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113 Great Research Paper Topics

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One of the hardest parts of writing a research paper can be just finding a good topic to write about. Fortunately we've done the hard work for you and have compiled a list of 113 interesting research paper topics. They've been organized into ten categories and cover a wide range of subjects so you can easily find the best topic for you.

In addition to the list of good research topics, we've included advice on what makes a good research paper topic and how you can use your topic to start writing a great paper.

What Makes a Good Research Paper Topic?

Not all research paper topics are created equal, and you want to make sure you choose a great topic before you start writing. Below are the three most important factors to consider to make sure you choose the best research paper topics.

#1: It's Something You're Interested In

A paper is always easier to write if you're interested in the topic, and you'll be more motivated to do in-depth research and write a paper that really covers the entire subject. Even if a certain research paper topic is getting a lot of buzz right now or other people seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic unless you genuinely have some sort of interest in it as well.

#2: There's Enough Information to Write a Paper

Even if you come up with the absolute best research paper topic and you're so excited to write about it, you won't be able to produce a good paper if there isn't enough research about the topic. This can happen for very specific or specialized topics, as well as topics that are too new to have enough research done on them at the moment. Easy research paper topics will always be topics with enough information to write a full-length paper.

Trying to write a research paper on a topic that doesn't have much research on it is incredibly hard, so before you decide on a topic, do a bit of preliminary searching and make sure you'll have all the information you need to write your paper.

#3: It Fits Your Teacher's Guidelines

Don't get so carried away looking at lists of research paper topics that you forget any requirements or restrictions your teacher may have put on research topic ideas. If you're writing a research paper on a health-related topic, deciding to write about the impact of rap on the music scene probably won't be allowed, but there may be some sort of leeway. For example, if you're really interested in current events but your teacher wants you to write a research paper on a history topic, you may be able to choose a topic that fits both categories, like exploring the relationship between the US and North Korea. No matter what, always get your research paper topic approved by your teacher first before you begin writing.

113 Good Research Paper Topics

Below are 113 good research topics to help you get you started on your paper. We've organized them into ten categories to make it easier to find the type of research paper topics you're looking for.

Arts/Culture

Discuss the main differences in art from the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance .
Analyze the impact a famous artist had on the world.
How is sexism portrayed in different types of media (music, film, video games, etc.)? Has the amount/type of sexism changed over the years?
How has the music of slaves brought over from Africa shaped modern American music?
How has rap music evolved in the past decade?
How has the portrayal of minorities in the media changed?

Current Events

What have been the impacts of China's one child policy?
How have the goals of feminists changed over the decades?
How has the Trump presidency changed international relations?
Analyze the history of the relationship between the United States and North Korea.
What factors contributed to the current decline in the rate of unemployment?
What have been the impacts of states which have increased their minimum wage?
How do US immigration laws compare to immigration laws of other countries?
How have the US's immigration laws changed in the past few years/decades?
How has the Black Lives Matter movement affected discussions and view about racism in the US?
What impact has the Affordable Care Act had on healthcare in the US?
What factors contributed to the UK deciding to leave the EU (Brexit)?
What factors contributed to China becoming an economic power?
Discuss the history of Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies (some of which tokenize the S&P 500 Index on the blockchain) .
Do students in schools that eliminate grades do better in college and their careers?
Do students from wealthier backgrounds score higher on standardized tests?
Do students who receive free meals at school get higher grades compared to when they weren't receiving a free meal?
Do students who attend charter schools score higher on standardized tests than students in public schools?
Do students learn better in same-sex classrooms?
How does giving each student access to an iPad or laptop affect their studies?
What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Montessori Method ?
Do children who attend preschool do better in school later on?
What was the impact of the No Child Left Behind act?
How does the US education system compare to education systems in other countries?
What impact does mandatory physical education classes have on students' health?
Which methods are most effective at reducing bullying in schools?
Do homeschoolers who attend college do as well as students who attended traditional schools?
Does offering tenure increase or decrease quality of teaching?
How does college debt affect future life choices of students?
Should graduate students be able to form unions?

What are different ways to lower gun-related deaths in the US?
How and why have divorce rates changed over time?
Is affirmative action still necessary in education and/or the workplace?
Should physician-assisted suicide be legal?
How has stem cell research impacted the medical field?
How can human trafficking be reduced in the United States/world?
Should people be able to donate organs in exchange for money?
Which types of juvenile punishment have proven most effective at preventing future crimes?
Has the increase in US airport security made passengers safer?
Analyze the immigration policies of certain countries and how they are similar and different from one another.
Several states have legalized recreational marijuana. What positive and negative impacts have they experienced as a result?
Do tariffs increase the number of domestic jobs?
Which prison reforms have proven most effective?
Should governments be able to censor certain information on the internet?
Which methods/programs have been most effective at reducing teen pregnancy?
What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Keto diet?
How effective are different exercise regimes for losing weight and maintaining weight loss?
How do the healthcare plans of various countries differ from each other?
What are the most effective ways to treat depression ?
What are the pros and cons of genetically modified foods?
Which methods are most effective for improving memory?
What can be done to lower healthcare costs in the US?
What factors contributed to the current opioid crisis?
Analyze the history and impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic .
Are low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets more effective for weight loss?
How much exercise should the average adult be getting each week?
Which methods are most effective to get parents to vaccinate their children?
What are the pros and cons of clean needle programs?
How does stress affect the body?
Discuss the history of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians.
What were the causes and effects of the Salem Witch Trials?
Who was responsible for the Iran-Contra situation?
How has New Orleans and the government's response to natural disasters changed since Hurricane Katrina?
What events led to the fall of the Roman Empire?
What were the impacts of British rule in India ?
Was the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki necessary?
What were the successes and failures of the women's suffrage movement in the United States?
What were the causes of the Civil War?
How did Abraham Lincoln's assassination impact the country and reconstruction after the Civil War?
Which factors contributed to the colonies winning the American Revolution?
What caused Hitler's rise to power?
Discuss how a specific invention impacted history.
What led to Cleopatra's fall as ruler of Egypt?
How has Japan changed and evolved over the centuries?
What were the causes of the Rwandan genocide ?

Why did Martin Luther decide to split with the Catholic Church?
Analyze the history and impact of a well-known cult (Jonestown, Manson family, etc.)
How did the sexual abuse scandal impact how people view the Catholic Church?
How has the Catholic church's power changed over the past decades/centuries?
What are the causes behind the rise in atheism/ agnosticism in the United States?
What were the influences in Siddhartha's life resulted in him becoming the Buddha?
How has media portrayal of Islam/Muslims changed since September 11th?

Science/Environment

How has the earth's climate changed in the past few decades?
How has the use and elimination of DDT affected bird populations in the US?
Analyze how the number and severity of natural disasters have increased in the past few decades.
Analyze deforestation rates in a certain area or globally over a period of time.
How have past oil spills changed regulations and cleanup methods?
How has the Flint water crisis changed water regulation safety?
What are the pros and cons of fracking?
What impact has the Paris Climate Agreement had so far?
What have NASA's biggest successes and failures been?
How can we improve access to clean water around the world?
Does ecotourism actually have a positive impact on the environment?
Should the US rely on nuclear energy more?
What can be done to save amphibian species currently at risk of extinction?
What impact has climate change had on coral reefs?
How are black holes created?
Are teens who spend more time on social media more likely to suffer anxiety and/or depression?
How will the loss of net neutrality affect internet users?
Analyze the history and progress of self-driving vehicles.
How has the use of drones changed surveillance and warfare methods?
Has social media made people more or less connected?
What progress has currently been made with artificial intelligence ?
Do smartphones increase or decrease workplace productivity?
What are the most effective ways to use technology in the classroom?
How is Google search affecting our intelligence?
When is the best age for a child to begin owning a smartphone?
Has frequent texting reduced teen literacy rates?

How to Write a Great Research Paper

Even great research paper topics won't give you a great research paper if you don't hone your topic before and during the writing process. Follow these three tips to turn good research paper topics into great papers.

#1: Figure Out Your Thesis Early

Before you start writing a single word of your paper, you first need to know what your thesis will be. Your thesis is a statement that explains what you intend to prove/show in your paper. Every sentence in your research paper will relate back to your thesis, so you don't want to start writing without it!

As some examples, if you're writing a research paper on if students learn better in same-sex classrooms, your thesis might be "Research has shown that elementary-age students in same-sex classrooms score higher on standardized tests and report feeling more comfortable in the classroom."

If you're writing a paper on the causes of the Civil War, your thesis might be "While the dispute between the North and South over slavery is the most well-known cause of the Civil War, other key causes include differences in the economies of the North and South, states' rights, and territorial expansion."

#2: Back Every Statement Up With Research

Remember, this is a research paper you're writing, so you'll need to use lots of research to make your points. Every statement you give must be backed up with research, properly cited the way your teacher requested. You're allowed to include opinions of your own, but they must also be supported by the research you give.

#3: Do Your Research Before You Begin Writing

You don't want to start writing your research paper and then learn that there isn't enough research to back up the points you're making, or, even worse, that the research contradicts the points you're trying to make!

Get most of your research on your good research topics done before you begin writing. Then use the research you've collected to create a rough outline of what your paper will cover and the key points you're going to make. This will help keep your paper clear and organized, and it'll ensure you have enough research to produce a strong paper.

What's Next?

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Thinking about becoming a nurse practitioner? Nurse practitioners have one of the fastest growing careers in the country, and we have all the information you need to know about what to expect from nurse practitioner school .

Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius? We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa).

These recommendations are based solely on our knowledge and experience. If you purchase an item through one of our links, PrepScholar may receive a commission.

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Research Papers

How to Establish a Research Topic: Easy Writing Tips

Last Updated: December 15, 2022 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Alexander Ruiz, M.Ed. . Alexander Ruiz is an Educational Consultant and the Educational Director of Link Educational Institute, a tutoring business based in Claremont, California that provides customizable educational plans, subject and test prep tutoring, and college application consulting. With over a decade and a half of experience in the education industry, Alexander coaches students to increase their self-awareness and emotional intelligence while achieving skills and the goal of achieving skills and higher education. He holds a BA in Psychology from Florida International University and an MA in Education from Georgia Southern University. There are 9 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 111,589 times.

With a world of possibilities out there, choosing a research topic can be a daunting task. However, selecting a worthy subject is half the battle when it comes to producing valuable original research. If you take some time to attentively brainstorm possibilities and refine them down into a solid, focused research question, you’ll come away with a topic that’s manageable, worthwhile, and, most importantly, interesting to you.

Picking a Topic

Step 1 Brainstorm general topics that genuinely interest you.

One way to ensure you have a topic that’s of interest to you to pick a subject to which you have a personal connection. For instance, if your sister has Crohn's Disease, you may be interested in investigating it. Or, if you went on an exchange program to Croatia, you might be keen to know more about its history or culture.
Another way to trim down your possibilities is to see if there any patterns that emerge from the longer list. For example, if you wrote down “Gertrude Stein” and “Djuna Barnes,” you could focus on lesbian expat authors.

Step 2 Do preliminary research to pick a topic.

You want to choose a topic that has some, but not too much information available on it. If there are some substantive related resources out there, you know you’re on the right track; if there are pages and pages of relevant search results, you can tell that plenty of people have already gone down that road or that the topic is likely too big to cover and you will need to narrow it further.

Step 3 Start broad and narrow your focus.

For instance, if you are interested in the mapping of the human genome, read about the general history of the scientific advances that have allowed us to map DNA and see if there’s a particular subtopic that catches your eye. Instead of trying to cover the entire subject, limit your scope to focus on the discovery of a gene related to a specific trait or disease or on a particular application, like the regulation of gene therapy for unborn fetuses.

Kim Gillingham, MA

Use your interests to narrow your focus. Retired librarian, Kim Gillingham, adds: "You can start with a general topic such as Outer Space. Then ask yourself specific questions such as 'What am I interested in about Outer Space?' It could be the history of space exploration, the technology of space exploration, or 'Is Pluto a planet or not?' As always, librarians can be of immense help in narrowing down a topic through a technique called the Reference Interview — try asking your librarian about it!"

When you meet with or email them, explain the research that you’ve already conducted to show them that you’ve done your homework. Then, ask something like, “I’m most interested in looking into coming of age rituals in contemporary indigenous cultures, and I was wondering if you think that’s a good topic to pursue and if you had any suggestions for specific case studies or other resources related to it.”
Remember: they may be able to point you in a more specific direction based on your general interests, but don’t expect them to do the whole selection process for you.
If you’re doing independent research to earn a degree (rather than to fulfill the requirements of a particular class), you should also ask them about the potential marketability of your subject since your topic will be setting the direction for your future career.

Developing Your Research Question

After you conduct your preliminary research, think about the gaps that you noticed in the information available on the subject that you’ve been investigating. Devise a question that could address that missing information.
One concrete way to do this is to explore the relationship between two ideas, concepts, phenomena, or events that came up in your research but whose relationship has not been fully investigated. For example, “how did political radicals influence popular representations of sexuality in the 1920s United States?”
Another concrete way to formulate your question is to consider how an existing methodology or concept applies to a new, specific context or case study. For instance, you could think of how Sigmund Freud’s idea of the “appendage” applies to a specific virtual reality game.

Step 2 Make sure that your question is answerable.

For example, if your question requires conducting a study that’s not feasible given your timeframe or the resources available to you, then you need to find a way to revise your question so that you can answer it.
Sometimes if your topic is too new, there won’t be a substantial enough body of research available for you to do a comprehensive analysis of it. In that case, you may need to revise or broaden your question so that you can actually answer it. [5] X Research source

Step 3 Make sure that your question is manageable.

If your question is not narrow enough, refine your focus further by limiting your topic according to a given historical era, theoretical approach, geographical region, demographic or culture, industry or field. For example, if you’re interested in refugees, you might limit your scope by honing in on a particular event (World War II) and/or time period (the 1940s), a specific location (England) and/or population (Jewish people from Austria). [6] X Research source

Step 4 Make sure that your question is worth answering.

Making Sure that You’re on the Right Track

You might have a brilliant research question, but, if it’s about genetic disorders and the grant you’re applying for only funds research on communicable diseases, you’ll need to go back to the drawing board.
Also be sure to take the required length of the project into consideration. For instance, if your question is too narrow or specific, you might not be able to hit the 250-page requirement for a doctoral thesis.

Start by listing the various research methods that you’ll use, such as a literature review, interviews, and qualitative analysis. Then, create a timeline for when you’ll be doing each kind of research, being sure to leave enough time for yourself to complete the writing.

You can order topics chronologically (for instance, if you’re studying a historical event). Most often, you’ll order them according to the progression of your argument, with one idea building on the last.
Your research may change the structure or content of your outline, but it’s still useful to have a well-developed starting point.

Community Q&A

If you have no idea of where to begin, consider going through old notes and textbooks or speaking to classmates to get some inspiration. Or, browse through the most recently published journals in your field to see what the latest trends in research are. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0

Since research is a demanding process, the most important thing is that you choose a topic that will sustain your enthusiasm and curiosity. Thanks Helpful 5 Not Helpful 1

↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/brainstorming/
↑ http://libguides.mit.edu/select-topic
↑ https://bowvalleycollege.libguides.com/research-help/topics
↑ https://libraries.indiana.edu/sites/default/files/Develop_a_Research_Question.pdf
↑ http://libguides.mit.edu/c.php?g=175961&p=1160160#s-lg-box-wrapper-4114979
↑ http://libguides.mit.edu/c.php?g=175961&p=1160160#791450
↑ https://files.bucknell.edu/Documents/ISR/topic.pdf
↑ Alexander Ruiz, M.Ed.. Educational Consultant. Expert Interview. 18 June 2020.
↑ http://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/outline

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How To Choose A Research Topic

Step-By-Step Tutorial With Examples + Free Topic Evaluator

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Expert Reviewer: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | April 2024

Choosing the right research topic is likely the most important decision you’ll make on your dissertation or thesis journey. To make the right choice, you need to take a systematic approach and evaluate each of your candidate ideas across a consistent set of criteria. In this tutorial, we’ll unpack five essential criteria that will help you evaluate your prospective research ideas and choose a winner.

Overview: The “Big 5” Key Criteria

Topic originality or novelty
Value and significance
Access to data and equipment
Time limitations and implications
Ethical requirements and constraints

Criterion #1: Originality & Novelty

As we’ve discussed extensively on this blog, originality in a research topic is essential. In other words, you need a clear research gap . The uniqueness of your topic determines its contribution to the field and its potential to stand out in the academic community. So, for each of your prospective topics, ask yourself the following questions:

What research gap and research problem am I filling?
Does my topic offer new insights?
Am I combining existing ideas in a unique way?
Am I taking a unique methodological approach?

To objectively evaluate the originality of each of your topic candidates, rate them on these aspects. This process will not only help in choosing a topic that stands out, but also one that can capture the interest of your audience and possibly contribute significantly to the field of study – which brings us to our next criterion.

Criterion #2: Value & Significance

Next, you’ll need to assess the value and significance of each prospective topic. To do this, you’ll need to ask some hard questions.

Why is it important to explore these research questions?
Who stands to benefit from this study?
How will they benefit, specifically?

By clearly understanding and outlining the significance of each potential topic, you’ll not only be justifying your final choice – you’ll essentially be laying the groundwork for a persuasive research proposal , which is equally important.

Criterion #3: Access to Data & Equipment

Naturally, access to relevant data and equipment is crucial for the success of your research project. So, for each of your prospective topic ideas, you’ll need to evaluate whether you have the necessary resources to collect data and conduct your study.

Here are some questions to ask for each potential topic:

Will I be able to access the sample of interest (e.g., people, animals, etc.)?
Do I have (or can I get) access to the required equipment, at the time that I need it?
Are there costs associated with any of this? If so, what are they?

Keep in mind that getting access to certain types of data may also require special permissions and legalities, especially if your topic involves vulnerable groups (patients, youths, etc.). You may also need to adhere to specific data protection laws, depending on the country. So, be sure to evaluate these aspects thoroughly for each topic. Overlooking any of these can lead to significant complications down the line.

Free Webinar: How To Find A Dissertation Research Topic

Criterion #4: Time Requirements & Implications

Naturally, having a realistic timeline for each potential research idea is crucial. So, consider the scope of each potential topic and estimate how long each phase of the research will take — from literature review to data collection and analysis, to writing and revisions. Underestimating the time needed for a research project is extremely common , so it’s important to include buffer time for unforeseen delays.

Remember, efficient time management is not just about the duration but also about the timing . For example, if your research involves fieldwork, there may specific times of the year when this is most doable (or not doable at all). So, be sure to consider both time and timing for each of your prospective topics.

Criterion #5: Ethical Compliance

Failing to adhere to your university’s research ethics policy is a surefire way to get your proposal rejected . So, you’ll need to evaluate each topic for potential ethical issues, especially if your research involves human subjects, sensitive data, or has any potential environmental impact.

Remember that ethical compliance is not just a formality – it’s a responsibility to ensure the integrity and social responsibility of your research. Topics that pose significant ethical challenges are typically the first to be rejected, so you need to take this seriously. It’s also useful to keep in mind that some topics are more “ethically sensitive” than others , which usually means that they’ll require multiple levels of approval. Ideally, you want to avoid this additional admin, so mark down any prospective topics that fall into an ethical “grey zone”.

If you’re unsure about the details of your university’s ethics policy, ask for a copy or speak directly to your course coordinator. Don’t make any assumptions when it comes to research ethics!

Key Takeaways

In this post, we’ve explored how to choose a research topic using a systematic approach. To recap, the “Big 5” assessment criteria include:

Topic originality and novelty
Time requirements
Ethical compliance

Be sure to grab a copy of our free research topic evaluator sheet here to fast-track your topic selection process. If you need hands-on help finding and refining a high-quality research topic for your dissertation or thesis, you can also check out our private coaching service .

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Research Paper Topics

Choose your Topic Smart

What starts well, ends well, so you need to be really careful with research paper topics. The topic of a research paper defines the whole piece of writing. How often have you chosen the book by its title? First impression is often influential, so make sure your topic will attract the reader instantly. By choosing your topic smart, the half of your job is done. That is why we have singled out several secrets on how to pick the best topic for you. Also see the list of 1000 thesis topics .

Browse Research Paper Topics by Category:

Anthropology
Argumentative
Communication
Criminal Justice
Environmental
Political Science

What is the Key to a Perfect Topic for a Research Paper?

The key to a perfect topic includes three main secrets: interest, precision, and innovation.

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It is impossible to do something great if you have no interest in what you are doing. For this reason, make sure you choose the topic that drives you. If you are bored by what you investigate, do not expect that your paper will be exciting. Right now, spend some minutes or even hours thinking about what interests you. Jot down all your preferences in life, science, politics, social issues etc. It will help you get the idea what you can write about.

After realizing what drives you, narrow this general idea to a more specific one. A research paper is not about beating around the bush. You will need clear facts and data. You will have to provide evidence to your ideas. You will need to be precise, specific and convincing.

Finally, the idea of any research is that it should be surprising and distinctive. Think what makes your perspective and approach special. What is the novelty of your research?

Use Technology

If you are still stuck, use technology. Today we have an opportunity to make our lives easier with a bit of technology used. You can find paper topic generators online. This software will examine the category you want to investigate and the keywords from your research. Within several seconds, this program generates paper topics, so you can try it yourself. It can help you get started with your assignment.

100% Effective Advice

We will now give you advice that is 100% effective when picking the topic. Firstly, forget about what others may think about your topic. This is your topic and this is your perception of the world. Stay personal and let your personal style get you the top grades. Secondly, never decide on the topic before analyzing the background for your research. By this we mean, investigate the topic before you start the research proper. It happens quite often that students choose the topic and later they realize there is no data or information to use. That is why conduct some research beforehand. Thirdly, read other researchers’ papers on the topic you want to write about. It will help you get the idea of the investigation. Moreover, it will help you understand whether you truly want to write a paper on this topic. Finally, when you have picked the topic, started your research, make sure you dedicate your time and energy. If you want to get high results, you need to study every little details of your research.

Examine Different Ideas

People often come up with genius ideas after analyzing thousands of other people’s ideas. This is how our brain works. That is why you can analyze other people’s ideas for research paper topics and think up your own. If you have never written any paper of that kind, it will help you understand the gist of this assignment, the style and the requirements. By comparing different topics, you can motivate yourself and get inspired with these ideas. Luckily, you have come to the right place. Here is our list of top 100 research paper topics.

What Makes a Good Topic for a Research Paper?

A good research paper topic is the one that is successful and manageable in your particular case. A successful research paper poses an interesting question you can actually answer. Just as important, it poses a question you can answer within the time available. The question should be one that interests you and deserves exploration. It might be an empirical question or a theoretical puzzle. In some fields, it might be a practical problem or policy issue. Whatever the question is, you need to mark off its boundaries clearly and intelligently so you can complete the research paper and not get lost in the woods. That means your topic should be manageable as well as interesting and important.

