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Understanding The Raven: Expert Poem Analysis

General Education

"The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most well-known poems ever written. It brought its author worldwide fame and has frequently been analyzed, performed, and parodied. But what about this poem makes it so special?

In this guide, we give you a complete overview of "The Raven," discussing everything from the sad stories behind its creation and what is actually going on between the narrator and the raven, to its themes and the poetic devices it uses so effectively.

The Raven Poem: Full Text

Below is the complete text of The Raven poem, written by Edgar Allan Poe and published in 1845. It consists of 18 stanzas and a total of 108 lines.

What Is "The Raven" About?

"The Raven" is a poem about a man who is heartbroken over the recent death of his beloved Lenore. As he passes a lonely December night in his room, a raven taps repeatedly on the door and then the window. The man first thinks the noise is caused by a late night visitor come to disturb him, and he is surprised to find the raven when he opens the window shutter. After being let in, the raven flies to and lands on a bust of Pallas (an ancient Greek goddess of wisdom).

The man is amused by how serious the raven looks, and he begins talking to the raven; however, the bird can only reply by croaking "nevermore."

The man reflects aloud that the bird will leave him soon as all the people he cared about have left him. When the raven replies "nevermore," the man takes it as the bird agreeing with him, although it's unclear if the raven actually understands what the man is saying or is just speaking the one word it knows.

As the man continues to converse with the bird, he slowly loses his grip on reality. He moves his chair directly in front of the raven and asks it despairing questions, including whether he and Lenore will be reunited in heaven. Now, instead of being merely amused by the bird, he takes the raven's repeated "nevermore" response as a sign that all his dark thoughts are true. He eventually grows angry and shrieks at the raven, calling it a devil and a thing of evil.

The poem ends with the raven still sitting on the bust of Pallas and the narrator, seemingly defeated by his grief and madness, declaring that his soul shall be lifted "nevermore."

Background on "The Raven"

Edgar Allan Poe wrote "The Raven" during a difficult period in his life. His wife, Virginia, was suffering from tuberculosis, Poe was struggling to make money as an unknown writer, and he began drinking heavily and picking fights with coworkers and other writers. It's easy to see how he could have conjured the dark and melancholy mood of "The Raven."

It's not known how long Poe spent writing "The Raven," (guesses range from anywhere to a single day to over a decade) but it's thought most likely that he wrote the poem in the summer of 1844. In his essay, "The Philosophy of Composition," Poe stated that he chose to focus the poem on the death of a beautiful woman because it is "unquestionably the most poetical topic in the world." He hoped "The Raven" would make him famous, and, in the same essay, stated that he purposely wrote the poem to appeal to both "the popular and the critical taste."

"The Raven" was published in the newspaper The New York Evening Mirror on January 29, 1845 (depending on the source, Poe was paid either $9 or $15 for it). "The Raven" brought Poe instant fame, although not the financial security he was looking for. Critical reception was mixed, with some famous writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and William Butler Yeats expressing their dislike for the poem. Despite those initial mixed reviews, The Raven poem has continued its popularity and is now one of the most well-known poems in the world. Countless parodies have been written, and the poem has been referenced in everything from The Simpsons to the NFL team the Baltimore Ravens (their mascot is even named "Poe").

Major Themes in "The Raven"

From The Raven summary, we know it's definitely a melancholy poem, and most of its themes revolve around grim topics. Here are three of the most important themes.

Theme 1: Grief

Grief is the overwhelming emotion in "The Raven, " and the narrator is absolutely consumed by his grief for his lost love, Lenore. At the beginning of the poem, he tries to distract himself from his sadness by reading a "volume of forgotten lore", but when the raven arrives, he immediately begins peppering it with questions about Lenore and becomes further lost in his grief at the raven's response of "nevermore." By the end of the poem, the narrator is seemingly broken, stating that his soul will never again be "lifted" due to his sadness.

Poe stated that the raven itself was a symbol of grief, specifically, that it represented "mournful and never-ending remembrance." He purposely chose a raven over a parrot (a bird species better known for its ability to speak) because he thought a raven suited the dark tone of the poem better.

Edgar Allan Poe had experienced a great deal of grief by the time he wrote "The Raven," and he had seen people close to him leave, fall gravely ill, or die. He would have been well aware of the consuming power that grief can have and how it has the ability to blot everything else out.

Theme 2: Devotion

It's the narrator's deep love for Lenore that causes him such grief, and later rage and madness. Even though Lenore has died, the narrator still loves her and appears unable to think of anything but her. In the poem, he speaks of Lenore in superlatives, calling her "sainted" and "radiant." In his mind, she is completely perfect, practically a saint. His love for this woman who is no longer here distracts him from everything in his current life. With this theme, Poe is showing the power of love and how it can continue to be powerful even after death.

Theme 3: Rationality vs Irrationality

At the beginning of the poem, the narrator is rational enough to understand that Lenore is dead and he will not see her again. When the raven first begins repeating "nevermore," he realizes that the answer is the bird's "only stock and store," and he won't get another response no matter what he asks. He seems to even find the bird vaguely amusing.

However, as the poem continues, the narrator's irrationality increases as he asks the raven questions it couldn't possibly know and takes its repeated response of "nevermore" to be a truthful and logical answer. He then descends further into madness, cursing the bird as a "devil" and "thing of evil" and thinking he feels angels surrounding him before sinking into his grief. He has clearly come undone by the end of the poem.

In "The Raven," Poe wanted to show the fine line between rational thought and madness and how strong emotions, such as grief, can push a person into irrationality, even during mundane interactions like the one the narrator had with the raven.

The 7 Key Poetic Devices "The Raven" Uses

Edgar Allan Poe makes use of many poetic devices in "The Raven" to create a memorable and moving piece of writing. Below we discuss seven of the most important of these devices and how they contribute to the poem.

Alliteration

An allusion is an indirect reference to something, and Poe makes multiple allusions in "The Raven." Some key ones include:

The bust of Pallas the raven sits on refers to Pallas Athena, the ancient Greek goddess of wisdom.

Nepenthe is a drug mentioned in Homer's ancient epic The Odyssey, and it is purported to erase memories.

The Balm of Gilead is a reference to a healing cream mentioned in the Book of Jeremiah in the Bible.

Aidenn refers to the Garden of Eden, although the narrator likely uses it to mean "heaven" in general, as he wants to know if that's where he and Lenore will reunite.

Ravens themselves are mentioned in many stories, including Norse mythology and Ovid's epic poem Metamorphoses.

The majority of "The Raven" follows trochaic octameter, which is when there are eight trochaic feet per line, and each foot has one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable.

However, Poe actually used several types of meter, and he is said to have based both the meter and rhyming pattern of "The Raven" off Elizabeth Barrett's poem " Lady Geraldine's Courtship." Meter is very prominent in "The Raven," and, along with other poetic devices, helps make it such a popular poem to recite.

The rhyming pattern in "The Raven" follows the pattern ABCBBB. The "B" lines all rhyme with "nevermore" and place additional emphasis on the final syllable of the line.

There is also quite a bit of internal rhyme within the poem, such as the line "But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token," where "unbroken" rhymes with "token."

Internal rhyming occurs in the first line of each stanza. It also occurs in the third line and part of the fourth line of each stanza. In the example "Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken!/Leave my loneliness unbroken!—quit the bust above my door!" "token" and "spoken" in the third line of the stanza rhyme with "unbroken" in the fourth line of the stanza.

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is when the name of a word is associated with the sound it makes, and it occurs throughout "The Raven," such as with the words "rapping," "tapping," "shrieked," and "whispered." It all helps add to the atmospheric quality of the poem and makes readers feel as though they are really in the room with the narrator and the raven.

What's Next?

"Ozymandias" by Percy Shelley is another famous and often-studied poem. Learn all about this poem and its famous line "look on my works, ye mighty, and despair" in our complete guide to Ozymandias .

There are many more poetic devices than those included in "The Raven." Read our guide on the 20 poetic devices you need to know so you can become an expert.

Taking AP Literature? We've got you covered! In our expert guide to the AP Literature exam, we've compiled all the information you need to know about the test and how to study for it to get a top score.

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Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries.

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By Edgar Allan Poe

‘The Raven’ by Edgar Allan Poe presents an eerie raven who incessantly knocks over the speaker’s door and says only one word – “Nevermore.”

Edgar Allan Poe

Nationality: American

His work during the 19th century defined multiple genres .

Key Poem Information

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Central Message: Grief can lead to madness.

Themes: Death , Journey , Spirituality

Speaker: A man grieving the loss of Lenore.

Emotions Evoked: Dishonesty , Fear , Grief

Poetic Form: Narrative

Time Period: 19th Century

This poem is a haunting and melancholic poem that explores themes of grief, loss, and mortality. It showcases Edgar Allan Poe's skillful use of language.

This popular narrative poem is written in the first person . ‘ The Raven ‘ personifies the feeling of intense grief and loss, while other symbols throughout the poem reinforce a melodramatic mood that emphasizes the main character’s grief and loss. ‘ The Raven’ explores the world of emotional wars that individuals face in all walks of life, specifically, the fight one can never ignore, the fight for control over the emotions of grief and loss.

These battles are not physical but leave scarring and bruising just as if they were. Poe has produced a wonderful work that resonates with the feelings and experiences of every reader who comes across this poem.

It's helpful to know that 'The Raven' is Poe's best-known and most commonly studied poem to better understand this poem. It's filled with examples of the themes and symbols he was most interested in and, many readers think, allusions to his personal life and experiences with loss and grief.

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Explore The Raven

• 3 Structure and Form 
• 4 Literary Devices
• 5 Detailed Analysis
• 6 Similar Poetry

‘ The Raven ‘ by Edgar Allan Poe ( Bio | Poems ) is a dark and mysterious poem in which the speaker converses with a raven.

Throughout the poem, the poet uses repetition to emphasize the mysterious knocking in the speaker’s home in the middle of a cold December evening. The speaker tries to ignore it and convince himself that there’s no one there. But, eventually, he opens the door and looks into the darkness, wondering if it could be his beloved, Lenore, returned to him. No one is there, but a raven does fly into his room. It speaks to him, using only the word “Nevermore.” This is its response to everything the speaker asks of it.

Finally, the speaker decides that angels have caused the air to fill in density and wonders if they’re there to relieve him of his pain. The bird answers, “Nevermore,” and it appears the speaker will live forever in the shadow of the bust of Pallas above his door.

