thesis statement examples on racial profiling

Racial Profiling Essay: Outline, Examples, & Writing Tips

Racial profiling is not uncommon. It’s incredibly offensive and unfair behavior that causes most of the protests in support of people of color. It occurs when people are suspected of committing a crime based on their skin color or ethnicity.

Unfortunately, most people are unaware that racial profiling is an everyday phenomenon that harms both the victims and society. Therefore, it’s crucial that we highlight this issue in as many ways as possible. One of the options is expressing your opinion through writing. A racial profiling essay can be inspiring and persuasive. All the power is in your hands, so let’s figure out how to use it! Keep reading this guide made by Custom-writing.org experts.

The article contains a writing guide, a collection of racial profiling essay topics, ideas, and examples, as well as the tips on making a racial profiling essay outline. We hope that it will inspire you to make an A+ argumentative racial profiling essay or even a persuasive speech on the topic!

🤔 What Is a Racial Profiling Essay about?

• 📑 Making an Outline
• 👌 Writing Tips

📝 Racial Profiling Essay Examples

🔗 references.

There is more than one objective for writing a racial profiling essay. First of all, it can be as simple as expressing your feelings about it. For example, you might consider pointing out how unfair and unjustified those actions are. Moreover, if you’re a law student, you should definitely back up those conclusions with the extractions from the Constitution.

You can then focus on describing the impact it has on society, which makes a fantastic cause and effect essay. There are so many more topic ideas, but if you’re feeling stuck, go ahead to the article’s next sections!

Argumentative Racial Profiling Essay

To write a successful argumentative racial profiling essay, you need to focus on investigating the topic to express your perspective later. Every statement you include in the main body of the writing should be supported by evidence. The essential part of such an essay is a clear thesis statement! And if you struggle to come up with a good one yourself, you can get help from a thesis statement generator online .

Persuasive Racial Profiling Essay

Unlike the type discussed above, a persuasive racial profiling essay should aim to convince your readers that your point of view is the only correct one. Instead of just presenting your point of view, you need to gather the most convincing facts that can influence your audience. It requires expertise in the topic of racial profiling.

Racial Profiling Essay Topics

Looking for a racial profiling essay topic ? Find a short and sweet topic collection below.

• The impact of racial profiling on the US society. For this essay, you would need to study how citizens react to racial profiling. You might also include some statistics from the previous years.
• Present your point of view on the issue of racial profiling. If you ever faced it yourself, your reflective essay would be even more powerful! Include as much evidence as you can.
• Racial profiling: are African Americans overreacting? Someone feels like people might be taking this issue too personally. Therefore, you should provide strong arguments to point out how discriminating those actions are. 
• Accepting racial profiling as a common practice. Express your opinion on this topic. Do you think police should be legally allowed to practice racial profiling? Why would it be a violation of rights?
• Racial profiling from a psychological perspective. Try to analyze this occurrence as if you were a professional psychologist. What do you think makes law enforcement act this way?
• Does racism impact the US immigration?  
• Discuss the definition and origins of racial profiling.
• Analyze the aim and values of the Black Life Matter movement.  
• Racial stereotypes in Disney films. 
• Examine the problem of workplace racism.
• How can racism in medicine be eliminated?
• What is the colorblind racism?
• Describe your personal experience of racism .
• Compare the ways South Africa and the US are handling racism.
• The goals of the Black Lives Matter movement. 
• Explain why racism is a persistent problem in modern society.  
• Explore the concept of racial profiling in the “war on drugs.”
• Childhood under the racist laws of apartheid in Trevor Noah’s Born a Crime .
• Discuss the effect of racism on child development .
• Is there a racial disparity gap in healthcare? 
• Describe the problems racism causes in American schools.
• How does racism affect modern society?
• Racial stereotypes in music video .
• The pros and cons of racial profiling in the airports.
• Describe the specifics of colorblind racism .
• Discuss the possible solutions of racial profiling problem.
• Terrorist attacs in 9/11, hate crimes, and racial profiling.
• Is institutionalized racism a real problem or a myth?
• Racial and ethnical prejudices in breast cancer treatment.
• Examine the cases of racism against healthcare workers and their consequences.
• Analyze the impact of racism on globalization .
• Describe and characterize the main types of modern racism .
• Racial profiling of minority groups in the US.
• Is racial discrimination issue completely eliminated from American society?  
• Evaluate the racial inequalities in the US judicial system.
• Describe how race relations are represented in Men We Reaped by Jesmyn Ward .
• Analyze the difference between individual and institutional racism.
• Investigation of the history of racism in The Case for Reparations by Coates.
• Is racial profiling a discrimination or a necessary evil?
• Ways of dealing with racism in American education .
• Examine the history of racial stereotypes in the US.  
• Explain why racial profiling is a violation of human rights.
• Catastrophic consequences of discrimination and racial prejudice in the film A Soldier’s Story .
• Racism as a global issue.
• Discuss the causes and effects of racism in America.
• What can be done to resolve the problem of racism at interactional level ?
• Analyze the issue of racial profiling of drivers.
• Describe the problem of racism and discrimination from the perspective of social psychology.
• Discuss the methods of solving the problem of policing racism .
• Examine the cases of racism in social work environment.

