trump to disclose his experts and Wednesday deadlines for prosecutors and defense lawyers to share more evidence in the case.

Instead, Cannon set a deadline July 18 for Smith to respond to Trump’s request for immunity. Trump will have until July 21 to respond.

Cannon hasn’t set a date for a hearing, but said she could still collect more evidence.

Trump’s lawyers want Cannon to only move forward on two issues in the case: Smith's request for a gag order preventing Trump from making comments that could incite threats against FBI agents working the case, and whether Smith was properly appointed to his job as special counsel.

In the Supreme Court’s ruling on immunity, Justice Clarence Thomas, wrote  a concurrence  questioning Smith's appointment, even though that wasn't at issue in the case and many special counsels have been previously appointed under similar circumstances.

Judge in federal election interference must also determine unofficial conduct

The Supreme Court hasn’t formally returned Trump’s election-interference case to Chutkan, under what is called a “mandate,” which might not happen until Aug. 2.

“The judgment or mandate of this Court will not issue for at least thirty-two days,” Supreme Court clerk Scott Harris wrote July 1 to the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals.

Chutkan will have to review which charges – if any – can go to trial once she gets the case back.

New York sentencing postponed because of potential immunity

Merchan previously postponed sentencing Trump in the hush-money case, which had been scheduled Thursday, until Sept. 18.

But that’s only if necessary. Merchan plans to decide Sept. 6 whether Trump is immune from the charges, even though his case involves state charges and the Supreme Court was reviewing federal charges.

Trump was convicted May 30 of falsifying records to hide his reimbursement to private lawyer Michael Cohen, who paid $130,000 to silence porn actress Stormy Daniels about alleged sex with Trump before the 2016 election.

The financial arrangements between Cohen and Daniels happened before Trump was elected president. But his series of 11 payments to Cohen – through his private company – happened the first year of his presidency.

Merchan previously ruled that Trump filed an immunity argument in the case too late to be considered.

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Are You a Checker or an Unchecker?

One Million Checkboxes, a simple online game that invites visitors to click or unclick check boxes, has become an unintentional case study in human behavior.

By Callie Holtermann

Last week, Nolen Royalty unleashed upon the world a website with a million empty check boxes.

Mr. Royalty, 32, a game developer in Brooklyn, created the site in a fit of inspiration and shared it on X last Wednesday with low expectations. “Basically anyone I described it to chuckled, at most,” he said.

Rows of unchecked squares sat tantalizingly against a pale gray background, an unexplored Minesweeper field. A visitor to the page checked one box. Then another. Each time a person checked a box, it was instantly filled in on everybody else’s screens, like a kind of collaborative grocery list accessible to anyone with a phone or computer.

Seven days later, more than 700,000 boxes have been filled in. The free website, called One Million Checkboxes , has become an unlikely hit and elicited oddly strong reactions: Users on X describe the project as “strangely compelling” and “torture for people with OCD.” A Washington Post newsletter called it “the most pointless website on the planet” — which it seemed to mean as a compliment.

Mr. Royalty has been frantically renting additional server space for about $60 a day to keep up with the site’s check-happy fans. He estimated that there have been at least 400,000 unique visitors, although that data is imperfect because the page has crashed several times under the weight of their enthusiasm.

By providing a blank slate to users, One Million Checkboxes has also cycled rapidly through the stages of internet maturity, serving as something of a microcosm of the joys and horrors of digital life.

First there was a period of exploration, in which users worked together to check as many boxes as they could. Next came creativity, as some began filling in boxes to illustrate hearts or, in more cases, crude drawings of male genitalia.

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Banned NBA player Jontay Porter will be charged in betting case, court papers indicate

FILE - Toronto Raptors forward Jontay Porter lookson during the first half of the team’s NBA basketball game against the Chicago Bulls, Jan. 18, 2024, in Toronto. Court papers indicate that former Toronto Raptors player Jontay Porter will be charged with a federal felony connected to the sports betting scandal that spurred the NBA to ban him for life. (Christopher Katsarov/The Canadian Press via AP, File)

FILE - Toronto Raptors center Jontay Porter (34) looks to pass in the first half of an NBA basketball game Monday, March 11, 2024, in Denver. Court papers indicate that former Toronto Raptors player Jontay Porter will be charged with a federal felony connected to the sports betting scandal that spurred the NBA to ban him for life. (AP Photo/David Zalubowski, File)

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NEW YORK (AP) — Former Toronto Raptors player Jontay Porter will be charged with a federal felony connected to the sports betting scandal that spurred the NBA to ban him for life, court papers indicate.

Federal prosecutors in Brooklyn filed what’s known as a criminal information sheet on Tuesday. The document doesn’t specify a court date or the charge or charges, but it does show the case is related to an existing prosecution of four men charged with scheming to cash in on tips from a player about his plans to exit two games early.

The Associated Press sent voice and email messages Wednesday to Porter’s St. Louis-based lawyer, Jeff Jensen. He said last month that Porter had been “in over his head due to a gambling addiction” but was getting treatment and cooperating with law enforcement.

Brooklyn U.S. Attorney Breon Peace’s office declined to comment on the new developments.

An NBA investigation found in April that Porter tipped off bettors about his health and then claimed illness to exit at least one game, creating wins for anyone who’d bet on him to underperform expectations. Porter also gambled on NBA games in which he didn’t play, once betting against his own team, the league said.

The four men charged last month appeared in court but haven’t yet entered pleas. They’re charged with conspiracy to commit wire fraud and were released on bonds in various amounts.

A court complaint against those four — Ammar Awawdeh, Timothy McCormack, Mahmud Mollah and Long Phi Pham — accused them of using prior knowledge of an NBA player’s plans so that they or their relatives could place winning bets on his performance.

The complaint, filed in early June, identified the athlete only as “Player 1.” Details about him and the game — and a quote from an NBA news release — matched up with the league’s probe into Porter.

According to the complaint, the player owed “significant gambling debts” to Awawdeh, who encouraged the athlete to settle them with a “special”: intentionally exiting games so that bettors in the know could successfully wager on him falling short of what sportsbooks figured he’d do.

“If I don’t do a special with your terms. Then it’s up,” the player responded in an encrypted message early this year, according to the complaint. “And u hate me and if I don’t get u 8k by Friday you’re coming to Toronto to beat me up.”

The player told some of the four already-charged defendants that he would claim health problems to take himself out of games early on Jan. 26 and March 20, the complaint says.

Porter played only briefly on those dates before leaving the court, complaining of injury or illness. In both games, his points, rebounds and assists were below the betting line for his performance.

Mollah, McCormack and a relative of Awawdeh had bet the “under” and made out, though a betting company ultimately stopped Mollah from collecting most of his more than $1 million in winnings on the March 20 game, according to the complaint.

After the NBA and others began investigating, the player messaged Pham, Mollah and Awawdeh in early April that they “might just get hit w a rico” — an apparent reference to the common acronym for a federal racketeering charge — and asked whether they had deleted “all the stuff” from their phones, the complaint notes.

The complaint said the player had spoken with authorities in hopes of earning “leniency at sentencing in the event he is criminally charged,” but it didn’t say when the conversation or conversations occurred.

Porter’s salary for this year was around $410,000. The 24-year-old averaged 4.4 points, 3.2 rebounds and 2.3 assists in 26 games this season, including five starts. He also played in 11 games for the Memphis Grizzlies in the 2020-21 season.