omit the page number.
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APA references generally include information about the author , publication date , title , and source . Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.
It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.
Missing element | What to do | Reference format |
---|---|---|
Author | Start the reference entry with the source title. | Title. (Date). Source. |
Date | Write “n.d.” for “no date”. | Author. (n.d.). Title. Source. |
Title | Describe the work in square brackets. | Author. (Date). [Description]. Source. |
On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order .
Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page:
On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation ). You should not include references to personal communications that your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).
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Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here .
Reference citations in text are covered on pages 261-268 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.
Note: On pages 117-118, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found ...). Contexts other than traditionally-structured research writing may permit the simple present tense (for example, Jones (1998) finds ).
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.
On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash for page ranges. For example, you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201). This information is reiterated below.
Regardless of how they are referenced, all sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining
( Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media .)
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and “pp.” for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by an en dash).
You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.
If you do not include the author’s name in the text of the sentence, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.
Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
Because block quotation formatting is difficult for us to replicate in the OWL's content management system, we have simply provided a screenshot of a generic example below.
Formatting example for block quotations in APA 7 style.
Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not reference a page number. Instead, you may reference another logical identifying element: a paragraph, a chapter number, a section number, a table number, or something else. Older works (like religious texts) can also incorporate special location identifiers like verse numbers. In short: pick a substitute for page numbers that makes sense for your source.
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer work.
The daily journal of the united states government.
This site displays a prototype of a “Web 2.0” version of the daily Federal Register. It is not an official legal edition of the Federal Register, and does not replace the official print version or the official electronic version on GPO’s govinfo.gov.
The documents posted on this site are XML renditions of published Federal Register documents. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. For complete information about, and access to, our official publications and services, go to About the Federal Register on NARA's archives.gov.
The OFR/GPO partnership is committed to presenting accurate and reliable regulatory information on FederalRegister.gov with the objective of establishing the XML-based Federal Register as an ACFR-sanctioned publication in the future. While every effort has been made to ensure that the material on FederalRegister.gov is accurately displayed, consistent with the official SGML-based PDF version on govinfo.gov, those relying on it for legal research should verify their results against an official edition of the Federal Register. Until the ACFR grants it official status, the XML rendition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov does not provide legal notice to the public or judicial notice to the courts.
A Notice by the Food and Drug Administration on 07/09/2024
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You can view alternative ways to comment or you may also comment via Regulations.gov at /documents/2024/07/09/2024-15009/addressing-misinformation-about-medical-devices-and-prescription-drugs-questions-and-answers-draft .
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Information about this document as published in the Federal Register .
Enhanced content.
Relevant information about this document from Regulations.gov provides additional context. This information is not part of the official Federal Register document.
This document has been published in the Federal Register . Use the PDF linked in the document sidebar for the official electronic format.
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Written/paper submissions, for further information contact:, supplementary information:, i. background, ii. paperwork reduction act of 1995, disclosures for tailored responsive communications addressing misinformation about medical devices and prescription drugs, omb control number 0910-new, iii. electronic access, enhanced content - submit public comment.
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Agencies review all submissions and may choose to redact, or withhold, certain submissions (or portions thereof). Submitted comments may not be available to be read until the agency has approved them.
Docket Title | Document ID | Comments | |
---|---|---|---|
Internet/Social Media Platforms: Correcting Independent Third-Party Misinformation About Prescription Drugs and Medical Devices | 1 |
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Food and Drug Administration, HHS.
Notice of availability.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or Agency) is announcing the availability of a revised draft guidance for industry entitled “Addressing Misinformation About Medical Devices and Prescription Drugs: Questions and Answers.” This revised draft guidance, when finalized, will describe FDA's current thinking on common questions firms may have when voluntarily addressing misinformation about or related to their approved/cleared medical products. This guidance revises and replaces the draft guidance for industry entitled “Internet/Social Media Platforms: Correcting Independent Third-Party Misinformation About Prescription Drugs and Medical Devices” issued in June 2014. This revised draft guidance is not final nor is it in effect at this time.
Submit either electronic or written comments on the draft guidance by September 9, 2024 to ensure that the Agency considers your comment on this draft guidance before it begins work on the final version of the guidance. Submit electronic or written comments on the proposed collection of information in the draft guidance by September 9, 2024.