The Poem Analysis Take

Expert Insights by Emma Baldwin

B.A. English (Minor: Creative Writing), B.F.A. Fine Art, B.A. Art Histories

This is a famous narrative poem that is narrated by a grieving man who is visited by a raven in the middle of the night. The raven perches on the bust of Pallas Athena, a clear symbol of wisdom, and speaks the single word "Nevermore" in response to all of the narrator 's questions. The raven itself becomes an important symbol of death and mourning.

In  ‘The Raven,’  Poe engages themes that include death and the afterlife. These two are the most common themes used throughout Poe’s oeuvre . These themes are accompanied by memory, loss, and the supernatural. Throughout the piece, the reader feels that something terrible is about to happen or has just happened to the speaker and those around him.

These themes are all emphasized by the speaker’s loneliness. He’s alone in his home on a cold evening, trying to ignore the “rapping” on his chamber door. By the end, it appears that he will live forever in the shadow of death and sorrow.

Structure and Form  

‘The Raven’  by Edgar Allan Poe ( Bio | Poems ) is a ballad of eighteen six-line stanzas . Throughout, the poet uses trochaic octameter , a very distinctive metrical form. He uses the first-person point of view and a consistent rhyme scheme of ABCBBB. There are a large number of words that use the same ending, for example, the “ore” in “Lenore” and “Nevermore.” Epistrophe , or repeating the same word at the end of multiple lines, is also present.

The meter is particularly interesting, contributing heavily to the atmospheric nature of the poem. With the poem, you’ll see that lines 1 and 3 of each stanza are usually strict trochaic octameter, whilst lines with the ‘B’ rhyme scheme are seven and a half syllable pairs. This places emphasis on the syllable missing a pair, which is always an ‘ore’ sounding end rhyme .

The ‘odd line’ out, if you should so call it, comes with the end of each stanza, where there are only three and a half syllable pairs, always finishing on the ‘more’ rhyme. This creates a haunting narrative to the poem, that each stanza always ends up the same way, whilst the break in the structure of the stanza to something much shorter further emphasizes, what can be considered, the most important sentence in the poem: Nevermore.

All in all, the meter creates a musicality that Poe emphasizes with slight variations to further emphasize the ‘Nevermore’ and the eery nature of the poem whilst trying to engross the reader, almost hypnotically.

Literary Devices

Poe makes use of several literary devices in  ‘The Raven.’  These include but are not limited to repetition, alliteration , and caesura . The latter is a formal device that occurs when the poet inserts a pause, whether through meter or punctuation, into the middle of a line. For example, line three of the first stanza. It reads: “While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping.” There are numerous other examples, for instance, in line three of the second stanza which reads: “Eagerly I wished the morrow;—vainly I had sought to borrow.”

Alliteration is one kind of repetition used in  ‘The Raven.’  It occurs when the poet repeats the same consonant sound at the beginning of multiple words. For example, “weak and weary” is in the first line of the poem, and “soul” and “stronger” are in the first line of the fourth stanza.

Throughout, Poe uses repetition more broadly as well. For example, he uses parallelism in line structure, wording, and punctuation. He also maintains a repetitive rhythm throughout the poem with his meter and rhyme scheme.

Detailed Analysis

First stanza.

    Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore—     While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. “’Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door—             Only this and nothing more.”

The opening line of this poem proves to be quite theatrical, initiating with the classic “once upon a -” and introducing a typical melodramatic, “weak and weary” character who is lost in thought during a particularly boring night. He claims to be thinking and “pondering” over volumes of old knowledge traditions. He is interrupted by a tapping sound as he nods off to sleep while reading. It sounds like someone is “gently” knocking on his “chamber door.” He mutters that it must be a visitor since what else could it possibly be?

The first stanza of Poe’s ‘ The Raven ‘ exposes a story that the reader knows will be full of drama . The imagery in this stanza alone gives the reader a very good idea that the story about to unfold is not happy.

The scene opens on a “dreary” or boring midnight and a “weak and weary” character. The quiet midnight paints a picture of mystery and suspense for the reader, while an already tired and exhausted character introduces a tired and emotionally exhausting story – as we later learn that the character has suffered a great deal before this poem even begins. To further highlight his fatigued mood, he even reads “forgotten lore,” which is old myths / folklore that were studied by scholars (so we assume the character is a scholar/student of sorts).

The words “forgotten” and ‘nothing more’ here sneak in the theme of loss prevalent in this poem. We are also introduced to our first symbol: the chamber door, which symbolizes insecurity. The chamber door functions as any door would; opening the characters’ room/home to the outside world, and we will notice that it also represents the character’s insecurities and weaknesses as he opens them up to the world outside of him. In this stanza, something is coming and “tapping” at his insecurities and weaknesses (the chamber door) due to him pondering and getting lost in thought.

Second Stanza

    Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December; And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.     Eagerly I wished the morrow;—vainly I had sought to borrow     From my books surcease of sorrow—sorrow for the lost Lenore— For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore—             Nameless  here  for evermore.

We are quickly jolted from the scene of the stranger knocking at the door into the speaker’s thoughts. Here, he pauses to educate the reader that this sight was taking place during the “bleak” December when “dying” embers from a fire were casting “ghosts” like shadows on the floor. He wished for the night to pass faster, desperately trying to escape the sadness of losing Lenore by busying himself with his books. It becomes very obvious that Lenore was someone important to him, as he describes her as a “rare and radiant maiden,” it also becomes evident that she had died since she was now “nameless always” in the world.

The air of suspense continues to build as Poe shifts the narrative from the tapping on the door to the character’s thoughts. This could also portray that the character himself is avoiding answering the door. Looking at the door symbolizing his weaknesses and insecurities, we can easily understand why he would want to avoid opening up to whatever was tapping on it. The diction in this stanza (bleak, separate, dying, ghost, sought, sorrow, and lost) also emphasizes the theme of loss that unfolds in this poem. We can see that Poe is already hinting to the readers about the cause of the characters’ insecurities.

The second line in this stanza also foreshadows the poem’s end as it illustrates dying “embers” casting shadows on the floor; it portrays how trapped the character will be in the shadows of loss. What exactly has he lost? We find that the character is pining for Lenore, a woman who was very dear to him (a girlfriend or wife perhaps), whom he can no longer be with as she has died and is in the company of angels. She becomes “nameless” (again underlining the theme of loss) to him because she does not exist in his world anymore. For him, she is forever lost.

Third Stanza

    And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me—filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before;     So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating     “’Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door— Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door;—             This it is and nothing more.”

The movement of the curtains even seems “sad” and “uncertain” to him. Watching these curtains rustle and listening to the knocking was turning his miserable and quiet mood into one of anxiety and fear. To calm himself and his quickening heartbeat, he repeated that it was just some visitor who had come to see him in these late hours and “nothing more.”

Poe provides details of the room and its belongings throughout the poem that observably symbolize the character’s feelings. This stanza focuses on the emotional state of the character. The purple curtains can easily represent his healing wounds (as purple is the color of a bruise in the beginning stages of recovery), and they are described as sad and uncertain. From this, we can note that Lenore’s loss has left him feeling exactly that: sad and uncertain. This bruise of his “thrilled” him because it opened the door to thoughts and feelings the character had never ventured. As he thought about opening the door of insecurities to whatever was knocking at them, he became excited and terrified simultaneously. To calm his fears, he repeats to himself that he’s sure nothing will come out of it.

Fourth Stanza

    Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer, “Sir,” said I, “or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore;     But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping,     And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door, That I scarce was sure I heard you”—here I opened wide the door;—             Darkness there and nothing more.

The character begins to build confidence as he draws closer to the door to see who would come to see him at such an hour. He calls out saying sorry, ‘Sir’ or ‘Madame’. He had been napping, and the ‘tapping’ at the door was so light that he wasn’t even sure that there was someone knocking at the door at first. As he says this, he opens the door only to find nothing but the darkness of the night.

As he prepares to open the door of his insecurities and weaknesses to whatever awaits, he has to push through his hesitation. He called out, saying he wasn’t sure whether there was anything there, so he hadn’t bothered to open the door, and when he finally did, he found nothing.

The suspense is heightened after finding nothing but darkness. The reader understands that the character found nothing but darkness waiting for him through his insecurities and weaknesses, a black hole. This is not different from what anyone would find when they look internally and finally decide to open up and see through all the things that make them think less of themselves; they find a world of darkness (suffering and difficulty). It is difficult to look into yourself and your uncertainties to recognize your suffering and hardships. The character does not find it easy either.

Fifth Stanza

    Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before;     But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token,     And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, “Lenore?” This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, “Lenore!”—             Merely this and nothing more.

Finding nothing on the other side of the door leaves him stunned. He stands there staring into the darkness with his mind racing. How could he have heard the clear, continuous knocking at the door only to find nothing…physical? Now, she quickly comes to mind because he had been pining for Lenore. He whispers her name into the empty night, ‘Lenore?’ and an echo whispers back, ‘Lenore!’.

Poe emphasizes how stunned the character is at looking into the hardships and suffering of his life (the darkness) through the wide-opened door of his insecurity (the chamber door) by stating that he began to doubt himself and his expectations of what he would find. He expected to find a visitor ( sympathy) but instead found empty darkness ( suffering). The character finally makes a bold move; he utters what facing the suffering forced him to think of: Lenore. To his surprise, from his suffering came a voice saying Lenore and nothing more. This exposes that the sole core of his suffering was truly Lenore, and he had to open that door of his self-doubt and weakness to figure it out.

Sixth Stanza

    Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning, Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.     “Surely,” said I, “surely that is something at my window lattice;       Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore— Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore;—             ’Tis the wind and nothing more!”

The narrator finally turns away from the empty doorway, full of fire; he had just heard her name whispered back to him. Was he insane? Was any of this real? ‘Soon again,’ he hears tapping; this time louder than before,, it gives the impression that it is coming from the window this time. Again, his heart starts to beat faster as he moves towards the window, wanting to “explore” this mystery. He tells himself it must be the wind and ‘nothing more.’

The character finally snaps out of his shock and closes the door. He realizes his fears to be true. The one thing he has no control over is the only thing causing him weakness: the loss of Lenore. Then he hears a tapping by the window, and this window represents realization for our character. He has now realized his fear through his weaknesses and suffering that he will forever have to live with the fact that he has lost Lenore. He is hesitant to embrace the realization (he hesitates to open the window), but he now wants to explore this newfound awareness.

