book review chicago style

Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Book Reviews

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Book review - in a journal, book review - in a magazine, book review - on a website, books with editors in place of authors.

Some books have an editor or editors in place of an author. For editors, include the abbreviation ed. following the editor's name (or eds. for more than one editor). However, this abbreviation is not included in shortened footnotes.

Henry Findell, ed. 

Findell, Henry, ed. 

Eric Small and Will Rhodes, eds. 

Small, Eric, and Will Rhodes, eds.

1. Reviewer's First Name Last Name, "Title of Review [if any]," review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name, Name of  Journal in which review appears  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

Bibliography Entry:

Reviewer's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review [if any]." Review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name.  Name of Journal in which review appears  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

This citation format is for book reviews found in a journal from a library database. For other types of journals (e.g. in print or from a website), begin the citation as shown above, up to and including the book author's name. Then complete the citation starting at  Name of Journal using the appropriate citation format as shown on the Journal Articles section of the Chicago Citation Guide.

1. Reviewer's First Name Last Name, "Title of Review [if any]," review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name, Name of Magazine,  Date of Publication, Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

Reviewer's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review [if any]." Review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name.  Name of Magazine,  Date of Publication. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

This citation format is for book reviews found in a magazine from a library database. For other types of magazines (e.g. in print or from a website), begin the citation as shown above, up to and including the book author's name. Then complete the citation starting at Name of Magazine  using the appropriate citation format as shown on the Magazine Articles section of the Chicago Citation Guide.

1. Reviewer's First Name Last Name, "Title of Review [if any]," review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name, Title of Website, Name of Owner or Sponsor of the Website [if different from Title of Website], Date of copyright or modification or access, URL. 

Reviewer's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review [if any]." Review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name. Title of Website. Name of Owner or Sponsor of the Website [if different from Title of Website]. Date of copyright or modification or access. URL.

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Book Review (14.202)

N:           1. Richard E. Wagner, review of  Austrian and German Economic Thought: From Subjectivism to Social Evolution , by Kiichiro Yagi,  Journal of the History of Economic Thought 36, no. 3 (September 2014): 391, https://doi-org.ezproxy.uleth.ca/ 10.1017/S1053837214000443.

B:     Wagner, Richard E. Review of  Austrian and German Economic Thought: From Subjectivism to Social Evolution ,              by Kiichiro Yagi.  Journal of the History of Economic Thought  36, no. 3 (September 2014): 391-94.              https://doi-org.ezproxy.uleth.ca/10.1017/S1053837214000443.

NOTE: For a print book review, omit the DOI URL.

DOI - Digital Object Identifier

Most scholarly publishers now assign a unique alpha-numeric code called a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) to journal articles, e-books, and other documents. Chicago guidelines for citing electronic resources include this number in the citation whenever possible. The DOI can generally be found on the first page of scholarly journal articles as well as in the database record for that article. DOIs are typically provided within a URL beginning with  https://doi-org.ezproxy.uleth.ca/  and ending with the DOI, as seen in this example:  https://doi-org.ezproxy.uleth.ca/10.1017/CBO9781139028080.

If the DOI does not appear on the article or in the database record, it may be found by entering citation information into the free DOI Lookup on CrossRef.org.

To determine DOIs for an entire reference list, copy & paste the entire list here: Cross/Ref Simple Text Query .

A DOI can be searched or verified by entering the DOI number here: Cross/Ref DOI Resolver .

Materials originally published prior to the Internet, but now available online, may not have a DOI. When a DOI is not available, include the URL in its place.

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Book review: the chicago manual of style , 17 th edition.

Permissions : This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Please contact [email protected] to use this work in a way not covered by the license.

For more information, read Michigan Publishing's access and usage policy .

The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7208/cmos17

  The Chicago Manual of Style provides detailed guidance on the popular formatting and citation style known as Chicago style. The first edition, released in 1906, conveyed the typographical rules of its publisher, the University of Chicago Press. [1] Many iterations later, the 17th edition, measuring approximately 1,150 pages, just over 100 more than its predecessor, is a hefty reference on formatting, grammar, usage, and citation styles for publishers, editors, and writers. It is divided into three general sections—Part I: The Publishing Process; Part II: Style and Usage; and Part III: Source Citations and Indexes—each divided into chapters and, further still, sub-sections numbered for easy reference and referred to as paragraphs.

