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Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's Contribution to Selected Economic and Social Issues -A Theoretical Assessment

2022, International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM),

Ambedkar was instrumental in identifying the problems with caste society and fought his entire life to free Dalits from social prejudice, economic estrangement, and political exclusion. The Indian polymath Babasaheb Ambedkar was knowledgeable in law, economics, sociology, media, politics, and social reform. A de-urbanization process and an excessive increase in rural population have harmed India. Industrialization is a powerful and natural solution to India's poverty and unemployment problems. A just government would not engage in such covert robbery of the poor. In 1922, the Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal was established in Lahore as a branch of the Arya Samaj. The Independent Labour Party (ILP) was founded by Babasaheb Ambedkar in 1936. The Currency Act of 1835 resulted in one of the biggest financial revolutions in Indian history. It put an end to India's "Double Standard," or bimetallic system, and switched it to a monometallic silver standard. The value of the Indian rupee fell as a result of the increased supply of silver. It is very difficult for a centralised authority to allocate resources across the nation with reasonable knowledge and discretion. The Currency Act of 1835 was responsible for one of the biggest financial revolutions in Indian history. India switched to a monometallic silver standard as a result, ending the "Double Standard" or bimetallic system. The value of the Indian rupee decreased as a result of the increased supply of silver. In this background, this research paper mainly concentrates on the economic thoughts of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar on the Indian economy and society from a theoretical perspective.

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Dr. G. YOGANANDHAM

Babasaheb's economic theories were not widely accepted in modern economics because he was better known as a dalit leader than an economist. By examining how his economic theories were embraced at various stages in India's economic history, one may judge the importance of his opinions.The Indian Constitution is credited to Dr. BhimRaoAmbedkar as its founder. He is also well known for being an amazing lawyer, an outstanding economist, and a superb dalit leader. The first person to seek a PhD in economics from a country other than India was Babasaheb.The Present Problem in Indian Currency, The Problem of Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution, Ancient India Commerce, and Administration and Finance of the East India Company are just a few of the theses, dissertations, and papers written by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. New water and electricity programmes, state socialism, and contributions to labour law reform are also mentioned.In 1861, once legislation was passed, Indian rupees were recognised as legal money. In 1893, the manufacturing of silver coins was halted, and Indian rupees were recognised as legal tender. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar opposed the notion of linking the availability of gold and money. Instead of gold, he believed that commodities should serve as a reliable unit of measure for money.Ambedkar's Canon of Public Expenditure was cited by the Financial Commission of India as a key reference. The government is obligated to provide basic amenities to taxpaying citizens. Every government should be committed to ensuring that its citizens have access to transportation, healthcare, and law and order.

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After long periods of disregard, the thoughts of B.R. Ambedkar appear to pick up money. While his considerations on Indian culture and governmental issues have collected more consideration, a portion of his financial thoughts also merit more prominent consideration. Referred to a great extent as the dad of the Indian Constitution and a pioneer of Dalits, Ambedkar started his vocation as a financial expert, making significant commitments to the major monetary discussions of the day. He was, truth be told, among the best taught financial experts of his age in India, having earned a doctorate in financial matters from Columbia University in the US and another from the London School of Economics. Ambedkar's London doctoral postulation, later distributed as a book, was on the administration of the rupee. Around then, there was a major discussion on the overall benefits of the best quality level opposite the gold trade standard.

Basavaraj Bhuse

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar is one such great thinker, leader and intellectual of its time in India who has not only changed the life of millions of untouchables, but shaped India as a biggest democratic nation by writing its constitution. Many of us know Bharat Ratna Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as a social reformer and a person who had fought for untouchables in India. But, very few would have know that Babasaheb was a great scholar who made outstanding contributions as an economist, sociologist, legal luminary, educationalist, journalist, Parliamentarian along with social reformer and human rights. Dr. Ambedkar, one of the multidimensional personalities having great noteworthy contribution in economics. He led for downtroddens in the country and they were way ahead of his times. Ambedkar's thoughts of economics have made a significant impact on the social movement. The present research paper attempts to discuss about Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's outstanding contribution in economics and also to consider its relevance to current Indian Economy.

International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM)

Dr.B.R. Ambedkar opposed John Maynard Keynes' recommendation that India adopt a gold exchange system and advocated in favor of a gold standard. In his view, a gold exchange standard gave the issuer more power to control the money supply, endangering the stability of the unit of currency. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who lived from 1889 to 1956, significantly influenced the growth and development of contemporary India. He was unusual in that he combined the traits of a great scholar, statesman, and social revolutionist into one person. BhimRaoAmbedkar was a devoted pupil of Professor Seligman and a Ph.D. economist. He considered and analyzed a wide range of issues, including as caste and untouchability, as well as issues like land reform and India's foreign policy. He also worked as a lawyer and had a sharp legal mind. Dr.B.R. Ambedkar wrote a lot about both the Indian monetary system and economics in general. Renowned economists including J.M. Keynes, Edwin R.A. Seligman, and Edwin Canon backed him. In 1924-1925, he testified before the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance. State socialism is credited to B. R. Ambedkar as its creator. He felt that all of the nation's resources, including land, agriculture, and industry, should be subject to constitutional control by the State. Both the land reform movement and the state's economic expansion depended on him. He is credited with developing the first national irrigation program and the development of electrical power. His accomplishments include the formulation of the Indian Constitution, which serves as the country's legal and governmental foundation.Dr. Ambedkar maintained that it is necessary to nationalize fundamental and important industries. By assigning a job to a person in advance and selecting them based not on their skills or abilities but rather on the social standing of their parents, the caste system violates the idea of free choice.In this background, the article's theme is highly relevant to the modern context and need of the hour.

Mayas Publication

Dr. M. KIRANEKUMAR

All rights reserved. No part of this publication can be reproduced in any form by any means without the prior written permission from the authors and publisher. All the contents, data, information, views opinions, charts, tables, figures, Graphs etc., that are published in this book are the sole responsibility of the authors. Neither the publisher nor the editors in anyway are responsible for the same.

JOHN MOHAN RAZU

Comprehensively present Ambedkar's relevance to the socio-economic terrains of the Dalits.