You may submit comments on any guidance at any time as follows:
Submit electronic comments in the following way:
Submit written/paper submissions as follows:
Instructions: All submissions received must include the Docket No. FDA-2014-D-0447 for “Addressing Misinformation About Medical Devices and Prescription Drugs: Questions and Answers.” Received comments will be placed in the docket and, except for those submitted as “Confidential Submissions,” publicly viewable at https://www.regulations.gov or at the Dockets Management Staff between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, 240-402-7500.
Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or the electronic and written/paper comments received, go to https://www.regulations.gov and insert the docket number, found in brackets in the heading of this document, into the “Search” box and follow the prompts and/or go to the Dockets Management Staff, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852, 240-402-7500.
You may submit comments on any guidance at any time (see 21 CFR 10.115(g)(5) ).
Submit written requests for single copies of the draft guidance to the Division of Drug Information, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10001 New Hampshire Ave., Hillandale Building, 4th Floor, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002; the Office of Communication, Outreach and Development, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 71, Rm. 3128, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002; the Office of Policy, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 66, Rm. 5431, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002; or the Policy and Regulations Staff, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 7500 Standish Pl., Rockville, MD 20855. Send one self-addressed adhesive label to assist that office in processing your request or include a Fax number to which the draft guidance may be sent. See the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section for information on electronic access to the draft guidance.
With regard to the draft guidance: Samantha Bryant, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 51, Room 3203, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, 301-796-1200; James Myers, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 71, Rm. 7301, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, 240-402-7911; Stephanie Philbin, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Start Printed Page 56388 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 66, Rm. 5456, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, 301-837-7151; Kathryn Dennehy, Center for Veterinary Medicine (HFV-245), Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Pl., Rockville, MD 20855, 240-402-7082, [email protected] ; or Julie Finegan, Office of Policy, Office of the Commissioner, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 32, Rm. 4252, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, 301-827-4830.
With regard to the proposed collection of information: Domini Bean, Office of Operations, Food and Drug Administration, Three White Flint North, 10A-12M, 11601 Landsdown St., North Bethesda, MD 20852, 301-796-5733 , P RA S [email protected] .
FDA is announcing the availability of a revised draft guidance for industry entitled “Addressing Misinformation About Medical Devices and Prescription Drugs: Questions and Answers.” In addition to describing already existing avenues for communications by firms, the guidance sets out an enforcement policy for certain kinds of internet-based communications that firms might choose to use to address internet-based misinformation about or related to the firm's approved/cleared medical product when that misinformation is created or disseminated by an independent third party. This guidance is not intended to address a firm's correction of its own false or misleading representations about its medical products. For the purposes of this guidance, the term firms refers to the persons or entities legally responsible for the labeling of approved/cleared medical products, which includes applicants, sponsors, manufacturers, packers, distributors, and any persons communicating on behalf of these entities. The term medical product refers to a medical device for human use (including one that is a biological product), a prescription human drug (including one that is a biological product), or a prescription animal drug. The term approved/cleared medical product refers to medical products (as that term is defined in this guidance) that may be introduced into interstate commerce for at least one use under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), the Public Health Service Act, and their implementing regulations (collectively, the FDA Authorities) as a result of having satisfied applicable premarket requirements. For ease of reference, when approval and clearance (and similar terms) are used in discussing devices, the terms refer to FDA permitting the marketing of a device via the premarket approval, premarket notification under section 510(k) of the FD&C Act ( 21 U.S.C. 360(k) ), De Novo classification, or Humanitarian Device Exemption pathways and to devices that are exempt from premarket notification.
For the purposes of this guidance and as further described in section II of the guidance, the term misinformation refers to implicit or explicit false, inaccurate, or misleading representations of fact about or related to the firm's approved/cleared medical product.
Misinformation about a firm's approved/cleared medical product can cause harm to both individuals and the public health in general. Basing medical decisions on misinformation can lead patients and healthcare providers to choose treatments that are not safe and effective, or forgo treatments that are, which can have adverse consequences. While misinformation can appear in many forms of communication and be shared in many different ways, internet-based forms of communication have enabled misinformation to travel quickly and reach more people who otherwise might not be exposed to that misinformation. Additionally, misinformation about or related to medical products that treat or prevent serious or life-threatening diseases is especially concerning and represents a significant public health concern.