Seventh Stanza

    Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter, In there stepped a stately Raven of the saintly days of yore;     Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed he;     But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door— Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door—             Perched, and sat, and nothing more.

He makes an effort to fling open the window, and with a little commotion comes a raven. The narrator describes the raven as one who looked rather royal and like it belonged in the righteous or impressive times of the past. The raven does not even acknowledge the speaker, and he flies in with the airs of an aristocrat and rests on the statue above the chamber door of “Pallas” (also known as Athena, the goddess of wisdom). Then, it just sits there doing “nothing more.”

The raven comes flying in when the character embraces the realization of the cause of his insecurity (opens the window). The raven is the most important symbol in this poem, which explains the title. This raven is signifying the loss that the character has suffered. Through the window of realization, his loss comes flying in to face him. The raven is described as grand in its demeanor, much like the loss of Lenore, which intimidates him. He is quite fascinated by it and glorifies it. The interesting thing to note here is that the raven takes a seat on the statue of Pallas (Athena, goddess of wisdom), which discloses to the reader that this feeling of loss and grief that the character is feeling is sitting on his wisdom. It has overpowered his rational thought.

Eighth Stanza

Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling, By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore, “Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou,” I said, “art sure no craven, Ghastly grim and ancient Raven wandering from the Nightly shore— Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night’s Plutonian shore!”             Quoth the Raven “Nevermore.”

The entrance of this raven puts a smile on the face of the narrator. The bird was so out of place in his chamber, but it still “wore” a serious expression as it sat there. The speaker then turns to treat the raven as a noble individual and asks him his name in a very dramatic manner. The raven replies with ‘nevermore’.

When given the chance to face his loss and grief so directly, it seems amusing to the character. So he speaks to the bird. He asks its (the bird/his grief) name, as it looked grand and uncowardly even though it came from the world of suffering (the night). The raven spoke and said “nevermore”. His feelings of grief and loss (the raven) are reminding him of his greatest pain: nevermore. The raven speaks to him clearly and relays to him that what he had the deepest desire for in his life is now strictly nevermore.

Ninth Stanza

    Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly, Though its answer little meaning—little relevancy bore;     For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being     Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door— Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door,             With such name as “Nevermore.”

The narrator is shocked at actually hearing the raven speak, as if it were natural for him. He doesn’t understand how “nevermore” answers the question. So he claims that no one, alive or dead, has ever witnessed the scene before him: a raven sitting on a statue of Pallas named “nevermore.”

Here, Poe uncovers for his readers that the character was shocked at the scene of facing his loss and grief only to have it so blatantly speak to him. Call to him the reason for his insecurity and weakness: the finality of “nevermore.” The character claims in this stanza that no one has ever before been able to have the experience of meeting loss and grief in physical form. He was “blessed” with this opportunity to see his feelings and put a name on it: nevermore. That is the core of his grief and loss, the finality of never living with Lenore again.

Tenth Stanza

    But the Raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour.     Nothing farther then he uttered—not a feather then he fluttered—     Till I scarcely more than muttered “Other friends have flown before— On the morrow  he  will leave me, as my Hopes have flown before.”             Then the bird said “Nevermore.”

After speaking that one word, the raven did not utter another word. He sat there on the statue, very still and quiet. The narrator returns to his grim mood and mutters about having friends who have left him feeling abandoned, just like this bird will likely do. On hearing this, the bird again says:

The character accepts the existence of this raven in his life and says he expects it to leave as others usually do. This signifies the reality of his emotions that he feels just like all other feelings come and go, and so will this feeling of intense grief and loss (the raven). The raven speaks out and states: Nevermore. He is highlighting and foreshadowing that it will not leave – it will stay with the character forever.

Eleventh Stanza

    Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken, “Doubtless,” said I, “what it utters is its only stock and store     Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster     Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore— Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore             Of ‘Never—nevermore’.”

The sudden reply from the raven startles the narrator. He concludes that the raven only knows this one word that it has learned from “some unhappy master.” He imagines that the master of this raven must have been through many hardships,, so he probably always used the word “nevermore” a great deal, and that is where he believes the bird picked it up.

This stanza is quite interesting as it explores the character’s efforts to ignore the finality of this feeling of grief and loss. He tries to brush it off by hoping that perhaps the previous owner of such feelings was a person who emphasized the finality of such feelings, so that is why his grief is responding in such a manner. The thought of living with such feelings forever scares the character into denial.

Twelfth Stanza

    But the Raven still beguiling all my fancy into smiling, Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird, and bust and door;     Then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking     Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore— What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore             Meant in croaking “Nevermore.”

The speaker admits that he cannot help but be fascinated by this raven. He sets up his chair to sit right in front of the bird, watching it intently. He starts focusing on the raven and what it could mean by repeating the specific word “nevermore.”

Here, the character is irritated by the constant presence of such strong feelings. He knows he cannot turn back now. The character is the one who opened the door of his insecurities and weaknesses into his suffering and then opened the window of realization to allow this intense feeling of loss and grief to enter and perch on his rational thinking/wisdom. What he finds hard to swallow is the concept of “nevermore” – why can’t these feelings be temporary or a phase? Must they eat at him forever?

Thirteenth Stanza

    This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom’s core;     This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining     On the cushion’s velvet lining that the lamp-light gloated o’er, But whose velvet-violet lining with the lamp-light gloating o’er,              She  shall press, ah, nevermore!

He sits there coming up with theories to explain the raven and its behavior to himself without speaking aloud in this bird’s company. Even so, he felt its “fiery eyes” could see through him, straight to his heart. So he continues to ponder and be lost in thought as he reclines on a soft velvet cushion that the lamplight was highlighting in the room. Seeing the cushion gleaming in the lamplight sends him spiraling into the heart-wrenching reminder that Lenore will never get a chance to touch that cushion again now that she’s gone.

Poe underlines that the character has so much more feeling than he tackles when he confronts his grief. As he contemplates the concreteness of the words “nevermore,” he relapses into memories of Lenore. The cushion symbolizes his connection to his physical life. As he battles with his emotions, the cushion reminds him that his beloved Lenore will never share his physical space and life again. She will never, again, physically be in his company.

Fourteenth Stanza

    Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer Swung by Seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor.     “Wretch,” I cried, “thy God hath lent thee—by these angels he hath sent thee     Respite—respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore; Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore!”             Quoth the Raven “Nevermore.”

Here, the narrator seems to start hallucinating, and perhaps he is too deep in his thoughts. He starts to feel like the air around him is getting thicker with perfume or a scent. He thinks he sees angels there who are bringing this perfume /scent to him. He calls himself a wretch because he feels God is sending him a message to forget Lenore, comparing the scent to “nepenthe,” an imaginary medicine for sorrow from ancient Greek mythology . He yells at himself to drink this medicine and forget the sadness he feels for the loss of Lenore. Almost as if on cue, the raven says: Nevermore.

When he comes to the actual realization that he has lost her physical body forever, he begins to panic. He can smell the sweetness of freedom from these feelings that God was allowing him. He thought that it was a divine message to forget Lenore, and he wants to accept; he wants out and away from his mess of feelings, especially from the certainty the grief keeps claiming that it will last forever. He tries to force himself to let it go, but then the raven speaks. His grief overpowers him, and he still claims that he will never forget her.

Fifteenth Stanza

    “Prophet!” said I, “thing of evil!—prophet still, if bird or devil!— Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore,     Desolate yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted—     On this home by Horror haunted—tell me truly, I implore— Is there— is  there balm in Gilead?—tell me—tell me, I implore!”             Quoth the Raven “Nevermore.”

Now things get pretty heated as he starts to scream at the bird, calling it a prophet and a thing of evil. He doesn’t know what to think of the bird. Did Satan (the tempter) send this bird his way, or did a storm push this bird his way? He continues by saying that even through his shouting, the raven is unmoved/unbothered even though it is alone in his company. He calls his home a desert land, haunted and full of horror , and asks the raven if there is possible hope of any good or peace in the future, and of course, the raven says: nevermore.

Things get more serious in this stanza as the character loses his cool and screams at his emotions. He calls them a prophet because they are prophesizing his unhappy life and a thing of evil because of the pain they are causing him. He doesn’t understand where such permanence has come from in his grief and loss. Shouldn’t they be a feeling of phase and pass after some time? Why is his feeling here to stay forever? He asks in his panic whether anything good is waiting for him in life. Will the intensity of such feelings pass? It seems his feelings of grief and loss are set in stone because it just replies with a “nevermore.”

Sixteenth Stanza

    “Prophet!” said I, “thing of evil!—prophet still, if bird or devil! By that Heaven that bends above us—by that God we both adore—     Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn,     It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore— Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore.”             Quoth the Raven “Nevermore.”

He continues to call the raven a prophet and a thing of evil as he dramatically keeps accepting the word of the raven as the answer to his questions. He then asks for the raven to tell him if he will ever get to hold Lenore again, and predictably, the raven says: nevermore.

The character is spiraling into chaos as he realizes he is stuck in this pain and no relief is coming. In desperation, he asks whether he will ever hold and embrace his beloved Lenore ever again. The raven crushes him further by saying no. His feeling of loss intensifies as his grief reaffirms for him that the life he had wanted can never be his to have and cherish.

Seventeenth Stanza

    “Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!” I shrieked, upstarting— “Get thee back into the tempest and the Night’s Plutonian shore!     Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken!     Leave my loneliness unbroken!—quit the bust above my door! Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door!”             Quoth the Raven “Nevermore.”

The raven’s answers throw the narrator into a fit as he is consumed by sorrow. He screams at the raven to leave and return to the storm it came from and not even leave a trace of it being present in his chamber. He wants to live in his loneliness without accepting the reality of it. He does not want anything to do with the answers that the bird has given him. He continues to yell at the bird to leave, and the raven simply replies with: nevermore (implying that it will not go).

At this point in the story, the character is consumed by his emotions and the mental game he’s playing. He screams and cries for his loneliness to stay unbroken because he realizes that he is no longer alone; these emotions and feelings he has unearthed will continue to haunt him and live with him forever. He yells at these feelings to escape his wisdom and rational thinking. He pleads for this feeling of intense grief and loss to take the sharp pain away that he is feeling, and, of course, as the reader knows for certain by now, the answer is “Nevermore.”

Eighteenth Stanza

    And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting,  still  is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;     And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon’s that is dreaming,     And the lamp-light o’er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor; And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor             Shall be lifted—nevermore!