Manak Singariya

ABSTRACT: Dr. B.R Ambedkar was among the most outstanding intellectuals of India in the 20th century. His work in economics is noteworthy. His views deals with public finance and agriculture are landmark in the economics. Ambedkar’s commitment was internal stability and he was convinced that only an automatic system based on gold standard with gold currency could achieve this desirable end. He was of view that governments should spend the resources garnered from the public not only as per rules, laws and regulations, but also to see that “faithfulness, wisdom and economy”. Intervening in a discussion in the Bombay Legislative Council on October 10, 1927, Dr. Ambedkar argued that the solution to the agrarian question "lies not in increasing the size of farms, but in having intensive cultivation that is employing more capital and more labour on the farms such as we have." Further on, he says: "The better method is to introduce cooperative agriculture and to compel owners of small strips to join in cultivation." Thus Ambedkar thought on public Finance and agriculture has vital relevance and still applicable in current situation of India. In order to enhance productivity of agriculture sector, government is needed to take measures on the basis of Dr. Ambedkar’s thought. Keywords: internal stability, administrative policies, financial arrangement, cooperative agriculture

P.K. CHAUBEY

Contemporary Voice of Dalit

Manjula Laxman

Ambedkar was a multifaceted personality who made deep impression on the social-political-economic life of India of his times. Ambedkar provided valuable guidance on the socio-political-economic platform in colonial India and independent India as well; yet economists have generally ignored his contributions to India. In this context, this article examines his significant role in federal finance, which is an important branch of economics and makes an effort to understand and evaluate the process of its development and his contribution to it. He had played a major role in a newborn country like India. He had been one of the contributors to the Constitution of India and had contributed towards the development of the federal finance system in independent India. His main insistence on the federal finance system was for economic welfare of the people with the establishment of such an economic system from the local to centre levels, which could progressively raise their economic level without jeopardizing their interests.

Vijay Kumar Sarabu

Dr. B.R. Ambhedkar was a multifaceted personality, an intellectual, a philosopher, a patriot, a social reformer, a champion of dalits, a scholar, a writer, constitution maker, an economist, an eminent lawyer and a feminist. India's first monetary economist who prudently analyzed the problems of Indian rupee. He was protagonist of industrial modernization and favored industrialization. He favored skill development, land reforms and technological up gradation in agriculture. His PhD thesis “The problem of Indian Rupee, its origin and solution” inspired to set up for the Finance Commission of India and his works helped a lot in framing guidelines for the RBI Act 1934. He was one of the founders of Employment Exchanges in our country. This paper attempts to study his role critically as an Economist and as a Social Reformer. Methodology: This research paper is based on secondary sources that are available from the reference books given at the end of my paper. Critical Analysis of BR Ambhedkar: He came close to Marxian and Weberian conceptions and differs from them. Ambhedkar accepted Buddhism as an alternative to Hinduism. Buddha and Marx’s ends remain same but means differ. Some critically oppose Ambhedkar on caste basis reservations, while he was quite against caste system in India. Instead, he would have advocated reservations on economic criteria.

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Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji

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• Leïla Choukroune 3  

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Introduction

Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, affectionally known as Babasaheb Ambedkar, was born on 14 April 1891 in a small garrison town of Madhya Pradesh to a family of Mahar, the largest group of the Untouchable caste from the state of Maharashtra (central India). His birth acquired status, as well as an exceptional life built to escape this fate, have profoundly impacted Ambedkar’s human journey and remarkable intellectual contribution to the question of equality.

A prolific writer, he produced 22 books and monographs on an amazingly diverse range of legal, political, economic, social, and religious issues. While law and jurisprudence were central to his work, Ambedkar started his intellectual journey in writing his MA thesis on the Administration and Finance of the East India Company , to later engage with the issue of caste, and indeed untouchability, with his 1945 Who Were the Shudras? How They Came to Be the Fourth Varna in the Indo-Aryan Society, and, at the end of his life,...

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Ambedkar BR (2013) Annihilation of caste , the annotated critical edition, with the Doctor and the Saint, an introduction by Arundhati Roy, Navayana

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Marendra Jadhav Ambedkar (2014) Awakening India’s social’s conscience. Kornark Publishers India: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ambedkar-Awakening-Indias-Social-Conscience/dp/9322008369

Thapar R (2015) Early India, from the origin to AD. 1300. The Penguin History of India https://www.amazon.co.uk/Penguin-History-Early-India-Origins/dp/0140288260

Zelliot E (2013) Ambedkar’s world, the making of Babasaheb and the Dalit movement. Navayana India https://navayana.org/products/ambedkars-world/?v=79cba1185463

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Choukroune, L. (2022). Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji. In: Sellers, M., Kirste, S. (eds) Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6730-0_981-1

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6730-0_981-1

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Dr. ambedkar and columbia university: a legacy to celebrate.

For those of you who may not know, Dr. Ambedkar is a Dalit, an Indian jurist, economist, politician, activist and social reformer, who systematically campaigned against social discrimination towards women, workers, but most notably, towards the Dalits, and forcefully argued against the caste system in Hindu society. Dr. Ambedkar was the main architect of the Constitution of India, and served as the first law and justice minister of the Republic of India, and is considered by many one of the foremost global critical thinkers of the 20 th c., and a founder of the Dalit Buddhist movement. Ambedkar’s fight for social justice for Dalits, as well as women, and workers consumed his life’s activities: in 1950 he resigned from his position as the country’s first minister of law when Nehru’s cabinet refused to pass the Women’s Rights Bill. His feud with Mahatma Gandhi over Dalit political representation and suffrage in the newly independent State of India is by now famous, or I should say notorious, and it is Dr. Ambedkar who comes out on the right side of history.

The bronze bust, sculpted by Vinay Brahmesh Wagh of Bombay, was presented by the Federation of Ambedkarite and Buddhist Organizations, UK to the Southern Asian Institute of Columbia University on October 24, 1991, and then the wooden pedestal on which the statue now rests was donated by the Society of the Ambedkarites of New York and New Jersey, and placed in Lehman Library in 1995. The bust is the only site in the city where Dr. Ambedkar is honored, and is one of the most popular sites in enclosed spaces on campus that I have seen (you have to walk past the library entrance to get to it). 