A topic is manageable if you can:

Master the relevant literature
Collect and analyze the necessary data
Answer the key questions you have posed
Do it all within the time available, with the skills you have

A topic is important if it:

Touches directly on major theoretical issues and debates, or
Addresses substantive topics of great interest in your field

Ideally, your topic can do both, engaging theoretical and substantive issues. In elementary education, for example, parents, teachers, scholars, and public officials all debate the effectiveness of charter schools, the impact of vouchers, and the value of different reading programs. A research paper on any of these would resonate within the university and well beyond it. Still, as you approach such topics, you need to limit the scope of your investigation so you can finish your research and writing on time. After all, to be a good research paper, it first has to be a completed one. A successful research paper poses an interesting question you can actually answer within the time available for the project. Some problems are simply too grand, too sweeping to master within the time limits. Some are too minor to interest you or anybody else.

The solution, however, is not to find a lukewarm bowl of porridge, a bland compromise. Nor is it to abandon your interest in larger, more profound issues such as the relationship between school organization and educational achievement or between immigration and poverty. Rather, the solution is to select a well-defined topic that is closely linked to some larger issue and then explore that link. Your research paper will succeed if you nail a well-defined topic. It will rise to excellence if you probe that topic deeply and show how it illuminates wider issues.The best theses deal with important issues, framed in manageable ways. The goal is to select a well-defined topic that is closely linked to some larger issue and can illuminate it.

You can begin your project with either a large issue or a narrowly defined topic, depending on your interests and the ideas you have generated. Whichever way you start, the goals are the same: to connect the two in meaningful ways and to explore your specific topic in depth.

Of course, the choice of a particular research paper topic depends on the course you’re taking. Our site can offer you the following research paper topics and example research papers:

Moving from a Research Paper Idea to a Research Paper Topic

Let’s begin as most students actually do, by going from a “big issue” to a more manageable research paper topic. Suppose you start with a big question such as, “Why has the United States fought so many wars since 1945?” That’s certainly a big, important question. Unfortunately, it’s too complex and sprawling to cover well in a research paper. Working with your professor or instructor, you could zero in on a related but feasible research topic, such as “Why did the Johnson administration choose to escalate the U.S. war in Vietnam?” By choosing this topic, your research paper can focus on a specific war and, within that, on a few crucial years in the mid-1960s.

You can draw on major works covering all aspects of the Vietnam War and the Johnson administration’s decision making. You have access to policy memos that were once stamped top secret. These primary documents have now been declassified, published by the State Department, and made available to research libraries. Many are readily available on the Web. You can also take advantage of top-quality secondary sources (that is, books and articles based on primary documents, interviews, and other research data).

Drawing on these primary and secondary sources, you can uncover and critique the reasons behind U.S. military escalation. As you answer this well-defined question about Vietnam, you can (and you should) return to the larger themes that interest you, namely, “What does the escalation in Southeast Asia tell us about the global projection of U.S. military power since 1945?” As one of America’s largest military engagements since World War II, the war in Vietnam should tell us a great deal about the more general question.

The goal here is to pick a good case to study, one that is compelling in its own right and speaks to the larger issue. It need not be a typical example, but it does need to illuminate the larger question. Some cases are better than others precisely because they illuminate larger issues. That’s why choosing the best cases makes such a difference in your research paper.

Since you are interested in why the United States has fought so often since 1945, you probably shouldn’t focus on U.S. invasions of Grenada, Haiti, or Panama in the past two decades. Why? Because the United States has launched numerous military actions against small, weak states in the Caribbean for more than a century. That is important in its own right, but it doesn’t say much about what has changed so dramatically since 1945. The real change since 1945 is the projection of U.S. power far beyond the Western Hemisphere, to Europe and Asia. You cannot explain this change—or any change, for that matter—by looking at something that remains constant.

In this case, to analyze the larger pattern of U.S. war fighting and the shift it represents, you need to pick examples of distant conflicts, such as Korea, Vietnam, Kosovo, Afghanistan, or Iraq. That’s the noteworthy change since 1945: U.S. military intervention outside the Western Hemisphere. The United States has fought frequently in such areas since World War II but rarely before then. Alternatively, you could use statistics covering many cases of U.S. intervention around the world, perhaps supplemented with some telling cases studies.

Students in the humanities want to explore their own big ideas, and they, too, need to focus their research. In English literature, their big issue might be “masculinity” or, to narrow the range a bit, “masculinity in Jewish American literature.” Important as these issues are, they are too vast for anyone to read all the major novels plus all the relevant criticism and then frame a comprehensive research paper.

If you don’t narrow these sprawling topics and focus your work, you can only skim the surface. Skimming the surface is not what you want to do in a research paper. You want to understand your subject in depth and convey that understanding to your readers.

That does not mean you have to abandon your interest in major themes. It means you have to restrict their scope in sensible ways. To do that, you need to think about which aspects of masculinity really interest you and then find works that deal with them.

You may realize your central concern is how masculinity is defined in response to strong women. That focus would still leave you considerable flexibility, depending on your academic background and what you love to read. That might be anything from a reconsideration of Macbeth to an analysis of early twentieth-century American novels, where men must cope with women in assertive new roles. Perhaps you are interested in another aspect of masculinity: the different ways it is defined within the same culture at the same moment. That would lead you to novelists who explore these differences in their characters, perhaps contrasting men who come from different backgrounds, work in different jobs, or simply differ emotionally. Again, you would have considerable flexibility in choosing specific writers.

Connecting a Specific Research Paper Topic to a Bigger Idea

Not all students begin their research paper concerned with big issues such as masculinity or American wars over the past half century. Some start with very specific topics in mind. One example might be the decision to create NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement encompassing Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Perhaps you are interested in NAFTA because you discussed it in a course, heard about it in a political campaign, or saw its effects firsthand on local workers, companies, and consumers. It intrigues you, and you would like to study it in a research paper. The challenge is to go from this clear-cut subject to a larger theme that will frame your paper.

Why do you even need to figure out a larger theme? Because NAFTA bears on several major topics, and you cannot explore all of them. Your challenge—and your opportunity—is to figure out which one captures your imagination.

One way to think about that is to finish this sentence: “For me, NAFTA is a case of ___________.” If you are mainly interested in negotiations between big and small countries, then your answer is, “For me, NAFTA is a case of a large country like the United States bargaining with a smaller neighbor.” Your answer would be different if you are mainly interested in decision making within the United States, Mexico, or Canada. In that case, you might say, “NAFTA seems to be a case where a strong U.S. president pushed a trade policy through Congress.” Perhaps you are more concerned with the role played by business lobbies. “For me, NAFTA is a case of undue corporate influence over foreign economic policy.” Or you could be interested in the role of trade unions, environmental groups, or public opinion.

The NAFTA decision is related to all these big issues and more. You cannot cover them all. There is not enough time, and even if there were, the resulting paper would be too diffuse, too scattershot. To make an impact, throw a rock, not a handful of pebbles.

Choosing one of these large issues will shape your research paper on NAFTA. If you are interested in U.S. decision making, for example, you might study the lobbying process or perhaps the differences between Democrats and Republicans. If you are interested in diplomacy, you would focus on negotiations between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Either would make an interesting research paper, but they are different topics.

Although the subject matter and analysis are decidedly different in the humanities, many of the same considerations still apply to topic selection. In English or comparative literature, for example, you may be attracted to a very specific topic such as several poems by William Wordsworth. You are not trying, as a social scientist would, to test some generalizations that apply across time or space. Rather, you want to analyze these specific poems, uncover their multiple meanings, trace their allusions, and understand their form and beauty.

As part of the research paper, however, you may wish to say something bigger, something that goes beyond these particular poems. That might be about Wordsworth’s larger body of work. Are these poems representative or unusual? Do they break with his previous work or anticipate work yet to come? You may wish to comment on Wordsworth’s close ties to his fellow “Lake Poets,” Coleridge and Southey, underscoring some similarities in their work. Do they use language in shared ways? Do they use similar metaphors or explore similar themes? You may even wish to show how these particular poems are properly understood as part of the wider Romantic movement in literature and the arts. Any of these would connect the specific poems to larger themes.

How to Refine Your Research Paper Topic

One of your professor’s or instructor’s most valuable contributions to the success of your research paper is to help you refine your topic. She can help you select the best cases for detailed study or the best data and statistical techniques. S/he can help you find cases that shed light on larger questions, have good data available, and are discussed in a rich secondary literature. She may know valuable troves of documents to explore. That’s why it is so important to bring these issues up in early meetings. These discussions with your instructor are crucial in moving from a big but ill-defined idea to a smart, feasible topic.Some colleges supplement this advising process by offering special workshops and tutorial support for students. These are great resources, and you should take full advantage of them. They can improve your project in at least two ways.

First, tutors and workshop leaders are usually quite adept at helping you focus and shape your topic. That’s what they do best. Even if they are relatively new teachers, they have been writing research papers themselves for many years. They know how to do it well and how to avoid common mistakes. To craft their own papers, they have learned how to narrow their topics, gather data, interpret sources, and evaluate conjectures. They know how to use appropriate methods and how to mine the academic literature. In all these ways, they can assist you with their own hard-won experience. To avoid any confusion, just make sure your instructor knows what advice you are getting from workshop leaders and tutors. You want everyone to be pulling in the same direction.

Second, you will benefit enormously from batting around your research paper in workshops. The more you speak about your subject, the better you will understand it yourself. The better you understand it, the clearer your research and writing will be. You will learn about your project as you present your ideas; you will learn more as you listen to others discuss your work; and you will learn still more as you respond to their suggestions. Although you should do that in sessions with your instructor, you will also profit from doing it in workshops and tutorial sessions.

Secrets to Keep in Mind when Writing a Research Paper

As a bonus, we have prepared several secrets for you to make your paper perfect. Firstly, always write your paper from scratch. Do not copy the already existing materials, as it can lead to unsatisfactory mark or even expulsion. Secondly, start your research early; do not put off investigating the topic. The earlier you start, the easier it will be to meet the deadline. Thirdly, plan your work and create an outline for your task. A planned work will help you be systematic. Plus, it will help you avoid writer’s block, as you always have an outline to follow. Another secret is following all the requirements. A research paper is an academic assignment, so all these structural and formatting standards are important. Finally, make sure you proofread and edit your task. Check your paper for grammar and spelling mistakes, examine your choice of vocabulary. If it seems too much, you can always ask our professional editors and they will check the paper for you. A mistakes-free paper is essential to get high results.

Custom Research Paper Writing Service

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24/7 you can contact us and order your paper. We never miss the deadline and always provide our clients with a top-notch quality. When you feel that you cannot handle it on your own, a bit of assistance will do no harm. All our writers are experts with years of experience. They are aware of all the subtleties of academic writing and they know all the recent college requirements. You can turn to us for help any time and we will get down to work immediately. From choosing the topic to writing the whole paper – this is what we have to offer. Getting top grades is much easier when the real professionals help you.

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Before You Start

What do you already know about your subject? Keep a list of key words, names, and events.
How long has your subject existed? Is it a relatively new concept with a lot published about it, or new and undiscovered?
What discipline does your topic fall into? A discipline is an area of study or branch of learning (e.g., History, Biology). Each has its own best starting points.
How are you viewing the topic? Think about what you are planning to emphasize: politics, history, or another aspect?
What's the Timing? How long do you have to do this project? How long does it need to be?

Three Approaches for Developing a Topic

Approach #1: List Key Words of Interest Make lists of concepts and topics you find interesting, as well as lists of related words and synonyms. These can serve as your key search terms.


school choice	discrimination	synonyms?
educational choice	educational access	related terms?
open enrollment	access to education	alternate phrases?
educational vouchers	social justice	key names, events?

Approach #2: Draw It Out Sketch out the relationships between ideas.

Approach #3: Define it in Sentences Write an explanation of your topic, justifying it on multiple levels:

I am studying... conformity in Woolf’s Orlando in order to find out... how Orlando’s efforts to conform and ﬁt in change over time in order to help my reader understand... the role maturity and self-awareness play in the character’s efforts to conform to societal norms.

Adapted from The Craft of Research (2003) by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. (We also own the latest edition, 8th edition, 2016 , in print.)

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Next: How to Access Full Text >>
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101 research paper topics.

Why do we sleep ?
How do GPS systems work?
Who was the first person to reach the North Pole ?
Did anybody ever escape Alcatraz ?
What was life like for a gladiator ?
What are the effects of prolonged steroid use on the human body?
What happened during the Salem witch trials ?
Are there any effective means of repelling insects ?
How did trains and railroads change life in America?
What may have occurred during the Roswell UFO incident of 1947?
How is bulletproof clothing made?
What Olympic events were practiced in ancient Greece?
What are the major theories explaining the disappearance of the dinosaurs ?
How was the skateboard invented and how has it changed over the years?
How did the long bow contribute to English military dominance?
What caused the stock market crash of 2008?
How did Cleopatra come to power in Egypt what did she do during her reign?
How has airport security intensified since September 11 th , 2001?
What is life like inside of a beehive ?
Where did hip hop originate and who were its founders?
What makes the platypus a unique and interesting mammal?
How does tobacco use affect the human body?
How do computer viruses spread and in what ways do they affect computers?
What is daily life like for a Buddhist monk ?
What are the origins of the conflict in Darfur ?
How did gunpowder change warfare?
In what ways do Wal-Mart stores affect local economies?
How were cats and dogs domesticated and for what purposes?
What do historians know about ninjas ?
How has the music industry been affected by the internet and digital downloading?
What were the circumstances surrounding the death of Osama Bin Laden ?
What was the women’s suffrage movement and how did it change America?
What efforts are being taken to protect endangered wildlife ?
How much does the war on drugs cost Americans each year?
How is text messaging affecting teen literacy?
Are humans still evolving ?
What technologies are available to home owners to help them conserve energy ?
How have oil spills affected the planet and what steps are being taken to prevent them?
What was the Magna Carta and how did it change England?
What is the curse of the pharaohs?
Why was Socrates executed?
What nonlethal weapons are used by police to subdue rioters?
How does the prison population in America compare to other nations?
How did ancient sailors navigate the globe?
Can gamblers ever acquire a statistical advantage over the house in casino games?
What is alchemy and how has it been attempted?
How are black holes formed?
How was the assassination of Abraham Lincoln plotted and executed?
Do the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks?
How do submarines work?
Do lie detector tests accurately determine truthful statements?
How did Cold War tension affect the US and the world?
What happened to the lost settlers at Roanoke ?
How does a hybrid car save energy?
What ingredients can be found inside of a hotdog ?
How did Julius Caesar affect Rome?
What are some common sleep disorders and how are they treated?
How did the Freedom Riders change society?
How is internet censorship used in China and around the world?
What was the code of the Bushido and how did it affect samurai warriors ?
What are the risks of artificial tanning or prolonged exposure to the sun?
What programs are available to help war veterans get back into society?
What steps are involved in creating a movie or television show?
How have the film and music industries dealt with piracy ?
How did Joan of Arc change history?
What responsibilities do secret service agents have?
How does a shark hunt?
What dangers and hardships did Lewis and Clark face when exploring the Midwest?
Has the Patriot Act prevented or stopped terrorist acts in America?
Do states that allow citizens to carry guns have higher or lower crime rates?
How are the Great Depression and the Great Recession similar and different?
What are the dangers of scuba diving and underwater exploration?
How does the human brain store and retrieve memories ?
What was the Manhattan Project and what impact did it have on the world?
How does stealth technology shield aircraft from radar?
What causes tornadoes ?
Why did Martin Luther protest against the Catholic Church?
How does a search engine work?
What are the current capabilities and future goals of genetic engineers ?
How did the Roman Empire fall?
What obstacles faced scientists in breaking the sound barrier ?
How did the black plague affect Europe?
What happened to Amelia Earhart ?
What are the dangers and hazards of using nuclear power ?
How did Genghis Khan conquer Persia?
What architectural marvels were found in Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire ?
From where does spam email come and can we stop it?
How does night vision work?
How did journalists influence US war efforts in Vietnam ?
What are the benefits and hazards of medical marijuana ?
What causes desert mirages and how do they affect wanderers?
What was the cultural significance of the first moon landing ?
What are sinkholes and how are they formed?
Have any psychics ever solved crimes or prevented them from occurring?
Who is Vlad the Impaler and what is his connection to Count Dracula ?
What are the risks of climate change and global warming ?
What treatments are available to people infected with HIV and are they effective?
Who was a greater inventor, Leonardo di Vinci or Thomas Edison ?
How are the Chinese and American economies similar and different?
Why was communism unsuccessful in so many countries?
In what ways do video games affect children and teenagers?

This is an image of a young woman in a library. She is sitting at a desk with a pile of books and looking toward the ceiling. She appears to be in deep thought.

923 Comments

I like using this website when I assist kids with learning as a lot of these topics are quickly covered in the school systems. Thankyou

Mackenah Nicole Molina

Wow! I always have trouble deiciding what to do a research project on but this list has totally solved that. Now my only problem is choosing what idea on this list I should do first!

Most of these my teacher rejected because apparently ‘these aren’t grade level topics, and I doubt they interest you”

I’m sorry to hear that. Sounds like you will have a potentially valuable character-building experience in the short-term.

Edwin Augusto Galindo Cuba

THIS SITE IS AWESOME, THERE ARE LOTS OF TOPICS TO LEARN AND MASTER OUR SKILLS!

research kid

I need one about animals, please. I have been challenged to a animal research project, Due Friday. I have no clue what to research! somebody help, thanks for reading!

You can do one on bats

For international studies you can do Defense and Security.

This was very helpful.

Research on Ben Franklin? I think THAT will get a real charge out of everyone (hehehehegetit)

Mandy Maher

“Is it possible to colonize Mars?”

maddy burney

these are silly topics

thx for making this real.

Mary Nnamani

Please I need project topics on Language Literature

Marcella Vallarino

I would appreciate a list of survey questions for middle school grades 6-8

I need a research topics about public sector management

I NEED FIVE EXAMPLES EACH ON QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH (EDUCATION, HEALTH, TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMY AND ENGINEERING)

publish research that are interesting please……

hey can you do one on the burmiueda triangle

Anybody know video games effect kids,and,teens. There Fun!!

they’re

I need a topic about woman history if any of u can find 1 please that would be great!

You could research about the history of the astronauts, and of human past (WWI, WWII, etc.)

so about women? Manitoba Women Win the Right to Vote in Municipal Elections, The First Women, January 23, 1849: Elizabeth Blackwell becomes the first woman to graduate from medical school and become a doctor in the United States, Rosa Parks Civil Rights Equal Pay. I have way more. so if you need more just ask.

communism is good

what are you a communist?!?!

Did FDR know about the upcoming attack on Pearl Harbor on 07 DEC 1941.

do you know how babies are born

Christine Singu

kindly assist with a research topic in the field of accounting or auditing

need more about US army

Please can yiu give me a topic in education

I think one should be how can music/Video games can affect the life for people

or How Do Video Games Affect Teenagers?

zimbabwe leader

I think a good topic is supporting the confederate flag!

Need a research topic within the context of students union government and dues payments

do more weird ones plz

joyce alcantara

Hi pls po can you give me a topic relate for humanities pls thank u.

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Top-notch Research Paper Topics List

29 November, 2020

16 minutes read

Author: Kate Smith

You know how they say: “Be strong; the beginnings to great things are always the hardest”? And though you might not consider writing a research paper and choosing a good research paper topic a really great thing, you see our point. If you are having troubles getting started with the composition in question, we have good news for you.

We have come up with a lengthy list of good research paper topics that will come in handy if you are running out of research paper ideas. Sounds like something you can use? Then don’t hesitate to make the most out of it!

And if you would rather order a whole piece from a professional, we can be of much help here too. Our research paper writing service can craft a piece for you at any time and on any topic. Just drop us a line!

But before we dive into various topics we have to offer, consider checking out our recommendations on how to find argumentative research paper topics all by yourself.

What is a Good Topic for a Research Paper?

There are several facets of a good research paper topic. To put it short, your theme should be:

When you pose a topic for your research, be sure that it is clear. A reader should be able to understand its purpose right away. If he doesn’t, you did not do a very good job formulating the subject line.

No kidding: you should do your best to be innovative even if you are writing a paper on something as old as time. It might not be simple, but we’re sure you can find a new perspective if you dedicate enough time to the search.

The paper must contain precise figures or facts. They are at the core of your research. Don’t confuse this type of composition with descriptive writing. They have nothing in common. So, focus on precise data: that’s exactly what your readers expect from you.

How to Choose Interesting Research Paper Topics

Before you take one of the topics we suggest, we recommend you to try to come up with a good topic yourself. It might be easier than you think. Here are several ways to spot an interesting idea:

Think of Something You Find Interesting.

There are always things we find astonishing but don’t have enough time to explore deeper. Maybe this is your chance to give it some time and conduct in-depth research. Of course, take into account the discipline and the academic level required. Thus, it’s pretty clear that you can’t talk about the Vietnam War for the Social Studies class paper (unless you’re looking into the differences of the military operations impact on the civilians and soldiers).

Choose a Topic With Sufficient Data for the Research.

The main point of writing this paper lies in finding information at various credible sources and refining it. Therefore, if you pick a subject that is somewhat new or wasn’t studied well in the past, you’ll have no information to work with. That is why the availability of credible information is vital to the success of the writing process.

Narrow the Subject Down.

The subject you find great interest in might be too broad. Not to sound too shallow, it’s better for you to pick just one perspective of the problem and study it carefully. This way you will be able to dive deep enough into the research instead of just hitting the high spots.

These are our recommendations on how to choose a theme on your own. Now let’s look into other tips we’d like to offer to you before you get down to writing.

Related post: How to write an Argumentative essay

How to write an outline for a research paper

While you can find all the essential information in our guide on how to write a perfect research paper outline , here we’ll introduce you to the basics.

Find an engaging topic. For it, read on to see what subject line we have to offer.
Create a list of credible sources to take a look at. You can either ask you tutor for recommendations, surf the web, or go old school and visit a library for suggestions.
Mark all the elements you will add to your outline.
Briefly explain what each of these components will be about. But don’t bury the blueprint under too many details. Keep it short!
Finally, find good examples to explore.

Now, that you understand how to craft a plan for your paper, have our tips to help you out along the way, your only job is to find good topic ideas to write about. And we can help you with that too!

Note that our company provides academic writing help. You can buy a research paper written from scratch by our essay writer .

Now that you know your ways around crafting good research papers, we want to introduce you to our list of various ideas you can conduct a thorough research on. Use our ideas if coming up with your own is something you don’t want to deal with at the moment.

Psychology Research Paper Topics

Are people with the IQ level above the average really unhappy?
Eating disorders: Are they necessarily associated with the self-image issues?
The impact of stress on the mental health of a person.
The nature and causes of child violence.
Insomnia as a valid excuse for breaking the rules or committing crimes.
Race relations in the USA in the 20th century and today.
The nature and causes of sexual orientation: Different perspectives on the issue.

Easy Research Paper Topics

The glass ceiling: Myth or reality?
Popular ventures started without money.
The history of the social media boom around the globe.
Top tech startups of the 21st century.
Video games and their impact on the development of young people.
Animal testing across the globe.
Is global warming real?
Has the Internet become a safer place with the cybersecurity principles implementation?
The impact of the screen time on a child’s mental development.
The US election system: The history and principles behind it.