The speaker ends his story by saying that the raven is still there, sitting on the statue of Pallas, almost demon-like in the way its eyes gleam. The lamplight hits the raven, casting a shadow on the floor. That shadow has trapped his soul within it, and he will never be freed from it.

Edgar Allan Poe ( Bio | Poems ) ends his narrative with a quiet and still character. Quite a change from the last stanzas; it is almost as if he has come to terms with the reality of the situation. It is as if we are now watching the character from the outside of his head while all the commotion occursinternally. However, the character lets the reader know that everything is not going well. The raven still sits on the statue of Pallas, which looks demon-like while casting a shadow that traps him forever.

That is significant because it gives the reader closure . It tells the reader that even though the character welcomed the feelings of loss and grief when he opened the window of realization, he despises them now. These emotions appear to him as demonic. The shadow they cast over him, meaning the mood created from these feelings, has a permanent hold on his soul. His feelings have defeated him after facing them, and he will find peace: nevermore.

Similar Poetry

Readers who enjoyed ‘ The Raven’  should also consider reading some of Poe’s other best-known poems . For example:

• ‘ A Dream within a Dream, ‘ – published in 1849, this poem examines time and our perceptions of it.
• ‘ Alone’ – is a haunting poem that touches on many of Poe’s favorite themes. It was inspired by the death of Poe’s foster mother.
• ‘ Anabel Lee ‘  – a beautiful short piece in which Poe’s speaker describes the death of a young woman, taken into the afterlife by jealous angels.

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sorry, though your comments is wonderful. I still have some questions about The Raven represents . the death or the sadness? I want to finish my homework well. but it is difficult for me to analysis.

I think both. Remember, words and symbols can have multiple connotations.

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Rehman, Noor. "The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe". Poem Analysis , https://poemanalysis.com/edgar-allan-poe/the-raven/ . Accessed 15 July 2024.

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A Summary and Analysis of Edgar Allan Poe’s ‘The Raven’

By Dr Oliver Tearle (Loughborough University)

‘Why is a raven like a writing desk?’ This was the riddle posed by the Mad Hatter in Lewis Carroll ’s 1865 book Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland . Probably the most famous solution proposed to this riddle (for the riddle has never been answered with a definitive solution) is: ‘Because Poe wrote on both.’ ‘The Raven’ is undoubtedly Edgar Allan Poe’s most famous poem.

It was first published under Poe’s name in January 1845, and has been popular ever since. It is the only literary work to inspire the name of a sporting team (the American Football team the Baltimore Ravens).

According to Poe himself, in a later work of literary analysis, if he hadn’t had a change of heart we might well be reading a poem called, not ‘The Raven’, but ‘The Parrot’. The poem is so famous, so widely anthologised, that perhaps a closer analysis of its features and language is necessary to strip away some of our preconceptions about it.

First, here is a summary of the poem.

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore— While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. ‘’Tis some visitor,’ I muttered, ‘tapping at my chamber door— Only this and nothing more.’

The unnamed narrator (we can call him a narrator as ‘The Raven’ just about qualifies as a narrative poem) sits up late one December night, mourning the loss of his beloved, Lenore, when a raven appears at the window and speaks the repeated single word, ‘Nevermore’. The narrator starts to view the raven as some sort of prophet.

Throughout the poem, the narrator sits and ponders the meaning of the raven, and asks it questions, such as whether he will be see his beloved Lenore again in heaven, but the bird simply responds enigmatically each time, ‘Nevermore’. In the end, the narrator demands that the raven leave him alone, but it replies once again, ‘Nevermore.’

The poem ends:

And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door; And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon’s that is dreaming, And the lamp-light o’er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor; And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor Shall be lifted—nevermore!

Poe credited two chief literary works in the genesis and composition of ‘The Raven’: he got the idea of the raven from Charles Dickens’s novel Barnaby Rudge (whose title character has a pet raven, Grip – the same name of Dickens’s own pet raven in real life), and he borrowed the metre for his poem from Elizabeth Barrett Browning ’s poem ‘Lady Geraldine’s Courtship’. Here is a stanza from Barrett Browning’s poem:

Dear my friend and fellow-student, I would lean my spirit o’er you: Down the purple of this chamber, tears should scarcely run at will: I am humbled who was humble! Friend,—I bow my head before you! You should lead me to my peasants!—but their faces are too still.

The metre of this poem, and of Poe’s ‘The Raven’, is relatively rare in English-language verse: trochaic octameter. (Trochaic because the stress falls on the first syllable in each foot, so ‘ Dear my friend and fell ow stu dent’, and ‘ Once up on a mid night drear y’; octameter because there are eight feet in each line, so ‘ Once up on a mid night drear y, while I pond ered, weak and wear y’.

But Poe added something to this rhythm, by including internal rhyme in each stanza of ‘The Raven’:

Once upon a midnight dreary , while I pondered, weak and weary , Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore— While I nodded, nearly napping , suddenly there came a tapping , As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. “’Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door— Only this and nothing more.”

So although each stanza of ‘The Raven’ is rhymed abcbbb , with the ‘ore’ rhyme being constant throughout the poem, the a and c rhymes are complemented by a mid-line rhyme: dreary/weary , napping/tapping .

This makes ‘The Raven’ the perfect poem for reading aloud on a dark, wintry night – but it also arguably underscores the poem’s focus on speech, and on the talking raven that provides the refrain, and final word, of many of the poem’s stanzas. ‘Nevermore’ rhymes with the dead beloved of the poem’s narrator, Lenore, but it is also an inherently ‘poetic’ turn of phrase to end a poem (or successive stanzas of a poem): compare Hardy’s ‘never again’ , or Edward Thomas’s , or Tennyson’s ‘the days that are no more’ .

The word ‘Nevermore’, like ‘never again’ and ‘no more’, evokes finality, something gone from us that will not be regained: time, our youth, a lost lover. Whether Lenore in ‘The Raven’ is the narrator’s dead beloved – perhaps even his wife – is not spelt out in the poem, leaving us not so much to analyse as to speculate upon that point. But the broader point remains: a door has closed that will not be opened again.

As we mentioned at the beginning of this analysis, there is reason to believe that Poe originally planned to have a parrot, rather than a raven, utter the refrain ‘Nevermore’ in the poem. In his ‘ Philosophy of Composition ’, he wrote that in his mind there ‘arose the idea of a non-reasoning creature capable of speech; and very naturally, a parrot, in the first instance, suggested itself, but was superseded forthwith by a Raven, as equally capable of speech.’

Whether Poe was merely retrospectively having us on, or whether he was being genuine here, the parrot does seem the natural choice for a bird capable of mimicking human speech, and Poe implies that he soon dropped the idea of writing a poem called ‘The Parrot’. Ravens are closely associated with omens and with the dead: it had to be ‘The Raven’.

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5 thoughts on “A Summary and Analysis of Edgar Allan Poe’s ‘The Raven’”

Many years ago, my mum had me make a recording reading “The Raven.” And I did the best I could as far as enunciating and pausing, etc. She was teaching art in K-8, and for the older grades she played the tape and they were always silent/enraptured listening and then they were to make a drawing of the Raven, or anything from their imagination inspired by the poem. Usually she did it around Halloween and she got some really interesting illustrations/interpretations.

What an inspiring teacher she must have been, you should be proud of her.

I read that Poe did not earn but a paltry sum for this famous work due to the lack of copyright laws. It is sad how much trauma he suffered throughout his life.

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“The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe: Poem Analysis Essay

• To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
• As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
• As a template for you assignment

Introduction

Works cited.

The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe tells a story of maddening grief and the inability to cope with the loss of a loved one. The poem’s protagonist, who remains unnamed, is gripped by reading, trying to distract himself from the death of the woman he loved, Lenore. On a dreary December night, he hears knocking on a door and goes to open it expecting a late visitor. There is no one behind the door, only the echo of the speaker’s own utterance. The knocking continues immediately on the window. Expecting the sound to be caused by the wind, the speaker opens the window, through which a raven flies into the room. Relieved, the host jokingly asks the bird for its name. The raven replies: “Nevermore.” The speaker is in shock, trying to converse with the creature. His attempts at the communication end in futility, and he banishes the raven into the night. Poe’s paramount poem excels due to its ominous tone, unique composition, stark imagery, and rich figurative language.

The poem is riddled with mystery, thrill, grief, and slight inclusions of horror. The subject matter largely determines the tone of the text. Poe pictures a character consumed by grief, which is evident in the second stanza: “From my books surcease of sorrow—sorrow for the lost Lenore” (19). Opening the door and finding no one knocking, he whispers the woman’s name into the darkness of wintery midnight. The speaker’s madness seeps onto the pages, made apparent by the constant line repetition. Additionally, the author describes the occurrence as a mystery in the sixth stanza (Poe et al. 20). The poem’s mystery and thrill are progressive, growing as the conversation between the speaker and the raven continues.

The poem’s unique rhythm adds to the never-ending sense of grief. The rhyme usually falls on the sound -or, as seen in the repeating words “Lenore,” “Nevermore,” and “forevermore” (Poe et al. 19-23). The author utilizes the trochaic octameter, a compositional pattern that alternates the stress every sixteen syllables. However, this composition does not dictate the entirety of the poem’s rhythm. In fact, each stanza ends abruptly on a stressed sound -or. By mixing the approach to composition, Poe achieves an effective way to reflect the perpetuating feeling of sorrow through literary composition.

The poem uses stark imagery to convey the tone and theme of grief further. The text has three primary images: the raven, the chamber, and the bust of Athena. The raven represents the finality of Lenore’s existence. By constantly repeating “Nevermore,” the raven communicates that the speaker’s love is forever gone, breaking his inner desire for Lenore’s return from the underworld. The connection to the underworld is also apparent through the words “Night’s Plutonian shore,” as Pluto is the ancient Roman god of the said realm (Poe et al. 21). The image of Athena’s bust strengthens the link to the mythological inspiration behind the text. The bird sits on the wisdom goddess’s statue, representing how grief poisons the speaker’s rational mind. Finally, the chamber represents the mental prison grief that drove the protagonist to. He is trapped externally, locked off in the chamber, and internally, never letting go of the lament.