📑 Racial Profiling Essay Outline

Whichever type of racial profiling essay you choose to work on, the basic writing strategy remains the same. After you pick up the suitable title and finish your research, it’s time to reorganize the main ideas. The best way to do it is to create a racial profiling essay outline that serves as a foundation for your future essay.

There are three elements that any essay must have:

• Introduction

The main body should have at least three paragraphs in which you present your arguments supported by evidence.

Racial Profiling Essay Introduction

It is a good idea to start your essay with a hook – a statement that aims to grab your reader’s attention. In your racial profiling essay introduction, you could use some impressive statistics that illustrate the problem of racial discrimination or describe a real-life situation.

At this stage, it’s also essential that you think about composing a racial profiling thesis statement . It goes as the last sentence of the introduction and becomes the focal point of your whole writing. The thesis statement includes your opinion and a short description of your arguments.

Racial Profiling Essay Conclusion

In conclusion, you should summarize your arguments and paraphrase your racial profiling thesis statement. It is also a good idea to add some information about the most important findings. This way, your essay would be both informative and persuasive.

👌 Racial Profiling Essay: Writing Tips

Let us remind you of some basic rules you should stick to while writing:

• Introduce your position on the problem and, at least, three major points in the thesis statement of your racial profiling essay.
• Gather enough facts and pieces of evidence to support your points.
• Do not forget to study the arguments of the opposing side.

Before you get down to writing your essay on racial profiling, try to answer the following questions:

• When did racial profiling start?
• Why does it happen?
• What consequences does it lead to?

Try to find some statistical data to include in your essay on racial profiling. Be careful with sources and information. The point is that racial profiling is unconstitutional, which is why you will not find official data, something like police reports, etc. Thus, use only credible online and printed sources when writing your papers on racial profiling.

There is also a way to show your creativity in the essay on racial profiling. You may play the devil advocate’s role and support it in the paper on racial profiling. We are sure this unusual approach will impress your teacher!

Below you’ll find links to 3 racial profiling essay examples. We hope that they will inspire you to write an A+ paper on racism and discrimination.

The modern globalized society provides numerous opportunities for improved communication and increased mutual understanding. However, there are still such problems as discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, mentality, sex, or gender, biased attitudes to some minorities, and widespread stereotypical thinking.

Read the full text

The system of racism entails degrading and harmful actions and beliefs that are implemented and expressed by both groups of people. Racism over the years has been one of the reasons behind poverty and lack of access to social mobility in the United States.

Racial identity and racial socialization are proposed to promote the improvement of African American adolescents in the aspect of race-related difficulties. Current studies pointed out that discrimination is a condition that has harmful effects on the mental health of African Americans.

So, good luck with your papers on racial profiling! Do not hesitate to visit our blog if you have trouble with terrorism essays or any other written assignment.

• Racial Profiling: Definition | American Civil Liberties Union
• This is why everyday racial profiling is so dangerous – CNN
• Racial profiling – AP News
• Racial profiling: Germany debating police methods – DW
• Psychology responds to racial profiling
• Racial Profiling – Equal Justice Initiative
• Racial Profiling: Past, Present, and Future?
• Racial profiling | Independent
• Racial Profiling – University of Michigan Law School
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5 examples of thesis statements about racism for your next paper.

