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1 Journal in JSTOR | Date Range |
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The North American Review | 1821 - 2022 |
The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal | 1815 - 1821 |
North American Review University of Northern Iowa 1222 West 27th Street Cedar Falls, Iowa 50614-0516 Phone: 319 273-6455 Fax: 319 273-4326 E-mail: [email protected]
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The University of Northern Iowa is committed to ensuring that the rights and welfare of human research participants are adequately protected in all research activities. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is the administrative body charged with the responsibility of reviewing, prior to its initiation, all research involving human participants. The IRB may approve, exempt, disapprove, monitor and require modifications to all research activities falling under its jurisdiction, as specified by federal regulations and institutional policy.
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Primer for Reporting Data while Maintaining Confidentiality (PDF) - This is Chapter 2 of a report by the Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology that describes how to protect confidentiality and privacy of participants when reporting statistical data from research studies.
International Compilation of Human Research Standards (PDF) - The Compilation features listings of over 1,000 laws, regulations, and guidelines on human subject protections in 113 countries, as well as standards issued by a number of international and regional organizations.
International Compilation of Social & Behavioral Research Standards - This listing from the Office for Human Research Protections covers 27 social-behavioral research standards from around the world.
Receptors make dairy cows a prime target for influenza, ISU team finds
Posted Jul 9, 2024 11:30 am
Microscope images of mammary gland tissue taken from a dairy cow infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza are magnified by 200 times on the left and 400 times on the right. On the left, cells infected with influenza are turquoise and flu receptors are magenta. On the right, infections are bright yellow and receptors are bright red. Images courtesy of Christopher Siepker and Tyler Harm/Iowa State University. Larger image.
AMES, Iowa – As highly pathogenic avian influenza has spread in dairy herds across the U.S., the virus is being detected in raw milk. A new study by a broad team of researchers at Iowa State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine helps explain why.
Sialic acid, a sugar molecule found on the surface of some animal cells, acts as a receptor for influenza. Without sialic acid providing an entry point to attach, invade and infect, a flu virus is unlikely to find a potential host hospitable.
Before the recent HPAI outbreak in dairy herds, there was scant research into sialic acid levels in the mammary glands of cattle. Scientists had no reason to suspect the milk-producing organs would be a good target for influenza.
“In livestock, we hadn’t usually looked in milk for viruses. Bacteria, sure. But not so much viruses,” said Dr. Eric Burrough, professor of veterinary diagnostic and production animal medicine.
A team of Iowa State researchers who examined mammary gland samples from two infected cows found a rich supply of sialic acid, which could shed light on how the virus attaches to hosts and help develop measures to slow the illness’ spread.
“We need to stop transmission, and one way to potentially do that is through milking machines. We’re not sure that’s involved with how this is spreading, but it’s one hypothesis,” said Dr. Todd Bell, professor of veterinary pathology.
All milk sold commercially in stores is pasteurized, and research consistently shows pasteurization neutralizes viruses such as influenza. But knowing cows are a biologically suitable home for the flu virus, particularly in their mammary glands, reiterates the dangers of consuming raw milk and raises questions about how milk from infected cows is discarded, Burrough said.
“The idea that the mammary glands are being passively infected is put to rest by this paper,” he said. “They’re pumping out tons of virus, and that’s a risk.”
While HPAI isn’t usually deadly for cows, it’s often fatal for birds. Since the start of the outbreak in the U.S., more than 97 million birds have been affected, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Commercial poultry flocks where the virus is detected are typically euthanized.
The infected dairy cattle samples ISU researchers examined – both mammary glands and respiratory tissues – had receptors for flu strains that originate from birds as well as humans and pigs. The presence of both types of receptors poses added risks, as a single cell infected by avian and mammalian viruses could lead to potentially dangerous mutations, Bell said.