World History Research Paper Topics

The life and traditions of the first Gladiators.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Bits and pieces of the tragedy.
The history of Singapore: From worst to first.
North Korea: Dictatorship ideology and its complications.
The establishment of the League of Nations.
Racial discrimination origins.
The history of the Gutenberg Bible.
The most powerful opponent of Germany in the WWI.
Egyptian pyramids: The history and meaning.
The history of Christianity.

Controversial Topics for Research Paper

The history of modern Israel.
Abortion: “My body – my rules” or the discrimination of the unborns’ rights?
How Facebook shaped the way people communicate today.
Beauty pageants: Celebration of the beauty or discrimination in disguise?
Death penalty around the globe.
Implications of gun control in the USA.
Creationism against Evolution.
Physical punishment as a core principle of children’s upbringing.
The origins of the “invasion of privacy” notion across the world.
The impact of social media addiction on young people.
Genetic predisposition to committing a crime.

High School Research Paper Topics

School uniform: The good, the bad, and the ugly.
The effect of sexual acts displays on TV.
The American Dream of Generation X and the Millennials.
Biggest cults existing today in the world.
Learning disabilities: Their nature, causes, and solutions.
The history of Somalia.
The portrayal of a woman in the social media today and 20 years ago.
Freedom of expression.
The poorest nations in the world.
The effect of feminism on Europe.
The impact of classical music on one’s brain.

Literature Research Paper Topics

The relevance of the US Literature class choices to the modern youth.
Examples of literature pieces that shaped whole cultures across the globe.
Feminism in literature.
The issue of the Holocaust in the world’s literature.
The first translations of the Bible.
Literature is known to be most effective in the struggle against illiteracy in different cultures.
The brightest images of Death in literature.
The history of slavery in Africa in world literature.
Romanticism in Spanish literature.
The moralism of the British literature of the 20th century.

College Research Paper Topics

Success stories of college dropouts.
The rarest phobias and fears people have.
The history of e-learning around the globe.
Can higher education grant a successful future career?
Should grades be banned from the educational system?
The use and harm of vaccination.
The new emerging specializations and professions of the 21st century.
The most effective teaching methods today.
The History of the Ivy League.
College re-organization for the better future of education.
Private vs. Public colleges in the USA: Pros and cons.

Persuasive Research Paper Topics

Antisemitism origins.
Sex education pushes the youth to involve in sexual relations too early.
The last days of newspapers in our media-controlled world.
The danger of the GMO.
Impact of Instagram on teenagers’ self-esteem.
Pros and cons of studying at a single-sex school.
Overpopulation management.
Deforestation: Are we digging our own grave this way?
People using cell phones while driving should be held criminally liable.
Paying children for good grades: Different perspectives on the issue.

Sports Research Paper Topics

The greatest athlete in the history of the world.
The history of the Olympic Games.
Why are cybersports considered sports?
The history of marathons and their use today.
Doping in sports.
The use of playing competitive sports.
The most dangerous sports from all over the world.
Should sports be used as a therapy in prisons?
Should student athletes be paid for playing sports?
The effect of physical activities on the human’s brain.

Criminal Justice Research Paper Topics

Prisoners falsely accused and then released should receive financial compensation from the state.
Sexual harassment problem in Europe and the USA.
Should corporate abuse be considered a criminal injustice case?
The death penalty in different countries.
Hate crime history in the USA.
Control over the brutal behavior of guardsmen at prisons.
Should mental issues affect the court judgment?
Sex slavery: Should people buying and selling sex slaves be sentenced to the death penalty?
Should the criminals be allowed to vote?
Two sides of the Mandatory Minimum sentencing.

Topics about Technology for the Research Paper

Will artificial intelligence substitute humans at a workplace?
Saving the Earth today with the aid of state-of-the-art technologies.
Self-driving cars development history.
The history of Virtual and Augmented realities.
Positive use of nuclear energy and the future.
How does the lie detector work? Is this a trustworthy technology?
The history of aviation in the world.

Medical Research Paper Topics

Why animal testing should be stopped.
The history of the Placebo treatment.
Euthanasia: What doctors from different countries think about it.
The use of vegetarianism: The myth or reality?
Mental breakdown: Causes and prevention.
The notion of mood in medicine.
Should marijuana be allowed for recreational purposes?
Should vaccination be mandatory?
The history of plague in Europe.
The most dangerous virus of today.

Ethics Research Paper Topics

Religion and morality: Are people with strong moral beliefs more moral than atheists?
Should teachers be allowed to carry weapons to school?
Prostitution across the globe.
Should recycling be made mandatory?
Paparazzi and the invasion of celebrities’ privacy.
Parents should monitor their kids’ Internet use.
Do laws generally patronize women and discriminate against men?
Adoption by single parents vs. adoption by a two-parent family today.
Countries that use child labor: Should we use their products?
Should breastfeeding in public be banned?

Tips on Writing a Research Paper

Write an outline. An outline will help you stay focused. Since this type of writing is quite lengthy, it is easy to lose track along the way. That is why crafting a detailed outline is in your best interest. It will serve as a roadmap or a blueprint of the whole project.
Start bright. You only have one chance to make a positive first impression. That is why you simply cannot afford writing a dull introduction. There are certain rules on how to start a research paper, and you’d better stick to the rules as described in our guide. A bright opening paragraph will ensure the genuine interest of your audience in what you have to say about the topic and will keep them engaged as you write.
Use immaculate grammar and spelling. Nothing kills a good paper like poor grammar or spelling. It distracts the reader from the main point and makes him stumble while reading. And if you’re worried that grammar and spelling checking will take up too much of your time, don’t worry: you can always use technologies like Grammarly to do the job for you in seconds.
Compose a compelling thesis statement. A thesis statement is the central point of your research paper. You need to insert it in the introduction and make sure that this central idea is exactly one sentence long. Make it loud and clear. However, given the length of this vital part of a research paper, don’t bore readers with too many unnecessary details. This means that you should mention what issue you will look into and why but don’t explain in which ways you will achieve this. Here is a complete guide on what is a thesis statement that will walk you through the process step by step. Enjoy!
Stay within the word count limits. This type of writing has a rather strict word count limit. And you need to stay within it. Tutors don’t have all the time in the world to read long pieces. If you can’t stay within word count limits, they’ll assume you didn’t spend enough time filtering the most vital information out of the research (even if you did). So, not to give them that false impression, don’t make it too short or too long. Make it just right. This is the case when the size matters!
Ask for help. After spending long hours crafting this paper, you are likely to miss some important points. The thing is that you know exactly what you wanted to say, and mistakes seem to be left unnoticed. Not to let them slip into your text, ask your peers, friends, or family to take a look at your writing. Their fresh perspective might be of much help to you!

We hope our research paper topics ideas will help you pick a theme you are genuinely interested in. We promise: conducting research and diving into the search can be a lot of fun as long as you choose an engaging subject.

Related posts: Argumentative essay topics | Compare&Contrast essay topics

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55 Research Paper Topics to Jumpstart Your Writing

The research paper is one of the most tried and true assignments in high school or college. It's your teacher's opportunity to see how well you can research, convey, and organize that research, and assemble everything into one five-paragraph (or maybe 15-page) paper.

Before you get started on your paper, you'll need to have a comprehensive understanding of what your teacher expects out of your completed assignment, as well as a really great topic that you can spend a lot of time researching. However, with several classes filled with many students, your teachers have likely seen the same topics over and over (and over) again. Here are some research paper topics that are guaranteed to keep your interest (and theirs). Borrow one of these ideas or get inspiration from this list, which is broken down by subject category.

Social issues research paper topics

Social issues are always going to exist, unfortunately. But the more we learn about what they are, how we can solve them, and how to prevent them, the better off we'll be. Here are a few social issues topics to think about and to do research on.

Many children are diagnosed with ADD or ADHD and are subsequently put on medication, but some advocate that children are overly medicated and that we should instead have more patience for those who can't sit still or have minor behavioral issues. How should this issue be approached?
The homeless population in the United States is more than 1.5 million people. What are the conditions that lead to someone's being homeless? Are there ways to combat it?
Girls who have been in the foster care system are more likely to be human trafficked. Why is this? What can be done?
Someone who grows up in poverty is more likely to live in poverty all their life. Why is that? How can someone escape poverty?
Opioid addiction is a huge issue in the United States right now. What led to the widespread abuse of opioid drugs? What is being done to solve this problem?
Sexual assault is a hot button issue on college campuses. How widespread is sexual assault on college campuses and what is being done to stop it?
Each year, 1.2 million students drop out of high school. What is causing them to drop out? What can be done to combat the dropout rate?
Many terminally-ill patients in America are advocating for assisted suicide. What countries already allow this, and what are the pros and the cons?
Performance artists in public places such as beach boardwalks have their activities regulated by some local governments. Why is this? What are the pros and the cons?
TV shows such as "Hoarders" have shed light on people who collect tremendous amounts of items, trash, and/or animals in their house. How are these people being helped? What causes hoarding problems?

Political research paper topics

The events in politics may always be changing, but the nature of politics remains the same. There's always a lot to discuss and a lot to learn, making for a very interesting research topic for your paper. Here are a few ideas to get you thinking.

North Korea has recently ramped up its nuclear program. What are some ramifications of this?
There has been a large political divide in the country for the past few years. What factors led to the large division?
What is the AHCA? How is it different from the ACA?
The U.S. recently pulled out of the Paris Climate Agreement. What is the Paris Climate Agreement and what is America's history of involvement with it?
Confederate monuments are being torn down after the events in Charlottesville. Write about the history of one confederate monument that's been torn down. When was it built? What were the circumstances of it being constructed?
Some feel that religious liberties have been threatened in the United States for several years. Why do they feel this way? What is the history of religious liberties in this country?
Much of the news in the last couple of years has been the rise of populism. What is the definition of populism? How does it affect the political climate?
Many parents are choosing not to vaccinate their children because they have read that there is a link between vaccines and autism. Should parents have to vaccinate their children to guarantee herd immunity for all children? Even though the evidence points out that vaccines do not cause autism, why do parents still insist? How have certain celebrities contributed to this issue by being vocal on this topic?
Many people in "Middle America" don't feel that their viewpoints are adequately expressed in the national media. Why do they feel this way? How does this affect national discourse?

Historical research paper topics

Many of us learn a lot about the Revolutionary War or the Civil War in our classrooms, but often there's not enough time to explore everything that you might be interested in. Here are a few off-the-beaten-path research paper topics that will be sure to capture your attention as well as your instructor's.

What caused the market crash of 2008? How are we still recovering?
There were several all black towns in the United States in the early 20th century. What led to the establishment of these cities?
Who were the Freedom Riders?
What were the Tulsa Race Riots?
What was Female Hysteria in the Victorian era?
There are a lot of conspiracy theories surrounding Kennedy's assassination. Research about one in depth and discuss how the theory came about.
What was the Korean War over? How does it affect society today?
What was the Vietnam War over? How does it affect society today?
What was the Space Race? Who were the major players and why did it matter so much who got to the moon first?
Why did a lot of protesters and "hippies" gather at Haight-Ashbury in the 1960s? Write about the history of this notable neighborhood in San Francisco.
What were Jim Crow laws? How do they still affect society today?
When was Affirmative Action enacted? How does it still affect society today?
What was the Reconstructive era? How does it still affect the South today?
What was Watergate? Who were the major players and what was the result? How did it affect the country?
What was the Equal Rights Amendment? Why was it not ratified?
What was Prohibition? What were the circumstances and why did it finally end?
Who was the first woman to hold political office in the United States?
Eleanor Roosevelt was a very notable First Lady. Who was she and why was she so important?
What was the case Loving v. Virginia? Who did it involve and what was it about?

Environmental research paper topics

There are many things to learn and research on about the world around us. Whether it's how we can combat climate change or research alternative fuels, it's important to know the answers for a healthy global environment for our future children and grandchildren. Here are a few ideas for environmental research paper topics.

What is global warming? What can we do to minimize the effects of it?
Some people say that certain global warming studies are funded by industries that have a vested interest in the issue, such as solar energy companies. How are they funded and conducted? Should the research be conducted by impartial parties?
The polar ice caps are melting. What does this mean for our environment?
There are many endangered species throughout the world. Pick one to write about and write about conservation efforts being made.
What are alternative fuels? Should we use them or not? Write about the pros and the cons.
What are some ways you could individually reduce your carbon footprint?
What countries are leading the globe on combating climate change? What steps are they taking to lead the way?
What is deforestation and how does it affect the environment?
Many coral reefs are disappearing. Why is that and what kind of actions are scientists taking?
What are sinkholes? Why do they occur?

Film, literature, and art research paper topics

Film, literature, and art are part of what defines a culture. It's not surprising then that there is much to explore when you are thinking about these topics. Here are a few interesting paper topics that pertain to film, literature, and art.

Look at a list of classic films. Pick one and write about why it was so influential.
In the year 2017 it's still quite rare to find a female film director. Pick a favorite female film director and discuss what unique perspectives she adds to film and culture.
There's more of a push to ignore the traditional "canon" of literature because it features a lot of white, male writers. What do this mean and what do you think of it?
Female artists are highly underrepresented in art museums throughout the world. Is it just that there aren't many female artists traditionally? What are some efforts being made to include more female artists?
Some people feel that Hollywood is hypocritical in embracing director Roman Polanski. What makes them feel this way? What events made him a controversial figure?
Read a banned book and research on why the book was banned. What were the circumstances?
They say poetry is a dying art. What do you think? Is poetry still alive and well?

After you've chosen a topic, be sure to get a second opinion

Choosing an interesting research paper topic is often half the battle. Once you get a topic nailed down that you're really fascinated by, it's a lot easier to research and write about it.

After you've written all of the content of your research paper, it's always important to get someone to look over your paper and ensure that it's error-free and makes sense to the reader. If you have any questions, be sure to reach out to your instructor or a parent for advice. Finally, if you want to ensure that your paper doesn't contain any spelling or grammar mistakes, you should consider hiring a professional editor such as one from ServiceScape to take a look at your paper. A professional can help you spot an error that you may have missed and help you achieve clean, easy-to-read copy that is guaranteed to impress.

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Research Process Guide

Step 1 - Identifying and Developing a Topic
Step 2 - Narrowing Your Topic
Step 3 - Developing Research Questions
Step 4 - Conducting a Literature Review
Step 5 - Choosing a Conceptual or Theoretical Framework
Step 6 - Determining Research Methodology
Step 6a - Determining Research Methodology - Quantitative Research Methods
Step 6b - Determining Research Methodology - Qualitative Design
Step 7 - Considering Ethical Issues in Research with Human Subjects - Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Step 8 - Collecting Data
Step 9 - Analyzing Data
Step 10 - Interpreting Results
Step 11 - Writing Up Results

Step 1: Identifying and Developing a Topic

Whatever your field or discipline, the best advice to give on identifying a research topic is to choose something that you find really interesting. You will be spending an enormous amount of time with your topic, you need to be invested. Over the course of your research design, proposal and actually conducting your study, you may feel like you are really tired of your topic, however, your interest and investment in the topic will help you persist through dissertation defense. Identifying a research topic can be challenging. Most of the research that has been completed on the process of conducting research fails to examine the preliminary stages of the interactive and self-reflective process of identifying a research topic (Wintersberger & Saunders, 2020). You may choose a topic at the beginning of the process, and through exploring the research that has already been done, one’s own interests that are narrowed or expanded in scope, the topic will change over time (Dwarkadas & Lin, 2019). Where do I begin? According to the research, there are generally two paths to exploring your research topic, creative path and the rational path (Saunders et al., 2019). The rational path takes a linear path and deals with questions we need to ask ourselves like: what are some timely topics in my field in the media right now?; what strengths do I bring to the research?; what are the gaps in the research about the area of research interest? (Saunders et al., 2019; Wintersberger & Saunders, 2020).The creative path is less linear in that it may include keeping a notebook of ideas based on discussion in coursework or with your peers in the field. Whichever path you take, you will inevitably have to narrow your more generalized ideas down. A great way to do that is to continue reading the literature about and around your topic looking for gaps that could be explored. Also, try engaging in meaningful discussions with experts in your field to get their take on your research ideas (Saunders et al., 2019; Wintersberger & Saunders, 2020). It is important to remember that a research topic should be (Dwarkadas & Lin, 2019; Saunders et al., 2019; Wintersberger & Saunders, 2020):

Interesting to you.
Realistic in that it can be completed in an appropriate amount of time.
Relevant to your program or field of study.
Not widely researched.

Dwarkadas, S., & Lin, M. C. (2019, August 04). Finding a research topic. Computing Research Association for Women, Portland State University. https://cra.org/cra-wp/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/04/FindingResearchTopic/2019.pdf

Saunders, M. N. K., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research methods for business students (8th ed.). Pearson.

Wintersberger, D., & Saunders, M. (2020). Formulating and clarifying the research topic: Insights and a guide for the production management research community. Production, 30 . https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6513.20200059

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2023 1:35 PM
URL: https://libguides.kean.edu/ResearchProcessGuide

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150 Research Paper Topics

Whether you’re in high school or college, there will come a time when you’ll be required to write a research paper. For many students, writing a research paper can be a challenging task.

Writing the research paper might seem like it’s the hardest part of the entire paper, but for many students, it’s picking out what topic to write about.

If you’re having a difficult time figuring out what topic to write your research paper about, we’ve compiled a list of 150 topics for you to choose from!

How to Choose a Topic for a Research Paper

Pick a few areas or topics that you’re interested in and narrow it down to the topic that you like the best. You’ll be able to put together an insightful paper if you’re interested in the topic you chose.
Make sure you have enough references for your topic. Doing a quick search will help you see if your topic is discussed enough for you to do research.
Make sure your topic fits within your teacher’s guidelines. Your teacher may have set restrictions on certain topics or even requirements that they may want in your paper.

Health Topics

How can lifestyle habits influence overall health?
How does breastfeeding improve the infant’s health?
Reasons why the flu virus is different from year to year.
Different types of stem cells and their usage.
Sleep disorders’ impact on the overall health condition.
The healthiest diet does not exist.
Stop smoking to improve mental health.
Why are carbs bad for people who are insulin resistant?
Why is the skin on a face more sensitive to breakouts and touch than on any other part of the body?
Low carbohydrate vs. low-fat diets.

Science Topics

How has the earth’s climate changed in the past few decades?
What are the pros and cons of fracking?
Should the US rely on nuclear energy more?
How are black holes created?
Why is “dark matter” important?
Is global warming a hoax? Is it being exaggerated?
What are the main sources of marine pollution?
Endangered species – How can we preserve them?
What did you do to make the world a better place?
What have NASA’s biggest successes and failures been?

Psychology Topics

What Are Psychological Effects of Technology Addiction?
What Causes Eating Disorders?
How Do Certain People Become Leaders?
How Important Is Love for the Child’s Development?
How Does Lack of Sleep Affect Our Mental Health?
Insomnia and its Effects on Human Health.
Physical and Mental Violence on Children and Domestic Abuse.
How dangerous are eating disorders?
Post-traumatic stress syndrome.
What causes depression?

Ethics Topics

How and why have divorce rates changed over time?
Should physician-assisted suicide be legal?
How has stem cell research impacted the medical field?
How can human trafficking be reduced in the United States/world?
Importance of following ethics in psychological research.

Social Media Topics

Are social networks making us lonely and unsociable?
How to protect children online?
Is there such a thing as social media addiction?
Who are world-famous influencers on social media?
Does social media affect our relationships?
Are teens who spend more time on social media more likely to suffer anxiety and/or depression?
Has social media made people more or less connected?
How does social media influence interpersonal communication?
How can one defend privacy issues on Facebook and other social media?
Impacts of social media on youth.

Legal Issues Topics

Should marijuana be legalized at the national level?
Should there be a law preventing cyber-bullying?
What can be done to improve family law?
What countries have the worst legal systems?
What countries have the best legal systems?
What are the main flaws of the legal system in the USA?
Does police brutality contribute to the onset of hate crimes?
Why should the minimum legal drinking age be kept at eighteen years?
Does drug legalization contribute to the increased crime rate?
How do torrenting sites influence creativity and copyright?

Technology Topics

Do smartphones increase or decrease workplace productivity?
What are the most effective ways to use technology in the classroom?
How is Google search affecting our intelligence?
What are some advances in technology related to medicine?
Can everything be solar powered?
How is text messaging affecting teen literacy?
How can technology help in preventing terrorist attacks?

Government Topics

Several states have legalized recreational marijuana. What positive and negative impacts have they experienced as a result?
Has the increase in US airport security made passengers safer?
Should the federal government be allowed to regulate information on the internet?
Should the United States of America reform its Immigration policies?
Which prison reforms have proven most effective?

Education Topics

Do students from wealthier backgrounds score higher on standardized tests?
How does giving each student access to an iPad or laptop affect their studies?
Do children who attend preschool do better in school later on?
What impact does mandatory physical education classes have on students’ health?
Which methods are most effective at reducing bullying in schools?
How does college debt affect future life choices of students?
E-Learning at home VS traditional education.
The Effectiveness and Flaws of the No Child Left Behind Act.
General tests and their effectiveness in various institutions.
How to encourage students to study what they are passionate about?

Business Topics

How has business etiquette changed in the past few years?
Features that define a true business leader.
Things that make young startups fail during the first couple of years.
Does franchising make it easier to run a business?
Pros & cons of outsourcing services.

Sports Topics

Importance of physical exercise in school.
Is cheerleading a sport?
Do sports influence an individual’s emotional well-being?
Safest exercises for students with disabilities.
Collaboration on a sports field. What is the most effective communication strategy among sports team members?
Differences in the Italian Renaissance and Northern Renaissance.
Impacts famous artists had on the world.
The art of Ancient Egypt.
Censorship in art.
Analyze the impact a famous artist had on the world.

Entertainment Topics

Are violent video games really to blame for problems in children’s behavior?
Are beauty contests making beauty standards even more unachievable?
Are modern media gradually replacing newspapers?
Reasons why we cannot do without the mass media.
Compare and contrast the benefits of mass media to society.
How have shows like “Project Runway” influenced fashion? Have they motivated people to become more creative and personal in what they wear?
Are newspapers going extinct?
Do TV shows impose unreal moral standards?
Women competing against men: is it really fair?
How fake moral standards are imposed by television

Current Events Topics

Analyze the history of the relationship between the United States and North Korea.
What factors contributed to the current decline in the rate of unemployment?
What have been the impacts of states which have increased their minimum wage?
How do US immigration laws compare to immigration laws of other countries?
How have the US’s immigration laws changed in the past few years/decades?
Is the U.S. economy becoming stronger or weaker?
Is there a better way to fight the war against drugs internationally?
Can Bitcoin really become the currency of the future in America?
Preventing police brutality: history and what citizens can do.
History of the electoral college system of voting.

History Topics

What events led to the fall of the Roman Empire?
Was the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki necessary?
What were the causes of the Civil War?
How did Abraham Lincoln’s assassination impact the country and reconstruction after the Civil War?
Which factors contributed to the colonies winning the American Revolution?
What caused Hitler’s rise to power?
Discuss how a specific invention impacted history.
What Factors Caused the Stock Market Crash in 1929?
What Were the Social Consequences of the Vietnam War?
What Is the Role of Women in the Military?