By Evans Apr 28 2021

Racism is a hot topic worldwide. It is one of the topics that never lack an audience. As expected, racism is also one of the most loved topics by teachers and even students. Therefore, it is not a surprise to be told to write an essay or a  research paper  on racism. You need to come up with several things within an incredible paper on racism, the most important one being a thesis statement. The term thesis statement sends shivers down the spine of many students. Most do not understand its importance or how to come up with a good thesis statement. Lucky for you, you have come to the right place. Here, you will learn all about  thesis statement  and get to sample a few racist thesis statements.

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Tips to writing a strong racism thesis statement

Keep it short.

A thesis statement is supposed to appear in the first paragraph of your essay. However, this does not mean that it should be the entire paragraph! A strong thesis statement should be one sentence (not an annoyingly long sentence), usually placed as the last sentence in the first paragraph.

Have a stand

A thesis statement should show what you aim to do with your paper. It should show that you are aware of what you are talking about. The thesis statement prepares the reader for what he or she is about to read. A wrong thesis statement will leave the reader of your paper unsure about your topic choice and your arguments.

Answer your research question

If you have been tasked with writing a  research paper  on why the Black Lives Matter movement has successfully dealt with racism, do not write a thesis statement giving the movement's history. Your thesis statement should respond to the research question, not any story you feel like telling. Additionally, the thesis statement is the summary of your sand and answer to the question at hand.

Express the main idea

A confused thesis statement expresses too many ideas while a strong, suitable one expresses the main idea. The thesis statement should tell the reader what your paper is all about. It should not leave the reader confused about whether you are talking about one thing or the other.

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Thesis Statements About Racism Samples

Racism in workplace thesis statement examples.

Racism is so rampant in the workplace. Thousands face discrimination daily in their workplaces. While this is definitely bad news, it gives us more data to choose from when working on an essay or research paper on racism in the workplace. Here are a few examples of thesis statements about racism in the workplace:

1.       Despite being in the The 21st century, racial discrimination is still rampant in the workplace. The efforts made by governments and world organizations have not helped to do away with this discrimination completely.

2.       Even with the unity that comes with digitalism, colour remains the one aspect of life that has continually caused a rift in this life. A lot of efforts have turned futile in the war against racism. The workplace is no exception. It is infiltrated with racial ideologies that remain within man's scope despite the professionalism within the workplace.

3.       Systemic racism is no new concept. It remains the favoured term with the tongues of many after food and rent. This is an indicator of how rooted the world is when it comes to the issue of racism. The now world has been configured to recognize racial differences and be blind to human similarity. Organizations have been established upon this social construct, and more often than it has led them into a ditch of failure. The loot that comes with racism is of great magnitude to bear.

Thesis statement about Racism in schools

Many academic institutions have been recognized for producing students who have passed with distinctions. Unfortunately, behind these overwhelming results lies a trail of many students who have suffered racism and have missed the honors board because of the color differences. Let's look at some of the examples of thesis statements on racism in schools:

1.       Merit should be the S.I unit upon which humanity is graded. Unfortunately, this is not the case, especially in schools, for the new merit score is the person's color. Many have found their way to the honour's board not because of merit but because they of the same color affiliation as the teacher.

2.       Enlightenment and civilization have found their way to the world through one important institution called schools. We owe that to it. Unfortunately, even with the height to which the world has reached civilization and enlightenment, one area has been left out and remains unaddressed- the world view of color. Despite the light and glamour, we see globally, one predominant view is called race. We continue to paint the world based on human color, even in schools.

3.       Bullying falls among the vices that have dire consequences to the victim. One of the spheres to which bullying exists is the sphere of color and race within the context of schools. Many student's confidence and esteem have been shuttered only because they are black or white. Many have receded to depression because they feel unwanted in the schools. One of the prominent times within American History is the Jim Crow Era, where racial segregation in schools within North Carolina was rampant. We saw schools have a section for white students and a separate section for black students within this era. The prevailing flag was black and white, and racism was the order of the day.