I have long been a follower of this style guide. When I first began working in publishing, I was gifted a copy of the 16th edition, and, throughout my tenure at the press, the volume was always within easy reach. Many pages in the publishing process section became tabbed and well worn from repeated reference. When I decided to return to school, I took my style bible with me, often utilizing the sections on style and citations. I also discovered the online “Citation Quick Guide,” which presents a list of sample citations with limited commentary—a perfect resource for the busy student wishing to have an overview of citation styles without delving into the detailed guidelines and underlying explanations of the original volume.

This “Quick Citation Guide” is just one of the many resources which comprise The Chicago Manual of Style ’s electronic counterpart. Rather than as an eBook—translating the discrete print volume into a discrete electronic file—the University of Chicago Press has chosen to present the electronic version of the manual as a website, of which the text of the current edition is only one section. A number of the website’s components are openly accessible, including the citation guide and a “Style Q&A,” in which the guide’s editors answer users’ questions. Moving inside a paywall, users can access the current edition as well as the previous edition and a community forum, where users of the guide can discuss questions. Thus, the website not only relays the reference’s content but also increases the accessibility of a potentially convoluted and dense manual by creating a community through these additional resources.

The electronic 17th edition takes full advantage of the website format by making each numbered paragraph a distinct webpage. Users accustomed to the print version thus encounter a very different reading experience, with the 52-page “Glossary of Problematic Words and Phrases” (5.250) taking up the same number of virtual pages as the three-lined “Academic Titles and Degrees in Index Entries” (16.40), which shares its two-page spread with seven other paragraphs in the print version. Unlike flipping through the print pages, I found clicking through each electronic paragraph a bit tedious, probably because of those discrete webpages with small amounts of text. This layout also forces a reliance on each chapter’s table of contents to navigate between paragraphs, as opposed to skimming print pages to find the desired content.

The online version, however, does add some helpful finding aids. A search bar allows users to search for keywords, with results directly linking to specific paragraphs, and the index contains hyperlinks to the referenced paragraphs. For readers who already know the number of the paragraph they need, a second search bar asks users to enter that number and then takes them directly to the corresponding webpage, bypassing navigating through multiple tables of contents or flipping through over a thousand print pages to locate the correct page.

Many versions of the print manual, mine included, are sprinkled with multicolored tabs to bypass this fumbling for pages. Fortunately, the online version has a similar bookmarking system, in which users can tag paragraphs for future reference. Although useful for repeat users, these bookmarks highlight the navigation problems of the online version: in the book level table of contents, a bookmark icon is present next to the chapter title, indicating how many paragraphs are bookmarked in that chapter. But the user is forced to navigate to the chapter’s table of contents to see exactly which paragraph is bookmarked and then click on the bookmarked paragraph’s title to be taken to the correct webpage. This tedious navigation could have easily been bypassed with a separate bookmarks list or direct hyperlinks from the book’s table of contents.

The note feature shares these navigational flaws while offering users another way to replicate the mark-ups of their worn print versions. For those users that have penciled notes in the margins of their print manuals, this feature offers a perfect digital alternative. Users can add notes to the entire paragraph or a selected portion of the online text, with notes appearing at the bottom of the webpage and, for the latter, also when hovering over the highlighted text. Users can truly take advantage of the text’s digital format with these notes’ functionalities. First, users have the option to hyperlink to other paragraphs. Do you think a paragraph from chapter 1 and another from chapter 14 are related? Add a hyperlink to both their notes to digitally connect the two pages, especially advantageous because it avoids having to navigate through multiple layers of tables of contents. Second, users can share notes. Have you made a realization specific to a project you are working on? Download that webpage, including the paragraph text and all notes, to your local drive or email a copy to a colleague who would find your thoughts relevant. These functions optimize personalized navigation and sharing in a way that the print object never could.

