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Thesis resources.

Thesis Topic or Title Ideas

MD/MS, MCh, DM,  PhD Thesis or Postgraduate research title and topic ideas: Tamil Nadu Dr. MGU University Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences (RGUHS), Karnataka Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library Christian Medical College Vellore Theses/Dissertation Library

Orthopedics thesis titles:

University of British Columbia Faculty of Medical Sciences

Sample Size Calculation for Thesis

1. cross-sectional and descriptive studies.

When data is on nominal/ordinal scale and proportion is one of the parameters

n = z 2 pq/d 2 n = minimum sample size required

z = critical value and a standard value for the corresponding level of confidence

• At 95% CI or 5% level of significance (type-I error) it is 1.96 and at 99% CI it is 2.58

p = expected prevalence or based on previous research

q = 1 – p

d = margin of error or precision (usually 0.05 for 5% margin of error).

n = z 2 σ 2 /d 2

σ = S.D (Standard Deviation) which is based on previous study or pilot study

d = margin of error or precision (calculated as Mean X Relative error)

You can also use OpenEpi:  https://www.openepi.com/SampleSize/SSPropor.htm

2. Single group cohort studies

Minimum sample size required can be calculated using the formula:

N = [σ²(z1−β+z1−α/2)²] / (μ0−μ1)²

μ0 = population mean

μ1 = mean of study population

N = sample size of study population

σ = variance of study population

α = probability of type I error (usually 0.05)

β = probability of type II error (usually 0.2)

z = critical Z value for a given α or β

3. Comparative studies

When case data is on nominal/ordinal scale and proportion is parameter of the study n = [p 1  (1-p 1 ) + p 2  (1 – p 2 )] / (p 1 –  p 2 ) 2  * C n = Minimum sample size for a group p1 and p2 = Proportion of two groups C = Standard value for the corresponding level of α and β selected for the study:

• 80% power and 95% CI = 7.85
• 90% power and 95% CI =  10.51
• 80% power and 99% CI = 11.68
• 90% power and 99% CI = 14.88

When case data is on interval/ratio scale and mean is parameter of the study n = [σ 1 2  + σ 2 2 ] (Z 1-b  + Z 1-a/2 ) 2  / d 2 d = difference in means of two group (effect size) σ1 = SD of Group 1 σ2 = SD of Group 2  Z 1-b  = Desired power (0.84 for 80% power and 1.282 for 90% power) Z 1-a/2  = Critical value and a standard value for the corresponding level of confidence (1.96 at 95% CI and and 2.58 at 99% CI)

Further reading: http://njppp.com/fulltext/28-1567942207.pdf

Formatting Thesis

The key topics covered in this lesson are:

• Creating Citations
• Adding Captions
• Inserting Footnotes and Endnotes
• Creating a Table of Contents
• Inserting a Cover Page
• Creating and Modifying Headers or Footers
• Creating Bookmarks

Using Endnote Function of Microsoft Word for Referencing

Inserting Arabic number Endnotes before the last page of document

If the whole document is one section, then follow the bellowing steps:

• Put insertion pointer at the end of the document but ahead of endnotes. Or you can press “Ctrl+ End”.
• Then click “Page Layout” tab.
• Next click “Breaks”.
• And choose “Next Page”. All endnotes will go to a new page. If you would like to have references in a separate section but on a page with other contents as well, choose “Continuous”.
• Now click “References” and then the extend button to open “Footnote and Endnote” dialog box.
• In the box, choose “Endnotes”.
• Then select “End of section’.
• In the Number format, select “1, 2, 3, …”.
• Lastly, click “Apply”. All endnotes shall go back to the end of the section and leave the new page blank where is now independent of the endnote area.

Refer to the same endnote more than once

• On the View menu, click Print Layout.
• In your document, click where you want the reference to be located.
• On the Insert menu, click Cross-reference.
• On the Reference type list, click Endnote.
• Do one of the following.

• In the For which endnote box, click the note that you want to refer to.
• Click Insert, and then click Close.

Deleting the Endnote Separator Lines

Changing the style of Endnote references in Reference page

• As told in the pdf above, go to draft view and to “Show notes” in References tab.
• Select all endnotes
• Select the numbers and remove “superscript” format from them.
• Format the references as per your requirement.

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Mendeley Desktop

Windows:  https://www.mendeley.com/autoupdates/installer/Mac-x64/stable-incoming MacOS:  https://www.mendeley.com/download-desktop-new/macOS Linux:  https://www.mendeley.com/download-desktop-new/linux

Mendeley Reference Manager: https://www.mendeley.com/download-reference-manager

Mendeley Cite: https://appsource.microsoft.com/en-US/product/office/wa104382081

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Rguhs phd nursing important dates 2023.

Some of the important dates at RGUHS are mentioned below:

RGUHS PhD Nursing Course Details

RGUHS PhD Nursing Eligibility Criteria

Candidates with the following criteria are eligible to pursue PhD Nursing at RGUHS:

• Candidates must have M.Phil/M.Sc Nursing/ PG Degree in Nursing from INC recognized university. 
• Candidates should have M.Sc Nursing with a minimum aggregate of 60% marks.
• Candidates working in Teaching Institutions/Hospitals/Community Centres. 