Final Thought

Coming up with a thesis statement does not have to difficult. No, not at all. Evaluate the topic or question and express yourself through the thesis statement from your stance or the answer. Mastering this one key in writing exams or assignments is one of the keys to scaling up the ladder of lucrative grades. However, practice is a discipline that will see you become a pro in writing a prolific strong, and catchy thesis statement. Henceforth, regard yourself as a pro, regard yourself as the best in thesis statement writing. If you are still having trouble with coming up with an excellent thesis statement, do not beat yourself up because of it.  Paper per hour  has the  best writers  who can help you with all your racism thesis statement needs.

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Racial Profiling - Essay Samples And Topic Ideas For Free

Racial profiling involves the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion, or national origin. Essays could explore the impacts, ethics, and legal implications of racial profiling, or the measures and initiatives aimed at combating racial profiling. We have collected a large number of free essay examples about Racial Profiling you can find in Papersowl database. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

Police Brutality and Racial Profiling

If you were stopped by police officers and all they saw was your race, imagine how that would have felt. Sadly, this happens in the real world to people of color daily. Racial profiling is a controversial and illegal form of discrimination, where people are targeted for suspicion based on their race or ethnicity rather than on evidence-based suspicious behavior. Racial profiling is a common practice used by law enforcement agencies in the United States. It is based on the […]

Racial Profiling: a Defense Mechanism or Blunt Racism?

Dating as far back during the Reconstruction time period, Jim Crow Era, up until now, racial profiling has been a highly debated issue. Racial Profiling refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual's race, ethnicity, religion, or national origin. Cases such as Rodney King, Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, and along with many other African Americans males who were killed, beaten, or harassed by white male police officers sparked […]

Police Brutality and Racism

The Declaration of Independence was created to protect the inalienable rights that all Americans receive at birth, yet police brutality continues to threaten the rights of African Americans everywhere. Police everywhere need to be given mandatory psychological tests in order to gain awareness of racial bias in law enforcement and allow citizens to slowly gain trust for the officers in law enforcement. No one wants a child to grow up in a world filled with hate. As Martin Luther King […]

We will write an essay sample crafted to your needs.

Racial Profiling Within the Criminal Justice System

Abstract There are many different reasons for people to engage in criminal activities. Unfortunately, there is no way to pin point the source of crime. The purpose of this research paper is to reveal the influences that race has on the Criminal Justice System. More specifically, the researcher (Danielle Clarke) will be discussing the ethical issue of Racial Profiling within the criminal justice system.? Introduction Sampson and Wilson (1995) stated that, “The discussion of Race and Crime is mired in […]

Dealing with Racial Profiling

Have you ever been in an awkward situation when you feel you’re being racially profiled and you’re not doing anything wrong? People that bully, or treat people a certain way because of their skin color really leaves an impact on a person’s life. In “Just Walk on By: Black Men in Public Spaces” you’ll see examples of racial profiling and different ways Brent Staples himself went through experiences. The story begins just a normal day; A man walking down the […]

What is Racial Inequality?

Racial inequality is systematically different from racial discrimination and racism. Racial discrimination involves the treatment of racial inequality while racial inequality involves the consequences of inequality such as, income, education, health, etc. Racism often involves these two processes, but modern forms of racial inequality and discrimination are not necessarily the direct consequences of modern racism (Pager and Shepherd, 2008). Racist sociology studies that relationships between these three phenomena when, how, why and to what extent? In the post-civil rights era […]

What is Racial Profiling

A few people wonder what is racial profiling. Racial profiling mainly is miss-instruction, bondage, and imprisonment. Since slavery African Americans have endured racism because of their personality. Racial profiling also includes choosing on a man for their protest of an explicit racial gathering. The reason in upholding racial profiling out of sight of criminal investigation can develop the likelihood of capturing offenders. Paul Bou-Habib expressed, If the rate at which individuals from an explicit racial gathering carries out a wrongdoing […]

Racial Profiling in America

Racial Profiling against Minorities in America Racial Profiling is an arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity or national origin rather than on a person’s behavior. Discrimination is when you are denied opportunities and equal rights because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons. (Schaefer, 2013: 233) There is no secret that racial profiling and discrimination still takes place in America today. With Racial profiling also comes stereotypes. Racial Profiling and stereotyping is something that happens very often […]

How Stereotypes Contribute to Injustice System?