This guidance revises and replaces the draft guidance for industry entitled “Internet/Social Media Platforms: Correcting Independent Third-Party Misinformation About Prescription Drugs and Medical Devices,” issued in June 2014 (2014 draft guidance). The revised draft guidance reflects the Agency's consideration of feedback from interested parties, including comments received on the 2014 draft guidance. Changes include a revised title, a question-and-answer format, and certain changes in scope. For example, the enforcement policy now extends to a firm's voluntary “tailored responsive communications” that address misinformation that suggests that the firm's cleared/approved medical product be used for an unapproved use. Additionally, new content has been added to reflect changes in technology and functionality of internet-based platforms, as well as changes in the way information is shared online to help a firm to have greater flexibility and control over the timing of the firm's communication when the firm chooses to address certain internet-based third-party misinformation with “tailored responsive communications.” This guidance also now includes a subsection on “general medical product communications” that describes many existing avenues available to firms for communicating information about or related to their approved/cleared medical products. New examples were also added to illustrate the new considerations and recommendations outlined in the guidance and to provide additional clarity to firms.
This revised draft guidance, when finalized, is intended to advance FDA's mission to help members of the public get the accurate, up-to-date, science-based information they need to inform their decisions about medical products to maintain and improve their health. More specifically, the guidance describes two categories of communications firms might choose to use to address misinformation: tailored responsive communications and general medical product communications.
As described in the guidance, a “tailored responsive communication” is a firm's voluntary, internet-based communication that identifies and addresses internet-based misinformation about or related to the firm's approved/cleared medical product when that misinformation is created or disseminated by an independent third party.
For the purposes of this guidance, communications through existing avenues are collectively referred to as “general medical product communications.” Unlike the tailored responsive communications described in the guidance, general medical product communications are not necessarily internet-based or prompted by or tailored to address specific identified internet-based misinformation. General medical product communications can include, among other things, content and messaging that address misinformation about a firm's approved/cleared medical product. Inclusion in a general medical product communication of content that addresses misinformation creates no special considerations regarding the application of the FDA Authorities or other FDA enforcement policies.
FDA recognizes that misinformation about or related to medical products authorized for emergency use is a public health concern. The Agency continues to evaluate the unique considerations that can apply to communications by firms addressing misinformation about or related to such products. As such, this revised draft guidance does not apply to communications by firms that address misinformation about or related Start Printed Page 56389 to an emergency use authorized for the firm's medical product under section 564 of the FD&C Act ( 21 U.S.C. 360bbb-3 ), whether that be an emergency use authorized for an “unapproved use of an approved product”, or an emergency use authorized for an “unapproved product”, as those terms are used in section 564(a) of the FD&C Act. See section 564 of the FD&C Act for more information on the authorities for emergency use authorizations.
This revised draft guidance is being issued consistent with FDA's good guidance practices regulation ( 21 CFR 10.115 ). The revised draft guidance, when finalized, will represent the current thinking of FDA on “Addressing Misinformation About Medical Devices and Prescription Drugs: Questions and Answers.” It does not establish any rights for any person and is not binding on FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if it satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations.
Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA) ( 44 U.S.C. 3501-3521 ), Federal Agencies must obtain approval from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for each collection of information they conduct or sponsor. “Collection of information” is defined in 44 U.S.C. 3502(3) and 5 CFR 1320.3(c) and includes Agency requests or requirements that members of the public submit reports, keep records, or provide information to a third party. Section 3506(c)(2)(A) of the PRA ( 44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A) ) requires Federal Agencies to provide a 60-day notice in the Federal Register concerning each proposed collection of information before submitting the collection to OMB for approval. To comply with this requirement, FDA is publishing notice of the proposed collection of information set forth in this document.
With respect to the following collection of information, FDA invites comments on these topics: (1) whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FDA's functions, including whether the information will have practical utility; (2) the accuracy of FDA's estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used; (3) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and (4) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information on respondents, including through the use of automated collection techniques, when appropriate, and other forms of information technology.
The revised draft guidance document, “Addressing Misinformation About Medical Devices and Prescription Drugs: Questions and Answers,” describes two categories of communications firms might choose to use to address misinformation: tailored responsive communications and general medical product communications. As explained in the guidance, general medical product communications are already existing avenues for communication and are subject to approved information collections, summarized below. The revised draft guidance recommends that a firm's tailored responsive communication clearly identify both the specific misinformation that the firm is addressing and a specific internet-based, independent third-party communication in which that misinformation appears. Additionally, the revised draft guidance discusses disclosures that we recommend firms include when choosing to share tailored responsive communications.