Every year, on April 14 th, Ambedkar’s birthday, Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti, is celebrated in India (as an official holiday since 2015), at the UN (since 2016), and around the world. On this day, many visitors flock to Lehman Library, to pay tribute to Baba Saheb and place garlands on the bust. The sight of the visitors– many of whom come to Columbia just to see the bust and pay homage to the man who changed Indian society, brings home the significance of recognizing our critical thinkers, across cultures, eras, languages, divisions and types of social injustice, in the public fora of libraries. It is a powerful reminder that it is through scholarship and indeed through libraries and learning that human differences and injustices can be better understood, addressed and perhaps overcome.  

Years later, Dr. Ambedkar writes: ‘The best friends I have had in life were some of my classmates at Columbia and my great professors, John Dewey , James Shotwell, Edwin Seligman , and James Harvey Robinson.'” (Source: “‘Untouchables’ Represented by Ambedkar, ’15AM, ’28PhD,” Columbia Alumni News, Dec. 19, 1930, page 12.)

Ambedkar majored in Economics, and took many courses in sociology, history, philosophy, as well as anthropology.

In 1915, he submitted an M. A. thesis entitled: The Administration and Finance of the East India Company . (He is believed to have begun an M. A. thesis entitled  Ancient Indian Commerce earlier. That thesis is unavailable at the RBML but it is reprinted in volume 12 of Ambedkar’s collected writings). By the time he left Columbia in 1916 Ambedkar had begun research for his doctoral thesis entitled: “National Dividend of India–A Historic and Analytical Study. About this thesis, Ambedkar writes to his mentor Prof. Seligman, with whom he forged a long and friendly correspondence, even after he left Columbia:  “My dear Prof. Seligman, Having lost my manuscript of the original thesis when the steamer was torpedoed on my way back to India in 1917 I have written out a new thesis… [ …from the letter of Feb. 16, 1922, Seligman papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University ” cited in Dr. Frances Pritchard’s excellent  online website about Ambedkar ]. In 1920, Ambedkar writes: “My dear Prof. Seligman, You will probably be surprised to see me back in London. I am on my way to New York but I am halting in London for about two years to finish a piece or two of research work which I have undertaken. Of course I long to be with you again for it was when I was thrown into academic life by reason of my being a professor at the Sydenham College of Commerce & Economics in Bombay, that I realized the huge debt of gratitude I owe to the Political Science Faculty of the Columbia University in general and to you in particular.” B. R. Ambedkar, London, 3/8/20” , (Source: letter of August 3, 1920, Seligman papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, cited in Pritchard’s website ).  Ambedkar would join the London School of Economics for a few years and submit a thesis there, but then, he would eventually come back to Columbia, to submit a Ph.D. thesis in Economics , in 1925 under the mentorship of his dear friend Prof. Seligman, entitled: The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India: A  Study in the Provincial Decentralization of Imperial Finance .  (It should be noted here that the thesis was first published in 1923 and again in 1925, this time with a Foreword by Edwin Seligman, by the publishers P. S. King and Son).

If it is Seligman he stayed in touch with and corresponded throughout, the person who most influenced his thought and shaped his political, philosophical and ethical outlook, was Dewey. For many thinkers, the links between Dewey and  Ambedkar’s ethical and philosophical thinking are obvious.  Ambedkar deeply admired Dewey and repeatedly acknowledged his debt to Dewey, calling him “his teacher”.  Ambedkar’s thought was deeply etched by John Dewey’s ideas of education as linked to experience, as practical and contextual, and the ideas of freedom and equality as essentially tied with the ideals of justice and of fraternity, a concept he would go on to apply to the Indian context, and to his pointed criticism of the caste system. Echoing many ideas propagated by Dewey, Ambedkar writes in the Annhilation of Caste : “Reason and morality are the two most powerful weapons in the armoury of a reformer. To deprive him of the use of these weapons is to disable him for action. How are you going to break up Caste, if people are not free to consider whether it accords with reason? How are you going to break up Caste, if people are not free to consider whether it accords with morality?” 

Having sat in several classes given by Dewey, and as early as 1916, Ambedkar would go on to address, at a Columbia University Seminar taught by the anthropologist Prof. Alexander Goldenweiser (1880-1940), his colleagues and friends with many of the ideas he later developed in his famous book: the Annihilation of Caste. The paper “ Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis, and Development ” contains many similarities to the Annihilation of Caste, and some of the books’ essential tenets., as acknowledged by Ambedkar himself ( Preface to the 3rd edition, Annihilation of Caste ).

The Columbia University Archives and the Columbia University Libraries hold many resources related to Dr. Ambedkar and to the Dalit movement and Dalit literature. For any inquiries regarding relevant resources, please do not hesitate to contact us: Gary Hausman : South and Southeast Asian Librarian , Global Studies; Rare Book and Manuscript Library: RBML Archivists

Happy Baba Saheb Ambedkar Juyanti!

Kaoukab Chebaro , Global Studies, Head

Today, for the first time studying for Civil Services I got to know about this great man. I think that in the galaxy of freedom fighters which India have produced he was the one we can truly say as the ‘Pole Star’. A true leader who walked the talk, he fought not only for country but also for the rights of the minority who were being annihilated for centuries. We should take cue from this man and try to go for equality, and that equality should be of thoughts, feelings and desires. It’s not at all wrong to aspire for greatness in life but to stifle a man’s path with the chains of societal norms is a sin in my sense. I hope to imbibe some of his qualities in my life. Let long live his legacy.

Thus my goodDr.BR. Ambedkar

Indeed Great emancipator of millions marginalised people, architect of Indian constitution, philosopher, economist, social reformer, jurist, astute politician no lastly father of modern India !! Jaibhim !!

What a great man. Wonderful article.

If it wasn’t for Dr.Ambedkar I wouldn’t be here in this country and have a life that I do now. I will forever be indebted to this Great Man’s courage in the face of adversity. Words cannot describe the gratitude I have for this man Thank you

Excellent effort to make this blog more wonderful and attractive.

Dr. Ambedkar was a great man.

Wonderful Article and an excellent blog. Greetings. Llorenç

Baba Saheb Dr. B R Ambedkar is alive in his works for humanity. Study Social Science or Law, or Education, or about farmers, or Dams and irrigation, or planning commission and budget or journalism, or human rights ……. on most of the subjects and disciplines, his live seen in his works and writtings. By reading him; his life, and his works, he inspires others by his works for the betterment of the society and a world, as a whole.

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Every breathe I take today is because of your struggle to give us an equal and fair society. It could not be possible to imagine even a single day without understanding your life and struggles. Each and every aspect of my existence is because of you Babasaheb. However, the current state of Dalit society pains me.