Because of the stereotypes exist in the media and our society that create racial profile and many injustices especially in criminal system, which is why that Social movement are created. These movements are demanding changes for a better treatment not just on better wage or better job, but also the protection from law. Stereotypes exist in society that it become the norm, which creates the one of the most dangerous behavior which is racial profiling. Racial profiling exist everywhere which […]

Racial Profiling in Law Enforcement

Unfortunately, Racial discrimination has been an ongoing problem within society in general and also within law enforcement agencies worldwide. The news reports of officer involved shootings involving unarmed young black men, proves to be a universal issue that has not yet been resolved. In an effort to find a resolution to these senseless acts of violence, police officers should attempt to come together and become more involved with communities so that there will be less encounters between law enforcement and […]

Persuasive Speech about Racial Profiling

Introduction The definition for racial profiling is the following; “the use of race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed an offense.” Believe it or not majority of us have been a part of stereotyping but when it is done through power and authority of each state that is where it crosses the line. Today I am going to be talking about the hard, but the truth of racial profiling done through law enforcement. You be asking […]

The History of Racism

Have you ever wondered why the world must be this way? Why does racism have to exist? Why something so little as skin color can dictate how you feel about somebody? It’s mind-boggling that racism has been a problem dating back to the 17th century and is still one the most controversial topics in today’s society. Some people may think that racism ended once slavery was abolished, but that was not the case. Hate crimes against ethnic minorities are on […]

Stop and Frisk Theory and Racial Profiling

Abstract Stop and frisk is the detention temporarily of a person and search their clothing based on specific, articulate facts that lead the police officer to have reasonable suspicious that the person is armed and dangerous. However, in the recent years, many people are arguing that stop and frisk are used to target minorities, because the numbers of people who are more stop and frisk by the police are Latinos and African-American. Therefore, stop and frisk are affecting the relationship […]

Racial Profiling in the United States

Racial profiling is a prejudiced act done by law enforcement when an individual is targeted as a suspicious being due to characteristics such as race, skin color, ethnicity, religion, etc. Those characteristics then become the principal factors when a police officer is making decisions. Racial profiling has become a common concern and longstanding problem in many ethnic groups and communities of the U.S. Racial profiling happens because law enforcement officers often develop a style of policing, based off of their […]

Racial Profiling and Stereotypes of Ethnicity

Racial profiling is stereotyping or judging or discriminating against someone (thinking they will do something or already have done something) based off of their color, race or ethnicity. An example of how law enforcement has been since 9/11 is they have been really on Muslims, Arabs and Asian and detaining them on minor immigration violations. Hoping that they can help give information on the attack of the Pentagon or World Trade Center. Another example of how law enforcement use racial […]

A Closer Look at Racial Profiling

Growing up in a predominantly black neighborhood in California, I had never experienced or witnessed racial profiling. Others around me would discuss this issue, but to my knowledge it was rare, and at the time I was not aware about lives being taken due to this issue. It was not until I moved to a more suburban area that consisted of a multitude of different races, that I experienced racial profiling for myself. I remember vividly what happened that day […]

US Police Brutality and African Americans

Police brutality is a major issue in the United States, with its target against African Americans being a longstanding problem. The history of police brutality closely relates to racism and discrimination in America. Many factors, such as institutional racism, poverty, education, and even the drug war, contribute to this issue. With these factors combined, there is an increased risk of violence from law enforcement officials toward African Americans. According to Schwartz and Jahn (2020), African Americans are three times more […]

Racial Profiling at Traffic Stops and Solutions

Traffic stops are incidents that happen to every driver at some point in their life. Whether it is because there is a broken tail light on the car, a traffic violation occurred, or any other factor that can contribute to police conducting a traffic stop. A traffic stop is defined as a justifiable act done by police officers due to a reasonable suspicion that the driver is involved in criminal activities (Sklansky, 2000). In Whren v. United States (1996), the […]

Racial Profiling: a Struggle for Justice and Equality

Imagine being a parent of a Black or Latino child having to explain to them that not all police officers have their best interest at heart. Or having to worry and pray that the said child makes it to their destinations safely without being pulled over in the fears of them being arrested or worst killed. What about the innocent children who have been profiled just for walking in a crowd or being in the wrong place at the wrong […]