Figurative Language

The poem’s imagery is inseparable from its figurative language. The poem’s primary figurative vehicle is symbolism, as the major images of the poem signify something beyond themselves (Syafitri and Marlinton 48). For example, the raven is a manifestation of the protagonist’s grief, whereas the bust of Athena symbolizes his rationality and clarity of mind. These symbols, however, can refer to numerous meanings beyond themselves due to their complexity. For instance, the chamber can be interpreted as a prison or a shelter that shields the protagonist from the reality of death. Conversely, it can be argued that it signifies the speaker’s rationality, much like the goddess’s bust.

Additionally, the author employs multiple allusions to Greek, Roman, and Christian mythology. As discussed above, the image of Athena and the raven’s connection to Pluto clearly refer to the mythos outside the poem’s realm. The link to Christianity is observed in the depiction of Lenore’s afterlife and allusions to the Garden of Eden: “Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn/ It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore” (Poe et al. 23). References to Christianity also include the mention of Gilead, a place in Palestine significant to the biblical story.

In conclusion, The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe is a masterfully crafted story about never-ending grief for a death of a loved one. The author employs dark and mysterious images to convey the overflowing sorrow of the protagonist. The raven, the bust of Athena, and the speaker’s chamber are the focal symbols of the poem, representing a perpetual struggle to escape anguish. The poem’s ominous, mysterious, and slightly nightmarish tone is emphasized by its language and structure. Stuck in the everlasting cycle of sorrow, the protagonist never stops lamenting, thus he remains haunted by the raven.

Poe, Edgar Allan, et al. The Raven . Harper & Brothers, 1884. Web.

Syafitri, Dewi, and Melisa Marlinton. “An analysis of figurative language used in Edgar Allan Poe’s poems.” Linguistic, English Education and Art Journal 2.1, 2018: 43-59.

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IvyPanda. (2023, December 16). "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe: Poem Analysis. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-raven-by-edgar-allan-poe-poem-analysis/

""The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe: Poem Analysis." IvyPanda , 16 Dec. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/the-raven-by-edgar-allan-poe-poem-analysis/.

IvyPanda . (2023) '"The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe: Poem Analysis'. 16 December.

IvyPanda . 2023. ""The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe: Poem Analysis." December 16, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-raven-by-edgar-allan-poe-poem-analysis/.

1. IvyPanda . ""The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe: Poem Analysis." December 16, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-raven-by-edgar-allan-poe-poem-analysis/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . ""The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe: Poem Analysis." December 16, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-raven-by-edgar-allan-poe-poem-analysis/.

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Edgar Allan Poe’s stature as a major figure in world literature is primarily based on his ingenious and profound short stories, poems, and critical theories, which established a highly influential rationale for the short form in both poetry and fiction. Regarded in literary histories and...

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“The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe: Analysis

The narrative poem “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe, originally published in 1845, is a renowned masterpiece of American Gothic literature.

• Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
• Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore—
• While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
• As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
• “‘Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door—
• Only this and nothing more.”
• Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December;
• And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.
• Eagerly I wished the morrow;—vainly I had sought to borrow
• From my books surcease of sorrow—sorrow for the lost Lenore—
• For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore—
• Nameless here for evermore.
• And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain
• Thrilled me—filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before;
• So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating
• “‘Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door—
• Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door;—
• This it is and nothing more.”
• Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer,
• “Sir,” said I, “or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore;
• But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping,
• And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door,
• That I scarce was sure I heard you”—here I opened wide the door;—
• Darkness there and nothing more.
• Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing,
• Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before;
• But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token,
• And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, “Lenore?”
• This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, “Lenore!”—
• Merely this and nothing more.
• Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,
• Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.
• “Surely,” said I, “surely that is something at my window lattice;
• Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore—
• Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore;—
• ‘Tis the wind and nothing more!”
• Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter,
• In there stepped a stately Raven of the saintly days of yore;
• Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed he;
• But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door—
• Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door—
• Perched, and sat, and nothing more.
• Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling,
• By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore,
• “Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou,” I said, “art sure no craven,
• Ghastly grim and ancient Raven wandering from the Nightly shore—
• Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night’s Plutonian shore!”
• Quoth the Raven “Nevermore.”
• Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly,
• Though its answer little meaning—little relevancy bore;
• For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being
• Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door—
• Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door,
• With such name as “Nevermore.”
• But the Raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only
• That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour.
• Nothing farther then he uttered—not a feather then he fluttered—
• Till I scarcely more than muttered “Other friends have flown before—
• On the morrow he will leave me, as my Hopes have flown before.”
• Then the bird said “Nevermore.”
• Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken,
• “Doubtless,” said I, “what it utters is its only stock and store
• Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster
• Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore—
• Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore
• Of ‘Never—nevermore’.”
• But the Raven still beguiling all my fancy into smiling,
• Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird, and bust and door;
• Then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking
• Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore—
• What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore
• Meant in croaking “Nevermore.”
• This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing
• To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom’s core;
• This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining
• On the cushion’s velvet lining that the lamp-light gloated o’er,
• But whose velvet-violet lining with the lamp-light gloating o’er,
• She shall press, ah, nevermore!
• Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer
• Swung by Seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor.
• “Wretch,” I cried, “thy God hath lent thee—by these angels he hath sent thee
• Respite—respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore;
• Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore!”
• “Prophet!” said I, “thing of evil!—prophet still, if bird or devil!—
• Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore,
• Desolate yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted—
• On this home by Horror haunted—tell me truly, I implore—
• Is there— is there balm in Gilead?—tell me—tell me, I implore!”
• “Prophet!” said I, “thing of evil!—prophet still, if bird or devil!
• By that Heaven that bends above us—by that God we both adore—
• Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn,
• It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore—
• Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore.”
• “Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!” I shrieked, upstarting—
• “Get thee back into the tempest and the Night’s Plutonian shore!
• Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken!
• Leave my loneliness unbroken!—quit the bust above my door!
• Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door!”
• And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting
• On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;
• And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon’s that is dreaming,
• And the lamp-light o’er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor;
• And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor
• Shall be lifted—nevermore!

Introduction: “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

Table of Contents

The narrative poem “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe, originally published in 1845, is a renowned masterpiece of American Gothic literature. The poem’s evocative imagery, complex structure, and exploration of grief and the supernatural have cemented its enduring legacy. “The Raven” established Poe’s reputation as a master of the macabre and continues to resonate powerfully with readers today.

Annotations of “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

Narrative of “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

• The poem begins with the narrator, who is sitting alone in his chamber, feeling weak and weary as he reads old books of forgotten lore.
• As he nods off, he hears a tapping at his chamber door and assumes it is just a visitor.
• The tapping continues, and he begins to feel anxious about who could be knocking on his door so late at night.
• He works up the courage to answer the door and finds only darkness outside.
• When he returns to his chamber, he hears a whisper of the name “Lenore” and assumes it is just his imagination.
• He tries to shake off his fear and convince himself that the tapping was just the wind.
• Suddenly, a raven appears in his room and perches above his chamber door.
• The narrator is surprised by the bird’s presence and begins to ask it questions.
• He observes the raven’s somber countenance and admires its regal appearance.
• He asks the bird its name, but it only replies “Nevermore.”
• The narrator becomes obsessed with the bird and continues to ask it questions, even though he knows it can only answer with the word “Nevermore.”
• He reflects on the sorrow he feels for the loss of Lenore and wonders if the raven was sent to him as a divine messenger.
• The narrator starts to feel hopeless and believes that he will never be able to escape his grief.
• He decides to ask the raven if there is any hope for him to find peace, but it only replies with the same word, “Nevermore.”
• The narrator realizes that the raven is a symbol of his despair and that he will never be able to escape his sorrow.
• The poem ends with the narrator being haunted by the raven’s presence and feeling trapped in his own grief.

Literary Devices in “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

Sound and Poetic Devices in “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

Functions of Literary Devices in “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

• Creating Atmosphere: Poe uses descriptive language and repetition to create a melancholic and ominous atmosphere throughout the poem. The opening lines set the scene with a sense of dread and unease, while the repeated tapping at the chamber door builds tension and suspense. The use of vivid imagery and sensory details, such as the “quaint and curious” volumes of forgotten lore and the “ghost” of dying embers, further contribute to the overall atmosphere of darkness and foreboding.
• Establishing Theme: The main theme of the poem is the narrator’s grief and despair over the loss of his beloved Lenore. Poe uses symbolism, such as the raven representing death and the bust of Pallas representing wisdom, to reinforce this theme. The repeated refrain of “Nevermore” serves as a haunting reminder of the narrator’s inability to escape his sorrow and the inevitability of death.
• Creating Tone: The use of rhyme and meter, as well as the repetition of certain phrases and sounds, contributes to the overall tone of the poem. The frequent use of internal rhyme and alliteration gives the poem a musical quality that contrasts with its dark subject matter. The raven’s monotonous repetition of “Nevermore” creates a sense of hopelessness and despair that pervades the poem.
• Developing Character: The narrator’s character is revealed through his thoughts, actions, and dialogue. His obsession with Lenore and his descent into madness are conveyed through his erratic behavior and his interactions with the raven. Poe also uses irony, such as the narrator’s attempts to reason with the bird, to create a sense of absurdity that adds to the overall tragicomic tone of the poem.

Themes in “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

• Loss and Grief: One of the central themes of “The Raven” is loss and grief. The narrator is mourning the death of his beloved Lenore and is unable to find solace in anything. This is shown in the lines, “Eagerly I wished the morrow;—vainly I had sought to borrow/From my books surcease of sorrow—sorrow for the lost Lenore” (lines 9-10). The Raven itself can also be seen as a symbol of grief, as it comes to represent the narrator’s inability to move on from his loss.
• Madness and Despair: Another major theme in “The Raven” is madness and despair. The narrator is clearly struggling with his mental state, as shown in lines like “Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing,/Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before” (lines 25-26). As the Raven continues to haunt him, the narrator becomes increasingly unhinged and begins to question his own sanity.
• Death and Mortality: Death and mortality are also recurring themes in “The Raven”. The Raven itself is often associated with death, and the narrator repeatedly asks it about the afterlife. This is shown in the lines, “Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night’s Plutonian shore!” (line 47). The narrator is clearly preoccupied with the idea of death, both as it relates to his lost Lenore and to his own mortality.
• Isolation and Loneliness: The final major theme in “The Raven” is isolation and loneliness. The narrator is alone in his chamber with only his grief and his thoughts for company. This is shown in lines like, “Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing” (line 25). The arrival of the Raven, while at first seeming like a comfort, only serves to increase the narrator’s sense of isolation, as the bird refuses to offer any comfort or companionship.