Such a great personality, tried hard to improvise the system in the country but had to face too much opposition and hatred. Salute to his strength and beliefs that he continued his fight for social justice despite such circumstances.

He was a great man, I considered India’s progress because of his work for the emancipation of millions of marginalized people in India

Is Columbia University conducting a Post Graduate course or PHD on Dr. Ambedkar thought?

Baba sahab Was great human Baba sahab is great human Baba sahab will great human .

Baba sahab god gifted and human for students, politicians, poor humans and all leaders ❤❤

I am thankful to Babasaheb Ambedkar for the beautiful living given to me by his at most efforts to eradicate the caste system through out India and to uplift the standard of living of the downtrodden of this country. He was a great man who fought for the rights and upliftment of the downtrodden and the dignity of women of this nation. A true Indian and a great patriot of the nation. I salute him for his work and knowledge.

Amazing article for some history info please read https://knowledgekart.in/blog/the-complete-history-of-modern-india-for-upsc-ias/

A Bengali Chandal, who, according to Manu Code, later redesignated as Namasudra, I am grateful, over head and ears, to the teachings and thoughts of Dr. Babasaheb B. R. Ambedkar who inspired with dreams and shaped my life and achievement. Lost my parents by two and half years, I was brought up by my two elder elder brothers, both illiterate under care of my father’s childless sister, who took full charge of me. A family of poor agriculturist, my eldest brother was just literate but the second elder brother was totally illiterate. They were, nonetheless, all supportive of my education. Not only my family was illiterate but the whole village as well as the locality comprising hundreds and thousands of people, men and women, were illiterate. I had none to help me in my village for studies. My village boasted of a primary school, established 10 years before my joining the same . ****The village school was upgraded class by class till 10th standard by 1962. But before that I had to migrate elsewhere for Matriculation Examinations which I cleared with FIRST DIVISION—none did this before me around. I went for studies up to B. A. (Hons. in Economics). Then I sat for IAS Exams and was declared I qualified against a reserved candidate by the UPSC. One of my assignments IN 33 YEARS career was as Vice-Chancellor, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar. The original name of the University was Bihar University, which, as a homage to the great son in the year of his centenary was rechristened as Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University. It was my pleasant duty to change the name of the university in accordance with the mandate of the law as passed by Bihar State Legislature. Maharashtra fought for 20 years to implement the legislative mandate. There was widespread violence and mayhem in Marathwada over the change of name of Marathwada University. I changed the name the day I joined the university as Vice-Chancellor without anybody even knowing how did I do it. No force was used or no violence occurred. This is my most adorable, nay proud, moment in my career. **** I am an author and have published innumerable articles carried by many leading English journals and dailies over last three decades. ****I prosecuted studies as a private candidate and passed MA. I also did my dissertation for Ph. D. All these I did when government assigned light duty to me. ****In three decades, one highly reputed Delhi English Weekly alone carried about four hundred thousand (400,000) words having great bearing social significance. I am a researcher. Babasaheb is my ideal and my beacon light. I am grateful to him.**** I prosecuted my studies with Welfare Scholarships of Government of India without which I could not have done what I have did. *****I have suffered hatred, discrimination, bias and injustice in various spheres. By the way, I have also been topper in my class irrespective of students belonging to different castes. English is my forte. I write in Bengali too.

Because of Dr. BR Ambedkar i am alive today, he is my past, present and my future, my heart, my soul. Thank you for saving my life and many generations.

Amazing Article. No words to explain how I felt touched being a follower of Dr. Ambedkar

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About two decades ago, when [Subhash Chandra] Bose was still at Cambridge, a letter dated September 23, 1920 arrived at Professor Herbert Foxwell’s office at the London School of Economics. It was written by Edwin R Seligman, an economist from Columbia University, introducing an exceedingly talented scholar – Mr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar. Two months later, Foxwell wrote to the secretary of the School that there was no more intellect that the Columbia graduate could conquer in London.

The first Dalit to study at Bombay’s Elphinstone College, Ambedkar, was awarded a Baroda State Scholarship that took him to Columbia University in 1913. Three years later, he found his way to London, desirous of becoming a barrister as well as finishing a doctoral dissertation on the history of the rupee. Ambedkar enrolled at Gray’s Inn, and attended courses on geography, political ideas, social evolution and social theory at London School of Economics, at a course fee of £10.10s.

In 1917, Ambedkar was invited to join as Military Secretary in Baroda, earning at the same time a leave of absence of up to four years from the London School of Economics. Back in India, he taught for a while as a professor in Sydenham College in Bombay, while also being one of the key intelligencers on the condition of “untouchables” in India for the government, during the drafting of the Government of India Act of 1919.

In late 1920, Ambedkar was to return to London, determined more than ever before, not to spare a farthing beyond his breathing means on the city’s allurements. Each day, the aspiring barrister woke up at the stroke of six. After a morning’s morsel, he moseyed into the crowd of London to find his way into the British Museum.

At dusk, he would leave his seat reluctantly – after being made to scurry out by the librarian and the guards – his pockets sagging under the notes that would finally become his thesis, The Problem of the Rupee , some of whose guineas would eventually find their home in the Constitution of India that he was going to author about three decades later. Back at his lodging at King Henry’s Road in Primrose Hill, mostly on foot, Ambedkar would live on sparsely whitened tea and poppadum late into the night.

It was here that the daughter of Ambedkar’s landlady, Fanny Fitzgerald, a war widow, found her affections strangely swayed by the Indian scholar. Fitzgerald was a typist at the House of Commons. She lent him money in difficult circumstances and volunteered to introduce him to people in governance, with whom he could discuss the Dalit question that was raging in India.

An apocryphal story goes that Miss Fitzgerald once gave Ambedkar a copy of the Bible. On receiving it, the future Father of the Indian Constitution promised to dedicate a bible to her of his own authoring. True to his commitment, he would fondly dedicate his book What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables (1945) to “F”. The incident, when that promise was exchanged, occurred after Ambedkar was called to the Bar in 1923.

In March that year, his doctoral thesis ran into trouble possibly because of its radical approach to the history of Indian economy under the British administration. He might have taken the subtle hint that passages in his work needed tempering – a notion that a man of his vision was likely to have quietly pocketed more as a compliment than an insult.