Racial Profiling in Police Agencies

Racism, discrimination, prejudgment, and hatred are the effects that tarnish police agencies throughout the country. Blacks who are pulled over by cops are scared that the judicial system is on no occasion by their side. Racial profiling places a fault in the confidence, amongst the youngest generation of black people, of law enforcement agencies. Racial profiling is the time a person or set of persons is prejudged against in a specific manner because of the color of their skin. Scholars […]

Racial Profiling in Stop-and-Frisk

According to The Attorney General of New Jersey in 1999, "… determined that searches of cars on the Turnpike were even more racially disparate than the initial stops: 77.2% of all ‘consent' searches were of minorities and blacks" (Rudovsky, 2001). It is also important to note that according to the New York Civil Liberties Union, "Nearly nine out of 10 stopped-and-frisked New Yorkers have been completely innocent." With these unfortunate statistics surrounding the stop-and-frisk policy in New York City, it […]

Police Brutality against Black Communities

Throughout the years, the issue of police brutality against black communities has been a major problem affecting many countries in the United States. Unjustified killings have taken place in the black community, which has clearly led to a national outcry for justice and equality. The issue has become particularly notable in recent years thanks to the numerous murders of young black people that have been committed by police officers. Research shows that young black men were nine times more likely […]

Issue of Racial Profiling in Communities

Racial profiling has affected many innocent lives and caused them to deserve harsh punishments for crimes they did not commit. Many individuals are being targeted on or assaulted because of racial discrimination. Racial discrimination is becoming worse as the years pass, it's changing into a controversial topic. That is the reason why African American, Hispanics, and Muslims are being focused on. Racial profiling negatively impacts our society. People have expressed worry because racial profiling isn't right about our core beliefs […]

Is Racial Profiling Unnecessary

Racial profiling has been around for as long as we can remember, the discrimination practice by the law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individuals’ race, ethnicity or religion. Racial profiling has been around but is it unnecessary for the world that we live in today. It is illegal, violating the U.S. Constitution’s essential promises of equal protection under the law to all and freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. Just as importantly, racial […]

Racial Profiling: Racial-Ethnic Stratification

It has always been racial profiling in our history because the ones who are persecuted and separated sooner or later will claim why they are dealt with unequally. There are numerous examples far and wide, yet one just needs to investigate how American culture was designed to understand the extraordinary contrast between people. It was even typical and satisfactory to see these distinctions amid the making of this country on the grounds that the ones who apparently had the power […]

Speech about Racial Profiling

The professional speaker that I went to see was Natalie Stoljar. She is a philosophy professor at McGill University. She gave her speech in Farber Hall. The topic that she was talking about was racial profiling and whether or not it was discriminatory. She did not go into all of the aspects of racial profiling she just went into how it plays into the police system. She looked at racial profiling in the philosophical way. I think that the purpose […]

Police Brutality against Latinos in the U.S.

This research focused on the history of police brutality against Latinos in the U.S. and thedifferent types of police brutality. It starts off with an overview of what police brutality is and providing examples of police brutality in the different states. The examples intend to provide the reader with knowledge of how police brutality affects the Latino community and some other minority groups. Additionally, it talks about injunctions and the system of points (used in Boston), which allow police officers […]

Profiling in Law Enforcement: is it Effective Policing?

Profiling in law enforcement is a form of racism in America. This practice is used by police officers on the basis of race or ethnic status of individuals. This form of profiling is also known as criminal profiling or offender profiling and is used to identify likely suspects. Profiling is also used to link cases that have been committed by the same individual. This paper will present several arguments against police profiling. First, the negative impact profiling has in policing […]

The History of the United States

In the early stages of United States history following the events of WW2, the use of stop and search procedures where officers would flood the streets after a reported crime to question individuals in urban, low income, and predominantly black neighborhoods became a staple method for crime fighting. These tactics originated by the LAPD became embraced by other city police chiefs and began to prioritize street stops as a way to conduct surveillance on suspicious individuals. Throughout history patrol officers […]

Social Justice System

Most of the complaints have different applications of the death penalty, police brutality, racial profiling, sentencing disparity, and different treatment of minorities by the Criminal justice system. Everything that happens in court is suppose to be lawful and took into consideration, that your life could be on the line and how many years being spent could affect you and the people around you. The color of someone skin shouldn't be a reason to put them in jail but the supreme […]

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• Racial Profiling Essays

Racial Profiling Essays (Examples)

485+ documents containing “racial profiling” .