Literary Theories and Interpretations “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

Essay Topics, Questions and Thesis Statements about “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

1. topic: the symbolism of “the raven”.

• Question: How does Edgar Allan Poe use symbolism in “The Raven” to convey the narrator’s sense of loss and grief?
• Thesis Statement: Through the use of symbolism, Edgar Allan Poe masterfully conveys the narrator’s overwhelming sense of loss and grief in “The Raven.”

2. Topic: The Narrator’s Mental State in “The Raven”

• Question: What is the true nature of the narrator’s mental state in “The Raven,” and how does Poe use language and tone to convey it?
• Thesis Statement: Edgar Allan Poe’s use of language and tone in “The Raven” suggests that the narrator is not only grieving, but also struggling with his own mental state, ultimately leading to his descent into madness.

3. Topic: The Gothic Elements in “The Raven”

• Question: How does Edgar Allan Poe use gothic elements in “The Raven” to create a haunting and eerie atmosphere?
• Thesis Statement: Edgar Allan Poe’s masterful use of gothic elements in “The Raven” contributes to the poem’s haunting and eerie atmosphere, immersing the reader in the narrator’s world of grief and despair.

4. Topic: The Theme of Death in “The Raven”

• Question: What is the central theme of “The Raven,” and how does Poe use the raven as a symbol of death to explore this theme?
• Thesis Statement: In “The Raven,” Edgar Allan Poe explores the theme of death through the use of the raven as a powerful symbol, ultimately revealing the narrator’s acceptance of his own mortality.

Short Question-Answer about “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

Literary Works Similar to “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

• “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge: This long narrative poem shares “The Raven”‘s focus on the supernatural, a brooding atmosphere, and themes of guilt, despair, and isolation. Both poems explore the consequences of a single act and the psychological toll it can take.
• “Lenore” by Gottfried August Bürger: This German ballad was a significant influence on Poe. It explores the devastation of losing a beloved and features a similar sense of longing and unremitting grief as found in “The Raven.”
• “Sonnets to Orpheus” by Rainer Maria Rilke: Though written later, these sonnets grapple with similar themes of death, mourning, and the transformative power of grief. Both “The Raven” and Rilke’s sonnets explore the human struggle to make sense of loss in a vast and indifferent universe.
• “Annabel Lee” by Edgar Allan Poe: Another of Poe’s own works, this poem also focuses on lost love and a haunting sense of longing after death. It shares a similarly mournful tone and explores the idea that love can persist even beyond the grave.
• “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe: While a short story, it shares thematic similarities with “The Raven” in its exploration of a character’s descent into madness and guilt. Both works delve into the darkest corners of the human psyche.
• Gothic Novels ( Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole): These novels often share a similar focus on the supernatural, macabre settings, and the psychological torment of the characters. They all contribute to the same literary tradition that valued emotional intensity and the exploration of the darker side of the human experience.

Suggested Readings: “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

• Bloom, Harold, editor. Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Raven.” Chelsea House Publishers, 2003.
• Hayes, Kevin J. The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge UP, 2002.
• Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. Harper Perennial, 1992.
• Dauner, Louise. “The ‘Vanity’ of Human Wishes: Hardy’s ‘The Convergence of the Twain’.” *The Thomas Hardy Journal, *vol 1. no. 1, 1981, pp. 11-23.
• Peeples, Scott. “Poe’s ‘constructiveness’ and ‘The Raven.'” Studies in Short Fiction , vol. 29, no. 1, Winter 1992, pp. 1-12.
• Ramazani, Jahan. “Hardy’s Elegies for an Era: ‘By the Century’s Deathbed.’” Victorian Poetry , vol. 31, no. 3, 1993, pp. 253-264. JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/40002205
• Poetry Foundation. “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe. Poetry Foundation , https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/47266/the-convergence-of-the-twain . Accessed 13 March 2024.
• The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore. The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore , https://www.eapoe.org/ . Accessed 13 March 2024.

Related posts:

• “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” by Thomas Gray
• “Annabel Lee” by Edgar Allan Poe
• “The Darkling Thrush” by Thomas Hardy: Analysis
• “The Lady of Shalott” by Lord Tennyson: Analysis

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Introduction

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Quoth the Raven, “Nevermore.”

First published in 1845, “The Raven” launched Edgar Allan Poe into literary fame and remains his signature work to this day. The forlorn atmosphere, the raven’s cryptic message, and the sweeping formal beauty all make for an unforgettable poem.

“The Raven” is a classic tale of loss and grief. Our unnamed protagonist, a scholar, sits in his study on a bleak winter night. The man’s undying sorrow for his deceased lover, Lenore, appears to him in the form of a raven. The poem’s plot depends on the raven’s thoughtless refrain of “Nevermore,” a word which drives the man mad as he seeks meaning in his loss. Poe himself was no stranger to loss: over the course of his life, he faced the deaths of his mother, adoptive mother, brother and wife. Poe conveys the devastating psychological aftermath of such loss through the use of his tools as a poet.

On a formal level, “The Raven” is not only the work most exemplary of Poe’s style and writerly obsessions, but it is also the focus for his essay “The Philosophy of Composition.” For Poe, the writer’s sole project is to make the reader experience poetic beauty through the creation of a singular, powerful emotion. To this end, a poem should be brief, offer beauty instead of morals, and should be musical. In “The Raven” we find a testament to each of these goals. In a way, it is less about grief and loss and more about Poe’s desire to create a state of melancholy. 

As Poe attests in his essay, he was not struck by a sudden inspiration to pen an account of lost love. Rather, he developed “The Raven” through a series of calculated decisions. Having decided upon a hundred lines as the proper length and beauty as the proper effect, Poe chose melancholy as “the highest manifestation of Beauty” and “the most legitimate of poetical tones.” By his account, the story of the death of the beautiful Lenore came to him after the conceit of the raven’s refrain of “Nevermore”—a refrain chosen for its sonorous qualities. The story of Lenore, then, serves as a solution, a topic that is melancholy enough to match the raven’s dark refrain.

The music of “The Raven” deserves careful attention. The sounds and words make it clear that Poe wrote the poem with his ear and sought to produce beauty in it through the handling of rhyme and meter. To begin, the lines have an unmistakable propulsion, made possible by Poe’s strict control of meter. Let’s consider the poem’s first stanza:

     Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,      Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,      While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,      As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.      “‘Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door—      Only this, and nothing more.”

Poe employs an unusual metrical scheme in this poem, known as trochaic octameter. Put plainly, each line contains eight beats; each beat consists of two syllables—the first one stressed, the second unstressed. The overall effect of Poe’s scheme creates a feeling of unrest. The octameter line really operates as two lines of tetrameter put together. As the poet Mary Oliver describes it, tetrameter—the four-beat line—“can release a felt agitation or restlessness, or gaiety.” It is a meter that pushes forward, not allowing one to take a breath. Try reading the first two lines out loud, making sure to emphasize the stressed syllables:

      Once up on a mid night drea ry, while I pon dered, weak and wea ry,

      O ver man y a quaint and cur ious vol ume of for got ten lore ,

The first line contains all 16 syllables of the octameter line, including a final unstressed syllable. This “fullness” makes the line seem to plunge right into the next, creating that sense of restlessness. 

Perhaps Poe’s most brilliant move is to end each stanza in a shortened line of tetrameter, or four stressed beats. As we arrive at the raven’s repetitive “Nevermore,” the final word in most of the poem’s stanzas, the propulsion falters. The restless meter carries us from line to line and then comes to a sudden halt. The effect is like sprinting over a cliff to find yourself suddenly suspended, unsupported, and seeking the next line. Poe’s chosen verse form beautifully conveys the experience of the protagonist, who searches restlessly for answers only to be met by the raven’s curt, dispiriting response. Poe’s only admitted goal with his verse structure was originality, which is commendable. However, it is even more impressive that his desire for originality produced a verse form that so directly contributes to the poem’s greater effect.

Poe’s control of sound in “The Raven” extends beyond meter with his use and manipulation of rhyme. He carefully chose the dominant, organizing rhyme of “-ore” for its somber, sonorous qualities in order to set the poem’s melancholic tone. The lines are full of instances of rich assonance, consonance, and internal rhyme. Consider the final stanza:

     And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting      On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;      And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon’s that is dreaming,      And the lamplight o’er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor;      And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor      Shall be lifted—nevermore!

The stanza’s first line unfurls a series of subtle internal rhymes representative of Poe at his finest. In the combination of “flitting,” “still,” and “sitting,” we find a repetition of short i sounds, as well as reiterations of l and t consonant sounds. In “flitting” and “still,” we find a rim rhyme: the “-lit” in “flitting” is reversed into “-til” in “still.” Not only does Poe offer instances of clear alliteration such as “pallid”/“Pallas” and “floating”/“floor,” he imbues the entire stanza with a signature set of consonant sounds that resurface repeatedly. Pay attention to the r, l, m, n, and s sounds. These recurring consonant cues create what Ezra Pound calls a “residue of sound”: the stanza develops a particular flavor. The reader finds her teeth and tongue forming the same shapes again and again. 

So what are we to make of all this music? In a sense, it means little to our understanding the poem but nevertheless gives us pleasure. Poe envelops us in his language because it is beautiful, and that is enough. In another sense, one could say that this beauty brings us into closer contact with the deep melancholy at the poem’s core. It is up for debate whether melancholy serves as a portal into beauty, as Poe suggests in his essays, or vice versa.

Understood in the light of Poe’s concerns as a writer, “The Raven” is not only a master class in formal control but also in innovation. We can find in each detail, each word and rhyme, traces of the poem’s overarching sorrowfulness. As the poem sweeps us away with its vivid imagery and lively musicality, keep in mind Poe’s singularity of purpose. “The Raven” invites us into a carefully architected atmosphere of melancholy through which Poe offers us glimpses of true poetic beauty and a timeless tale of the human desire for meaning.

Oliver, Mary. A Poetry Handbook. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace, 1994.

Poe, Edgar Allan. “The Philosophy Of Composition.” Graham’s Magazine XXVIII, no. 4 (April 1846): 163-67. 

Poe, Edgar Allan. “The Poetic Principle.” Sartain’s Union Magazine VII, no. 4 (October 1850): 231-39.

Pound, Ezra. Literary Essays of Ezra Pound. Norfolk, CT: New Directions, 1954.

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Edgar Allan Poe

Ask litcharts ai: the answer to your questions.