Specifically, the guidance recommends that firms include (1) a mechanism for obtaining a copy of the current FDA-required labeling (including FDA-approved patient labeling, if any), (2) the date the firm's tailored responsive communication is posted (if a date is not automatically generated), and (3) a disclosure that the tailored responsive communication is being shared by the medical product firm or that the person addressing the misinformation is affiliated with the firm and is authorized to provide information on behalf of the firm about the medical product. The guidance also provides recommendations for firms that wish to use a tailored responsive communication to address misinformation about or related to an unapproved use of the firm's approved/cleared medical product. Specifically, the guidance recommends including an additional disclosure identifying the unapproved use and noting that the unapproved use of the medical product has not been approved by FDA and that the safety and effectiveness of the medical product for the unapproved use has not been established.
We estimate the burden of the information collection as follows:
Recommended disclosure activity; guidance section | Number of respondents | Number of disclosures per respondent | Total annual disclosures | Average burden per disclosure | Total hours |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clearly identify both the specific misinformation that the firm is addressing and a specific internet-based, independent third-party communication in which that misinformation appears; Section IV.A. Q3 | 958 | 50 | 47,900 | 0.4 (24 minutes) | 19,160 |
A mechanism for obtaining a copy of the current FDA-required labeling (including FDA-approved patient labeling, if any); Section IV.A. Q5 | 958 | 50 | 47,900 | 0.1 (6 minutes) | 4,790 |
The date the firm's tailored responsive communication is posted (if a date is not automatically generated); Section IV.A. Q5 | 958 | 50 | 47,900 | 0.05 (3 minutes) | 2,395 |
A disclosure that the tailored responsive communication is being shared by the medical product firm or that the person addressing the misinformation is affiliated with the firm and is authorized to provide information on behalf of the firm about the medical product; Section IV.A. Q5 | 958 | 50 | 47,900 | 0.1 (6 minutes) | 4,790 |
In the case of a tailored responsive communication that addresses misinformation about an unapproved use of the firm's approved/cleared medical product, a disclosure identifying the unapproved use and noting that the unapproved use of the medical product has not been approved by FDA and that the safety and effectiveness of the medical product for the unapproved use has not been established; Section IV.A. Q5 | 958 | 5 | 4,790 | 0.1 (6 minutes) | 479 |
Total | 196,390 | 31,614 | |||
There are no capital costs or operating and maintenance costs associated with this collection of information. |
Based on data currently available to FDA on the number of firms disseminating promotional communications about prescription drugs (697) combined with an estimated number of device firms marketing products (261), we assume that approximately 958 firms (“number of respondents” in table 1) might each choose to disseminate 50 tailored responsive communications annually. Our estimate of the burden per disclosure reflects what we believe is the average burden based on the number and content and complexity of disclosures as recommended in the guidance.
This draft guidance also refers to previously approved FDA collections of information. The collections of information in 21 CFR part 314 are approved under OMB control number 0910-0001. The collections of information in 21 CFR part 201 regarding content and format of labeling for human drug and biological products are approved under OMB control number 0910-0572. The collections of information in 21 CFR part 801 are approved under OMB control number 0910-0485. The collections of information in 21 CFR 202.1 regarding prescription drug advertising are approved under OMB control number 0910-0686. The collections of information in 21 CFR part 601 regarding marketing approval of biological products are approved under OMB control number 0910-0338; and the collections of information regarding marketing approval of animal drug products in 21 CFR part 514 are approved under OMB control number 0910-0032.
Persons with access to the internet may obtain an electronic version of the draft guidance at https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/default.htm , https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/guidance-compliance-regulatory-information-biologics/biologics-guidances , https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/default.htm , https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/guidance-regulations/guidance-industry , https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents , or https://www.regulations.gov .
Dated: July 3, 2024.
Lauren K. Roth,
Associate Commissioner for Policy.
[ FR Doc. 2024-15009 Filed 7-8-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4164-01-P
Information.
Use a numbered list to display complete sentences or paragraphs in a series (e.g., itemized conclusions, steps in a procedure).
Use a lettered list or bulleted list rather than a numbered list if the items are phrases.
To create a numbered list, use the numbered list function of your word-processing program. This will automatically indent the list as well. Select the option for an Arabic numeral followed by a period but not enclosed in or followed by parentheses.
This is an example of a numbered list:
Our hypotheses were as follows:
Numbered lists are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 6.51 and the Concise Guide Section 4.13
Navigating the not-so-hidden treasures of the APA Style website
This post links directly to APA Style topics of interest that users may not even know exist on the website.
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Numbers are used in all sorts of scholarly works. For example, writers may report numerical information about participants (number of participants, demographic information such as age, etc.) as well as the results of statistical analyses. Even writers who are not conducting empirical research often use statistical information to support key points.