Physics and Astronomy Topics

What Is Pluto if It’s not a Planet?
Can We Determine How Old the Universe Is?
What Are Dark Holes?
Could People Survive on Mars?
Is Space Exploration Really Necessary?
Can We Prevent a Large Comet from Striking the Earth?
What are the physics behind the creation of rainbows?
The importance of robots in industries.
The evolution of the self-driving car and its impact on the economy.
The role of physics in the healthcare industry.

Animals Topics

Do animals express love?
Is animal testing a kind of animal cruelty?
Should environments be protected if endangered species live there?
How have humans bred domestic animals to be different from their original wild counterparts?
What is the current genetic and fossil evidence that chickens, dogs, and other domestic animals were much different even a few hundred years ago?

Medical Topics

The use of medical marijuana: pros and cons
Is it safe for children to be vegetarians?
How the society views on vaccines change
Can pharmaceutical companies advertise prescription drugs directly to buyers?
The role of doctors in the growing nation’s drug addiction
How many treatments to Autism are there?
How is ageism impacting mental health and addictions?
What are the pros and cons of antipsychotics?
Should alternative medicine be legalized?
Is the relationship between the FDA and the pharmaceutical industry a good one?

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100 Interesting Research Paper Topics for High Schoolers

What’s covered:, how to pick the right research topic, elements of a strong research paper.

Interesting Research Paper Topics

Composing a research paper can be a daunting task for first-time writers. In addition to making sure you’re using concise language and your thoughts are organized clearly, you need to find a topic that draws the reader in.

CollegeVine is here to help you brainstorm creative topics! Below are 100 interesting research paper topics that will help you engage with your project and keep you motivated until you’ve typed the final period.

A research paper is similar to an academic essay but more lengthy and requires more research. This added length and depth is bittersweet: although a research paper is more work, you can create a more nuanced argument, and learn more about your topic. Research papers are a demonstration of your research ability and your ability to formulate a convincing argument. How well you’re able to engage with the sources and make original contributions will determine the strength of your paper.

You can’t have a good research paper without a good research paper topic. “Good” is subjective, and different students will find different topics interesting. What’s important is that you find a topic that makes you want to find out more and make a convincing argument. Maybe you’ll be so interested that you’ll want to take it further and investigate some detail in even greater depth!

For example, last year over 4000 students applied for 500 spots in the Lumiere Research Scholar Program , a rigorous research program founded by Harvard researchers. The program pairs high-school students with Ph.D. mentors to work 1-on-1 on an independent research project . The program actually does not require you to have a research topic in mind when you apply, but pro tip: the more specific you can be the more likely you are to get in!

Introduction

The introduction to a research paper serves two critical functions: it conveys the topic of the paper and illustrates how you will address it. A strong introduction will also pique the interest of the reader and make them excited to read more. Selecting a research paper topic that is meaningful, interesting, and fascinates you is an excellent first step toward creating an engaging paper that people will want to read.

Thesis Statement

A thesis statement is technically part of the introduction—generally the last sentence of it—but is so important that it merits a section of its own. The thesis statement is a declarative sentence that tells the reader what the paper is about. A strong thesis statement serves three purposes: present the topic of the paper, deliver a clear opinion on the topic, and summarize the points the paper will cover.

An example of a good thesis statement of diversity in the workforce is:

Diversity in the workplace is not just a moral imperative but also a strategic advantage for businesses, as it fosters innovation, enhances creativity, improves decision-making, and enables companies to better understand and connect with a diverse customer base.

The body is the largest section of a research paper. It’s here where you support your thesis, present your facts and research, and persuade the reader.

Each paragraph in the body of a research paper should have its own idea. The idea is presented, generally in the first sentence of the paragraph, by a topic sentence. The topic sentence acts similarly to the thesis statement, only on a smaller scale, and every sentence in the paragraph with it supports the idea it conveys.

An example of a topic sentence on how diversity in the workplace fosters innovation is:

Diversity in the workplace fosters innovation by bringing together individuals with different backgrounds, perspectives, and experiences, which stimulates creativity, encourages new ideas, and leads to the development of innovative solutions to complex problems.

The body of an engaging research paper flows smoothly from one idea to the next. Create an outline before writing and order your ideas so that each idea logically leads to another.

The conclusion of a research paper should summarize your thesis and reinforce your argument. It’s common to restate the thesis in the conclusion of a research paper.

For example, a conclusion for a paper about diversity in the workforce is:

In conclusion, diversity in the workplace is vital to success in the modern business world. By embracing diversity, companies can tap into the full potential of their workforce, promote creativity and innovation, and better connect with a diverse customer base, ultimately leading to greater success and a more prosperous future for all.

Reference Page

The reference page is normally found at the end of a research paper. It provides proof that you did research using credible sources, properly credits the originators of information, and prevents plagiarism.

There are a number of different formats of reference pages, including APA, MLA, and Chicago. Make sure to format your reference page in your teacher’s preferred style.

Analyze the benefits of diversity in education.
Are charter schools useful for the national education system?
How has modern technology changed teaching?
Discuss the pros and cons of standardized testing.
What are the benefits of a gap year between high school and college?
What funding allocations give the most benefit to students?
Does homeschooling set students up for success?
Should universities/high schools require students to be vaccinated?
What effect does rising college tuition have on high schoolers?
Do students perform better in same-sex schools?
Discuss and analyze the impacts of a famous musician on pop music.
How has pop music evolved over the past decade?
How has the portrayal of women in music changed in the media over the past decade?
How does a synthesizer work?
How has music evolved to feature different instruments/voices?
How has sound effect technology changed the music industry?
Analyze the benefits of music education in high schools.
Are rehabilitation centers more effective than prisons?
Are congestion taxes useful?
Does affirmative action help minorities?
Can a capitalist system effectively reduce inequality?
Is a three-branch government system effective?
What causes polarization in today’s politics?
Is the U.S. government racially unbiased?
Choose a historical invention and discuss its impact on society today.
Choose a famous historical leader who lost power—what led to their eventual downfall?
How has your country evolved over the past century?
What historical event has had the largest effect on the U.S.?
Has the government’s response to national disasters improved or declined throughout history?
Discuss the history of the American occupation of Iraq.
Explain the history of the Israel-Palestine conflict.
Is literature relevant in modern society?
Discuss how fiction can be used for propaganda.
How does literature teach and inform about society?
Explain the influence of children’s literature on adulthood.
How has literature addressed homosexuality?
Does the media portray minorities realistically?
Does the media reinforce stereotypes?
Why have podcasts become so popular?
Will streaming end traditional television?
What is a patriot?
What are the pros and cons of global citizenship?
What are the causes and effects of bullying?
Why has the divorce rate in the U.S. been declining in recent years?
Is it more important to follow social norms or religion?
What are the responsible limits on abortion, if any?
How does an MRI machine work?
Would the U.S. benefit from socialized healthcare?
Elderly populations
The education system
State tax bases
How do anti-vaxxers affect the health of the country?
Analyze the costs and benefits of diet culture.
Should companies allow employees to exercise on company time?
What is an adequate amount of exercise for an adult per week/per month/per day?
Discuss the effects of the obesity epidemic on American society.
Are students smarter since the advent of the internet?
What departures has the internet made from its original design?
Has digital downloading helped the music industry?
Discuss the benefits and costs of stricter internet censorship.
Analyze the effects of the internet on the paper news industry.
What would happen if the internet went out?
How will artificial intelligence (AI) change our lives?
What are the pros and cons of cryptocurrency?
How has social media affected the way people relate with each other?
Should social media have an age restriction?
Discuss the importance of source software.
What is more relevant in today’s world: mobile apps or websites?
How will fully autonomous vehicles change our lives?
How is text messaging affecting teen literacy?

Mental Health

What are the benefits of daily exercise?
How has social media affected people’s mental health?
What things contribute to poor mental and physical health?
Analyze how mental health is talked about in pop culture.
Discuss the pros and cons of more counselors in high schools.
How does stress affect the body?
How do emotional support animals help people?
What are black holes?
Discuss the biggest successes and failures of the EPA.
How has the Flint water crisis affected life in Michigan?
Can science help save endangered species?
Is the development of an anti-cancer vaccine possible?

Environment

What are the effects of deforestation on climate change?
Is climate change reversible?
How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect global warming and climate change?
Are carbon credits effective for offsetting emissions or just marketing?
Is nuclear power a safe alternative to fossil fuels?
Are hybrid vehicles helping to control pollution in the atmosphere?
How is plastic waste harming the environment?
Is entrepreneurism a trait people are born with or something they learn?
How much more should CEOs make than their average employee?
Can you start a business without money?
Should the U.S. raise the minimum wage?
Discuss how happy employees benefit businesses.
How important is branding for a business?
Discuss the ease, or difficulty, of landing a job today.
What is the economic impact of sporting events?
Are professional athletes overpaid?
Should male and female athletes receive equal pay?
What is a fair and equitable way for transgender athletes to compete in high school sports?
What are the benefits of playing team sports?
What is the most corrupt professional sport?

Where to Get More Research Paper Topic Ideas

If you need more help brainstorming topics, especially those that are personalized to your interests, you can use CollegeVine’s free AI tutor, Ivy . Ivy can help you come up with original research topic ideas, and she can also help with the rest of your homework, from math to languages.

Disclaimer: This post includes content sponsored by Lumiere Education.

Creating a Successful Research Topic Statement (PSY)

In this tutorial, we will identify what makes for a successful research topic.

Most research topics start out as a general and often vague idea that a researcher has an interest in investigating.

Inexperienced researchers, including most doctoral learners, frequently think of topics that are quite interesting, but not narrowly enough focused for a dissertation.

This tutorial will guide you through a set of steps designed to help you come up with a topic, first of all, and secondly to focus it more tightly so that you can begin a meaningful and successful search of the existing literature to discover whether your topic is actually researchable.

This tutorial's primary objective is to prepare you to create a successful research topic that may become the topic of your dissertation. To do that, we'll work through the following issues:

First, what are the characteristics of a well-formed research topic?
Second, how are research topics evaluated?
Third, how can the key concepts and the population be narrowed and focused so that they are researchable?
Fourth, how can the relationship among concepts be named so that the appropriate methodological literature can be accessed in the literature review?

Obviously, in Track 1 you are at the beginning of your studies toward the doctorate, and perhaps your dissertation is far from your thoughts. We are starting the process now, however, because our experience has been that when learners wait to start searching for their topics, it often creates a serious problem for them when they actually start the dissertation. That problem can take many forms, but the most common one is that they have not had sufficient time (and training) in exhaustively searching the relevant literature to discover whether the topic they are interested in is even viable—and without a good topic statement, a good literature search is impossible. So let's begin.

What Is a Research Topic?

A research topic is an area of interest to a researcher that is first of all, researchable. It is focused narrowly enough that its key concepts are quite plain and well integrated. It is a topic or subject that can be found in the existing literature of the researcher's field, which shows that it is of some interest or importance to that field, and has some important characteristics.

Characteristics of a Well-formed Research Topic

The first mark of a well-formed topic is that it clearly states the key concepts to be investigated. Sometimes, only one concept is named—those studies often turn out to be qualitative, but not always. More often, two or more key concepts are named. Next, it identifies the relationship or relationships among those concepts that the researcher intends to explore. Obviously, if only one concept was named, there won't be a relationship, but in that case a word like "describes" or "experiences" will give a clue to the kind of information desired. Third, a research topic specifies the population of interest to be investigated. Finally, a research topic is just a phrase. That is, it is not a full sentence with a verb. However, the well-formed topic statement will embed the actual topic in a complete sentence. Let's look at some examples.

Some Examples of Topic Statements

Here are a few topic statements that eventually lead to successful dissertations:

Elementary age students' needs for family-based counseling services.
Indigenous people's responses to encounters with law enforcement.
Impact of mother's death on daughters in poor, middle class, and wealthy families.
The relationship between assignment strategies to prevent burnout used by managers of first responders and the occurrence of burnout.
Employees' productivity as a function of their managers' management styles.
Strategies used by mainstream classroom teachers to manage children with behavior problems who do not receive special education.

You can see immediately that all six examples, taken from the four schools in Capella University, are phrases, not complete sentences. So far, so good. The first mark of a successful topic statement is that it identifies the key concepts to be investigated, right? Let's see how the examples do that.

Evaluating the Form of the Examples: Key Concepts

In the first example, we seem to have two key concepts: "needs" and "family-based counseling services." Are they stated clearly? Probably not clearly enough: what is meant by "needs" and "family-based counseling services" is not immediately transparent. This topic will need some work, but most topics start out this way.

Let's try another: Indigenous people’s responses to encounters with law enforcement. Here, there seem to be two key concepts: "responses" and "encounters with law enforcement." These concepts are quite broad and will have to be narrowed considerably to support a researchable topic, but they provide a good start.

Let's do one more: Employees' productivity as a function of their managers' management styles.

Here, there are two key concepts, right? Productivity and management styles.

Evaluating the Form of Topics: Relationship(s) among the Key Concepts

The second mark of a successful topic is that it identifies any relationship to be investigated between or among the key concepts. Let's look at the third example to see about this.

This topic meets our criterion of being a phrase. It seems to state at least two concepts (but with multiple levels): "death" and "socio-economic status of daughters." What about the relationship? Well, it is captured in that word "impact."

An "impact" in research jargon means the effect that one concept—death—has on another concept, in this case, the daughters. One can, in fact, replace the word impact with the word effect without changing the meaning at all. So the topic is proposing a cause-and-effect kind of relationship.

Let's look at another example: The relationship between assignment strategies to prevent burnout used by managers of first responders and the occurrence of burnout

This seems complicated, but it really isn't. First, let's check the key concepts: "Assignment strategies to prevent burnout" would seem to be one key concept, and "occurrence of burnout" would be the other. These are reasonably clear, or probably would be to someone in the human resources or management worlds. No doubt they will be further clarified as the researcher works on the topic's wording. But what about the relationship? It is in the word "relationship," obviously. And in research jargon, a "relationship" between A and B is a particular kind of relationship, called a correlation.

Now, play with the other topics to see if you can identify the relationship—if any.

Evaluating the Form of Topics: Target Population

The third sign of a successful topic is that it names the target population, the group of people or organizations or groups that the researcher is interested in. Let's evaluate some of our examples on this point.

Elementary age students' needs for family-based counseling services : The population here is stated: Students of elementary school age.
Indigenous people's responses to encounters with law enforcement: Here as well, the population is indigenous people.
Impact of mother's death on daughters in poor, middle class, and wealthy families: The population is daughters in three socio-economic groups.
The relationship between assignment strategies to prevent burnout used by managers of first responders and the occurrence of burnout: You determine who the population is in this one.

Is It Managers or Is It First Responders?

The population is managers of first responders. Or is it? The awkward wording of the topic makes this a bit hard to digest. The burnout occurs in the first responders, so maybe they are the population. But the first responders' managers are the ones using the management strategies, so are they the population?

Well, the two key concepts are management strategies (used by managers) and rate of burnout (in first responders), so the researcher will have to get information from both groups of people, so both are the target population: first responders and their managers.

Take a minute and try to figure out the rest of our examples.

Summing Up the Characteristics of a Successful Topic

We've seen in action the three chief marks of a successful research topic.

The topic states the key concepts to be investigated.
It states what relationship between or among the concepts will be explored. Remember, if there is only one concept (which often is the case in qualitative studies), there won't be a relationship. But if there are two or more key concepts, look for the relationship between or among them.
The successful topic names the population of interest for the study.

A well-formed research topic will have these characteristics, but simply having them is not sufficient. The elements also need to be well-focused and narrowed down to a point where the research becomes feasible. Let's take a look at a simple method for doing this.

Narrowing the Focus

Indigenous People's Responses to Encounters With Law Enforcement
Broad Term	Narrower Term	Even More Narrow Term

Take a look at this grid. You'll see that one of our topics has been broken out into the first column. The population is first—indigenous people—followed by two concepts: responses and law enforcement. Now look at the central column, labeled "Narrower term." Notice how the very broad population has been narrowed. Similarly, "law enforcement" has been narrowed to police (there are many other types of law enforcement, such as FBI, Homeland Security, TSA, Customs and Immigration, sheriff's departments, and so on). Similarly, there are many kinds of behaviors and experiences that could be considered "responses," but the researcher is most interested in emotional responses. Now move to the third column. Can you see how each term is being narrowed yet again?

If we restated the topic now, after having narrowed it down a bit, it would look like this: Cherokee Indians' tolerance for stress when meeting traffic officers.

Let's work through another example, this time using the topic "Employees' productivity as a function of their managers' management styles."

Employees' Productivity as a Function of Their Managers' Management Styles
Broad Term	Narrower Term	Even More Narrow Term
Employees and managers
Productivity
Management style

You can see the key terms lined up in the first column. The other two columns are blank.

What would you ask yourself, if this were your topic, in order to narrow this down?

Questions to Ask for Narrowing a Topic

There are many questions you can ask yourself when you are narrowing your topic. A good opener is "So what do I really want to know about the concept?"

Another quite good question is to ask about your real interest or passion is about the concept or the population.

You can also find helpful terms by performing controlled vocabulary searches in library databases. You can find a nice tutorial on that method of searching in the Capella library at but whatever you ask yourself, keep your focus on what you truly most want to know and care about regarding the concept.

Now, let's get back to our example.

Narrowing the Focus: Employees' Productivity as a Function of Their Managers' Management Styles
Broad Term	Narrower Term	Even More Narrow Term

When the researcher asked herself what sort of employees and managers she was actually interested in, she realized it was service employees and managers. The more she pondered, and was helped by a quick check of the literature in her specialization, she realized that she was most interested in call center personnel. Then she tackled productivity . From her courses in management measurement, she knew that one way to think about productivity was days at work. But that seemed too dependent on factors outside the manager-employee relationship. She wanted a more fine-grained way to look at productivity, so she narrowed it to a specific measure, calls completed times minutes per call.

Then she took on management styl e. Knowing that there are many types, her first attempt at focusing this term was authoritarian style. That didn't satisfy her, and when she looked again at her topic, she realized that that word "function" was important. It implied to her that she was really interested in knowing how different management styles related to different degrees of productivity. At first, she put together a list of known management styles, but that felt intimidating. She decided to narrow it down to just two: authoritarian vs. flexible management style.

After all this, her topic now looked like this: Productivity as measured by calls completed times minutes per call in call center employees supervised by authoritarian managers compared to productivity in call center employees supervised by flexible managers.

She knew the wording was clunky and would need to be crafted better, but she had a much more focused topic. So far, we've been looking at two things about good research topics: what they should contain (concepts, relationships, and population), and how to narrow each element. In these narrowing exercises, we've focused on the concepts and the population. Now, let's turn our attention to the relationship . This is a very important element, because it offers an important clue about the nature of the study that might ensue.

Evaluating the Relationship Named in the Topic

Research asks all kinds of questions, and the relationship named in the research topic clues us into what kind of question the ensuing study will likely ask. Here are some questions you might ask in order to choose the right word to describe the relationship you're looking for.

What do you envision really doing?

Looking at comparisons between variables or groups of people?
Looking at relationships between two or more concepts?
Looking at effects of one or more concept on another concept or group?
Looking at outcomes of some process or treatment or condition?
Looking at experiences?
Developing a theory to explain some phenomenon?

For each of these (and there are other sorts of questions you can ask yourself), specific words can specify the relationship. Let's look at them.

If your topic compares two or more things compared with or some similar phrase indicates the relationship you want to know about. For instance, student retention rates in large urban school districts compared with small rural districts.

If your interest is about relationships between two or more concepts, try using words like relationship, in relation to, or other similar constructions. Here's an example: the frequency of church attendance in relation to socioeconomic status.

Suppose your interest is to see if one thing has an effect on something else. In that case, you can use that word, effect, or other words such as influence, impact, cause, predict, and the like. For example, the influence of tax policy on employment patterns in Midwestern communities.

An outcome is another version of a cause-and-effect relationship, specifically when you are interested in the final condition after some kind of process. For instance, the outcome of a training program. That word is excellent to use for the relationship, as in the outcome of training program A as measured by employee comprehension of corporate policies.

Are you interested in describing a certain experience, such as falling in love or being laid off work or having a baby or starting a new company? Having experiences is a very subjective thing, and the actual experience is a single thing—not one of a few variables. So there is no relationship to specify in such a topic, but the only way to learn about people's experiences is to ask them to describe them. So, words like descriptions of, accounts of, reports of, and the like can be very helpful. For instance, men's descriptions of their spiritual transformations when recovering from alcoholism.

Okay, we've covered the basics of how to craft a well-formed research topic. We've seen the marks of a good topic. They are:

The key concepts are clearly stated and well-focused so that they can be profitably found in the literature.
Second, the relationship, if any, between or among them is clearly stated. Even if there is no relationship, what you're really looking for (descriptions? accounts? reports?) can be seen in the wording.
Third, the people you want to study, your population, is clearly stated and narrowed down to a workable point. You have all these points covered in a single phrase, and if after narrowing it down that phrase is awkward, you will work on crafting it into a more graceful form.

In a minute, you'll get to work crafting your own research topic, but first I want to show you why we emphasize the importance of narrowing and focusing the key concepts, relationships, and populations.

What Do You Do With the Research Topic?

The research topic is step 1 in the sequential process of research design. Once you have your topic in hand, step 2 is to take it to the library and begin searching for existing research and theory on the topic. Here's where your key concepts need to be well-defined and narrowly focused. You will be looking for all the existing research on those key concepts when you start.

At first, you'll investigate each of your key concepts individually, to find out what the existing literature has to say about them in and of themselves. Later, after you have developed a good working knowledge of the background concepts, you'll dig deeper into research linking the key concepts together.

At the third level, you'll follow the "breadcrumbs" all the way back to the earliest studies on your topic so that you will, ultimately, master that literature fully.

So your topic statement is the foundation. It organizes your various literature reviews. Searching on the key concepts (translated into various key words) will help you organize the content of your study.

Searching on the existing methodological literature about the relationship named in your topic will prepare you for your methodological decisions in later steps of research design.

There is an old Chinese proverb found in the I Ching and many other places: “Patience in the beginning brings success.” If you are careful and attentive, and work patiently to write your research topic, then rewrite it, then rewrite it again and again, you will have a solid foundation on which to start building your literature review. The topic is your beginning.

Remain patient and steady, and you will succeed.

Doc. reference: phd_t1_u04s1_mpsuccess.html

Library & Learning Commons

Search for sources
APA style guide

How to do Research for College Assignments

Choose & Develop Your Research Topic
Introduction to the Research Process
Search Library Resources
Evaluate Your Sources
Use & Cite Your Sources This link opens in a new window

#wrapbox6119144 .headerbox { display: none; }

Form Questions
Understand the Assignment
Explore Background Information
Build a Concept/Mind Map
Create a Working Thesis

STEP ONE : The first step to research is developing a topic that is not too broad or narrow in scope . To begin, think about:

• what topic(s) interest you?

• what questions do you have about the topic(s)?

• what you would like to learn more about?