Ambedkar would have been happy to chisel the nose from his David for the show, like Michelangelo had four centuries ago in order to appease the connoisseur-like pretense of Piero Soderini, who had quipped, “Isn’t the nose a little too thick?” That done, Ambedkar resubmitted his thesis in August. It was approved two months later and published almost immediately thereafter. He expressed gratitude to his professor, Edwin Cannan, who, in turn, wrote the preface to his thesis, before Ambedkar travelled to Bonn for further studies.

Babasaheb, as he was now beginning to be called, was to return to London for each of the three Round Table Conferences held between 1930 and 1932. Two months before the Third Round Table Conference – in which both Labour and the Congress were absentees – Ambedkar and Gandhi reached a historic settlement in the Poona Pact. In September 1932, from the Yerwada prison near Bombay, Gandhi began a fast unto death protesting against the Ramsay MacDonald administration that was determined to divide India into provincial electorates on the basis of caste and social stratification.

In the pact signed with Madan Mohan Malviya, Ambedkar settled for 147 seats for the depressed classes. But the pact to which he was forsworn – tacitly made in London with Fanny Fitzgerald – that of writing the bible of modern India, was brewing like a storm that would take the form of an open battle between him and Gandhi, in the years of the Second World War.

Despite the strong network of Indians at the London School of Economics, Ambedkar chose not to hobnob with India League members. What might have been a sort of marriage-made-in-heaven between him and [VK Krishna] Menon was forestalled. If Menon was Nehru’s alter ego, he would also be instrumental in shaping the early career of the man to become an alter ego – principal secretary –to Indira Gandhi.

In the winter of 1935, a twenty-something Parmeshwar Narain Haksar arrived in London, enrolled as a student at the University College. The following year, he made an unsuccessful attempt for the civil services. In 1937, Haksar became a Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute, a distinction conferred on him with support from noted anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski.

Although Haksar also studied at the London School of Economics, it probably never became public knowledge if he had acquired formal degrees from either university. Whether or not he did, as a scholar he commanded great attention from British intellectuals, especially in his arguments on the crisis of education in India, which he reckoned had been tailored to perpetuate British imperial interests and low levels of literacy in the colony.

Haksar was to be called to Bar at the Lincoln’s Inn, but, at the beckoning of Nehru, he would join the Indian Foreign Service in 1948. His red days in London were to yield him lifelong companions. In the 1930s, the Comintern came up with the policy of hatching popular fronts all across Europe with which to counter the growing threat of Nazism and Fascism. It was a phase in European ideologies that strongly affected British politics, and popular movements led by Labour leaders and student communists in London – a cosmopolitan and unswervingly left-leaning outlook that shaped much of the administration and policies of independent India until the years of the Emergency.

A socialist himself, Haksar held an influential position in the Federation of Indian Societies in UK and Ireland besides becoming the editor of its magazine, The Indian Student . His links with the Communist Party of Great Britain, Rajani Palme Dutt and the Soviet undercover agent at Cambridge, James Klugman – indeed with almost anyone of some consequence who supported the cause of Indian liberation – was more than enough for Scotland Yard to keep him closely watched in London.

In September 1941, when the India League organised a commemoration at the Conway Hall in Red Lion Square for the late Rabindranath Tagore a few months after his demise, Scotland Yard obliged by adding a leaf to their surveillance files. Inaugurated by M Maisky, a Russian ambassador, it was just one in a sea of events concerning India that the Yard and other intelligencers of His Majesty’s Government would tolerate during the interwar years. Almost all such gatherings featured subversive pamphlets and books published by the League and similar organisations that were openly lauded by Soviets and Soviet sympathisers.

It was just as well that Nehru also had to tolerate that under the shield of Haksar’s own watch a new romantic plot thickened around Primrose Hill, that of his daughter Indira and future son-in-law, Feroze. Feroze had his flat at Abbey Road and Haksar lived half a mile away, at Abercorn Place. Haksar was befriended by the Gandhis – Indira and Feroze – who introduced him to Sasadhar Sinha of the Bibliophile Bookshop. That, besides the India League and Allahabad connection, not to mention Haksar’s enviable culinary skills, ensured that he was soldered to the future of the Gandhis.

The future of the man who had leant the family his coveted surname would also take a blow on the burning issue of caste. Gandhi was not to be remembered as the sole nemesis of the British Empire. In an interview given to the BBC in 1955, Babasaheb indicated that one of the biggest reasons behind Clement Attlee handing over the reins of the Indian administration so suddenly was the persistent fear of a massive armed uprising in the colony.

He implied that the road to independence had already been paved by the Azad Hind Fauj brigadiered by Netaji. Bose had departed from London during Ambedkar’s days in the London School of Economics. But, he would return in Haksar’s time.