The study was published in the July edition of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s peer-reviewed journal. Thirteen of its 14 co-authors are from Iowa State, including researchers and faculty from across the College of Veterinary Medicine. Another article in the same edition of Emerging Infectious Diseases – with a list of co-authors that includes 10 ISU researchers – describes the initial diagnosis of HPAI in dairy, a finding made at the ISU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory this spring.
Speedy teamwork in the face of new public health threats is essential, said Rahul Nelli, research assistant professor of veterinary diagnostic and production animal medicine.
“Having different departments coming together to collaborate was key for this study and will be key for future investigations,” Nelli said.
Further research could involve influenza receptors in other species and organs, including a closer look at dairy cattle, Bell said. The just-published study is based on a handful of samples. Scientists’ understanding of how influenza affects cattle will improve as more data is collected and herds are regularly screened.
“Surveillance will be really important moving forward, not only through this event but in the years to come,” Burrough said.
Eric Burrough, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, [email protected] , 515-294-0190
Todd Bell, Veterinary Pathology, [email protected] , 515-294-0879
Rahul Nelli, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, [email protected] , 515-294-7012
Dave Roepke, News Service, [email protected] , 515-294-4845
A new study by a broad team of researchers at Iowa State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine helps explain why dairy cows infected by highly pathogenic avian influenza are shedding the virus in their milk. Their findings could help develop biosecurity measures aimed at slowing the spread of the illness.
“The idea that the mammary glands are being passively infected is put to rest by this paper. They’re pumping out tons of virus, and that’s a risk.”
Eric Burrough, professor of veterinary diagnostic and production animal medicine
Read the paper
“Sialic acid receptor specificity in mammary gland of dairy cattle infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, July 2024.
Research team
Co-authors of the paper include:
ISU Veterinary Pathology
- Brianna Jones
- Ariel Nenninger
ISU Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine
- Eric Burrough
- Drew Magstadt
- Marta Mainenti
- Rahul Nelli
- Pablo Piñeyro
- Paul Plummer
- Chris Siepker
- Ning-Chieh Twu
ISU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
- Jennifer Groeltz-Thrush
University of Georgia
- Silvia Carnaccini
Find more Iowa State University news and research stories at news.iastate.edu .
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All UNI graduate programs require a culmination work, such as a dissertation, thesis, or graduate research paper, before awarding a graduate degree. This collection includes theses and dissertations submitted electronically. From this page, you can browse our theses and dissertations by academic department or by the year of completion. Some ...
All UNI graduate programs require a culmination work, such as a dissertation, thesis, or graduate research paper, before awarding a graduate degree. This collection includes theses and dissertations submitted electronically. ... A case study at the University of Northern Iowa, Garrett Edward Jepsen Thesis (UNI Access Only) PDF.
All UNI graduate programs require a culmination work, such as a dissertation, thesis, or graduate research paper, before awarding a graduate degree. This collection includes theses and dissertations submitted electronically. From this page, you can browse our theses and dissertations by academic department or by the year of completion.
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Theses and Dissertations. Use these databases to access the theses and dissertations written at UNI and other universities. All UNI graduate programs require a culmination work, such as a dissertation, thesis, or graduate research paper, before awarding a graduate degree. This collection includes theses and dissertations submitted electronically.
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Makerspaces and the Iowa Core: Connections in a high school library, Tracie Marshall Open Access Graduate Research Paper PDF The need for a teacher librarian to take a leadership role in the implementation of supplemental reading program initiatives to achieve desired student outcomes , Mindy M. Reimer Open Access Graduate Research Paper
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"The idea that the mammary glands are being passively infected is put to rest by this paper," he said. "They're pumping out tons of virus, and that's a risk." ... Find more Iowa State University news and research stories at news.iastate.edu. Strategic Relations and Communications; News Service 2420 Lincoln Way, Suite 201 Ames, Iowa ...
A Research Paper Presented to The Department of Educational Leadership, Counseling and Postsecondary Education University of Northern Iowa In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Elizabeth A. Balder May2007
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