STEP TWO : To narrow or broaden the topic , add or remove a time period, place, person(s), event or subtopic:

: Topic is too general and broad to address through a short piece of writing

• The Metis Nation in Saskatchewan

• Add subtopic and time period: The politics of the Metis in 19th-century Saskatchewan

• Add person(s), event, and place: Louis Riel and the Metis rebellion in Saskatchewan

: Topic is too specific and narrow

• The representation of animals in sculpture by two-spirited Metis artists from Saskatchewan in the late 19th century

• Remove subtopic, person(s), and time period: Visual art of the Metis in Saskatchewan

• Remove place and expand topic and time period: The representation of politics in visual art of two-spirited Metis in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

STEP THREE : Restate the topic using "who, what, where, why, when, and how" questions . For example:

• Why did Louis Riel lead a rebellion of the Metis Nation in Saskatchewan?

• How are politics represented in visual art of Aboriginal peoples in Canada?

Deciphering your Assignment Tutorial

This video tutorial will show you how to deconstruct an assignment to its basic parts and identify appropriate sources to complete it successfully:

When beginning a research project, it's helpful to explore the background of a topic to familiarize yourself with key concepts and issues before forming an argument.

One way you could learn about your topic and narrow your focus is by finding a Wikipedia article on the subject, then skimming its table of contents and reading that small section of interest. Doing this will help you go from the general topic of "climate change" to a narrower topic, like "How have rising sea levels resulting from climate change impacted island nations?"

Some good sources to help you learn about and narrow your topic include:

• Chapter sections from course textbooks

• Newspaper articles

• Short webpages found by searching Google

• Short videos by educational or government organizations

• Wikipedia and encyclopedia entries

• Abstracts (i.e., brief summaries) from academic articles

• Library databases with introductory and reference information, such as those linked below

When doing background research, remember the following:

• Use tables of contents and section headings to identify specific sections you would like to learn more about

• Quickly read (skim) short sections of information, such as article abstracts, specific sections, and short entries

• Read an entire article, chapter, report, or long webpage from top to bottom

• Go straight to the library catalogue and filter by peer review

Canadian Reference Centre This link opens in a new window This database provides access to background information and current events in Canada, including international content for research on Canada's global involvement.
Science Reference Center Science Reference Center is a teaching and learning resource aimed at high school and lower undergraduate students with academic and popular content in biology, chemistry, environment and ecology, math, physics, and the life sciences.
World History in Context From the ancient world to today, World History in Context contains primary source documents, maps, other archival materials, reference entries, and articles on the subject of world history.

After you have selected and developed your research topic and question, you can use a concept map to use as a guide while searching for information.

Also called mind maps, a concept map is a visual way of representing how your ideas and important concepts are connected and interrelated.

Why build a concept map? Because it can help you:

• Brainstorm new concepts and expand your terminology

• Understand and process the relationships between concepts

• Plan and organize an essay outline or research paper

• Study for exams

Follow the links below to build your own concept or mind map:

Visu Words: An Online Graphical Dictionary
Bubbl.Us: Online Brainstorming Tool
Mindmeister: Mind Mapping and Brainstorming Software

A working thesis is a "rough draft" of your thesis that provides initial direction for the essay but will be adjusted and changed as you research and write.

As you gather and read more sources, you will find evidence that requires you to modify the working thesis. To form a working thesis, ask questions that trigger a debatable claim.

In using the theme of , here are questions to consider:

• What does Calgary do with disposed electronics?

• What environmental risks exist with electronics?

• Are these environmental risks being taken into account?

A based on these questions could be:

In using the theme of , here are a few questions to consider:

• What impediments exist for working parents?

• What access to daycare exists in Alberta?

• Is daycare affordable for parents who really need it?

• What is available in other provinces?

• Should the government be involved in providing affordable daycare?

A based on these questions could be: *

*Adapted from the Tutorial, copyright at SPARK at York University 2013

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Psychology research paper topics

Sociology research paper topics, criminology research paper topics, political science research paper topics, philosophy research paper topics, ethics research paper topics, social issues research paper topics, immigration research paper topics, human rights research paper topics, gender studies research paper topics.

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List of Research Paper Topics on Social Sciences

Considering the fact that there is a wide scale of research fields for social sciences, it may take a lot of work to focus on one topic you want to expand on. For this reason, we prepared a list of interesting and captivating topics for your academic paper that will definitely catch your attention and make you interesting.

Psychology is the science of people’s minds and behavior. With the help of this discipline, we can get a complete understanding of how and why we think, feel, and act under specific circumstances.

Research Question: How effective is cognitive behavioral therapy in treating anxiety disorders?
Overview: Explore the principles of CBT, its techniques, and evidence supporting its efficacy in reducing symptoms of anxiety.
Research Question: How does social media use affect the mental health of adolescents?
Overview: Investigate the correlation between social media usage and mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and self-esteem among teenagers.
Research Question: What role does neuroplasticity play in brain recovery after a stroke?
Overview: Examine the concept of neuroplasticity, mechanisms of brain adaptation, and therapeutic interventions that promote recovery in stroke patients.
Research Question: How does childhood trauma influence adult relationship patterns?
Overview: Study the long-term effects of childhood trauma on attachment styles, interpersonal relationships, and emotional regulation in adulthood.
Research Question: What are the key factors that influence motivation in the workplace?
Overview: Analyze theories of motivation such as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and their application in enhancing employee performance and job satisfaction.
Research Question: How does sleep deprivation impact cognitive functions such as memory and decision-making?
Overview: Explore the consequences of inadequate sleep on cognitive processes, brain health, and daily functioning.
Research Question: How do different parenting styles affect a child’s emotional and social development?
Overview: Investigate the characteristics of authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful parenting, and their impact on children’s behavior and well-being.
Research Question: What are the latest advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorders?
Overview: Review current diagnostic criteria, therapeutic approaches, and the effectiveness of interventions for individuals with ASD.
Research Question: How do cultural factors influence the perception and treatment of mental health issues?
Overview: Examine the role of cultural beliefs, stigma, and traditional practices in shaping mental health attitudes and access to care.
Research Question: How effective is mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in alleviating stress and anxiety?
Overview: Explore the principles of mindfulness, the structure of MBSR programs, and evidence supporting their benefits for mental health.
Research Question: What psychological factors contribute to the development and maintenance of addictive behaviors?
Overview: Investigate the role of genetics, environment, and cognitive processes in addiction, and examine treatment approaches.
Research Question: How does parental divorce affect the psychological well-being of children?
Overview: Study the short-term and long-term psychological effects of divorce on children, including coping mechanisms and supportive interventions.
Research Question: How does listening to music affect cognitive tasks and performance?
Overview: Examine the effects of different types of music on concentration, memory, and task performance in various settings.
Research Question: What factors contribute to psychological resilience in the face of adversity?
Overview: Analyze the characteristics and coping strategies of resilient individuals, and explore interventions to enhance resilience.
Research Question: How do genetic factors contribute to the development of mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder?
Overview: Investigate the genetic predispositions and heritability of mental disorders, and the interaction between genes and environment.
Research Question: What are the psychological benefits of regular meditation practice?
Overview: Explore the impact of meditation on stress reduction, emotional regulation, and overall mental well-being.
Research Question: What are the psychological effects of bullying on victims and perpetrators?
Overview: Study the impact of bullying on mental health, self-esteem, and social relationships, and examine prevention and intervention strategies.
Research Question: How does aging affect memory, and what strategies can improve memory retention in older adults?
Overview: Investigate the cognitive changes associated with aging, and explore techniques and interventions to enhance memory in the elderly.
Research Question: How does diet influence mental health and cognitive function?
Overview: Examine the relationship between nutrition, brain health, and mental well-being, focusing on dietary patterns and specific nutrients.
Research Question: How does social support influence mental health outcomes?
Overview: Analyze the impact of social networks, relationships, and community support on mental health, and explore interventions to strengthen social support systems.

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Sociology research involves the study of society, social institutions, and social relations. In short, it explains how individuals interact and build their lives within their social group. In the sociology research paper , students can focus, for example, on family relations, religious beliefs, generational differences, globalization processes, etc.

Research Question: How does social media influence social behavior and relationships?
Overview: Examine the effects of social media on communication, socialization, and identity formation, focusing on both positive and negative impacts.
Research Question: How have gender roles evolved over time, and what challenges remain for achieving gender equality?
Overview: Investigate historical changes in gender roles, current gender inequalities, and efforts to promote gender equity in various social contexts.
Research Question: How do individuals develop and express their racial and ethnic identities?
Overview: Explore the factors that influence racial and ethnic identity formation, including family, community, and societal influences, and the impact on personal and social identity.
Research Question: What are the main factors influencing social mobility, and how do they vary across different societies?
Overview: Analyze the role of education, economic opportunity, and social policies in facilitating or hindering social mobility, and compare patterns across different countries.
Research Question: How does the education system perpetuate or challenge social inequalities?
Overview: Examine the ways in which educational institutions contribute to social stratification, and explore policies and practices aimed at promoting educational equity.
Research Question: How does urbanization impact social structures and community life?
Overview: Investigate the social effects of urbanization, including changes in family dynamics, social networks, and community cohesion, and the challenges of urban living.
Research Question: How have family structures and dynamics changed in modern societies?
Overview: Explore shifts in family forms, such as single-parent households and same-sex families, and their implications for social support and child development.
Research Question: What are the sociological causes of crime, and how do they vary across different social groups?
Overview: Analyze the social factors that contribute to criminal behavior, including poverty, education, and family background, and the impact of social policies on crime rates.
Research Question: How do social inequalities contribute to health disparities?
Overview: Examine the relationship between socioeconomic status, race, gender, and health outcomes, and explore interventions aimed at reducing health disparities.
Research Question: How does religion influence social behavior and societal norms?
Overview: Investigate the role of religion in shaping moral values, social norms, and community cohesion, and the changing role of religion in secular societies.
Research Question: What are the benefits and challenges of promoting diversity and inclusion in the workplace?
Overview: Explore the impact of diversity on organizational performance, employee satisfaction, and workplace culture, and strategies for fostering an inclusive environment.
Research Question: How do media representations influence societal perceptions of different social groups?
Overview: Analyze the portrayal of race, gender, and other social categories in media, and its effects on public attitudes, stereotypes, and social policies.
Research Question: What are the social challenges and opportunities associated with an aging population?
Overview: Examine the impact of an aging population on social institutions, healthcare, and family dynamics, and explore policies aimed at supporting older adults.
Research Question: How does globalization affect cultural identity and social cohesion?
Overview: Investigate the ways in which global interconnectedness influences cultural practices, identity formation, and social integration, and the tensions between global and local cultures.
Research Question: What factors contribute to the success or failure of social movements?
Overview: Explore the origins, strategies, and impacts of social movements, such as civil rights, environmental activism, and LGBTQ+ rights, and the conditions that lead to social change.
Research Question: How do immigrants adapt to and integrate into new societies?
Overview: Examine the challenges and experiences of immigrants, including cultural adaptation, social integration, and the impact of immigration policies on integration outcomes.
Research Question: How does technology influence social interaction and community building?
Overview: Investigate the effects of digital communication technologies on face-to-face interactions, social networks, and community engagement.
Research Question: How do social factors influence environmental attitudes and behaviors?
Overview: Explore the relationship between social structures, cultural values, and environmental practices, and the role of social movements in promoting environmental sustainability.
Research Question: How do social factors influence mental health and access to mental health services?
Overview: Analyze the impact of socioeconomic status, race, gender, and social support on mental health outcomes, and the barriers to accessing mental health care.
Research Question: What are the causes and consequences of digital inequality, and how can it be addressed?
Overview: Examine the factors contributing to digital inequality, such as access to technology, digital literacy, and socioeconomic status, and explore strategies for bridging the digital divide.

Probably the most fascinating but, at the same time, ambiguous research field whose components are causes of crime, the behavior of criminals, the effectiveness of various law enforcement and strategies, and the impact of crime on society. Taking real-life cases as the foundations for student research is especially captivating.

Research Question: What are the primary causes of juvenile delinquency, and how can they be addressed?
Overview: Investigate factors such as family environment, peer influence, and socioeconomic status in contributing to juvenile crime, and explore prevention and intervention strategies.
Research Question: How has the rise of cybercrime impacted society, and what measures can be taken to enhance cybersecurity?
Overview: Examine the types of cybercrime, their impact on individuals and organizations, and the effectiveness of current cybersecurity practices and policies.
Research Question: Which approach is more effective in reducing recidivism: rehabilitation or punishment?
Overview: Compare the effectiveness of rehabilitative programs versus punitive measures in reducing re-offense rates among different offender populations.
Research Question: How does drug abuse contribute to criminal behavior, and what interventions are effective in addressing this issue?
Overview: Explore the relationship between substance abuse and crime, focusing on drug-related offenses and the impact of treatment programs on reducing criminal activity.
Research Question: How effective is criminal profiling in solving crimes and apprehending offenders?
Overview: Investigate the methods and techniques used in criminal profiling, their accuracy in predicting offender behavior, and their role in law enforcement investigations.
Research Question: How do socioeconomic factors such as poverty, education, and employment influence crime rates?
Overview: Analyze the correlation between socioeconomic conditions and crime, and discuss policy interventions aimed at addressing these underlying factors.
Research Question: What are the characteristics of white-collar crime, and how can it be effectively prevented and prosecuted?
Overview: Examine the nature of white-collar crimes, including fraud, embezzlement, and insider trading, and discuss legal and regulatory measures to combat these offenses.
Research Question: How effective is community policing in reducing crime and improving community relations?
Overview: Evaluate the principles and practices of community policing, its impact on crime rates, and its role in fostering trust and cooperation between law enforcement and communities.
Research Question: How does gender influence criminal behavior and the criminal justice system’s response?
Overview: Explore the differences in crime patterns between men and women, gender-specific risk factors, and the treatment of male and female offenders in the justice system.
Research Question: What psychological factors contribute to the behavior of serial killers, and how can they be identified and prevented?
Overview: Investigate the psychological profiles of serial killers, including personality traits, childhood experiences, and mental health issues, and discuss methods for early detection and intervention.
Research Question: How has forensic science revolutionized the investigation and prosecution of crimes?
Overview: Examine the advancements in forensic techniques, such as DNA analysis, fingerprinting, and digital forensics, and their impact on solving crimes and securing convictions.
Research Question: What are the most effective strategies for preventing and prosecuting human trafficking?
Overview: Explore the causes and consequences of human trafficking, and evaluate international and national efforts to combat this form of modern slavery.
Research Question: What factors contribute to the formation of youth gangs, and how can gang-related violence be reduced?
Overview: Investigate the social, economic, and cultural factors that lead to gang membership, and assess intervention programs aimed at reducing gang violence.
Research Question: How does the criminal justice system address the needs of offenders with mental health issues?
Overview: Examine the challenges faced by individuals with mental health disorders in the justice system, and explore alternative approaches such as mental health courts and diversion programs.
Research Question: How does media coverage influence public perception of crime and the criminal justice system?
Overview: Analyze the role of media in shaping attitudes toward crime, including the effects of sensationalism and bias, and discuss the implications for public policy and justice.
Research Question: What are the benefits and challenges of implementing restorative justice practices in the criminal justice system?
Overview: Explore the principles of restorative justice, its application in various contexts, and its effectiveness in promoting healing and reducing recidivism.
Research Question: Does the death penalty serve as an effective deterrent to serious crime, and what are the ethical considerations?
Overview: Investigate the arguments for and against the death penalty, focusing on its deterrent effect, ethical implications, and alternatives such as life imprisonment.
Research Question: How has DNA evidence contributed to the exoneration of wrongfully convicted individuals?
Overview: Examine the use of DNA testing in reviewing and overturning wrongful convictions, and discuss the implications for the criminal justice system and wrongful conviction prevention.
Research Question: What legal measures are most effective in protecting victims of domestic violence and holding perpetrators accountable?
Overview: Explore the laws and policies addressing domestic violence, including restraining orders, criminal prosecution, and support services for victims, and evaluate their effectiveness.
Research Question: How do drug policies impact crime rates and public health outcomes?
Overview: Analyze the effects of different drug policies, such as decriminalization and legalization, on crime rates, substance abuse, and public health, and discuss potential reforms.

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Politics defines world order and international relations, so diving into the political processes within the countries helps us understand the causal link concerning crucial historical events and actions of world leaders.

Research Question: How do different electoral systems affect political representation and party dynamics?
Overview: Explore the characteristics of various electoral systems (e.g., proportional representation, first-past-the-post) and their impact on voter behavior, party systems, and policy outcomes.
Research Question: What are the causes and consequences of the rise of populism in democratic societies?
Overview: Investigate the factors driving the rise of populist movements, their impact on democratic institutions, and the implications for political stability and governance.
Research Question: How has social media transformed political campaigning and voter engagement?
Overview: Examine the strategies used by political candidates on social media platforms, the effectiveness of these strategies in mobilizing voters, and the influence on election outcomes.
Research Question: What are the causes of political polarization, and how does it affect governance and policymaking?
Overview: Analyze the factors contributing to increasing political polarization, its impact on legislative gridlock, and potential solutions to mitigate its effects.
Research Question: How do international relations dynamics influence global climate change policies?
Overview: Explore the role of international organizations, treaties, and diplomacy in addressing climate change, and the challenges of achieving global cooperation.
Research Question: How do lobbying activities shape public policy, and what are the ethical implications?
Overview: Investigate the methods and impact of lobbying on policy decisions, the role of interest groups, and the debate over regulation and transparency in lobbying practices.
Research Question: How do welfare state policies differ across countries, and what are their social and economic impacts?
Overview: Compare the welfare policies of different countries, focusing on areas such as healthcare, social security, and unemployment benefits, and their effects on social well-being and economic performance.
Research Question: How effective is international law in protecting human rights?
Overview: Examine the role of international legal frameworks and institutions in promoting and enforcing human rights, and the challenges in addressing violations and ensuring compliance.
Research Question: How does gender influence political participation and representation?
Overview: Explore the barriers to gender equality in politics, the impact of gender quotas and policies promoting women’s political participation, and the outcomes of increased gender diversity in political institutions.
Research Question: What are the political challenges and opportunities in healthcare reform?
Overview: Investigate the factors influencing healthcare policy decisions, the role of political actors and interest groups, and the impact of reform efforts on healthcare access and quality.
Research Question: What strategies are most effective in resolving conflicts and building sustainable peace?
Overview: Examine the role of diplomacy, negotiation, and international interventions in conflict resolution, and assess the effectiveness of peacebuilding initiatives in post-conflict societies.
Research Question: How do economic sanctions affect the behavior of targeted states and international relations?
Overview: Analyze the use of economic sanctions as a tool of foreign policy, their effectiveness in achieving political objectives, and their humanitarian and economic impacts.
Research Question: What factors contribute to the rise of authoritarian regimes, and what are the implications for global democracy?
Overview: Explore the political, economic, and social conditions that facilitate authoritarianism, the methods used by authoritarian leaders to maintain power, and the impact on international relations and human rights.
Research Question: How do federalism and decentralization impact governance and policy implementation?
Overview: Investigate the advantages and challenges of federal and decentralized systems, focusing on the distribution of power, fiscal policies, and regional autonomy.
Research Question: What are the causes and consequences of political corruption, and how can it be addressed?
Overview: Examine the factors leading to political corruption, its impact on governance and public trust, and the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures and reforms.
Research Question: How do political ideologies and policies shape immigration and integration?
Overview: Explore the political debates surrounding immigration, the impact of immigration policies on social cohesion and economic performance, and the challenges of integrating immigrants into host societies.
Research Question: How does media coverage influence public opinion and policy decisions?
Overview: Analyze the role of traditional and new media in shaping political discourse, public perception, and the policy-making process, and the implications for democratic governance.
Research Question: How do international organizations contribute to global governance and address global challenges?
Overview: Examine the functions and effectiveness of international organizations such as the United Nations, World Bank, and World Health Organization in managing global issues and promoting cooperation.
Research Question: What are the causes and consequences of electoral fraud, and how can it be prevented?
Overview: Investigate the methods and impact of electoral fraud on democratic processes, and explore strategies to ensure free, fair, and transparent elections.
Research Question: How does globalization affect national sovereignty and domestic policy-making?
Overview: Analyze the influence of global economic and political integration on state sovereignty, the challenges to maintaining national autonomy, and the balance between global cooperation and domestic interests.

A famous Socrates quote: “The unexamined life is not worth living.” This saying describes the sense of philosophy. This discipline focuses on pondering about questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.

Research Question: What ethical considerations arise from the development and use of artificial intelligence?
Overview: Explore the moral implications of AI in decision-making, privacy, employment, and the potential need for new ethical frameworks.
Research Question: Is human behavior determined by external factors, or do we have free will?
Overview: Investigate the debate between determinism and free will, examining arguments from philosophy, neuroscience, and psychology.
Research Question: How do existentialist philosophers define the meaning of life?
Overview: Analyze existentialist views from philosophers like Sartre, Camus, and Kierkegaard on purpose, freedom, and the human condition.
Research Question: What is consciousness, and how can it be explained?
Overview: Examine theories of consciousness, including dualism, physicalism, and panpsychism, and their implications for understanding the mind.
Research Question: What moral obligations do we have to address climate change?
Overview: Discuss ethical perspectives on climate change, including intergenerational justice, environmental ethics, and the responsibility of individuals and governments.
Research Question: Can machines possess minds and consciousness?
Overview: Explore arguments for and against the possibility of artificial consciousness, and the implications for our understanding of mind and intelligence.
Research Question: Are moral values absolute or relative to cultures and individuals?
Overview: Compare and contrast moral relativism and absolutism, examining their strengths, weaknesses, and implications for ethical decision-making.
Research Question: How can the existence of evil be reconciled with the existence of an omnipotent, omnibenevolent God?
Overview: Investigate the logical and evidential problems of evil, and explore theodicies and responses from different philosophical and theological perspectives.
Research Question: What constitutes a just society?
Overview: Analyze theories of social justice from philosophers like Rawls, Nozick, and Marx, focusing on concepts of fairness, equality, and rights.
Research Question: What are the limits of human knowledge, and how can we know what we know?
Overview: Examine the nature and scope of human knowledge, skepticism, and theories of justification, including foundationalism and coherentism.
Research Question: How do language and meaning relate to reality?
Overview: Explore key theories in the philosophy of language, including the works of Wittgenstein, Saussure, and Chomsky, and their implications for understanding communication and thought.
Research Question: What ethical issues are raised by genetic engineering and biotechnology?
Overview: Investigate the moral implications of genetic modification, cloning, and CRISPR technology, focusing on issues like human enhancement, consent, and the natural order.
Research Question: How does phenomenology contribute to our understanding of human experience?
Overview: Examine the methods and insights of phenomenology as developed by Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty, focusing on the description of lived experience.
Research Question: What is the appropriate role of religion in a secular society?
Overview: Discuss the balance between religious freedom and secular governance, the place of religious arguments in public discourse, and the concept of state neutrality.
Research Question: How can virtue ethics be applied to contemporary moral issues?
Overview: Explore the principles of virtue ethics as proposed by Aristotle and other philosophers, and their application to modern dilemmas like business ethics and environmental responsibility.
Research Question: What is the nature of time, and how do different philosophical theories explain it?
Overview: Investigate various conceptions of time, including presentism, eternalism, and the block universe theory, and their implications for understanding reality and experience.
Research Question: How do digital technologies challenge traditional ethical frameworks?
Overview: Examine the ethical issues arising from digital technology, such as privacy, data security, digital identity, and the ethical use of AI and machine learning.
Research Question: How has feminist philosophy contributed to the understanding of gender and equality?
Overview: Explore key concepts in feminist philosophy, including the critique of patriarchy, the nature of gender, and the pursuit of social justice and equality.
Research Question: What moral considerations should guide our treatment of animals?
Overview: Discuss ethical arguments for and against animal rights, including the works of philosophers like Peter Singer and Tom Regan, and the implications for animal welfare and conservation.
Research Question: What is the nature of art and beauty, and how do we evaluate them?
Overview: Examine philosophical theories of aesthetics, including the works of Kant, Hume, and contemporary philosophers, focusing on the definition and appreciation of art and beauty.