The veer from the print version continues with the manual’s figures and tables. Although the navigation between paragraphs differs between the print and electronic versions, the general presentation of the content remains consistent. Not so for the figures and tables, which are instead presented separately from the rest of the electronic content, each on their own webpages, which are accessible through the volume’s list of figures and list of tables. When individual paragraphs refer to a specific figure or table, a hyperlink connects the user to that figure or table. Only about half of the figures and tables, however, link back to the relevant paragraphs, further highlighting the website’s murky navigation. I much prefer the print version in which you can peruse the figures alongside the text, but I suppose I may need to adjust to the technology by opening the figures in a new tab. For those who want to have the image for offline reference, each figure and table—as well as the hyphenation guide (7.89)—is available as a downloadable PDF, another distinct advantage of the digital presentation.

Perhaps the most obvious benefit of the digital version is portability. At approximately 1,150 pages, the print version is not light. It commonly sits on a bookshelf for easy reference, but its use outside of the office may be rare as few would want to lug the hefty volume around, no matter how highly they value its contents. Having the entire volume in an easily accessible format, wherever users go, without requiring any local resources besides bandwidth, increases the usability of the manual, especially for the publisher, writer, or editor on-the-go. Be warned, however, that this new convenience can be potentially plagued by the typical electronic woes, such as internet speed or data allowances. I found that sometimes my bookmarks and notes icons would not load or would load slowly. Additionally, bookmarks and notes do not function on mobile devices, as neither the button to add new items nor icons in the tables of contents appear.

For those looking to learn or reference the Chicago formatting and citation styles, The Chicago Manual of Style will always be the go-to resource. Despite each new edition’s growth in length and changes in content, the volume remains the same: the definitive—and only—guide to Chicago style. Given the print volume’s size and weight, the online version, with its additional features—many of which are freely available—is a good alternative for both brief and dedicated users who want portable access to the manual or want to move beyond the content to engage with The Chicago Manual of Style community.

Jessica Kirschner began her career in publishing in the acquisitions department at SUNY Press. She subsequently earned an MLIS from the University of Pittsburgh, where she began exploring scholarly communications, open access, and digital publishing. She now serves as the Digital Publishing Librarian at Texas Tech University, where she is working to develop a digital textbook publishing program. She is a 2017 Society for Scholarly Publishing Fellow.

Product of Michigan Publishing , University of Michigan Library • [email protected] • ISSN 1080-2711

Chicago 17th edition notes and bibliography

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Go to Index

Author-Date: Sample Citations

Go to Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate the author-date system. Each example of a reference list entry is accompanied by an example of a corresponding in-text citation. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For examples of the same citations using the notes and bibliography system, follow the Notes and Bibliography link above.

Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)

Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. 2015. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life . New York: Simon & Schuster.

Smith, Zadie. 2016. Swing Time . New York: Penguin Press.

In-text citations

(Grazer and Fishman 2015, 12)

(Smith 2016, 315–16)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 40 – 45 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In the reference list, include the page range for the chapter or part. In the text, cite specific pages.

Reference list entry

Thoreau, Henry David. 2016. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.

In-text citation

(Thoreau 2016, 177–78)

In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.

D’Agata, John, ed. 2016. The Making of the American Essay . Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.

(D’Agata 2016, 177–78)

For more details, see 15.36 and 15.42 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Translated book

Lahiri, Jhumpa. 2016.  In Other Words . Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

(Lahiri 2016, 146)

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the text, if any (or simply omit).

Austen, Jane. 2007. Pride and Prejudice . New York: Penguin Classics. Kindle.

Borel, Brooke. 2016. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ProQuest Ebrary.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Melville, Herman. 1851. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale . New York: Harper & Brothers. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

(Austen 2007, chap. 3)

(Borel 2016, 92)

(Kurland and Lerner 1987, chap. 10, doc. 19)

(Melville 1851, 627)

Journal article

In the reference list, include the page range for the whole article. In the text, cite specific page numbers. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. 2017. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. 2017. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38 (1): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Satterfield, Susan. 2016. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April): 165–76.

(Keng, Lin, and Orazem 2017, 9–10)

(LaSalle 2017, 95)

(Satterfield 2016, 170)

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the reference list; in the text, list only the first, followed by et al . (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al.

Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. 2017. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

(Bay et al. 2017, 465)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 46–49 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. In the reference list, it can be helpful to repeat the year with sources that are cited also by month and day. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in the text but are omitted from a reference list entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

Manjoo, Farhad. 2017. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Mead, Rebecca. 2017. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker , April 17, 2017.