More information on APA Style can be found in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) and the Concise Guide to APA Style (7th ed.).
In general, use numerals to express numbers 10 and above, as well as cases such as numbers preceding a unit of measurement, most fractions, statistics, ratios, percentages and times.
Here are a few more rules concerning numbers to adhere to as you follow APA style: If you are using two modifiers against a noun, use a combination of both numerals and words. Three 5-point scales. If you're unsure which modifier to write and which to express numerically, try it both ways.
Numbers & Statistics. Writers often need to discuss numbers and statistics in their manuscripts, and it can be a challenge to determine how to represent these in the most readable way. APA 7 contains detailed guidelines for how to write numbers and statistics, and the most common are listed below. These guidelines, however, are not exhaustive ...
In this article we follow the guidelines of APA Style, one of the most common style guides used in academic writing. In general, words should be used for numbers from zero through nine, and numerals should be used from 10 onwards. This is true for both cardinal numbers (e.g., two, 11) and ordinal numbers (e.g., second, 11 th ).
The APA Publication Manual is commonly used for reporting research results in the social and natural sciences. This article walks you through APA Style standards for reporting statistics in academic writing.
APA Stylistics: Basics. APA Stylistics: Avoiding Bias. Footnotes & Appendices. Numbers & Statistics. Additional Resources. APA Headings and Seriation. APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation. APA Sample Paper. Tables and Figures.
Based on Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed. (2020)
Learn how to set up APA format for your paper. From the title page and headings to references and citations.
Review some of APA style's guidelines on scholarly writing for topics such as abbreviations, active versus passive voice, anthropomorphism, capitalization, numbers, and more.
Numbers Expressed in Words. In general, use words to express numbers zero through nine, and use numerals to express numbers 10 and above. there were five nurses on duty. the study had three conditions. students were in the third, sixth, eighth, 10th, and 12th grades. However, there are exceptions to this general guideline for number usage.
Note: The APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition specifies different formatting conventions for student and professional papers (i.e., papers written for credit in a course and papers intended for scholarly publication). These differences mostly extend to the title page and running head. Crucially, citation practices do not differ between the two styles of paper.
For full information on punctuation, refer to sections 6.1-6.10, the APA Publication Manual. Use a single space after punctuation marks that end a sentence. Use hyphens for compound words. Use an em dash to distinguish part of a sentence that either amplifies or digresses from the point. Microsoft Word usually converts two hyphens that are ...
When you include a paraphrase in a paper, you are required to include only the author and date in the citation. You are encouraged (but not required) to also provide the page number (or other location information) for a paraphrased citation when it would help the reader locate the relevant passage in a long or complex text (such as when you use ...
The American Psychological Association (APA) published the 7th edition of its style manual in 2019. As well as rules for citation and paper formatting, the manual provides various language guidelines to help you present your ideas in a clear, concise, and inclusive manner.
Here's what a title page of a reference paper template looks like in APA format: Title Page of APA Paper format template. How to Set up APA Format Paper [Step-by-Step] After understanding the guidelines, the next step is to apply them effectively to format your paper in APA 7th edition style.
This guide will help you set up an APA Style student paper. The basic setup directions apply to the entire paper. Annotated diagrams illustrate how to set up the major sections of a student paper: the title page or cover page, the text, tables and figures, and the reference list.
General APA Guidelines. Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page. For a professional paper, this includes your paper title and the page number. For a student paper, this only includes the ...
Generate APA style citations quickly and accurately with our FREE APA citation generator. Enter a website URL, book ISBN, or search with keywords, and we do the rest! Updated with APA 7th Edition!
Learn how to format page numbers in APA style for a paper, in-text citations, and references in a reference list. Examples are included.
7th edition Anatomy of a Journal Article Scientific journal articles share a common anatomy, or structure. Each part of an article serves a purpose, and if you know
Scribbr's free APA Citation Generator lets you generate perfect APA Style citations in seconds. Now even easier with a Chrome extension.
APA Citation Basics. When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or Agency) is announcing the availability of a revised draft guidance for industry entitled "Addressing Misinformation About Medical Devices and Prescription Drugs: Questions and Answers." This revised draft guidance, when finalized, will describe FDA's...
Numbered Lists. Use a numbered list to display complete sentences or paragraphs in a series (e.g., itemized conclusions, steps in a procedure). Use a lettered list or bulleted list rather than a numbered list if the items are phrases. To create a numbered list, use the numbered list function of your word-processing program.