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university, hyderabad 1, dr. b. r. ambedkar university agra 6008, dr. c.v. raman university 318, dr. d. y. patil vidyapeeth, pune 167, dr. harisingh gour vishwavidhyalay 2305, dr. k n modi university 28, dr. m.g.r. educational and research institute 505, dr. panjabrao deshmukh krishi vidyapeeth, akola 50, dr. rammanohar lohia avadh university, faizabad 4638, dr ram manohar lohiya national law university 58, dr. sarvepalli radhakrishnan rajasthan ayurved university 191, dr shakuntala misra national rehabilitation university 74, dr. shyama prasad mukherjee international institute of information technology naya raipur 9, dr. vishwanath karad mit world peace university 23, dr. y.s. parmar university of horticulture and forestry 177, dr.y.s.r. horticultural university 24, d y patil university, kolhapur 67, entrepreneurship development institute of india 1, eternal university 7, fakir mohan university, balasore 166, forest research institute university 350, galgotias university 90, gangadhar 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technology, shibpur 450, indian institute of foreign trade 68, indian institute of information technology, allahabad 204, indian institute of information technology, design and manufacturing, iiitdm jabalpur 144, indian institute of information technology design & manufacturing kancheepuram 70, indian institute of information technology dharwad 2, indian institute of information technology guwahati 21, indian institute of information technology kalyani 9, indian institute of information technology nagpur 3, indian institute of informationtechnology, vadodara 1, indian institute of management ahmedabad 15, indian institute of management bangalore 47, indian institute of management (iim),indore 38, indian institute of management kashipur 21, indian institute of management kozhikode 27, indian institute of management lucknow 104, indian institute of management mumbai (formerly nitie) 72, indian institute of management raipur 47, indian institute of management rohtak 6, indian institute of management shillong 16, indian institute of management udaipur 1, indian institute of science bangalore 1207, indian institute of science education and research (iiser) bhopal 46, indian institute of science education and research (iiser) mohali 356, indian institute of science education and research (iiser) pune 521, indian institute of science education and research (iiser) thiruvananthapuram 210, indian institute of science education and research kolkata 105, indian institute of space science and technology 179, indian institute of teacher education 7, indian institute of technology bhilai 17, indian institute of technology bhubaneswar 76, indian institute of technology bombay 1739, indian institute of technology delhi 2123, indian institute of technology dharwad 9, indian institute of technology gandhinagar 39, indian institute of technology goa 3, indian institute of technology guwahati 2525, indian institute of technology hyderabad 290, indian institute of technology iit (bhu), varanasi 985, indian institute of technology indore 399, indian institute of technology (ism), dhanbad 1051, indian institute of technology jammu 23, indian institute of technology jodhpur 149, indian institute of technology kanpur 1, indian institute of technology kharagpur 814, indian institute of technology madras 1608, indian institute of technology mandi 259, indian institute of technology palakkad 16, indian institute of technology patna 148, indian institute of technology roorkee 490, indian institute of technology ropar 204, indian institute of technology tirupati 11, indian maritime university 1, indian school of mines 53, indian veterinary research institute, izatnagar 354, indira gandhi delhi technical university for women 59, indira gandhi institute of development research 105, indira gandhi national open university ignou 976, indira gandhi national tribal university, amarkantak 155, indira gandhi university meerpur,rewari 43, indira kala sangeet vishwavidyalaya 133, indraprastha institute of information technology, delhi (iiit-delhi) 139, indrashil university 4, indus international university 7, indus university 46, institute of advanced research, gandhinagar 14, institute of advanced studies in education (iase) 191, institute of chemical technnology, mumbai 108, institute of infrastructure technology research and management 35, institute of trans-disciplinary health science & technology 32, integral university 614, international institute for population sciences iips 366, international institute of information technology bangalore 66, international institute of information technology, hyderabad 194, international management institute 9, international management institute kolkata 2, invertis university, bareily 1, isbm university 1, isbr business school 1, islamic university of science and technology 49, itm university, gwalior 28, jadavpur university 3973, jagadguru ramanadacharya rajasthan sanskrit university 2, jagannath university 212, jagannath university, jhajjar 66, jagran lakecity university 32, jai narain vyas university 604, jain university 754, jain vishwa bharati university 246, jai prakash vishwavidyalaya 3, jaipur national university 350, jamia hamdard university 941, jamia milia islamia university 2514, janardan rai nagar rajasthan vidhyapeeth 1, jawaharlal nehru architecture and fine arts university 7, jawaharlal nehru centre for advanced scientific research 42, jawaharlal nehru technological university, anantapuram 1321, jawaharlal nehru technological university, hyderabad 1468, jawaharlal nehru technological university, kakinada 310, jawaharlal nehru university 7540, jayoti vidyapeeth women s university 327, jaypee institute of information technology 337, jaypee university of engineering & technology, guna 122, jaypee university of information technology, solan 281, j. c. bose university of science and technology, ymca, faridabad 67, jecrc university 88, jharkhand rai university 48, jis university, kolkata 18, jiwaji university 2317, jk lakshmipat university 22, jodhpur national university 2, jss academy of higher education & research 403, jss science and technology university, mysuru 22, j.s. university, shikohabad 26, junagadh agricultural university 1, kadi sarva vishwavidyalaya 597, kakatiya university, warangal 540, kalasalingam university 406, kalinga institute of social sciences (kiss) 10, kalinga university 238, kamdhenu university 8, kameshwara singh darbhanga sanskrit vishwavidyalaya, darbhanga 3, kannada university 101, kannur university 881, karnataka samskrit university 61, karnataka state law university 15, karnataka state open university 17, karnataka state womens university 300, karnataka veterinary, animal and fisheries sciences university 102, karnatak university 5125, karnavati university 15, karpagam university 298, karunya university 582, kavayitri bahinabai chaudhari north maharashtra university 1280, kavikulaguru kalidas sanskrit university 149, kazi nazrul university 26, kerala agricultural university 13, kerala university of health sciences 3, khwaja moinuddin chishti urdu, arabi-farsi university 16, kiit university 1077, king george medical university 21, kle technological university 13, kle university 187, kolhan university 32, koneru lakshmaiah education foundation 933, krantiguru shyamji krishna verma kachchh university 124, krea university 1, krishna institute of medical sciences, deemed to be university karad 68, krishna kanta handiqui state open university 36, krishna university, machilipatnam 69, k.r. mangalam university, gurgaon 101, kumaun university 1719, kurukshetra university 1487, kushabhau thakre patrakarita avam jansanchar vishwavidyalaya 7, kuvempu university 1388, lakshmibai national university of physical education 225, lakulish yoga university 19, lalit narayan mithila university 6859, lingayas vidyapeeth 96, lnct university 136, lovely professional university 863, madan mohan malaviya university of