Death and the Afterlife

As with many other of Poe’s works, “The Raven” explores death. More specifically, this poem explores the effects of death on the living, such as grief, mourning, and memories of the deceased, as well as a question that so often torments those who have lost loved ones to death: whether there is an afterlife in which they will be reunited with the dead.

At the beginning of the poem, the narrator is mourning alone in…

Memory and Loss

Often, memories of the dead are presented as purely positive – as a way for the departed to continue to exist in the hearts and minds of those who remember them, and as a source of comfort for those who are still alive. “The Raven” flips this notion on its head, envisioning memories of a deceased loved one as a sorrowful, inescapable burden.

As the poem begins, the narrator is struggling to put his anguished…

The Supernatural and the Subconscious

“The Raven” is an example of Gothic literature, a genre that originated in 18th century England. Hallmarks of Gothic works include horror, death, the supernatural, and occasionally romance. Their characters are often highly emotional and secluded from society, living in dark, gloomy, medieval-like homes surrounded by wild natural landscapes. (“Gothic” refers to the architectural style of the residences in which these novels are set.) “The Raven” contains many elements that point to the narrative’s Gothic…

Rationality and Irrationality

In an essay titled “The Philosophy of Composition,” in which Poe explained his writing of “The Raven,” he describes the narrator as a scholar, a learned person devoted to rational investigation. It is therefore natural for the speaker to attempt to escape his obsessive memories of his wife by reading “ancient lore,” and when he senses Lenore ’s presence he comforts himself with the words “Nothing more” to assure himself that a ghost has not…

Ancient Influences

Throughout the poem, Poe makes repeated references to classical mythology and the Bible — “ancient lore” such as what the narrator might have been studying at the beginning of the text. “ Pallas ,” the bust on which the Raven perches, is a reference to “Pallas Athena,” the Greek goddess of wisdom. Like Pallas Athena, the Raven hails from “the saintly days of yore.” The bird’s choice of landing place illustrates its relationship to ancient…

Poe's Poetry

By edgar allan poe, poe's poetry summary and analysis of "the raven".

The unnamed narrator is wearily perusing an old book one bleak December night when he hears a tapping at the door to his room. He tells himself that it is merely a visitor, and he awaits tomorrow because he cannot find release in his sorrow over the death of Lenore . The rustling curtains frighten him, but he decides that it must be some late visitor and, going to the door, he asks for forgiveness from the visitor because he had been napping. However, when he opens the door, he sees and hears nothing except the word "Lenore," an echo of his own words.

Returning to his room, he again hears a tapping and reasons that it was probably the wind outside his window. When he opens the window, however, a raven enters and promptly perches "upon a bust of Pallas" above his door. Its grave appearance amuses the narrator, who asks it for its names. The raven responds, "Nevermore." He does not understand the reply, but the raven says nothing else until the narrator predicts aloud that it will leave him tomorrow like the rest of his friends. Then the bird again says, "Nevermore."

Startled, the narrator says that the raven must have learned this word from some unfortunate owner whose ill luck caused him to repeat the word frequently. Smiling, the narrator sits in front of the ominous raven to ponder about the meaning of its word. The raven continues to stare at him, as the narrator sits in the chair that Lenore will never again occupy. He then feels that angels have approached, and angrily calls the raven an evil prophet. He asks if there is respite in Gilead and if he will again see Lenore in Heaven, but the raven only responds, "Nevermore." In a fury, the narrator demands that the raven go back into the night and leave him alone again, but the raven says, "Nevermore," and it does not leave the bust of Pallas. The narrator feels that his soul will "nevermore" leave the raven's shadow.

" The Raven " is the most famous of Poe's poems, notable for its melodic and dramatic qualities. The meter of the poem is mostly trochaic octameter, with eight stressed-unstressed two-syllable feet per lines. Combined with the predominating ABCBBB end rhyme scheme and the frequent use of internal rhyme, the trochaic octameter and the refrain of "nothing more" and "nevermore" give the poem a musical lilt when read aloud. Poe also emphasizes the "O" sound in words such as "Lenore" and "nevermore" in order to underline the melancholy and lonely sound of the poem and to establish the overall atmosphere. Finally, the repetition of "nevermore" gives a circular sense to the poem and contributes to what Poe termed the unity of effect, where each word and line adds to the larger meaning of the poem.

The unnamed narrator appears in a typically Gothic setting with a lonely apartment, a dying fire, and a "bleak December" night while wearily studying his books in an attempt to distract himself from his troubles. He thinks occasionally of Lenore but is generally able to control his emotions, although the effort required to do so tires him and makes his words equally slow and outwardly pacified. However, over the course of the narrative, the protagonist becomes more and more agitated both in mind and in action, a progression that he demonstrates through his rationalizations and eventually through his increasingly exclamation-ridden monologue. In every stanza near the end, however, his exclamations are punctuated by the calm desolation of the sentence "Quoth the Raven, 'Nevermore,'" reflecting the despair of his soul.

Like a number of Poe's poems such as "Ulalume" and " Annabel Lee ," "The Raven" refers to an agonized protagonist's memories of a deceased woman. Through poetry, Lenore's premature death is implicitly made aesthetic, and the narrator is unable to free himself of his reliance upon her memory. He asks the raven if there is "balm in Gilead" and therefore spiritual salvation, or if Lenore truly exists in the afterlife, but the raven confirms his worst suspicions by rejecting his supplications. The fear of death or of oblivion informs much of Poe's writing, and "The Raven" is one of his bleakest publications because it provides such a definitively negative answer. By contrast, when Poe uses the name Lenore in a similar situation in the poem "Lenore," the protagonist Guy de Vere concludes that he need not cry in his mourning because he is confident that he will meet Lenore in heaven.

Poe's choice of a raven as the bearer of ill news is appropriate for a number of reasons. Originally, Poe sought only a dumb beast that was capable of producing human-like sounds without understanding the words' meaning, and he claimed that earlier conceptions of "The Raven" included the use of a parrot. In this sense, the raven is important because it allows the narrator to be both the deliverer and interpreter of the sinister message, without the existence of a blatantly supernatural intervention. At the same time, the raven's black feather have traditionally been considered a magical sign of ill omen, and Poe may also be referring to Norse mythology, where the god Odin had two ravens named Hugin and Munin, which respectively meant "thought" and "memory." The narrator is a student and thus follows Hugin, but Munin continually interrupts his thoughts and in this case takes a physical form by landing on the bust of Pallas, which alludes to Athena, the Greek goddess of learning.

Due to the late hour of the poem's setting and to the narrator's mental turmoil, the poem calls the narrator's reliability into question. At first the narrator attempts to give his experiences a rational explanation, but by the end of the poem, he has ceased to give the raven any interpretation beyond that which he invents in his own head. The raven thus serves as a fragment of his soul and as the animal equivalent of Psyche in the poem "Ulalume." Each figure represents its respective character's subconscious that instinctively understands his need to obsess and to mourn. As in "Ulalume," the protagonist is unable to avoid the recollection of his beloved, but whereas Psyche of "Ulalume" sought to prevent the unearthing of painful memories, the raven actively stimulates his thoughts of Lenore, and he effectively causes his own fate through the medium of a non-sentient animal.

Poe’s Poetry Questions and Answers

The Question and Answer section for Poe’s Poetry is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.

1. In the context of this poem, can we control our fate? What does the narrator in the poem think about his fate and life in general? Is this a valid perspective? Cite evidence from this text, your own experience, and other literature, art, or history in

Poem title, please?

What is the narrator doing?

The unnamed narrator is wearily perusing an old book one bleak December night when he hears a tapping at the door to his room.

in line 4, science is seen as a vulture because ....... A) it hunts diana in the skies B) it preys on the Hamadryad C) it preys on the poet's creative imagination D) it hunts down scientific facts

C) it preys on the poet's creative imagination

Study Guide for Poe’s Poetry

Poe's Poetry study guide contains a biography of Edgar Poe, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.

• About Poe's Poetry
• Poe's Poetry Summary
• The Raven Video
• Character List

Essays for Poe’s Poetry

Poe's Poetry essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Poe's Poetry by Edgar Allan Poe.

• The Role of Confession in Poe's Poetry
• Two Poets, One Poetic Vision: The Edgar Allan Poe/Thomas Hardy Alliance
• Poe's Pointers for Perfection
• Death and Creation in Poe's "Ligeia"
• Lost in a Dream

Lesson Plan for Poe’s Poetry

• About the Author
• Study Objectives
• Common Core Standards
• Introduction to Poe's Poetry
• Relationship to Other Books
• Bringing in Technology
• Notes to the Teacher
• Related Links
• Poe's Poetry Bibliography

E-Text of Poe’s Poetry

Poe's Poetry e-text contains the full texts of select works of Poe's Poetry.

• Table of Contents
• Poems of Later Life: The Raven
• Poems of Later Life: The Bells

Wikipedia Entries for Poe’s Poetry

• Introduction
• An Acrostic (1829)
• Al Aaraaf (1829)
• Alone (1829)
• Annabel Lee (1849)

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• Internet Archive - "The raven"
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The Raven , best-known poem by Edgar Allan Poe , published in 1845 and collected in The Raven and Other Poems the same year. Poe achieved instant national fame with the publication of this melancholy evocation of lost love.

On a stormy December midnight, a grieving student is visited by a raven who speaks but one word, “Nevermore.” As the student laments his lost love Lenore, the raven’s insistent repetition of the word becomes an increasingly harrowing response to the student’s own fears and longing.