Pai, Tanya. 2017. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox , April 11, 2017. http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

Pegoraro, Rob. 2007. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

(Manjoo 2017)

(Mead 2017, 43)

(Pegoraro 2007)

Readers’ comments are cited in the text but omitted from a reference list.

(Eduardo B [Los Angeles], March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo 2017)

For more examples, see 15 . 49 (newspapers and magazines) and 1 5 . 51 (blogs) in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Book review

Kakutani, Michiko. 2016. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith. New York Times , November 7, 2016.

(Kakutani 2016)

Stamper, Kory. 2017. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

(Stamper 2017)

Thesis or dissertation

Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. 2013. “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.

(Rutz 2013, 99–100)

Website content

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, use n.d. (for “no date”) in place of the year and include an access date.

Bouman, Katie. 2016. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

Google. 2017. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

(Bouman 2016)

(Google 2017)

(Yale University, n.d.)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 50–52 in The Chicago Manual of Style . For multimedia, including live performances, see 1 5 . 57 .

Social media content

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). If a more formal citation is needed, a reference list entry may be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

Chicago Manual of Style. 2015. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Souza, Pete (@petesouza). 2016. “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit.” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016. https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

(Chicago Manual of Style 2015)

(Souza 2016)

(Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style 2015)

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text only; they are rarely included in a reference list.

(Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017)

• Citing Sources Guide
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Chicago Manual of Style

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Different disciplines use different citation styles for various reasons. Be sure to consult with your professor before you choose a specific style to work with.

The Chicago Manual of Style contains guidelines for two types of citations.  These are Notes and Bibliography style and Author-Date style .  If you don't know which type of citation to use, consult your instructor.  It is important, however, that you only use one style in any given paper, so pick a style and stick with it.

How do I create citations in Notes and Bibliography Style?

• Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations (Chicago Manual of Style Online) Examples of citations for books, chapters in books, translated books, e-books, journal articles, news or magazine articles, book reviews, interviews, theses or dissertations, websites, social media, and personal communications.

How do I create citations in Author-Date Style?

• Author-Date: Sample Citations (Chicago Manual of Style Online) Examples of citations for books, chapters in books, translated books, e-books, journal articles, news or magazine articles, book reviews, interviews, theses or dissertations, websites, social media, and personal communications.

For more videos on citing sources, see the  Citation section  of the  WMU Libraries YouTube channel .

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To have a paper reviewed, please send it as an email attachment to  [email protected] . Include the course name and number along with any other information that would be helpful (e.g., writing prompt, grading rubric). The paper will be forwarded to a Writing Center tutor (non-traditional undergraduate students and Master's-level students) or a faculty member (doctoral-level students) to be reviewed and returned with comments as soon as possible. Plan on a turnaround time of three days for undergraduate and Master's-level papers. While we make every effort to return dissertations within a few days as well, the actual time depends on the length and complexity of the paper as well as the number of papers being reviewed .

• TNU Writing Center Click the link to make requests from the Writing Center to help with any aspect of writing, from specific assignments to general writing skills.

Tutor.com provides online 24/7, on-demand, 1-to-1 tutoring and homework help in more than 250 subjects. No matter where you are in the writing process, our rigorously vetted, expert writing tutors can provide the support you need whenever you need it. Upload Your Writing Files and Receive Feedback within a Day. Get expert feedback on elements such as grammar, punctuation, structure, flow, theme development, and citations. The expert tutors at Tutor.com can help you work through a tough homework problem, improve your writing skills, study for a test, review a difficult concept, and so much more!

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• How to Cite?
• eResources for CMOS17

What is the Chicago Style?

This guide is based on the  Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), 17th Edition,  published in 2017. Following the Notes & Bibliography system.

The Chicago referencing style is in a  footnote form  that uses a  numbered system .

This enables the reader to see the full bibliographic details of the source on the page where the reference is made. The complete list of resources used (bibliography) is given at the end of the work.

The CMOS has two systems for layout and presentation:

• Notes & Bibliography  uses a system of notes (footnotes or endnotes) and a bibliography. It is preferred for publications in literature, history, and arts.
• Author-Date : uses in-text author-date citations and a reference list. It is preferred for publications in sciences and social sciences.