technology 92, madhav university 241, madhyanchal professional university 3, madhya pradesh bhoj (open) university 9, madurai kamaraj university 5837, magadh university 22, mahapurusha srimanta sankaradeva viswavidyalaya 40, maharaja agrasen university 109, maharaja ganga singh university 2278, maharaja krishnakumarsinhji bhavnagar university 1506, maharaja ranjit singh punjab technical university 19, maharaja sayajirao university of baroda 4072, maharaja sriram chandra bhanja deo university 16, maharaja vinayak global university 108, maharana pratap university of agriculture and technology 162, maharashtra animal and fishery sciences university 17, maharashtra national law university nagpur 5, maharashtra university of health sciences 221, maharishi markandeshwar university, mullana 512, maharishi markandeshwar university, sadopur (ambala) 27, maharishi university of information technology 50, maharshi dayanand saraswati university 210, maharshi dayanand university 4689, mahatma gandhi antarrashtriya hindi vishwavidyalaya 254, mahatma gandhi chitrakoot gramodaya vishwavidyalaya 149, mahatma gandhi kashi vidyapith 4972, mahatma gandhi univeristy of medical sciences & technnology , jaipur 39, mahatma gandhi university 3942, mahatma gandhi university, nalgonda 18, mahatma jyotiba phule rohilkhand university 1676, makhanlal chaturvedi national university of journalism and communication, bhopal 22, malaviya national institute of technology jaipur 361, malwanchal university, indore 44, management development institute gurgaon 25, manav rachna international institute of research and studies 233, manav rachna university 58, mandsaur university 64, mangalayatan university 144, mangalore university 2029, manipal academy of higher education 1710, manipal university jaipur 323, manipur university 1824, manonmaniam sundaranar university 7498, martin luther christian university 44, marwadi university 18, mats university 89, maulana abul kalam azad university of technology 95, maulana azad national institute of technology bhopal 282, maulana azad national urdu university 391, m.b.m. university 15, medi caps university, indore 25, meenakshi academy of higher education and research 169, mewar university 335, mgm institute of health sciences 135, mica, ahmedabad 26, mit-adt university, pune 51, mizoram university 783, mody university of science and technology 122, mohammad ali jauhar university 4, mohan lal sukhadia university 1055, monad university 37, motherhood university 1, mother teresa womens university 1072, motilal nehru national institute of technology 582, m s ramaiah university of applied sciences 71, mvn university,palwal 70, nagaland university 520, narsee monjee institute of management studies 279, national brain research centre 97, national institute of educational planning and administration (niepa) 34, national institute of fashion technology delhi 30, national institute of food technology entrepreneurship and management - niftem (k)kundli 25, national institute of food technology entrepreneurship and management thanjavur (niftem-t) 27, national institute of pharmaceutical education and research, ahmedabad 29, national institute of pharmaceutical education and research, guwahati 23, national institute of pharmaceutical education and research, hajipur 11, national institute of pharmaceutical education and research, hyderabad 41, national institute of pharmaceutical education and research kolkata 14, national institute of pharmaceutical education and research, raebareli 6, national institute of technology agartala 175, national institute of technology arunachal pradesh 54, national institute of technology calicut 228, national institute of technology delhi 69, national institute of technology durgapur 160, national institute of technology goa 49, national institute of technology hamirpur 94, national institute of technology jamshedpur 124, national institute of technology karnataka 494, national institute of technology,kurukshetra 158, national institute of technology manipur 72, national institute of technology mizoram 34, national institute of technology nagaland 11, national institute of technology (nit) meghalaya 99, national institute of technology (nit), warangal 555, national institute of technology patna 346, national institute of technology puducherry 56, national institute of technology raipur 194, national institute of technology, rourkela 398, national institute of technology sikkim 29, national institute of technology silchar 69, national institute of technology srinagar 189, national institute of technology tiruchirappalli 234, national institute of technology uttarakhand 35, national law institute university, bhopal 8, national law school of india university 48, national law university and judicial academy, guwahati 9, national law university, delhi 37, national law university, odisha 12, national museum institute of hisotry of art conservation and musicology 2, national sanskrit university 47, navrachana university 25, nehru gram bharati university 155, netaji subhas open university 1, netaji subhas university of technology 9, niilm university 2, niit university 15, nims university rajasthan 359, nirma university 386, nitte university 94, noida international university 81, noorul islam centre for higher education 351, north-eastern hill university 2738, north eastern regional institute of science and technology (nerist) 100, odisha university of agriculture and technology 160, om sterling global university 106, o.p. jindal university 8, opjs university 21, oriental university 92, osmania university 1667, pacific university 2309, padmashree dr. d.y. patil vidyapeeth, navi mumbai 76, pandit deendayal petroleum university 176, pandit s. n. shukla university, shahdol 10, parul university 195, patna university 335, peoples university, bhopal 7, periyar maniammai university 157, periyar university 3287, pes university 23, p.k. university 25, pondicherry university 2509, poornima university 75, potti sreeramulu telugu university 1, p p savani university 3, pravara institute of medical sciences 47, presidency university 113, presidency university, karnataka 161, prist university 86, pt. ravishankar shukla university 2927, pt. sundarlal sharma open university bilaspur 250, punjab engineering college (deemed to be university) 60, punjabi university 3194, rabindra bharati university 421, rabindranath tagore university, bhopal 325, raffles university 16, raiganj university 182, rai university 308, rajasthan technical university, kota 149, rajiv gandhi institute of petroleum technology 37, rajiv gandhi national institute of youth development 7, rajiv gandhi national university of law punjab 32, rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya 630, rajiv gandhi university 659, rama devi womens university 12, ramakrishna mission vivekananda educational and research institute 222, ramakrishna mission vivekananda university 1, rama university, uttar pradesh 78, ramchandra chandravansi university 11, ranchi university 100, rani channamma university 120, rani durgavati vishwavidyalaya 356, rashtrasant tukadoji maharaj nagpur university 313, rashtriya raksha university 19, ravenshaw university 486, rayat bahra university, mohali 16, regional centre for biotechnology 1, reva university 219, rimt university 38, rkdf university 127, rkdf university ranchi 1, rk university 287, rnb global university 4, sage university, indore 82, sai nath university 138, sambalpur university 1784, sam higginbottom institute of agriculture, technology and sciences 482, sampurnanand sanskrit vishwavidhyalaya 3, sanchi university of buddhist-indic studies, bhopal 6, sandip university 39, sangam university 63, sanjay gandhi post graduate institute of medical sciences, lucknow 12, sanjay ghodawat university 2, sankalchand patel university 54, sanskriti university 49, sant baba bhag singh university 38, sant gadge baba amravati university 3038, sant longowal institute of engineering and technology 315, santosh deemed to be university 104, sardarkrushinagar