The poem consists of 18 six-line stanzas; the first five lines of each are written in trochaic octameter, the sixth in trochaic tetrameter . The rhyme pattern, abcbbb , enhances the gloom of the lyric; the b rhymes are, or rhyme with, “Lenore” and “Nevermore.” Poe’s 1846 essay “The Philosophy of Composition” describes his careful crafting of the poem.

by Edgar Allan Poe (published 1845)

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. "'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door-                  Only this, and nothing more." Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December, And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow;- vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow- sorrow for the lost Lenore- For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore-                  Nameless here for evermore. And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me- filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating, "'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door- Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door;-                  This it is, and nothing more." Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer, "Sir," said I, "or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore; But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping, And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door, That I scarce was sure I heard you"- here I opened wide the door;-                  Darkness there, and nothing more. Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before; But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token, And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, "Lenore?" This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, "Lenore!"-                  Merely this, and nothing more. Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning, Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before. "Surely," said I, "surely that is something at my window lattice: Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore- Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore;-                  'Tis the wind and nothing more!" Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter, In there stepped a stately Raven of the saintly days of yore; Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed he; But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door- Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door-                  Perched, and sat, and nothing more. Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling, By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore. "Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou," I said, "art sure no craven, Ghastly grim and ancient Raven wandering from the Nightly shore- Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore!"                  Quoth the Raven, "Nevermore." Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly, Though its answer little meaning- little relevancy bore; For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door- Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door,                  With such name as "Nevermore." But the Raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour. Nothing further then he uttered- not a feather then he fluttered- Till I scarcely more than muttered, "Other friends have flown before- On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before."                  Then the bird said, "Nevermore." Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken, "Doubtless," said I, "what it utters is its only stock and store, Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore- Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore                  Of 'Never- nevermore'." But the Raven still beguiling all my fancy into smiling, Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird, and bust and door; Then upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore- What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt and ominous bird of yore                  Meant in croaking "Nevermore." This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core; This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamp-light gloated o'er, But whose velvet violet lining with the lamp-light gloating o'er,                  She shall press, ah, nevermore! Then methought the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer Swung by Seraphim whose footfalls tinkled on the tufted floor. "Wretch," I cried, "thy God hath lent thee- by these angels he hath sent thee Respite- respite and nepenthe , from thy memories of Lenore! Quaff , oh quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore!"                  Quoth the Raven, "Nevermore." "Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil! - prophet still, if bird or devil! - Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore, Desolate yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted- On this home by Horror haunted- tell me truly, I implore- Is there- is there balm in Gilead ?- tell me- tell me, I implore!"                  Quoth the Raven, "Nevermore." "Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil! - prophet still, if bird or devil! By that Heaven that bends above us- by that God we both adore- Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn , It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore- Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore."                  Quoth the Raven, "Nevermore." "Be that word our sign in parting, bird or fiend," I shrieked, upstarting- "Get thee back into the tempest and the Night's Plutonian shore! Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken! Leave my loneliness unbroken!- quit the bust above my door! Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door!"                  Quoth the Raven, "Nevermore." And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door; And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming, And the lamp-light o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor; And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor                  Shall be lifted- nevermore! NOTES: This version of the poem is from the Richmond Semi-Weekly Examiner , September 25, 1849. It is generally accepted as the final version authorized by Poe. Earlier and later versions had some minor differences. Source See the Versions of The Raven page. You can also read The Raven along with a set of illustrations created by Gustav Dore in 1883.

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George Clooney Urges His Friend Joe Biden to ‘Save Democracy’ by Exiting 2024 Race: ‘One Battle He Cannot Win’

The two-time Oscar winner, who headlined a lucrative Biden fundraiser in June, writes in an essay that a new Democratic ticket could "enliven" the party at a critical moment

Neil P. Mockford/Getty, Andrew Harnik/Getty

George Clooney publicly pulled his support for Joe Biden ’s 2024 presidential campaign on Wednesday, July 10, urging the White House to consider the impact of keeping him on the ballot.

The liberal actor, 63, penned a passionate essay for The New York Times , in which he argues that Biden should quickly exit the 2024 race for the good of his own party. Clooney cites troublesome poll numbers suggesting that Americans lack confidence in Biden following his frail performance in the June 27 presidential debate against Donald Trump .

In the article, Clooney calls himself a "lifelong Democrat" and reminds readers that he co-hosted the Biden campaign's star-studded Hollywood fundraiser only a few weeks ago, which he noted was the "single largest fund-raiser supporting any Democratic candidate ever."

"It’s devastating to say it, but the Joe Biden I was with three weeks ago at the fund-raiser was not the Joe “big F-ing deal” Biden of 2010. He wasn’t even the Joe Biden of 2020," Clooney said, "He was the same man we all witnessed at the debate."

Clooney expressed his personal fondness for the current president, writing, "I love Joe Biden. As a senator. As a vice president and as president. I consider him a friend, and I believe in him. Believe in his character. Believe in his morals. In the last four years, he’s won many of the battles he’s faced.”

However, the two-time Oscar winner said that "the one battle he cannot win is the fight against time,” referencing the 81-year-old's age, which remains a top concern to voters.

Addressing Biden's weak debate performance specifically, the actor said, "Our party leaders need to stop telling us that 51 million people didn’t see what we just saw. We’re all so terrified by the prospect of a second Trump term that we’ve opted to ignore every warning sign."

He added that Biden’s primetime interview with George Stephanopoulos on July 5 — which the White House hoped would revive his candidacy — "only reinforced what we saw the week before."

Eva Marie Uzcategui/Bloomberg via Getty

Clooney called upon leading Democrats — specifically naming Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer , House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries and former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi — to put pressure on Biden to "voluntarily step aside." (Within hours of the essay's publication, Politico reported that Jeffries told House Democrats he would relay their concerns to Biden.)

According to Clooney, "every single" lawmaker he's spoken with has said that they worry Biden will not only lose in November, but that he will hurt Democratic candidates down the ballot and potentially give Republicans full control of Congress. Clooney suggested that some of the skeptical Democrats he's spoken with are still publicly backing Biden.

Never miss a story — sign up for  PEOPLE's free daily newsletter  to stay up-to-date on the best of what PEOPLE has to offer, from celebrity news to compelling human interest stories.

Later in his essay, Clooney expressed optimism for the future of the political party if Biden steps aside, writing, "We can easily foresee a group of several strong Democrats stepping forward to stand and tell us why they’re best qualified to lead this country and take on some of the deeply concerning trends we’re seeing from the revenge tour that Donald Trump calls a presidential campaign."

The clock is ticking with the Democratic National Convention beginning on Aug. 19 — during which time the party will formally nominate its candidate — but Clooney insists that there’s still time to "hear from Wes Moore and Kamala Harris and Gretchen Whitmer and Gavin Newsom and Andy Beshear and J.B. Pritzker and others" who have been named as possible replacements.

Clooney also requested that Democrats stay united if the ticket sees a switch-up, writing, "Let’s agree that the candidates not attack one another but, in the short time we have, focus on what will make this country soar. Then we could go into the Democratic convention next month and figure it out."

The actor suggested that Biden stepping aside could "enliven our party" and "wake up voters" who have "checked out."

Clooney concluded the essay by expressing gratitude for the president — and a plea: "Joe Biden is a hero; he saved democracy in 2020. We need him to do it again in 2024."

Clooney’s essay comes as a slow trickle of liberal lawmakers break from the president. As of Wednesday afternoon, eight Democratic members of Congress have publicly called for Biden to drop out of the race, and many more have expressed doubts — including Pelosi, who has cautiously suggested that there's reason to be skeptical of Biden's candidacy.

Several celebrities seem to share Clooney's fears, with author Stephen King writing on social media earlier this week, “Joe Biden has been a fine president, but it’s time for him—in the interests of the America he so clearly loves—to announce he will not run for re-election.”

Emmy winner Rob Reiner praised Clooney for his essay, writing on social media, “My friend George Clooney has clearly expressed what many of us have been saying. We love and respect Joe Biden. We acknowledge all he has done for our country. But Democracy is facing an existential threat. We need someone younger to fight back. Joe Biden must step aside.”

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Shannen Doherty, ‘Beverly Hills, 90210’ Star, Dies at 53

Ms. Doherty, who also had roles in the TV series “Charmed” and the comedy-thriller “Heathers,” had continued to work after a breast cancer diagnosis.

Shannen Doherty played Brenda Walsh in the 1990s cult classic “Beverly Hills 90210.” Credit... Neilson Barnard/Getty Images for Hallmark Channel

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By Katie Rogers

• Published July 14, 2024 Updated July 15, 2024, 10:32 a.m. ET

Shannen Doherty, the raven-haired actress known for playing headstrong characters in the 1990s television dramas “Beverly Hills, 90210” and “Charmed,” and who had tried in recent years to shed her rebellious reputation, died on Saturday at her home in Malibu, Calif. She was 53.

The cause was cancer, her publicist, Leslie Sloane, said in an emailed statement.

Ms. Doherty learned she had breast cancer in February 2015 and had been open about her struggle with it in the years since. In the summer of 2016, she shaved her head as a group of friends stood by, and in 2017, she announced that the cancer was in remission. It returned in 2020, and in June 2023 Ms. Doherty announced that the cancer had spread to her brain. In November, she said it had spread to her bones.

But she continued to work and started a podcast that month.

“I’m not done with living. I’m not done with loving. I’m not done with creating. I’m not done with hopefully changing things for the better,” she told People magazine . “I’m not done.”

Shannen Maria Doherty was born on April 12, 1971, in Memphis to John Doherty Jr., a mortgage consultant, and Rosa (Wright) Doherty, a beautician. By age 10, Shannen had established herself as a child actress, appearing as Jenny Wilder in 18 episodes of “Little House on the Prairie” and acting alongside Wilford Brimley and Deidre Hall in the NBC drama “Our House.”

Those were quickly overshadowed by her performance as the acid-tongued, red-scrunchy-wearing Heather Duke in the 1988 movie “Heathers,” a campy comedy-thriller that starred Winona Ryder, Christian Slater and Ms. Doherty as students who fight for lunchroom domination as the body count begins to rise.

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A controlled clinical trial on the effects of aquatic exercise on cognitive functions in community-dwelling older adults.

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Terra de Oliveira, R.; Lino, T.B.; Scarmagnan, G.S.; Miziara Barbosa, S.R.; de Souza Pegorare, A.B.G.; Christofoletti, G. A Controlled Clinical Trial on the Effects of Aquatic Exercise on Cognitive Functions in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Brain Sci. 2024 , 14 , 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070703

Terra de Oliveira R, Lino TB, Scarmagnan GS, Miziara Barbosa SR, de Souza Pegorare ABG, Christofoletti G. A Controlled Clinical Trial on the Effects of Aquatic Exercise on Cognitive Functions in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Brain Sciences . 2024; 14(7):703. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070703

Terra de Oliveira, Renata, Tayla Borges Lino, Gabriella Simões Scarmagnan, Suzi Rosa Miziara Barbosa, Ana Beatriz Gomes de Souza Pegorare, and Gustavo Christofoletti. 2024. "A Controlled Clinical Trial on the Effects of Aquatic Exercise on Cognitive Functions in Community-Dwelling Older Adults" Brain Sciences 14, no. 7: 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070703

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