A note of clarification:

• Heading used for a Notes & Bibliography (NB) formatted paper.
• All the literature read on a subject but not necessarily cited in the text
• The literature is cited in the text.
• Not used for an NB formatted paper. But appropriate for an Author/Date formatted paper.
• All the sources are cited in the text with all bibliographical information.
• CMOS: Sample Notes & Bibliography Formatted Paper Use this paper to view how quotations or footnotes/endnotes are formatted in the paper. An example offered by the OWL@Purdue.

Why should you cite sources? 

• To acknowledge other author's ideas that have influenced your work or that you have adapted to your work.
• To support the arguments in your text.
• To protect the 'intellectual property' of the original author.
• To provide the readers with full bibliographic details about the works cited.
• To avoid accusations of plagiarism.
• To demonstrate your critical thinking skills and your ability to analyze complex information.

How do you cite sources? 

In academic writing, it is important that you cite every idea, information, or data that you have borrowed or derived from another text. In this way, you give recognition to the original author and avoid plagiarism.

Note: There are several ways which you can use to integrate the ideas of others within your text.

• By direct quotation : directly taking the words of another author and identifying them in your text with quotation marks.
• By paraphrasing : putting the ideas into your own words, restating their meaning, in more detail.
• By summarizing : writing an overview of the original text by using your own words, in less detail than paraphrasing.

• CMOS: Sample Citations Here you'll find sample citations following the Notes & Bibliography format, part of CMOS Online resources
• OWL@Purdue: Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) 17th ed. From the OWL@Purdue examples and guidelines to apply CMOS NB Formatting.

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General Model for Citing Books in the Chicago Notes and Bibliography System

Footnote or endnote (n):, corresponding bibliographical entry (b):, book by one author  , book by multiple authors.

Two or more authors should be listed in the order they appear as authors, and not necessarily alphabetically.

Translated work with one author

Book with author and editor.

In notes, CMOS prefers the abbreviation of “editor(s)” as “ed.” or “eds.,” and translator(s) as “trans.” In bibliographic entries, these abbreviations are not used. Instead, titles are spelled out in full. This information appears in  The Chicago Manual of Style , section 14.103.

Chapter from a single-authored book

CMOS supplies two correct forms for bibliographic entries. Both are noted here.

Or, in some cases, you may want to emphasize the entire collection in the bibliographic entry.

Contributions from an edited collection with various authored chapters

When citing work by a single author that appears in a book with multiple authors, the contributing author’s name is cited first, followed by the title of their contribution, the word 'in' and the title of the book, along with the name(s) of the editors, and other standard information .

Introduction, Preface, or Afterword in a Book

Unlike other citations for books, bibliographic entries of this kind include the page number range for the part cited.  

Anonymous works--Unknown authorship

Sources that have no known author or editor should be cited by title. Follow the basic format for "Footnote or Endnote" and "Corresponding Bibliographical Entry" that are exemplified above, omitting author and/or editor names and beginning respective entries with the title of the source.

Citing indirect sources

Because authors are generally expected to be intimately familiar with the sources they are citing, Chicago discourages the use of a source that was cited within another (secondary) source. In the case that an original source is utterly unavailable, however, Chicago requires the use of "quoted in" for the note:

Self-published or Privately Published Books 

Books published by the author should be cited according to information available on the title page or copyright page. In place of publisher, include language such as “self-published” (abbreviated as “self-pub” in notes, but not a bibliography) or “printed by the author” is usually appropriate. For self-published e-books, add the name of the application or device required to read the book or the name of the file format, or both.

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• Writing Tips

How to Cite a Review in Chicago Author–Date Referencing

• 2-minute read
• 15th July 2020

Reviews of books, movies, artworks, and other media can be a great resource when writing an essay . But how do you cite a review in your work? Here, we explain how to cite a review in Chicago author–date referencing.

Citing a Review in Chicago Author–Date Referencing

To cite a review in Chicago author–date referencing , give the author’s surname and the date of publication in brackets . However, make sure to cite the author and date of the review itself , not of the work being reviewed!