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Racial profiling.

In addition the author suggests that the relationship between police and racial minority citizens has throughout history been controversial, and argues that racial profiling is simply a method by which police agents can perpetuate discrimination and prejudice (Bass, 2001). Mcleod (2003) examines the viewpoint that the problem with racial profiling is that it unmistakable identifies a certain portion of the population as 'them' and pairs that description against 'we' suggesting that racial disparities upset the natural order of things (p. 343). Such thinking is not only outdated, but it also lays the foundation for ineffective policy and law enforcement efforts that are not focused on the problem, but are rather focused on a superficial aspect of a persons overall composition, namely their race (Mcleod, 2003). Banks (2003) suggests that racial profiling is irrational and pervasive, and results in widespread investigation of black, Latinos and other racial minorities without empirical evidence to suggest….

Banks, R.R. (2003). "Beyond profiling: Race, policing and the drug war." Stanford Law Review,

Bass, S. (2001). "Policing space, policing race: Social control imperatives and police discretionary decisions." Social Justice, 28(1): 156

Harris, D. (2002). "Flying while Arab: Lessons from the racial profiling controversy." Civil

Rights Journal, 6(1): 8

Racial Profiling Is Not New However and

acial profiling is not new, however, and was a theory of sociology in the late 19th century known as Social Darwinism. Incorrectly using Darwin's theory of evolution, the Social Darwinists believed that some species were morally superior to others, and even some races superior to othersJohnson () Public perception, though, believes in favor of seeing race as a reason for crime, and having a considerable fear of anyone outside their own ethnic group -- depending on the situation. Similarly, much so-called "organized crime," amounting to billions of dollars annually has similar stereotypes of ethnic origin (e.g. Mafia -- La Costa Nostra, ussian Mafia, Chinese Triads, Mexican Mafia, etc.). Still, over the past few decades, at least since the odney King beating, the use of race by law enforcement, and then after 9/11 by Homeland security, has received considerable political and media attention. One is agog, for instance, at the number of….

Ayres, I. "Racial Profiling in Los Angeles: The Numbers Don't Lie." The Los Angeles Times (2008). Web. March 2013.

Clearly, J. "Racial Profiling Studies in Law Enforcement: Issues and Methodology." Minnesota House of Representatives Research Brief (2000). Web. March 2013.

Grogger, J. And Ridgeway, C. "Testing for Racial Profiling in Traffic Stops from Behind a Veil of Darkness." Journal of the American Statistical Association 475.1 (2006): 878-87. Print.

Johnson, D.P. The Historical Background of Social Darwinism. Contemporary Sociological Theories. New York: Springer 2008. Print.

Racial Profiling Since 9-11

acial Profiling Since 911 The racial profiling implies the discrimination by police to detail a person as suspect basing on the racial manifestations. In the present days the process of racial profiling has changed to a great extent. (Harris, 58) The racial profiling, till the present period was indicated towards the practice of police dragging over the black male drivers discriminately on the empirically valid but morally denounced hypothesis that they are more prone to be involved in crime. Presently, the very term is used parallel to the concept of racial discrimination. However, the racial profiling implies to anything specific that means logical discrimination that is racial prejudice with a non-racist justification. (Kinsley, p: B07) The dependence on racial factor is quite hard to cabin or confine one aspect of law implementation. The racial profiles establish and reinforce popular labels about the inclination for criminality among the racial minorities. Popular labels are….