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Ethics is the study of moral principles and values. In short, this discipline’s sense is to define right and wrong. Ethics research can be theoretical and applied, and students are expected to analyze moral principles using various research methods.

Research Question: What role does corporate social responsibility play in modern business ethics?
Overview: Examine the principles of CSR, its impact on corporate behavior, and the ethical implications of CSR initiatives for businesses and stakeholders.
Research Question: What are the ethical considerations in the development and deployment of artificial intelligence?
Overview: Explore issues such as bias in AI algorithms, privacy concerns, and the responsibility of developers to ensure ethical AI practices.
Research Question: What ethical dilemmas arise in making end-of-life decisions for patients?
Overview: Investigate the principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice in the context of euthanasia, assisted suicide, and palliative care.
Research Question: How should ethical frameworks address data privacy concerns in the digital age?
Overview: Discuss the ethical implications of data collection, consent, and the use of personal information by corporations and governments.
Research Question: What ethical responsibilities do individuals and governments have in addressing climate change?
Overview: Explore concepts such as intergenerational justice, stewardship, and the moral obligations to protect the environment for future generations.
Research Question: What ethical issues arise from genetic engineering and biotechnology?
Overview: Examine the moral implications of genetic modification, cloning, and CRISPR technology, focusing on human enhancement, consent, and natural order.
Research Question: What ethical considerations should guide our treatment of animals?
Overview: Discuss the arguments for and against animal rights, including perspectives from utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics.
Research Question: How can journalists navigate ethical dilemmas in reporting news?
Overview: Analyze issues such as objectivity, bias, privacy, and the public’s right to know, and explore frameworks for ethical journalism.
Research Question: What ethical principles should guide human experimentation in medical research?
Overview: Investigate the history of human experimentation, informed consent, and the balance between scientific advancement and individual rights.
Research Question: What are the ethical implications of deploying autonomous vehicles on public roads?
Overview: Explore issues such as safety, liability, and decision-making algorithms, and the moral responsibilities of manufacturers and regulators.
Research Question: How should ethical principles guide global health initiatives and interventions?
Overview: Examine issues such as equity, resource allocation, and the ethical obligations of high-income countries to address global health disparities.
Research Question: How do ethical considerations influence international diplomacy and conflict resolution?
Overview: Discuss the principles of just war theory, humanitarian intervention, and the ethical challenges in balancing national interests and global justice.
Research Question: What ethical concerns arise from the use of surveillance technologies by governments and corporations?
Overview: Analyze issues related to privacy, security, and the potential for abuse, and explore the balance between safety and individual rights.
Research Question: How can organizations ethically promote diversity and inclusion in the workplace?
Overview: Investigate the ethical principles underlying affirmative action, equal opportunity, and the benefits and challenges of creating an inclusive work environment.
Research Question: What are the ethical considerations in advertising and marketing practices?
Overview: Examine issues such as truth in advertising, targeting vulnerable populations, and the ethical use of consumer data in marketing strategies.
Research Question: What ethical principles should guide organ donation and transplantation practices?
Overview: Explore issues related to consent, allocation of organs, and the ethics of organ markets and incentivized donation.
Research Question: What ethical considerations should guide the exploration and colonization of space?
Overview: Discuss issues such as environmental protection of celestial bodies, the potential for resource exploitation, and the moral obligations to future space-faring societies.
Research Question: How should ethical principles guide the treatment and care of individuals with mental health conditions?
Overview: Analyze issues such as patient autonomy, confidentiality, and the ethics of involuntary treatment and hospitalization.
Research Question: What are the ethical arguments for and against the use of capital punishment ?
Overview: Investigate the moral considerations of retribution, deterrence, and the potential for wrongful convictions in the context of the death penalty .
Research Question: How should ethical frameworks guide the use of big data and AI in medical research and practice?
Overview: Explore issues such as patient consent, data security, and the potential for bias in AI-driven medical decisions and research.

Social issues like economic inequality, access to education, or gender-based violence present a dynamic and diverse research field that aims to understand the causes, consequences, and solutions to existing problems to reach peace and human rights protection within society.

Research Question: How does income inequality affect economic mobility in different societies?
Overview: Investigate the causes and consequences of income inequality, focusing on its impact on social mobility and economic opportunities across various demographics.
Research Question: What are the primary causes of homelessness, and how can affordable housing policies address this issue?
Overview: Explore the social, economic, and policy factors contributing to homelessness and evaluate the effectiveness of affordable housing initiatives in reducing homelessness rates.
Research Question: How does racial discrimination manifest in modern society, and what measures can promote social justice?
Overview: Analyze the various forms of racial discrimination, their impact on marginalized communities, and strategies for promoting equality and social justice.
Research Question: What are the current challenges in achieving gender equality, and how can women’s rights be advanced?
Overview: Examine the persistence of gender inequality in various sectors, including the workplace and education, and discuss policies and movements aimed at advancing women’s rights.
Research Question: How does social media use affect mental health, particularly among adolescents?
Overview: Investigate the relationship between social media usage and mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and self-esteem, and explore potential interventions.
Research Question: What are the most effective strategies for combating substance abuse and supporting rehabilitation?
Overview: Explore the causes of substance abuse, the effectiveness of various treatment programs, and the social and policy implications of substance abuse prevention and rehabilitation efforts.
Research Question: What are the long-term effects of bullying on youth, and how can it be prevented?
Overview: Examine the psychological and social consequences of bullying, and evaluate programs and policies aimed at preventing bullying in schools and communities.
Research Question: How do disparities in healthcare access impact public health outcomes?
Overview: Analyze the factors contributing to healthcare disparities, their effects on different populations, and potential solutions to improve healthcare access and equity.
Research Question: How does climate change disproportionately affect marginalized communities, and what can be done to promote environmental justice?
Overview: Investigate the intersection of climate change and social justice, focusing on how vulnerable populations are impacted and strategies for promoting environmental equity.
Research Question: What are the most effective public policies for reducing gun violence in society?
Overview: Explore the causes and consequences of gun violence, and evaluate the effectiveness of various gun control measures and policy interventions.
Research Question: How does educational inequality affect social mobility, and what reforms can address this issue?
Overview: Examine the impact of disparities in educational resources and opportunities, and discuss potential reforms to promote educational equity and improve outcomes for disadvantaged students.
Research Question: What are the global challenges of child labor, and how can it be effectively addressed?
Overview: Investigate the causes and consequences of child labor, and evaluate international and national efforts to combat child exploitation and promote children’s rights.
Research Question: How does stigma affect mental health treatment and awareness, and what can be done to reduce it?
Overview: Explore the impact of stigma on mental health diagnosis and treatment, and discuss strategies to increase awareness and reduce stigma in society.
Research Question: What progress has been made in advancing LGBTQ+ rights, and what challenges remain?
Overview: Analyze the advancements and setbacks in LGBTQ+ rights, focusing on legal protections, social acceptance, and ongoing discrimination and violence.
Research Question: How do immigration policies affect immigrant families and their integration into society?
Overview: Examine the social, economic, and psychological impacts of immigration policies on families, and discuss policies that support family reunification and integration.
Research Question: What are the causes and consequences of human trafficking, and how can it be effectively combated?
Overview: Investigate the global issue of human trafficking, its impact on victims, and the effectiveness of international and national efforts to prevent and address trafficking.
Research Question: How can societies adapt to the challenges of an aging population?
Overview: Explore the social and economic implications of an aging population, and discuss policies and programs designed to support older adults and promote healthy aging.
Research Question: What are the most effective strategies for prison reform and the rehabilitation of inmates?
Overview: Analyze the challenges and limitations of the current prison system, and evaluate programs and policies aimed at reducing recidivism and promoting rehabilitation.
Research Question: How can income support programs effectively reduce poverty and promote economic stability?
Overview: Investigate the impact of various income support initiatives, such as universal basic income and social welfare programs, on poverty reduction and economic mobility.
Research Question: What are the consequences of the digital divide, and how can technology access be improved?
Overview: Examine the impact of unequal access to technology on education, employment, and social inclusion, and discuss strategies to bridge the digital divide and promote digital literacy.

Immigration is a topic that causes heated discussions in society. The research in this field helps deepen the process’s causes, processes, and consequences.

Research Question: How does immigration affect the economy of host countries?
Overview: Explore the contributions of immigrants to labor markets, innovation, and economic growth, as well as potential challenges such as wage effects and job displacement.
Research Question: What integration policies are most effective in promoting the success of immigrants?
Overview: Examine various integration strategies, such as language education, employment programs, and community engagement, and their impact on immigrant integration and success.
Research Question: How does immigration influence national identity and cultural diversity?
Overview: Investigate the effects of immigration on national identity, cultural diversity, and social cohesion, and discuss the balance between multiculturalism and assimilation.
Research Question: What are the challenges and best practices in refugee resettlement programs?
Overview: Analyze the processes and policies involved in resettling refugees, focusing on housing, employment, education, and social integration.
Research Question: What are the causes and consequences of illegal immigration, and how can border security be effectively managed?
Overview: Explore the factors driving illegal immigration, the impact on host countries, and the effectiveness of various border security measures and policies.
Research Question: How does public opinion on immigration shape immigration policy?
Overview: Examine the relationship between public attitudes toward immigration and the formulation of immigration policies, considering factors such as media influence and political rhetoric.
Research Question: How does immigration affect education systems in host countries?
Overview: Investigate the challenges and opportunities presented by immigrant students in schools, including language barriers, cultural differences, and educational attainment.
Research Question: What role does family reunification play in immigration policy, and what are its impacts?
Overview: Explore the importance of family reunification in immigration policy, its benefits for immigrant families, and the challenges and criticisms of these policies.
Research Question: How does immigration status affect access to healthcare services?
Overview: Analyze the barriers immigrants face in accessing healthcare, the impact on public health, and policies aimed at improving healthcare access for immigrant populations.
Research Question: What are the economic contributions of high-skilled immigrants to host countries?
Overview: Examine the role of high-skilled immigrants in driving innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth, and discuss policies that attract and retain talent.
Research Question: What are the human rights challenges faced by migrants, and how can they be addressed?
Overview: Investigate the human rights issues affecting migrants, including exploitation, discrimination, and access to justice, and explore international and national measures to protect migrant rights.
Research Question: Is there a link between immigration and crime rates in host countries?
Overview: Analyze the relationship between immigration and crime, examining data and studies on crime rates among immigrant populations and the impact of immigration on public safety.
Research Question: How do remittances from immigrants affect the economies of their home countries?
Overview: Explore the economic impact of remittances on poverty reduction, economic development, and social welfare in immigrants’ countries of origin.
Research Question: What are the advantages and disadvantages of temporary versus permanent migration?
Overview: Compare temporary and permanent migration schemes, their impact on immigrants and host countries, and the policy implications of each approach.
Research Question: How does immigration status influence political participation and representation?
Overview: Examine the barriers and opportunities for political engagement among immigrants, including voting rights, political activism, and representation in government.
Research Question: How is climate change influencing migration patterns, and what are the implications for host countries?
Overview: Investigate the impact of environmental changes on migration, the challenges of climate-induced displacement, and policy responses to address environmental migration.
Research Question: How do gender dynamics shape the migration experience?
Overview: Explore the unique challenges faced by migrant women, including labor exploitation, gender-based violence, and access to services, and discuss policies to support gender-sensitive migration.
Research Question: What are the causes and consequences of youth migration, and how can young migrants be supported?
Overview: Examine the factors driving youth migration, the impact on both origin and host countries, and strategies to support the integration and development of young migrants.
Research Question: How do immigrants adapt culturally and maintain their identities in host countries?
Overview: Investigate the processes of cultural adaptation and identity formation among immigrants, focusing on factors such as community support, cultural retention, and intergenerational differences.
Research Question: How does immigration affect welfare systems in host countries?
Overview: Analyze the impact of immigration on social welfare programs, considering both the contributions of immigrants to welfare systems and the challenges of providing services to diverse populations.

Human rights have always been a relevant topic in society, and nowadays, they are geared towards creating world order by promoting equity, respect, and human rights within society.

Research Question: How has the Universal Declaration of Human Rights influenced global human rights practices, and what challenges does it face today?
Overview: Explore the history, impact, and current challenges of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in promoting and protecting human rights worldwide.
Research Question: What are the most common human rights violations in conflict zones, and how can they be prevented?
Overview: Investigate the types of human rights abuses occurring in conflict zones, their causes, and strategies for prevention and accountability.
Research Question: How does gender-based violence violate human rights, and what measures can be taken to combat it?
Overview: Examine the global prevalence of gender-based violence, its impact on victims, and effective legal and social interventions to protect and support survivors.
Research Question: What are the primary challenges in protecting children’s rights globally, and how can they be addressed?
Overview: Analyze the key issues affecting children’s rights, such as child labor, trafficking, and access to education, and discuss international efforts to safeguard these rights.
Research Question: How can the international community better protect the rights of asylum seekers and refugees?
Overview: Investigate the legal frameworks and challenges in providing asylum and protection to refugees, and explore solutions to improve their safety and well-being.
Research Question: How do governments balance the right to freedom of speech with the need to prevent harmful speech?
Overview: Explore the tension between free speech and censorship, examining legal standards, case studies, and the impact on democratic societies.
Research Question: What role do corporations play in upholding human rights, and how can they be held accountable for violations?
Overview: Analyze the responsibilities of businesses in respecting human rights, focusing on issues like labor rights, environmental impact, and corporate accountability mechanisms.
Research Question: How can the rights of indigenous peoples be protected, particularly regarding land and resource rights?
Overview: Examine the challenges faced by indigenous communities in securing their land and resource rights, and discuss legal and policy measures to support their protection.
Research Question: What are the human rights implications of digital privacy issues, and how can they be addressed?
Overview: Investigate the impact of digital surveillance, data collection, and privacy breaches on human rights, and explore regulatory frameworks to protect digital privacy.
Research Question: How have legal and social attitudes toward LGBTQ+ rights evolved, and what challenges remain?
Overview: Explore the progress made in securing LGBTQ+ rights, the ongoing challenges, and strategies for promoting equality and social acceptance.
Research Question: What are the key strategies for combating human trafficking and modern slavery?
Overview: Analyze the causes, methods, and impact of human trafficking, and evaluate international and national efforts to prevent and address these crimes.
Research Question: How does the use of the death penalty intersect with human rights principles?
Overview: Examine the arguments for and against the death penalty, focusing on issues of justice, fairness, and the potential for human rights violations.
Research Question: What barriers prevent universal access to education, and how can they be overcome?
Overview: Investigate the obstacles to accessing education, such as poverty, gender discrimination, and conflict, and discuss initiatives to ensure the right to education for all.
Research Question: How can the right to health be realized, particularly in low-income and marginalized communities?
Overview: Explore the challenges in providing equitable healthcare access, and evaluate policies and programs aimed at improving health outcomes for vulnerable populations.
Research Question: How do different countries protect or restrict freedom of religion and belief, and what are the implications for human rights?
Overview: Analyze the legal frameworks and social contexts that influence religious freedom, and examine cases of religious discrimination and persecution.
Research Question: How does climate change affect human rights, and what can be done to mitigate its impact?
Overview: Investigate the human rights implications of climate change, such as displacement and health risks, and discuss strategies to protect vulnerable populations.
Research Question: How effective is human rights education in promoting awareness and fostering a culture of respect for rights?
Overview: Examine the role of education in raising awareness about human rights, and evaluate programs and curricula designed to teach human rights principles.
Research Question: How does economic inequality impact the realization of human rights, and what measures can reduce this inequality?
Overview: Explore the relationship between economic inequality and human rights, focusing on access to resources, opportunities, and social justice initiatives.
Research Question: What progress has been made in advancing women’s rights, and what challenges persist?
Overview: Analyze the achievements and ongoing struggles in the fight for gender equality, including issues like gender-based violence, political representation, and economic empowerment.
Research Question: What are the human rights implications of artificial intelligence, and how can they be addressed?
Overview: Investigate the potential human rights issues arising from AI technologies, such as bias, privacy concerns, and accountability, and explore regulatory and ethical frameworks to mitigate these risks.

The major objects of this type of research are gender, sexuality, and their influence on people’s experiences and interactions.

Research Question: What are the causes of the gender pay gap, and how can it be addressed?
Overview: Explore the factors contributing to wage disparities between men and women, and evaluate policies and strategies aimed at achieving pay equity.
Research Question: How does the underrepresentation of women in politics impact policy and governance?
Overview: Analyze the barriers to women’s political participation, the effects of gender diversity on political decision-making, and initiatives to increase women’s representation.
Research Question: How does media representation of gender influence societal norms and individual behavior?
Overview: Investigate the portrayal of gender in various media forms, its impact on gender stereotypes, and efforts to promote more balanced and diverse representations.
Research Question: How do individuals navigate and express their gender identity in contemporary society?
Overview: Examine the experiences of people with diverse gender identities, including non-binary and transgender individuals, and the social and legal challenges they face.
Research Question: How do traditional gender roles affect mental health and well-being?
Overview: Explore the psychological impact of adhering to or deviating from traditional gender roles, focusing on issues such as stress, self-esteem, and identity formation.
Research Question: How do gender biases in education affect academic performance and career choices?
Overview: Analyze the presence of gender biases in educational settings, their impact on students’ academic and career trajectories, and interventions to promote gender equity in education.
Research Question: How does intersectionality shape the experiences of individuals with multiple marginalized identities?
Overview: Investigate the concept of intersectionality, focusing on how overlapping identities such as race, class, and gender impact experiences of discrimination and privilege.
Research Question: What are the root causes of gender-based violence, and how can it be effectively prevented?
Overview: Examine the social, cultural, and economic factors contributing to gender-based violence, and evaluate policies and programs aimed at prevention and support for survivors.
Research Question: How do legal and social attitudes toward LGBTQ+ rights influence gender equality?
Overview: Explore the progress and challenges in advancing LGBTQ+ rights, and discuss their impact on broader efforts to achieve gender equality.
Research Question: How do gender differences affect access to healthcare and health outcomes?
Overview: Analyze the disparities in healthcare access and quality based on gender, and discuss strategies to ensure equitable healthcare for all genders.
Research Question: How do societal expectations of masculinity impact men’s behavior and mental health?
Overview: Investigate the cultural norms and pressures associated with masculinity, their effects on men’s mental health and social behavior, and efforts to redefine masculinity.
Research Question: What role has feminism played in driving social change and advancing gender equality?
Overview: Explore the historical and contemporary contributions of feminist movements to social justice, policy reforms, and cultural shifts in gender dynamics.
Research Question: How do gender expectations influence work-life balance and career advancement?
Overview: Examine the impact of gender roles on balancing professional and personal responsibilities, and discuss policies and practices that support work-life balance for all genders.
Research Question: How do concepts of gender and sexuality intersect to shape personal identity?
Overview: Explore the relationship between gender identity and sexual orientation, and the ways in which these aspects of identity are understood and expressed.
Research Question: How do gender dynamics influence participation and leadership in social movements?
Overview: Analyze the involvement of different genders in social and political movements, and the impact of gender on movement goals, strategies, and outcomes.
Research Question: What are the forms and consequences of gender discrimination in the workplace?
Overview: Investigate the types of gender discrimination faced by employees, their effects on career progression and workplace culture, and measures to combat discrimination.
Research Question: How does gender influence the development and use of technology?
Overview: Explore the gender disparities in STEM fields, the impact of technology on gender roles, and initiatives to promote gender diversity in technology.
Research Question: How do gender dynamics shape the migration experience and integration in host countries?
Overview: Examine the unique challenges faced by migrant women and LGBTQ+ individuals, and discuss policies that support their integration and well-being.
Research Question: What barriers exist to achieving gender equality in sports, and how can they be overcome?
Overview: Investigate the disparities in opportunities, funding, and media coverage for male and female athletes, and explore initiatives to promote gender equality in sports.
Research Question: How do gender perspectives contribute to environmental sustainability efforts?
Overview: Analyze the role of women and gender-diverse individuals in environmental activism and policy-making, and the impact of gender-sensitive approaches to sustainability.

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Free topic suggestions

Laura Orta is an avid author on Writing Metier's blog. Before embarking on her writing career, she practiced media law in one of the local media. Aside from writing, she works as a private tutor to help students with their academic needs. Laura and her husband share their home near the ocean in northern Portugal with two extraordinary boys and a lifetime collection of books.

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In exploring the vast expanse of history, students can explore the complex interplay of events, cultures, and influential figures that have shaped today’s world. From the transformative impact of the Silk Road in fostering unparalleled cultural exchanges to the revolutionary advent of the printing press that ignited the spread of knowledge across Europe, research topics abound. Additionally, the intricate process of decolonization in Africa post-World War II provides a rich tableau for examining the struggles and triumphs of nations in pursuit of self-governance.

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Writing a Research Paper

The Research Process: Getting Started

Choosing a Topic and Identifying Keywords

Finding Library Materials: Using LibGuides
Using HillSearch (Library Catalog) to Find Books, Ebooks, And Streaming Media
Search Databases for Scholarly Journal Articles
Synthesizing Sources
Citing Your Research/Creating a Bibliography
Where to Get Help with Research and Writing

Steps 1 and 2 : Initiation and Selection

Step 1 - Initiation : When you receive a research assignment, read it carefully. Make sure you're understanding what types of sources your professor wants you to use - scholarly/peer reviewed journal articles, scholarly books, primary sources, etc. Refer to the definitions on the home page to get a clear understanding of the different types of sources.

Step 2 - Selection : Decide on a topic that you'll research. Your topic likely will change somewhat as you progress in your research as you learn more about your topic and find a particular area of focus.

How to Get Started With Topic Selection

The best topics are those that are meaningful to you. When choosing a topic, reflect on class discussions and readings. Was there any topic that intrigued you, perhaps related to a personal interest? Are you a science major taking a cornerstone history course on World War I? You might be interested in researching advances in battlefield medicine, for example. If you're not sure if your topic will work, check with your professor. A librarian can also provide input on whether the topic's scope is appropriate.