Here’s an example of an in-text citation for a movie review by Ian Nathan:

The movie was acclaimed for its compelling performances (Nathan 1994).

This citation will then point readers to an entry in your reference list .

If the reviewer is not named, though, cite the publisher instead:

The reviewer described the concert as “impeccable” (BachTrack 2020).

The key thing is that the name in the citation matches the name at the start of the accompanying reference list entry. Speaking of which…

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Reviews in a Chicago Reference List

In the reference list at the end of your paper, provide full details for any source you cited in the main text. For a review, this should include:

Reviewer’s surname, first name. Year of review. “Title of Review,” review of Title of Reviewed Work by Creator(s), location and date of performance (if applicable). Title of Periodical/Website , month and day of review, edition/section information. URL (online sources only).

The entry for the first review cited above, for instance, would look like this:

Nathan, Ian. 1994. Review of The Shawshank Redemption , directed by Frank Darabont. Empire , February 17. https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/shawshank-redemption-review/.

As in the citations, if a review does not have a named author, you can use the publisher’s name in its place. For instance:

BachTrack. 2020. “Spiritually Uplifting Bach from the Bach Collegium Japan,” review of concert performance by Bach Collegium Japan, National Concert Hall, Dublin, March 10, 2020. BachTrack.com , March 10, Concert reviews. https://bachtrack.com/review-bach-suzuki-bach-collegium-japan-dublin-march-2020.

We hope this has helped you with citing a review using Chicago author–date referencing. Would you like more help checking your referencing, though? If so, our team of proofreading experts can help!

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Generate accurate Chicago citations for free

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• Chicago Style
• Chicago In-text Citations | Styles, Format & Examples

Chicago In-text Citations | Styles, Format & Examples

Published on September 12, 2019 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on April 9, 2024.

An in-text citation is used to point readers toward any source you quote , paraphrase or refer to in your writing. The Chicago Manual of Style has two options for in-text citations:

• Author-date : you put your citations in parentheses within the text itself.
• Notes and bibliography : you put your citations in numbered footnotes or endnotes.

You should choose one of these two citation options and use it consistently throughout your text. The source details are listed in full in a bibliography or reference list at the end. Make sure to pay attention to punctuation (e.g., commas and quotation marks ).

Chicago Citation Generator

Author-date citation example

(Woolf 1921, 11)

Footnote citation example

1. Woolf, “Modern Fiction,” 11.

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Table of contents

Which chicago style should you use, option 1: author-date in-text citations, option 2: citations in footnotes or endnotes, citing sources with multiple authors, missing information in chicago in-text citations, frequently asked questions about chicago in-text citations.

First, you need to decide whether you are using notes or author-date in-text citations. You can usually find out from your instructor or syllabus which style you should use.

The notes and bibliography system is usually preferred in humanities subjects like literature, history and the arts. The author-date system is preferred in the sciences, including social sciences.

The styles are similar in the information they present, but they differ in terms of the order, location, and format of that information. It’s important to use one style consistently, and not to confuse the two.

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Author-date style places citations directly in the text in parentheses . In-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and if applicable, a page number or page range:

This style of Chicago in-text citation looks the same for every type of source.

When using author-date, you should always include a reference list  with an entry corresponding to each citation. This provides the reader with full publication information to locate the source.

Where should citations appear in the text?

The author-date style gives you some flexibility in where you place your citations in the text.

Most commonly, you will put the citation at the end of the relevant sentence (before the period). You can also integrate it into the sentence. If you name the author in your sentence, you only need to include the date and page number in parentheses.

Multiple citations can also be combined within one set of parentheses using a semicolon .

As you can see in the Valentine citation, it’s not always necessary to include a page number—only when you’re referring to a specific part of the text. If you want to cite the text as a whole, you can leave out the page number.

In notes and bibliography style, your citations appear in either footnotes or endnotes .

To create a Chicago footnote or endnote reference, a superscript number is placed at the end of the clause or sentence that the citation applies to, after any punctuation (periods, quotation marks , parentheses ). Your first citation is marked with a 1, your second with a 2, and so on.

These superscript numbers correspond to numbered footnotes or endnotes containing the actual citation.

Full notes and short notes

There are two types of note you can use in Chicago style: full and short.