RGUHS PhD Nursing Selection Criteria

Selection for the PhD Nursing at RGUHS is based on 

• Score/Merit in the entrance test (90 marks). Candidates must secure a minimum of 54 marks in the entrance test. 
• Candidates with M.Phil in Nursing are awarded with extra 5 marks. 
• Applicants with published journals are awarded 1 mark for each publication (will be awarded a maximum of 5 marks). 

How to Apply for RGUHS PhD Nursing Admission?

Candidates seeking PhD Nursing at RGUHS can follow the below-mentioned steps:

• Visit the official website –  rguhs.ac.in .
• Apply for admission online.
• Fill out the application in detail and register for the entrance examination.
• Appear for the entrance examination conducted by RGUHS.
• The merit list will be published by the university.
• On selection, appear for document verification. 

Documents required to be enclosed with the application form

• 3 Passport Size Photographs
• Attested Copies of RN & RM Certificate
• Attested Copies of M.Sc Nursing Degree Certificate
• Degree Mark Sheet
• Attested Copies of M.Phil Nursing Degree Certificate (if available)
• NOC from the Head of the Institution

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• Doctoral Candidates
• Qualification, Training & Events
• Dissertation & Examination
• Thesis Submission
• Oral Examination
• Thesis Publication
• Graduation Ceremony
• Good Scientific Practice
• GAUSS PhD Candidates
• Documents & Forms

Thesis extension

The duration of doctoral studies within GAUSS should be three years. Therefore, the thesis should be submitted three years after you started to work on the doctoral project and got accepted for one of the GAUSS programs. The oral examination and publication of the thesis does not have to take place within this three year deadline. An aspired extension by six months of the thesis submission deadline has to be discussed in the third Thesis Advisory Committee Meeting. The application for maximum two extensions (up to a total duration of four years) has to be directed to the Thesis Advisory Committee and communicated to the doctoral program and the GAUSS Office (Please use the application form ). Any extension resulting in doctoral studies lasting longer than four years have to be approved by the program committee or the deanery of the faculty. More information on the application for an extension of the doctoral studies can be found in this handout .

Doctoral Thesis/Dissertation

Writing the dissertation is one of the key tasks during a PhD and there are some aspects, which need to be taken into consideration. The GGNB kindly provides thesis guidelines , which can be also used by all GAUSS students. Special thanks at this point goes to the author Prof. Reinhard Jahn for sharing his experience and knowledge.

Please be also aware that it is mandatory to use one of the cover pages listed in the doctoral regulations (sample page in English or German ).

Use of KI models like ChatGPT

In spring 2023 the University of Göttingen issued guidelines for the use of ChatGPT and AI-based language models . All students and faculty members are advised to carefully read and acknowledge these guidelines in the preparation of their thesis and throughout the review process. As pointed out in the guidelines, the guidelines can be only of provisional nature due to the rapid progress in AI development.

Excerpts from the current University guidelines (as of March 2023):

• The use of ChatGPT must […] be completely transparent. Explicit labelling of passages created with ChatGPT is required. Students should also explain in which way ChatGPT was used for the creation of the examination performance. An example template can be found [below].
• Such fully transparent use of ChatGPT should have neither positive nor negative effects on the assessment of the examination performance.

Declaration on the use of ChatGPT and comparable tools in the context of examinations In this thesis, I have used ChatGPT or another AI as follows.: [ ] not at all [ ] during brainstorming [ ] when creating the outline [ ] to write individual passages, altogether to the extent of ...% of the entire text [ ] for the development of software source texts [ ] for optimizing or restructuring software source texts [ ] for proofreading or optimizing [ ] further, namely: … I hereby declare that I have stated all uses completely. Missing or incorrect information will be considered as an attempt to cheat.

Examination board

The examination board shall contain experts in all research areas dealt with in the doctoral thesis. According to the doctoral regulations ( German , English translation ) §11, at least one of the two referees has to be a member of the thesis advisory committee and at least one of the two referees has to be a member of the professorial group at the University of Göttingen. Both referees have to be accredited for examination in the respective doctoral program. Usually, the first two members of the thesis advisory committee (main supervisor and examination accredited person) are appointed as referees. In case of external members of the examination board (without general examination accreditation in GAUSS), it is mandatory to apply for an individual examination accreditation for each of the external members before you apply for the admission to the doctoral examination. More information on examination accreditations can be found here . Of the four additional members of the examination board, at least one has to be accredited for examination in the respective doctoral program (including individual examination accreditation) whereas the three other members must be accredited for examination in any GAUSS doctoral program.

The referees (in case of a proposed "summa cum laude": one additional external referee, chosen by the program committee/dean's office) have then up to four weeks to evaluate the thesis. Usually, the oral examination will take place approximately two weeks later. At least four members of the examination board (including at least two referees) have to attend the oral examination.

Submission of the Thesis

With submitting your PhD thesis, you need to apply for admission to the oral examination. Both has to be done online via a single Lucom form. Required documents and further information about the online procedure can be found under the subheading PhD Thesis Submission .