dantiwada agricultural university 0, sardar patel university 3357, sardar vallabhbhai national institute of technology surat 411, sarvepalli radhakrishnan university 148, sastra university 553, satavahana university 9, sathyabama institute of science and technology 422, saurashtra university 3283, saveetha university 837, school of planning and architecture, bhopal 22, school of planning and architecture, new delhi 49, school of planning and architecture vijayawada 10, seacom skills university 111, sgt university 105, sharda university 215, sher-e-kashmir university of agricultural sciences and technology of jammu 137, shivaji university 4902, shiv nadar university 176, shobhit university, gangoh 29, shobhit university, meerut 166, shoolini university of biotechnology and management sciences 511, shree somnath sanskrit university 110, shri govind guru university 73, shri guru ram rai university 69, shri jagdishprasad jhabarmal tibarewala university 3655, shri khushal das university 129, shri lal bahadur shastri national sanskrit university 545, shri mata vaishno devi university 232, shri ramswaroop memorial university 151, shri rawatpura sarkar university 1, shri vaishnav vidyapeeth vishwavidyalaya 47, shri venkateshwara university, uttar pradesh 2, shyam university 9, sidho kanho birsha university 108, sido kanhu murmu university 21, sikkim manipal university 88, sikkim university 213, siksha "o" anusandhan university 568, singhania university 23, sir padampat singhania university 75, sndt womens university 1263, solapur university 270, south asian university 2, s. p. jain institute of management and research 5, sree sankaracharya university of sanskrit 721, sri balaji vidyapeeth 53, sri chandrasekharendra saraswathi viswa mahavidyalaya 417, sri devaraj urs academy of higher education and research 44, sri guru granth sahib world university 84, sri guru ram das university of health sciences 9, sri krishnadevaraya university 3434, srinivas university 19, sri padmavathi womens university 245, sri ramachandra institute of higher education and research 372, sri sai university 2, sri sathya sai institute of higher learning 110, sri satya sai university of technology & medical sciences 80, sri siddhartha academy of higher education 69, sri sri university 17, sri venkateswara institute of medical sciences 24, sri venkateswara university 5461, srm institute of science and technology 1576, srm university- ap 21, srm university, delhi-ncr, sonepat 83, starex university 2, st. joseph university, dimapur 17, st. peter’s institute of higher education and research 394, st. xaviers university, kolkata 1, sumandeep vidyapeeth deemed to be university 49, sunrise university 5, suresh gyan vihar university 387, sushant university (earlier ansal university) 59, swami rama himalayan university 14, swami ramanand teerth marathwada university 5633, swami vivekanad subharti university 178, swami vivekananda yoga anusandhana sansthana 145, swami vivekanand university 80, swarnim gujarat sports university 7, symbiosis international university 524, tamil nadu agricultural university 1417, tamil nadu dr. ambedkar law university 59, tamil nadu open university 49, tamilnadu physical education and sports university 259, tamil nadu teachers education university, chennai 203, tamil nadu veterinary and animal sciences university 79, tamil university 161, tantia university 248, tata institute of fundamental research 1015, tata institute of social sciences 583, techno india university 4, teerthanker mahaveer university 93, teri school of advanced studies 138, tezpur university 925, thapar institute of engineering and technology 1203, the assam kaziranga university 23, the assam royal global university 14, the charutar vidya mandal cvm university 5, the english & foreign languages university, hyderabad 787, the gandhigram rural institute 1390, the icfai university, dehradun 47, the iihmr university, jaipur 35, the indian law institute, new delhi 19, the lnm institute of information technology 34, the national academy of legal studies and research (nalsar) university of law 50, the national university of advanced legal studies 4, the neotia university 4, the northcap university 109, the tamil nadu dr. m.g.r. medical university 438, the university of burdwan 3079, the west bengal national university of juridical sciences 35, thiruvalluvar university 289, thunchath ezhuthachan malayalam university 16, tilak maharashtra vidyapeeth 911, tilka manjhi bhagalpur university 269, tripura university 470, tumkur university 299, uka tarsadia university 118, university of agricultural sciences, bangalore 453, university of agricultural sciences, dharwad 286, university of agricultural sciences, raichur 63, university of allahabad 2604, university of calicut 2271, university of delhi 5326, university of engineering and management, kolkata 17, university of gour banga 12, university of hyderabad 2769, university of jammu 1228, university of kalyani 2836, university of kashmir 1942, university of kerala 7264, university of kota 125, university of lucknow 6208, university of mysore 4357, university of north bengal 2072, university of patanjali 32, university of petroleum and energy studies (upes) 398, university of rajasthan 1810, university of science and technology, meghalaya 101, u.p. pt. deen dayal upadhyaya pashu chikitsa vigyan vishwavidhyalaya evam go anusandha sansthan 27, u p rajarshi tondon open university 336, usha martin university 21, utkal university 5683, uttarakhand open university 19, uttarakhand sanskrit university 57, uttarakhand technical university 275, uttaranchal university 73, vardhaman mahaveer open university, kota 23, v. b. s. purvanchal university 9163, veer kunwar singh university, arrah 32, veer narmad south gujarat university 3363, veer surendra sai university of technology 189, vellore institute of technology bhopal 8, vellore institute of technology, vellore 2277, vellore institute of technology (vit-ap) 73, vels university 951, vel tech rangarajan dr. sagunthala r&d institute of science and technology 235, vidyasagar university 889, vignans foundation for science technology and research 212, vijayanagara sri krishnadevaraya university, bellary 131, vikram university 95, vinayaka missions research foundation 361, vinoba bhave university 257, vishwakarma university 27, visva bharti university 1600, visvesvaraya national institute of technology 287, visvesvaraya technological university, belagavi 1078, vivekananda global university 74, william carey university 1, xim university 26, yashwantrao chavan maharashtra open university 330, ybn university 44, yenepoya (deemed to be university) 135, yogi vemana university 92, about shodhshuddhi.

Based on the recommendation of Sub-Committee, National Steering Committee (NSC) of e-ShodhSindhu, The Ministry of Education, Govt. of India has initiated a programme "ShodhShuddhi" which provides access to Plagiarism Detection Software (PDS) to all universities/Institutions in India since Sept 1, 2019 [Read More...]

Under this initiative, URKUND a Web Based Plagiarism Detection Software system is being provided to all users of universities/Intuitions in the country. This initiative is formally launched by Honorable Minister of HRD (now renamed as Minister of Education) on September 21, 2019

The INFLIBNET Centre receives numerous queries from Colleges regarding membership to Shodhganga and e-ShodhSindhu. Following clarifications are being provided in this regard: Read More.

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Synopses/mrps/pdfs/fellowships, universities contributing, universities+cftis/inis signed mou, prof devika p madalli, sh. manoj kumar k, general / technical query, antiplagiarism query.

The Shodhganga@INFLIBNET Centre provides a platform for research students to deposit their Ph.D. theses and make it available to the entire scholarly community in open access. The repository has the ability to capture, index, store, disseminate and preserve ETDs submitted by the researchers. [Read l]