• Full notes contain the full publication details of the source.
• Short notes contain the author’s last name, the title (shortened if it is longer than four words), and the page number (if relevant).

You should usually use a full note the first time you cite each source. If you cite the same source more than once, use a short note for each subsequent citation. You may also use “ ibid. ” to repeat the citation from the previous note, but short notes are the more usual choice.

The rules of your specific institution may vary, requiring you to use one of the two note styles every time. It’s important to check with your instructor if you’re unsure.

This is what a full and short note for the same citation might look like:

The format of the note varies depending on the type of source. Below you can see examples of a Chicago website citation , book citation , book chapter citation , and journal article citation .

Chicago footnote citation examples

• Book chapter
• Journal article

Footnotes or endnotes?

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page they refer to, while endnotes appear in their own section at the end of the text, before the Chicago style bibliography .

The citation looks exactly the same whether it appears in a footnote or an endnote . If you haven’t been told which one to use, the choice is a matter of personal preference. The important thing is to consistently use one or the other.

In both styles, when you cite a source with two or three authors, list the names in the order they appear in the original publication:

When a source has four or more authors, use the term “ et al. ” after the first author’s name:

Sometimes, not all of the information you need for your citation will be available. Thankfully, there are ways to work around this in both styles.

No page number

Page numbers are not always necessary; if the source doesn’t have page numbers (e.g., a website ), or if you’re referring to the general argument of a text instead of a specific passage, you can omit page numbers.

If a source has no page numbers but you still want to specify a particular part of the text, you can use other locators like paragraphs, chapters or headings instead—whatever markers the text provides:

No publication date

If the source doesn’t have a stated publication date, you can write “n.d.” in place of the year:

If no specific author is listed, you can refer to the organization that published the source:

Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:

• You’re quoting from the text.
• You’re paraphrasing a particular passage.
• You’re referring to information from a specific section.

When you’re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it’s unnecessary to include page numbers.

When a source has four or more authors , your in-text citation or Chicago footnote should give only the first author’s name followed by “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”). This makes your citations more concise.

In your bibliography or reference list , when a source has more than 10 authors, list the first seven followed by “et al.” Otherwise, list every author.

• A reference list is used with Chicago author-date citations .
• A bibliography is used with Chicago footnote citations .

Both present the exact same information; the only difference is the placement of the year in source citations:

• In a reference list entry, the publication year appears directly after the author’s name.
• In a bibliography entry, the year appears near the end of the entry (the exact placement depends on the source type).

There are also other types of bibliography that work as stand-alone texts, such as a Chicago annotated bibliography .

In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list . It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.

In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. If you don’t include one, be sure to use a full note for the first citation of each source.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.

However, your institution’s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you’re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography . If you’re not sure, check with your instructor.

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Caulfield, J. (2024, April 09). Chicago In-text Citations | Styles, Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved July 18, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/chicago-in-text-citation/

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History: Chicago Style Citations: Chicago Style Citations

• Chicago Style Citations
• Citation Help Research Guide

Books: Chicago Style Citations

Most of the books on writing are located in the 800's. Citation guides can be found in the 808 call number range. A few examples are listed below.For more books on Chicago Style, s earch the Libraries catalog .

Software Citation Tools

Word processing programs can help you insert footnotes or endnotes, and manage your references. See online help:

• Creating Footnotes and Endnotes in World
• Word 2016/ 2013 / Office 365 - footnotes and endnotes
• Word 2016 / 2013 / Office 365 - Create a bibliography
• Word 2016 for MAC - footnotes and endnotes
• Google Drive - footnotes

Citing books accessed on ereaders in Chicago style

The Chicago Manual of Style website provides examples of how to cite ebooks on its website under 'Book published electronically'.

In your citation, include the author, title, editor (if there is one), publication information, and the version of the book you consulted. If you used the book online, include the URL. Include an access date only if required by your publisher or discipline. If no fixed pagination is available, include a section title, chapter or other number.

The Manual website offers examples of how to cite ebooks in both the notes and bibliography style and the author-date style. A couple of our own examples are shown below. Consult the Manual's website to see additional examples:

Notes and Bibliography:

 1. Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried (Boston: Mariner Books, 1990), Kindle edition.