Where Can You Look for Information on Topic Selection

Anywhere! In addition to relying on your course readings and discussions, librarians encourage you to use Google as you explore potential topics. For example, a Google Search for "World War I Battlefield Medicine" turns up an interesting article from The Atlantic , an entry from Encyclopedia Britannica , and a Wikipedia entry . These might not be the types of sources your professor wants you to use for your paper. But they will provide you with background information to develop a topic and come up with key words and search terms you can use to look for scholarly books and peer-reviewed journal articles.

Also consider consulting the library's Subject Encyclopedias/Reference Works - The library's reference collection contains works (both print and electronic) that can give you a broad overview of a topic, provide you with additional information to search for and ideas for search terms to use when looking for resources in the library catalog or databases. For example, if I'm interested in writing about the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States and how it compares to the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918, I might want to start by looking at reference works that deal with the history of medicine in the United States. The image below shows how you can limit your search for library materials to the reference works by selecting "Reference" as the location.

Screenshot of Hillsearch results with Location Limiter indicated by a red arrow.

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2024 10:53 AM
URL: https://libguides.stonehill.edu/writing_a_research_paper

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How to Write A Report - A Guide to Report Format with Examples

A report is a major aspect of every academic's life, serving as a vital reflection of the depth and quality of your research. For those in research, the report is especially crucial, as it details the thoroughness of your work. Ensuring that your report is comprehensive and perfectly formatted is essential, particularly for university students, where it can define your greatest achievements. In this article, I will guide you on how to write a report properly, detailing everything you should include to ensure it meets high standards.

Types of Report Formats

Reports serve various purposes across different contexts, each tailored to meet specific needs and audiences. Here's a detailed breakdown of their classifications:

1.Academic Reports:

Academic reports are meticulously created by students or researchers to present findings on a specific topic. They typically include sections like an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Examples include research papers, thesis reports, and lab reports.

2.Business Reports:

These reports facilitate communication within or between businesses, offering insights into market research, financial analysis, project progress, and more. Examples encompass financial reports, market analysis reports, and project status updates.

3.Scientific Reports:

Scientific reports are comprehensive documents that detail research and experiments, structured to ensure clarity and reproducibility. Examples range from research articles and clinical study reports to technical reports.

Classification of Reports:

1.Formal and Informal Reports:

Formal Reports: Structured and detailed, adhering to specific formats for official use. Examples include annual business reports.

Informal Reports: Less structured and straightforward, often used for internal updates like project status emails.

2.Short and Long Reports:

Short Reports: Concise documents providing essential information swiftly, such as executive summaries.

Long Reports: Detailed and extensive documents offering comprehensive insights, like in-depth research studies.

3.Internal and External Reports:

Internal Reports: Used within organizations to communicate among employees or departments, such as internal audit reports.

External Reports: Shared outside the organization with stakeholders or the public, such as annual financial statements.

4.Vertical and Lateral Reports:

Vertical Reports: Communicate vertically within organizational hierarchies, either upward (e.g., from employees to management) or downward (e.g., from management to employees). Examples include performance review reports.

Lateral Reports: Shared horizontally among peers or departments at the same hierarchical level within an organization, facilitating inter-departmental collaboration on projects.

Structure and Organization

When it comes to writing reports, the structure and organization can vary depending on the type of report you're creating. Let's explore some common report outlines to help you understand the differences and choose the right structure for your needs.

First, it's important to note that there's a basic outline that many reports follow, which typically includes:

Now, let's dive into specific types of reports and their unique structures:

Scientific Report

Scientific reports follow a specific structure designed to present research methods and findings clearly:

Book Report

Book reports, often assigned in school, have their own unique structure:

Business Report

Business reports are used to communicate information within an organization:

Newspaper or School Assignment Report

Newspaper articles and some school assignments follow a more concise structure:

These outlines provide a general guide, so it's best to always check your specific assignment requirements or organizational guidelines. The key is to choose a structure that best presents your information in a logical, easy-to-follow manner for your intended audience.

How to Write a Report Faster in 5 Steps- Using WPS AI

Learning how to write a report with the proper format and structure can be valuable in your academics. Not only will this help you with your assignments, but following a report structure can also make describing events or incidents with more clarity much easier in other situations.

Now, since we are just setting off on what report writing is, we will be taking help from WPS AI. It is a major resource for me whenever I start writing a report for an assignment, while writing my research papers, or even a simple class assignment. Its AI features make every task easier for me. With the help of AI, I can research better, get better ideas, and even improve my writing. So, let's begin learning how to write a report and also look at a few examples along the way.

1.Choose a topic

So, the first step in starting our report writing is selecting a topic for our research. Choosing the right topic is crucial for a successful report. It should align with your assignment requirements or your audience's expectations. Additionally, selecting a topic at the beginning gives us a clear direction—what to research and what keywords to use—making our research more focused and concise.

Now, this can be a bit challenging. Let's say our assignment requires us to write about battery-powered cars. This requirement is quite broad, and there are many different topics within battery-powered cars. The traditional approach would be to learn about the topic first, conduct a Google search, and read various articles to select a topic for our report. However, this process can be lengthy. Let's make it quicker by using WPS Office :

Step 1: Open WPS Office and create a new blank document by clicking on New > Docs > Blank.

Step 2: In WPS Writer's blank document, simply type "@ai" and then press Enter to activate the WPS AI assistant.

Step 3: Since we want topic ideas for our report, we'll click on "Brainstorm" and ask WPS AI to generate a few topic ideas for our report with a prompt. Here's an example:

"Generate ideas for a report topic focused on battery-powered cars, exploring recent advancements in electric vehicle technology and their environmental impact."

Step 4: WPS AI will generate a few topic ideas for your report. If you find a topic you like, click on "Accept". Otherwise, click on "Continue" to get more topic ideas.

Using WPS AI to generate topic ideas helps students quickly find their preferred topic and saves them the trouble of extensive research to choose a topic for their report. So, with the topic chosen, let's move on to the next step.

2.Conduct research

Once we have chosen the topic for our report, the next step is to conduct research. For this part, I usually visit Google Scholar to find research papers and other helpful articles. Students can also access exclusive research papers through their university's online libraries. Additionally, for specific topics like stocks, valuable resources include official stock exchange websites for authentic data.

Now, once the research papers and relevant information are gathered, going through these resources to extract information can take hours of reading time. To streamline this process, you can upload your research paper PDFs to WPS Office and get key insights in just a few moments.

Step 1: Open the PDF document using WPS Office and click on the WPS AI widget at the top right corner of the screen.

Step 2: The WPS AI pane will open on the right side of the screen. Simply click on "Upload" to upload the research paper to WPS AI.

Step 3: WPS AI will process the PDF, and in a few moments, it will present all the key insights available in the PDF.

Step 4: If you need further information from the PDF, simply click on the "Inquiry" tab and chat with the WPS AI chatbot to extract more details.

With this approach, conducting research becomes not only quicker but also more meaningful. After conducting research, I quickly move on to the next step, which is creating an outline for my report and starting the writing process.

3.Prepare an outline

Creating an outline before we begin writing our report is essential, as it helps our report follow a proper order and prevents confusion or getting lost while writing. If creating an outline seems challenging, you can always use WPS AI to assist in creating one. A simple AI prompt allows students to generate an effective and detailed outline for their report with the help of WPS AI.

So, let's say my topic is "Advancements in the Range and Charging Speeds of Electric Cars." Let's ask WPS AI to create a detailed outline for our report on this topic:

Step 1: First, type "@AI" to activate WPS AI and then click on "Outline" since we need help creating an outline.

Step 2: Enter an AI prompt to guide WPS AI in creating an outline for your topic. The more detailed your prompt, the better the outline will be.

Step 3: WPS AI will assist in generating an outline with a proper structure.

The outline generated with the help of WPS AI may or may not be the final version of your outline. You may need to make a few changes based on the content of your research. However, this outline will provide a basic structure that you can now modify according to your report's topic.

4.Write a Rough Draft

Now that you have a solid outline, it's time to start writing. Don't worry about perfection at this stage – the goal is to get your ideas down on paper.

Here's how WPS AI can assist in drafting:

Use the AI to expand on each section of your outline. For example, you could ask: "Write an Overview on the importance of advancements in the range and charging speeds of electric cars".

If you're stuck on a particular point, ask WPS AI for help. Try prompts like: "What are Lithium-ion batteries” or "List out the possible environmental benefits of Electric Cars".

Use WPS Office's formatting tools to structure your document. Apply heading styles to your outline points for easy navigation.

As you write, remember to maintain your own voice. Use the AI-generated content as a starting point, but add your own analysis, insights, and examples. This will ensure your report is original and reflects your understanding of the topic.

5.Revising and Editing your Report

At this point, you might feel like you're done with your report, but there's one last crucial step: proofreading. A mistake or two in typing or grammar can significantly diminish the professionalism of your report. It's essential to review your content, refining what needs to be included and removing anything irrelevant.

Here's how to use WPS AI for revising and editing:

Use the AI's grammar and spell-check features to catch basic errors.

We can use WPS AI to review specific paragraphs for clarity by selecting the "Improve Writing" option from the list of WPS AI options provided in the hover menu.

Here is what your report would look like at the end of this entire process:

Bonus Tips: How Can WPS AI Help your Report Writing [Not Only the Format]

WPS Office has contributed a lot to academic pursuits by providing a full-fledged office suite that aids everyone in their academic life. It gives access to advanced features that simplify report writing, eliminating frustrations related to conversions to PDF, formatting, checking, and more.

WPS Office offers multiple tools to help refine the report, including:

1. Content Generation and Refinement

WPS AI Writer: The AI-powered content generation tool in WPS Office assists users in creating well-structured and coherent content. Whether you're starting from scratch or need to enhance an existing draft, WPS AI can suggest improvements, generate additional content, and help organize your ideas effectively.

Templates: WPS Office provides a variety of templates for different types of reports, ensuring that you start with a professional format.

Smart Assistance: The AI can offer suggestions for better word choices, sentence structures, and even provide detailed outlines based on your topic.

2. Language and Style Enhancement

Grammar and Style Check: WPS Office includes advanced grammar and style checking tools that help you maintain a professional tone and clear language throughout your report.

Real-Time Feedback: Receive instant feedback on grammar, punctuation, and style issues as you type.

Customization: Adjust the settings to focus on specific style guides or preferences, ensuring that your report meets the required academic standards.

3. Proofreading and Editing

AI-Powered Proofreading: The built-in proofreading tool in WPS Office helps catch errors that you might miss. It goes beyond basic spell check to include context-aware suggestions.

Comprehensive Checks: This tool checks for consistency, coherence, and clarity, ensuring that your report is not only error-free but also easy to read and understand.

Batch Processing: Proofread and edit multiple documents simultaneously, saving time and ensuring consistency across all your reports.

FAQs About Writing a Report

1. what is a report.

A report is a written document that presents information about a particular topic, practical experiments, or research. Reports are usually well-structured, consisting of sections such as an executive summary, introduction, findings, discussion, conclusion, and recommendations. The main objective of a report is to describe and analyze the results, offering a clear understanding of the subject being addressed.

2. What is the difference between a report and an essay?

A report is a systematically organized document that presents information and analysis. Reports are used to detail the findings of a project, experiment, or investigation.It typically features specific sections with headings and subheadings and often incorporates tables, bullet points, and graphics. An essay, in contrast, has a more flexible structure with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Essays focus on developing a discussion or argument about a topic through a series of connected paragraphs. They are used to build and explore arguments and insights.

3. What are some common mistakes to avoid in report writing?

When writing a report, it is essential to avoid common pitfalls that can hinder clarity and effectiveness, such as:

Insufficient Organization: A well-defined structure is essential for clarity.

Excessive Detail: Too much information without context can confuse the reader.

Language Mistakes: Grammatical and spelling issues can diminish the report's credibility.

Audience Consideration: Not customizing content for the audience can reduce effectiveness.

Omitting Conclusions and Recommendations: Clear conclusions and actionable recommendations are crucial for impact.

Inappropriate Tense Usage: The report should be in the past tense.

Direct Speech Misuse: Use indirect speech.

Voice Misapplication: Passive voice should be utilized.

Perspective Issues: Reports must be composed in the third person.

Craft The Perfect Report WIth WPS Office

Reports can truly have a major part in shaping your ultimate future, so you want to make sure you have all the tools you need to know on how to write a report that allows you to submit it to perfection. WPS Office provides the resources and features necessary to help you achieve this goal. By using WPS Office, you equip yourself with all the necessary tools to write a perfectly formatted, professional report. Get WPS Office today to make your report writing better and ensure your reports contribute positively to shaping your future.

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NIMH Clinical Research Toolbox

The NIMH Clinical Research Toolbox serves as an information repository for NIMH staff and the clinical research community, particularly those receiving NIMH funding. The Toolbox contains resources such as NIH and NIMH policy and guidance documents, templates, sample forms, links to additional resources, and other materials to assist clinical investigators in the development and conduct of high-quality clinical research studies.

Use of these templates and forms is optional; the resources can be used as-is or customized to serve study team needs. In cases where institutions provide research teams with institution-specific templates and forms for clinical research documentation, NIMH expects researchers to follow their institutional policies for document use. Nevertheless, the materials on this page can be consulted to assure that study teams are meeting NIMH expectations.

Protocol Templates

Protocol associated documents, regulatory documents and associated case report forms, clinical research education, support, and training (crest) program overview.

Human Subject Risk

Data and Safety Monitoring for Clinical Trials

Reportable events, recruitment, suicide prevention research, good clinical practice training, data sharing, educational presentations, clinical research start up.

NIMH encourages investigators to consider using one of the protocol templates below when developing a clinical research protocol. In cases where an institutional review board (IRB) has a recommended or required protocol template, reviewing the documents included below is still suggested as there may be sections that a study team may opt to include in an effort to develop a comprehensive research protocol.

NIH has developed a Clinical e-Protocol Writing Tool to support the collaborative writing and review of protocols for behavioral and social sciences research involving humans, and of phase 2 and 3 clinical trial protocols that require a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Investigational New Drug (IND) or Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) Application.

NIH-FDA Phase 2 and 3 IND/IDE Clinical Trial Protocol Template

This clinical trial protocol template is a suggested format for Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials funded by NIH that are being conducted under a FDA IND or IDE Application.

Investigators for such trials are encouraged to use this template when developing protocols for NIH-funded clinical trial(s). This template may also be useful to others developing phase 2 and 3 IND/IDE clinical trials.

NIH Behavioral and Social Clinical Trials Template

This clinical trial protocol template is a suggested format for behavioral or psychosocial clinical trials funded by NIH. Investigators for such studies are encouraged to use this template when developing protocols for NIH-funded clinical trial(s). This template may also be useful to others developing behavioral of psychosocial research studies.

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NIMH Clinical Manual of Procedures (MOP) Template [Word]

This template provides a recommended structure for developing consistent instructions on study procedure implementation and data collection across participant and clinical site activities. It details the study’s organization, operations, procedures, data management, and quality control.

NIMH Clinical Monitoring Plan Template [Word]

This template provides a recommended structure for a plan to conduct internal or independent review of Good Clinical Practices (GCP), human subject safety, and data integrity throughout the lifecycle of a study.

Informed Consent Materials

Often study teams will be provided with informed consent form templates and guidance on requirements for the informed consent process by their institutions. Below is additional guidance and materials to support a thorough informed consent process.

Sample NDA Informed Consent Language

The NIMH Data Archive (NDA) receives de-identified human subjects data collected from hundreds of research projects across many scientific domains, and makes these data available to enable collaborative science. This NDA sample informed consent language for data sharing can be adapted when using one of the NDA platforms.

Regulatory Document Checklists by Study Type The following checklists are intended to help the investigator community identify a set of core documents to be organized within a single study specific folder, either electronically, hard copy, or a mixture of both formats. NIMH encourages study teams to verify what additional documents, or alternative formats of the documents in the checklists, their institution and IRB require.

NIMH Regulatory Document Checklist for non-Clinical Trial Human Subjects Research [Word]

Study teams can use this checklist to compile essential documents for the conduct of a NIMH-funded study that does not meet the NIH definition of a clinical trial and is research on human subjects.

NIMH Regulatory Document Checklist for Clinical Trials without Investigational Product [Word]

Study teams can use this checklist to compile essential documents for the conduct of a NIMH-funded NIH defined clinical trial that does not involve an investigational drug or device.

NIMH Regulatory Document Checklist for Human Subjects Research Clinical Trials with Investigational Product not under a FDA IND/IDE [Word]

Study teams can use this checklist to compile essential documents for the conduct of a NIMH-funded NIH defined clinical trial with an investigational drug or device that is not under a FDA IND or IDE.

NIMH Regulatory Document Checklist for a Study under a FDA IND or IDE [Word]

Study teams can use this checklist to compile essential documents for the conduct of a NIMH-funded NIH defined clinical trial or non-clinical trial with an investigational drug or device under a FDA IND or IDE.

Necessary Documents for Reportable Events

NIMH Reportable Events Log Template [Word]

This document provides a log template for documenting reportable events. The types of events that require reporting may vary by institution, IRB, sponsor, state, and other factors.

NIMH Study-Wide Protocol Deviation Log Template [Word]

This document provides a log template for tracking all protocol deviations/violations across a study.

NIMH Subject-Specific Protocol Deviation Log Template [Word]

This document provides a log template for tracking subject-specific protocol deviations/violations. If captured electronically, subject-specific deviation logs can be exported into a study-wide deviation log.

NIMH Study-Wide Adverse Events (AE) Log Template [Word]

This document provides a log template for tracking all adverse events (AEs), including serious adverse events (SAEs), across a study.

NIMH Subject-Specific Adverse Event (AE) Log Template [Word]

This document provides a log template for tracking adverse events (AEs), including serious adverse events (SAEs), for each subject. If captured electronically, subject-specific AE logs can be exported into an electronic study-wide AE log.

Necessary Documents for Studies with Pharmacy/Investigational Product

FDA Form 1572 Statement of Investigator

This FDA form should be signed by the investigator prior to study initiation to provide certain information to the sponsor, and assure that he/she will comply with FDA regulations related to the conduct of a clinical investigation of an investigational drug or biologic.

NIMH Investigational Product (IP) Management Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) Template [Word]

This document provides a sample standard operating procedures (SOP) template to document how investigational product (IP) will be received, stored, monitored, labeled, dispensed, and destroyed.

NIMH Investigational Product Storage Temperature Log Template [Word]

This document provides a log template for recording the daily temperatures for investigational product (IP).

NIMH Master Investigational Product Dispensing and Accountability Log Template [Word]

This document provides a log template for capturing all investigational product (IP) dispensed to and returned by participants for the duration of the study.

NIMH Subject-Specific Investigational Product Dispensation and Accountability Log Template [Word]

This document provides a log template for capturing all investigational product (IP) dispensed to an individual participant and returned by that participant. This log is typically placed in each subject’s study binder (study blind is maintained, if applicable).

Screening and Enrollment Logs and Materials

NIMH Participant Pre-Screening Log Template [Word]

This document provides a log template for all potential participants who have completed initial screening procedures (i.e. phone screens or internet screening surveys; typically, prior to signing written informed consent). This log should capture the number of participants eligible for an official screening visit, as well as the number ineligible with the reasons for ineligibility listed.

NIMH Participant Enrollment Log Template [Word]

This document provides a log template for chronologically documenting the participants who have been enrolled in the study.

NIMH Inclusion/Exclusion Checklist Template [Word]

This document provides a sample checklist to customize according to protocol-specific eligibility criteria. A qualified and appropriately-delegated study team member should sign and date to confirm eligibility once all criteria have been assessed. If criteria are assessed on different visit dates, this checklist should be reformatted to reflect which criteria are assessed on which visit dates, and who is responsible for assessing them.

NIMH Documentation of Informed Consent Template [Word]

This document provides a sample form template for documenting the informed consent process.

Additional Participant Tracking Logs and Materials

NIMH Concomitant Medication Log Template [Word]

This document provides a log template for recording each participant’s medications throughout the study. This log is typically reviewed at all subject study visits and is located in each participant’s study binder.

NIMH Research Sample Inventory/Tracking Log [Word]

This document provides a log template for tracking the collection and storage of research samples.

Staff Training and Administrative Tracking Logs and Materials

NIMH Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Training Log Template [Word]

This document provides a log template for documenting completion of Good Clinical Practice (GCP) training requirements. Note: all NIH-funded investigators and staff who are involved in the conduct, oversight, or management of clinical trials should be trained in Good Clinical Practice (GCP), consistent with principles of the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) E6 (R2). Individual institutions may require GCP training regardless of funding source or clinical trial status.

NIMH Study Training Log Template [Word]

This document provides a log template for documenting staff trainings for study-specific procedures (i.e., trainings for diagnostic interview administration, study protocol adherence, phlebotomy, outcomes measures, OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens, etc.).

NIMH Delegation of Authority Log Template [Word]

This document can be used to record all study staff members’ significant study-related duties, as delegated by the Principal Investigator (PI). Most studies opt to use a log format, such as the Delegation of Authority log, because it captures study staff on one page and includes space to document the addition or removal of specific study tasks for individual staff members.

NIMH Monitoring Visit Log Template [Word]

This document is typically completed by the clinical site monitor to document dates and purpose of clinical site monitoring visits.

NIMH Note to File (NTF) Template [Word]

This document provides a sample template for generating notes-to-file, which are written to acknowledge a discrepancy or problem with the study’s conduct, or for other administrative purposes (such as to document where study materials are stored).

On-Site Monitoring

Even though it is the NIMH’s expectation that grantees will provide adequate oversight of their clinical research, NIMH Program Officials may require additional levels of on-site monitoring conducted by NIMH staff. Clinical monitoring helps ensure the rights and well-being of human subjects are protected; the reported clinical research study data are accurate, complete, and verifiable; and the conduct of the study is in compliance with the study protocol, Good Clinical Practice (GCP), and the regulations of applicable agencies.

The NIMH Clinical Research Education, Support, and Training (CREST) Program provides ongoing educational and technical support from NIMH staff for clinical research project grants selected for consultation and/or site visit(s). The CREST Program aims to ensure that the reported clinical research study data are accurate, complete, and verifiable, the conduct of the study is in compliance with the study protocol, Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and the regulations of applicable agencies, and the rights and well-being of human subjects are protected, in accordance with 45 CFR 46 (Protection of Human Subjects) and, as applicable, 21 CFR part 50 (Protection of Human Subjects).

To promote clinical research that is compliant with GCP and human subject regulations, the CREST Program includes phone conversations, email consultation, and/or site visit(s) from NIMH staff, as needed, to assess and provide written feedback and recommendations on planned or ongoing clinical research protocols. Documents relating to the conduct of the clinical research, such as current IRB approved protocols, informed consent documents, source documents, and drug accountability records, as applicable, may be reviewed for compliance with applicable Federal regulations, and institutional and IRB policies.

Research project grants selected for inclusion in the CREST Program might include clinical research studies with “significantly-greater-than-minimal risk” to subjects (e.g., an intervention or invasive procedure with high potential for serious adverse events; see NIMH Risk-Based Monitoring Guidance ); a study intervention under a FDA Investigational New Drug or Investigational Device Exemption; or other studies identified by NIMH staff that may benefit from inclusion in CREST. CREST is separate and distinct from “for cause” audits of clinical research. Research grants may be included in CREST at any time during the study lifecycle, although projects are generally identified and selected for the program at the initiation of the grant.

NIMH Clinical Research Education Support and Training (CREST) Program Overview

This page provides a description of the NIMH CREST Program’s purpose, process for inclusion, and operating procedures.

Site Visits

NIMH Clinical Research Education, Support, and Training Program (CREST): Comprehensive Visit Report Template [Word]

This template provides a recommended structure for a CREST site visit report, as well as a sample matrix of regulatory criteria that CREST monitors look at while at site initiation visits (SIVs), interim monitoring visits (IMVs) and close out visits (COVs). It is to be used as a starting point for preparing for a CREST site visit or for writing a site visit report.

NIMH CREST Site Initiation Visit (SIV) Sample Agenda [Word]

This document provides a sample site initiation visit agenda to be customized by the Principal Investigator (PI) and site monitor prior to the visit.

Human Subjects Research

This section provides resources, including policy and guidance documents related to the conduct of human subject research. The resources included below represent those frequently of interest to NIMH investigators, specifically: overviews of human subject research, data and safety monitoring, human subject risk, reportable events, and recruitment. There are numerous other NIH webpages devoted to human subjects research; see Research Involving Human Subjects , NIH Human Subjects Policies and Guidance , and New Human Subjects and Clinical Trial Information Form .

Human Subject Regulations Decision Charts

The Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) has developed graphic aids to help guide investigators in deciding if an activity is research involving human subjects that must be reviewed by an IRB under the requirements of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) regulations ( 45 CFR 46 ).

Human Subjects in Research: Things to Consider

This NIMH webpage presents items which investigators should pay particular attention to when proposing to use human subjects in NIMH-funded studies.

Human Subjects Risk

NIMH Guidance on Risk-Based Monitoring

This NIMH guidance aims to clarify risk level definitions and the NIMH’s monitoring expectations to mitigate these risks. This guidance will assist study teams in determining the level of data and safety monitoring that should be established for a study based on the probability and magnitude of anticipated harm and discomfort.

The policies, guidance and documentation in this section outline NIMH expectations for data and safety monitoring of clinical trials . For human subject research that does not meet criteria for NIH clinical trial designation, investigators still have an option of including a data and safety monitoring plan (DSMP; i.e., in studies that may have significant risk to participants). The initial links below apply to all NIMH-funded clinical trials, while the second section provides documentation for clinical trials under the oversight of a NIMH-constituted data and safety monitoring board (DSMB).

All Clinical Trials

NIMH Policy Governing the Monitoring of Clinical Trials

This NIMH policy outlines NIH and NIMH expectations for data and safety monitoring of clinical trials. This policy also assures that the NIMH is notified by NIMH-funded researchers in a timely manner of all directives emanating from monitoring activities.

Guidance for Developing a Data and Safety Monitoring Plan for Clinical Trials Sponsored by NIMH

This guidance was created to aid investigators developing a data and safety monitoring plan (DSMP) to ensure the safety of research participants and to protect the validity and integrity of study data in clinical trials supported by NIMH. This guidance applies to data and safety monitoring for all NIMH-supported clinical trials (including grants, cooperative agreements, and contracts).

NIMH Policy Governing Independent Safety Monitors and Independent Data and Safety Monitoring Boards

This policy establishes expectations for the monitoring of NIMH-supported clinical trials by Independent Safety Monitors (ISMs) and/or independent data and safety monitoring boards (DSMBs) to assure the safety of research participants, regulatory compliance, and data integrity.

Trials Reviewed by a NIMH-Constituted DSMB

The materials below are for studies designated for review by a NIMH-constituted DSMB. Study teams developing materials for a study-constituted independent DSMB may benefit from reviewing the data report template and the protocol amendment memo.

NIMH Clinical Trials Operations Branch Liaison Orientation Letter [Word]

This letter provides an orientation to working with the NIMH Clinical Trials Operations Branch which supports study teams reporting to the NIMH DSMB.

NIMH DSMB Reporting Guide Full Report Template [PDF]

This template provides a recommended structure for data reports used for DSMB review and oversight. The report template includes standard data tables. Study teams are encouraged to utilize this template as a starting point, and use, remove, and/or modify the existing tables as appropriate for the study under review.

NIMH DSMB Amendment Memo Template [Word]

This template may be used when submitting a study protocol or consent document amendment to the NIMH DSMB.

NIMH Reportable Events Policy

This policy outlines the expectations of NIMH-funded researchers relating to the submission of reportable events (i.e., Adverse Events (AEs); Serious Adverse Events (SAEs); Unanticipated Problems Involving Risks to Subjects or Others ; protocol violations; non-compliance (serious or continuing); suspensions or terminations by monitoring entities (i.e., Institutional Review Board (IRB), Independent Safety Monitor (ISM)); and suspensions or terminations by regulatory agencies (i.e., Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)).

( For associated documentation, see: Guidance on Regulatory Documents and Associated Case Report Forms )

NIMH Policy for the Recruitment of Participants in Clinical Research

This policy is intended to support effective and efficient recruitment of participants into all NIMH extramural-funded clinical research studies proposing to enroll 150 or more subjects per study, and all clinical trials, regardless of size.

NIMH Recruitment of Participants in Clinical Research Policy

This policy outlines NIMH expectations regarding the establishment of recruitment plans and milestones for overall study enrollment, and as appropriate, recruitment plans for females and males, members of racial and ethnic minority groups, and children, as well as recruitment reporting.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about Recruitment Milestone Reporting (RMR)

This NIMH FAQ document provides responses to several of the most common questions surrounding RMR.

Points to Consider about Recruitment and Retention While Preparing a Clinical Research Study

These “points to consider” are meant to serve as a resource as investigators plan a clinical research study and a NIMH grant application. It also outlines common barriers that can impact clinical recruitment and retention.

Additional Resources and Trainings

Conducting Research with Participants at Elevated Risk for Suicide: Considerations for Researchers

This web document is intended to support the development of NIMH research grant applications in suicide research, including those related to clinical course, risk and detection, and interventions and implementation, as well as to support research conduct that is safe, ethical and feasible.

Based on the NIH Good Clinical Practice (GCP) policy , all NIH-funded clinical investigators and clinical trial staff who are involved in the design, conduct, oversight, or management of clinical trials are requirement to be trained in GCP. Below are links to some GCP courses that meet NIH GCP training expectations.

Good Clinical Practice for Social and Behavioral Research – E-Learning Course

The NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR) offers a self-paced Good Clinical Practice (GCP) training course with nine video modules. Learners complete knowledge checks and exercises throughout the course.

National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) GCP Learning Center

NIAID has created a self-paced Good Clinical Practice (GCP) training course that includes four modules. These modules educate the learner on the history of human subject research, the regulatory framework, planning human subject research, and conducting human subject research.

National Drug Abuse Treatment (NDAT) Clinical Trials Network

This NDAT course includes 12 modules based on International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) for clinical research studies in the U.S. The course is self-paced and takes approximately six hours to complete.

The following notices and links present NIMH expectations and tools for data sharing.

Data Sharing Expectations for NIMH-Funded Clinical Trials

This notice establishes NIMH’s data sharing expectations, including the request to include a detailed data sharing plan as part of grant applications.

Data Harmonization

This notice encourages investigators in the mental health research community to utilize data collection protocols using a common set of tools and resources to facilitate sharing, comparing, and integration of data from multiple sources.

NIMH Data Archive

The NIMH Data Archive is an informatics platform for the sharing of de-identified human subject data from all clinical research funded by the NIMH.

Educational Materials

The following educational materials are provided to support the training of NIMH-funded clinical research investigators and staff.

Good Clinical Practices (GCP) for NIMH-Sponsored Studies [PowerPoint]

This training presentation defines Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and describes its application in NIMH-funded research. Topics include: investigator responsibilities, training and qualifications, resources and staffing, delegation of responsibilities, informed consent, documentation and storage of data, assessment and reporting, protocol adherence, drug accountability, adverse events/unanticipated problems and noncompliance. Note that this presentation does not replace the Good Clinical Practice (GCP) training required for NIH funded investigators.

Good Documentation Practices for NIMH-Sponsored Studies [PowerPoint]

This training presentation provides an overview of good documentation practices to follow throughout the duration of NIMH-funded research. The presentation defines and gives examples of good documentation practices.

Introduction to Site-Level Quality Management for NIMH-Sponsored Studies [PowerPoint]

This training presentation provides an overview of the process of establishing and ensuring the quality of processes, data, and documentation associated with clinical research activities. Quality Management (QM) is defined in relationship to site-level documentation, processes, and activities. Tools that are available to support site-level QM are also described.

NIMH Clinical Monitoring and Clinical Research Education, Support, and Training Program (CREST) Overview [PowerPoint]

This training presentation provides an overview of Clinical Monitoring, types of site monitoring visits and what takes place during these visits as well as an overview of follow-up activities. The presentation specifically describes the NIMH Clinical Research Education Support and Training (CREST) Program, its goals, study portfolio selection process, and standard procedures.

Additional NIMH Links and Contacts:

Office of Clinical Research
Clinical Trials Operations Branch (CTOB)
NIMH Clinical Research Policies, Guidance, and Resources
Human Research Protection Branch (HRPB)

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How to Make a “Good” Presentation “Great”

Guy Kawasaki

Remember: Less is more.

A strong presentation is so much more than information pasted onto a series of slides with fancy backgrounds. Whether you’re pitching an idea, reporting market research, or sharing something else, a great presentation can give you a competitive advantage, and be a powerful tool when aiming to persuade, educate, or inspire others. Here are some unique elements that make a presentation stand out.

Fonts: Sans Serif fonts such as Helvetica or Arial are preferred for their clean lines, which make them easy to digest at various sizes and distances. Limit the number of font styles to two: one for headings and another for body text, to avoid visual confusion or distractions.
Colors: Colors can evoke emotions and highlight critical points, but their overuse can lead to a cluttered and confusing presentation. A limited palette of two to three main colors, complemented by a simple background, can help you draw attention to key elements without overwhelming the audience.
Pictures: Pictures can communicate complex ideas quickly and memorably but choosing the right images is key. Images or pictures should be big (perhaps 20-25% of the page), bold, and have a clear purpose that complements the slide’s text.
Layout: Don’t overcrowd your slides with too much information. When in doubt, adhere to the principle of simplicity, and aim for a clean and uncluttered layout with plenty of white space around text and images. Think phrases and bullets, not sentences.

As an intern or early career professional, chances are that you’ll be tasked with making or giving a presentation in the near future. Whether you’re pitching an idea, reporting market research, or sharing something else, a great presentation can give you a competitive advantage, and be a powerful tool when aiming to persuade, educate, or inspire others.

Guy Kawasaki is the chief evangelist at Canva and was the former chief evangelist at Apple. Guy is the author of 16 books including Think Remarkable : 9 Paths to Transform Your Life and Make a Difference.

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How to Define a Research Problem | Ideas & Examples

How to Define a Research Problem | Ideas & Examples

Published on November 2, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on May 31, 2023.

A research problem is a specific issue or gap in existing knowledge that you aim to address in your research. You may choose to look for practical problems aimed at contributing to change, or theoretical problems aimed at expanding knowledge.

Some research will do both of these things, but usually the research problem focuses on one or the other. The type of research problem you choose depends on your broad topic of interest and the type of research you think will fit best.

This article helps you identify and refine a research problem. When writing your research proposal or introduction , formulate it as a problem statement and/or research questions .

Why is the research problem important, step 1: identify a broad problem area, step 2: learn more about the problem, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research problems.

Having an interesting topic isn’t a strong enough basis for academic research. Without a well-defined research problem, you are likely to end up with an unfocused and unmanageable project.

You might end up repeating what other people have already said, trying to say too much, or doing research without a clear purpose and justification. You need a clear problem in order to do research that contributes new and relevant insights.

Whether you’re planning your thesis , starting a research paper , or writing a research proposal , the research problem is the first step towards knowing exactly what you’ll do and why.

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As you read about your topic, look for under-explored aspects or areas of concern, conflict, or controversy. Your goal is to find a gap that your research project can fill.

Practical research problems

If you are doing practical research, you can identify a problem by reading reports, following up on previous research, or talking to people who work in the relevant field or organization. You might look for:

Issues with performance or efficiency
Processes that could be improved
Areas of concern among practitioners
Difficulties faced by specific groups of people

Examples of practical research problems

Voter turnout in New England has been decreasing, in contrast to the rest of the country.

The HR department of a local chain of restaurants has a high staff turnover rate.

A non-profit organization faces a funding gap that means some of its programs will have to be cut.

Theoretical research problems

If you are doing theoretical research, you can identify a research problem by reading existing research, theory, and debates on your topic to find a gap in what is currently known about it. You might look for:

A phenomenon or context that has not been closely studied
A contradiction between two or more perspectives
A situation or relationship that is not well understood
A troubling question that has yet to be resolved

Examples of theoretical research problems

The effects of long-term Vitamin D deficiency on cardiovascular health are not well understood.

The relationship between gender, race, and income inequality has yet to be closely studied in the context of the millennial gig economy.

Historians of Scottish nationalism disagree about the role of the British Empire in the development of Scotland’s national identity.

Next, you have to find out what is already known about the problem, and pinpoint the exact aspect that your research will address.

Context and background

Who does the problem affect?
Is it a newly-discovered problem, or a well-established one?
What research has already been done?
What, if any, solutions have been proposed?
What are the current debates about the problem? What is missing from these debates?

Specificity and relevance

What particular place, time, and/or group of people will you focus on?
What aspects will you not be able to tackle?
What will the consequences be if the problem is not resolved?

Example of a specific research problem

A local non-profit organization focused on alleviating food insecurity has always fundraised from its existing support base. It lacks understanding of how best to target potential new donors. To be able to continue its work, the organization requires research into more effective fundraising strategies.

Once you have narrowed down your research problem, the next step is to formulate a problem statement , as well as your research questions or hypotheses .

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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

Sampling methods
Simple random sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Likert scales
Reproducibility

Statistics

Null hypothesis
Statistical power
Probability distribution
Effect size
Poisson distribution

Research bias

Optimism bias
Cognitive bias
Implicit bias
Hawthorne effect
Anchoring bias
Explicit bias

All research questions should be:

Focused on a single problem or issue
Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources
Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints
Specific enough to answer thoroughly
Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis
Relevant to your field of study and/or society more broadly

Research questions anchor your whole project, so it’s important to spend some time refining them.

In general, they should be:

Focused and researchable
Answerable using credible sources
Complex and arguable
Feasible and specific
Relevant and original

Your research objectives indicate how you’ll try to address your research problem and should be specific:

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

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A prosthesis driven by the nervous system helps people with amputation walk naturally

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A person wears a prosthetic leg with a circuit board while walking up stairs in a lab.

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State-of-the-art prosthetic limbs can help people with amputations achieve a natural walking gait, but they don’t give the user full neural control over the limb. Instead, they rely on robotic sensors and controllers that move the limb using predefined gait algorithms.

Using a new type of surgical intervention and neuroprosthetic interface, MIT researchers, in collaboration with colleagues from Brigham and Women’s Hospital, have shown that a natural walking gait is achievable using a prosthetic leg fully driven by the body’s own nervous system. The surgical amputation procedure reconnects muscles in the residual limb, which allows patients to receive “proprioceptive” feedback about where their prosthetic limb is in space.

In a study of seven patients who had this surgery, the MIT team found that they were able to walk faster, avoid obstacles, and climb stairs much more naturally than people with a traditional amputation.

“This is the first prosthetic study in history that shows a leg prosthesis under full neural modulation, where a biomimetic gait emerges. No one has been able to show this level of brain control that produces a natural gait, where the human’s nervous system is controlling the movement, not a robotic control algorithm,” says Hugh Herr, a professor of media arts and sciences, co-director of the K. Lisa Yang Center for Bionics at MIT, an associate member of MIT’s McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and the senior author of the new study.

Patients also experienced less pain and less muscle atrophy following this surgery, which is known as the agonist-antagonist myoneural interface (AMI). So far, about 60 patients around the world have received this type of surgery, which can also be done for people with arm amputations.

Hyungeun Song, a postdoc in MIT’s Media Lab, is the lead author of the paper , which appears today in Nature Medicine .

Sensory feedback

Most limb movement is controlled by pairs of muscles that take turns stretching and contracting. During a traditional below-the-knee amputation, the interactions of these paired muscles are disrupted. This makes it very difficult for the nervous system to sense the position of a muscle and how fast it’s contracting — sensory information that is critical for the brain to decide how to move the limb.

People with this kind of amputation may have trouble controlling their prosthetic limb because they can’t accurately sense where the limb is in space. Instead, they rely on robotic controllers built into the prosthetic limb. These limbs also include sensors that can detect and adjust to slopes and obstacles.

To try to help people achieve a natural gait under full nervous system control, Herr and his colleagues began developing the AMI surgery several years ago. Instead of severing natural agonist-antagonist muscle interactions, they connect the two ends of the muscles so that they still dynamically communicate with each other within the residual limb. This surgery can be done during a primary amputation, or the muscles can be reconnected after the initial amputation as part of a revision procedure.

“With the AMI amputation procedure, to the greatest extent possible, we attempt to connect native agonists to native antagonists in a physiological way so that after amputation, a person can move their full phantom limb with physiologic levels of proprioception and range of movement,” Herr says.

In a 2021 study , Herr’s lab found that patients who had this surgery were able to more precisely control the muscles of their amputated limb, and that those muscles produced electrical signals similar to those from their intact limb.

After those encouraging results, the researchers set out to explore whether those electrical signals could generate commands for a prosthetic limb and at the same time give the user feedback about the limb’s position in space. The person wearing the prosthetic limb could then use that proprioceptive feedback to volitionally adjust their gait as needed.

In the new Nature Medicine study, the MIT team found this sensory feedback did indeed translate into a smooth, near-natural ability to walk and navigate obstacles.

“Because of the AMI neuroprosthetic interface, we were able to boost that neural signaling, preserving as much as we could. This was able to restore a person's neural capability to continuously and directly control the full gait, across different walking speeds, stairs, slopes, even going over obstacles,” Song says.

A natural gait

For this study, the researchers compared seven people who had the AMI surgery with seven who had traditional below-the-knee amputations. All of the subjects used the same type of bionic limb: a prosthesis with a powered ankle as well as electrodes that can sense electromyography (EMG) signals from the tibialis anterior the gastrocnemius muscles. These signals are fed into a robotic controller that helps the prosthesis calculate how much to bend the ankle, how much torque to apply, or how much power to deliver.

The researchers tested the subjects in several different situations: level-ground walking across a 10-meter pathway, walking up a slope, walking down a ramp, walking up and down stairs, and walking on a level surface while avoiding obstacles.

In all of these tasks, the people with the AMI neuroprosthetic interface were able to walk faster — at about the same rate as people without amputations — and navigate around obstacles more easily. They also showed more natural movements, such as pointing the toes of the prosthesis upward while going up stairs or stepping over an obstacle, and they were better able to coordinate the movements of their prosthetic limb and their intact limb. They were also able to push off the ground with the same amount of force as someone without an amputation.

“With the AMI cohort, we saw natural biomimetic behaviors emerge,” Herr says. “The cohort that didn’t have the AMI, they were able to walk, but the prosthetic movements weren’t natural, and their movements were generally slower.”

These natural behaviors emerged even though the amount of sensory feedback provided by the AMI was less than 20 percent of what would normally be received in people without an amputation.

“One of the main findings here is that a small increase in neural feedback from your amputated limb can restore significant bionic neural controllability, to a point where you allow people to directly neurally control the speed of walking, adapt to different terrain, and avoid obstacles,” Song says.

“This work represents yet another step in us demonstrating what is possible in terms of restoring function in patients who suffer from severe limb injury. It is through collaborative efforts such as this that we are able to make transformational progress in patient care,” says Matthew Carty, a surgeon at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and associate professor at Harvard Medical School, who is also an author of the paper.

Enabling neural control by the person using the limb is a step toward Herr’s lab’s goal of “rebuilding human bodies,” rather than having people rely on ever more sophisticated robotic controllers and sensors — tools that are powerful but do not feel like part of the user’s body.

“The problem with that long-term approach is that the user would never feel embodied with their prosthesis. They would never view the prosthesis as part of their body, part of self,” Herr says. “The approach we’re taking is trying to comprehensively connect the brain of the human to the electromechanics.”

The research was funded by the MIT K. Lisa Yang Center for Bionics and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

Hugh Herr, who wears two prosthetic legs, speaks to someone holding a prosthetic leg.

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Press mentions.

Researchers at MIT have developed a novel surgical technique that could “dramatically improve walking for people with below-the-knee amputations and help them better control their prosthetics,” reports Timmy Broderick for STAT . “With our patients, even though their limb is made of titanium and silicone, all these various electromechanical components, the limb feels natural, and it moves naturally, without even conscious thought," explains Prof. Hugh Herr.

Financial Times

A new surgical approach developed by MIT researchers enables a bionic leg driven by the body’s nervous system to restore a natural walking gait more effectively than other prosthetic limbs, reports Clive Cookson for the Financial Times . “The approach we’re taking is trying to comprehensively connect the brain of the human to the electro-mechanics,” explains Prof. Hugh Herr.

The Washington Post

A new surgical procedure and neuroprosthetic interface developed by MIT researchers allows people with amputations to control their prosthetic limbs with their brains, “a significant scientific advance that allows for a smoother gait and enhanced ability to navigate obstacles,” reports Lizette Ortega for The Washington Post . “We’re starting to get a glimpse of this glorious future wherein a person can lose a major part of their body, and there’s technology available to reconstruct that aspect of their body to full functionality,” explains Prof. Hugh Herr.

The Guardian

MIT scientists have conducted a trial of a brain controlled bionic limb that improves gait, stability and speed over a traditional prosthetic, reports Hannah Devlin for The Guardian . Prof. Hugh Herr says with natural leg connections preserved, patients are more likely to feel the prosthetic as a natural part of their body. “When the person can directly control and feel the movement of the prosthesis it becomes truly part of the person’s anatomy,” Herr explains.

The Economist

Using a new surgical technique, MIT researchers have developed a bionic leg that can be controlled by the body’s own nervous system, reports The Economist . The surgical technique “involved stitching together the ends of two sets of leg muscles in the remaining part of the participants’ legs,” explains The Economist . “Each of these new connections forms a so-called agonist-antagonist myoneural interface, or AMI. This in effect replicates the mechanisms necessary for movement as well as the perception of the limb’s position in space. Traditional amputations, in contrast, create no such pairings.”

The Boston Globe

Researchers at MIT and Brigham and Women’s Hospital have created a new surgical technique and neuroprosthetic interface for amputees that allows a natural walking gait driven by the body’s own nervous system, reports Adam Piore for The Boston Globe . “We found a marked improvement in each patient’s ability to walk at normal levels of speed, to maneuver obstacles, as well as to walk up and down steps and slopes," explains Prof. Hugh Herr. “I feel like I have my leg — like my leg hasn’t been amputated,” shares Amy Pietrafitta, a participant in the clinical trial testing the new approach.

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A prosthesis driven by the nervous system helps people with amputation
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