O'Brien, Tim. The Things They Carried. Boston: Mariner Books, 1990. Kindle edition.

Author-Date:

O'Brien, Tim. 1990. The Things They Carried. Boston: Mariner Books. Kindle edition.

Chicago / Turabian Style​:  Be sure to check your class syllabus, as well as any documents, announcements, or postings from your instructor for specific information about the assignment. If your instructor recommends using Chicago style citations for your essay or research paper, these resources may be helpful:

Online Help with Chicago Style Citations

• Chicago Manual of Style Online: Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide
• Chicago Style (Excelsior College OWL)
• Purdue OWL: Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition Help
• Turabian Quick Guide
• What are Footnotes? from Plagiarism.org

Quick Tips:

• Chicago: Humanities style citations use footnotes or endnotes, not parenthetical references. 
• Write in the 3rd person, not 1st or 2nd. Don't use "I" or "you" or related words in your writing.
• Indent the first line of each note by five spaces.
• Start each note with its corresponding number, a period, and one space.
• For the first footnote or endnote for a source, give the full citation information.
• For subsequent notes, use use the author's name, title, and the page number.
• If you use the same source two or more times in a row, use the abbreviation Ibid., followed by the page number.

To cite books , check the front pages of the book or the record in the library catalog to find the publication information you need to format the citation. Sample Chicago style format for the first footnote or endnote for a print book:

1. Author's Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Publication Date), Page Numbers.

To cite articles found in our library databases , check the article citation or article information page to find publication information.

Chicago style format 

Sample Chicago style format for the first footnote or endnote for an article from one of our databases:

1. Author's Name, "Title of Article,"  Title of Journal Volume Number, Issue Number (Date of Publication), Page Numbers, Name of Database , Database Vendor ( or persistent/stable URL, accession number or doi).   

The 16th edition does not require the date accessed for articles from library databases. You could generally cite an online database journal article similar to a print journal article, but also add the database information, and an accession number or doi. 

Library databases may allow you export a citation or to save a citation in a particular format. You can then copy and paste the citation text into your footnote or endnote.

For example:

• EBSCO databases, including Academic Search , select the include when saving/sending checkbox and select Chicago/Turabian:Humanities style from drop-down Citation Format list.

Be sure to check with your instructor and follow requirements for your assignment.  Check the formatting and make any necessary corrections. 

Citing Book Reviews

Citing book reviews in Chicago / Turabian:

Sample Chicago style format for the first footnote or endnote for a book review from a journal in one of our library databases using Chicago 15th edition:

1. Reviewer's Name, "Title of Review," Review of Title of Book , by Name of Author, Title of Journal Volume Number, Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Numbers.  Name of Database , Database vendor . (or persistent URL, accession number or doi). 

Questions: Check with your instructor, the Writing Center, or Ask a Librarian.

• Writing Center
• Ask a Librarian

Subject Guide

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Citation Style Guide

• More Style and Writing Guides
• Tips for Evaluating Sources
• Citation Management and Formatting Tools
• NYU Statement on Academic Integrity
• Citing & Evaluating AI-Generated Text

Two Chicago Systems

The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation systems: 

• The humanities style (notes and bibliography)
• The author-date system.

Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter and nature of sources cited, as each system is favored by different groups of scholars. If you are unsure what system you should use for your paper, please ask your professor, teaching assistant, or publisher which you should follow.

You must choose to use either the notes and bibliography system ([N] and [B]) or the author-date system ([T] and [R]). Do not mix the two systems. Again, ask your professor if you are unsure which is preferred.

Humanities Style

The humanities style is preferred by many in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and, often, a bibliography. It accommodates a variety of sources, including esoteric ones less appropriate to the author-date system.

Author-Date System

The more concise author-date system has long been used by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and date of publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided.

Adapted from The Chicago Manual of Style Online, Sixteenth Edition . "Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide." http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html (accessed December 21, 2008).

For more information and more examples: 

Please visit the website listed above, or for complete guidelines, see Chapters 16 and 17 in the print version of The Chicago Manual of Style, Fifteenth Edition which can be requested for onsite use through the Library Catalog Search (BREF Z253 .U69 2003).

Citing Print Sources, Chicago

Citing Electronic Sources, Chicago

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