Abowd, Mary. Arabs Still Reeling from 9/11 backlash - Growing Fears. The Chicago Reporter. December, 2002. p. A5-7

Bai, Jane; Tang, Eric. The War at Home: National Targeting of Noncitizens Takes on New Dimensions - A New Era - Immigrants in U.S. After 9/11. ColorLines Magazine: Race, Action, Culture. Spring, 2002. pp: 27-31

Barbour, Christine; Wright, Gerald C. Chapter Six: The Struggle for Political Equality: What's at Stake in Racial Profiling? Retrieved from http://college.hmco.com/polisci/barbour_wright/keep_repub/1e/students/sept11/ch06.html Accessed on 24 November, 2004

Davis, Nicole. The Slippery Slope of Racial Profiling. ColorLines Magazine: Race, Action, Culture. 13 December, 2001. pp: 16-20

Racial Profiling Has Been a

The inverse would also be true. However, that question is not entirely black and white, pardon the pun (Stenning). The reason for this is that race can inform whether or why to stop someone for a traffic stop or on the sidewalk with racism not being the root reason. For example, a young white woman in her 20's would stand out like a sore thumb in a drug-infested area that is almost exclusively black and Hispanic. It is almost a certainty that the women is either horribly lost or that she's there for less than noble reasons such as buying drugs or something of that nature. There could be other explanations but they are very unlikely. It is not all that dissimilar from a person that is black and is in an affluent and mostly white area. The person could very well be rich and well-off but there are a….

Works Cited

Crank, John P. "Scholarly Debate on Racial Profiling: To What End?." Canadian

Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice 53.1 (2011): 79-85. Academic Search

Premier. Web. 2 June 2013.

Fox, Dov. "The Second Generation of Racial Profiling." American Journal of Criminal

Racial Profiling the Distinguished Harvard Professor Henry

Racial Profiling The distinguished Harvard Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr., director of Harvard's W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American tudies, was arrested for trying to break into someone's house. It happened to be his own (Project America; 2008). This is but one of numerous cases of racial profiling that has been documented in this country and that points to the injustice and irrationality of singling out ethnic minorities for alleged crimes that these individuals have never perpetrated. This is the definition of racial profiling. More specifically, racial profiling is the practice of law enforcement officers stopping an individual of a certain race or ethnicity and investigating them based on their ethnicity. uch practices may occur in traffic routines, guns or drugs (African-Americans), illegal immigration (Hispanics or Latinos), or in matters connected with security (Muslims and Arabs). Racial profiling was authorized in 2001 with the Bureau of Justice Assistance, a division….

About.com. "Racial Profiling in the United States"  http://civilliberty.about.com/od/lawenforcementterrorism/tp/History-of-Racial-Profiling.htm 

Aclu.org "Racial Profiling."

 http://www.aclu.org/racial-justice/racial-profiling 

Keating, C (2012) "Racial profiling law strengthened." Hartford Courant Project America

Racial Profiling Racial and Religious

Ramirez et al. explains this clearly stating "when law enforcement practices are perceived to be biased, unfair, and disrespectful, communities of color and other minority groups are less willing to trust and confide in law enforcement officers and agencies, to report crimes that come to their attention, to provide intelligence and information, and to serve as witnesses at trials (Ramirez et al., 1996)." The author further explains that as it pertains to terrorism, Muslims and people of Arab descent might become unwilling to assist police when they have valuable information because they feel they are being discriminated against. In other words, racial profiling serves to increase instead of deter crime because it increases the hostility between police and the communities that they serve. In addition to the inability of racial profiling to deter crime, one of the main problems often associated with racial profiling is the issue of civil liberties….

Amar, Paul (2010) Introduction: New racial missions of policing: comparative studies of state authority, urban governance, and security technology in the twenty-first Century. Ethnic and Racial Studies 33.4: April 2010 pp. 575

Florence, Justin Making the No Fly List Fly: A Due Process Model for Terrorist Watchlists The Yale Law Journal, 115. 8 (Jun., 2006), pp. 2148-2181

Kleiner, Y.S. Racial Profiling in the Name of National Security: Protecting Minority Travelers' Civil Liberties in the Age of Terrorism. Boston College Third World Law Journal 30.1: p. 103-44 (Winter 2010)

Ramirez, Deborah A., Hoopes, Jennifer, Tara Lai Quinlan. DEFINING RACIAL PROFILING IN A POST-SEPTEMBER 11 WORLD. The American criminal law review 40.3: 1195-1233. 2003

Racial Profiling Just This Past

Detroit has also joined Los Angeles and Chicago in having such a regulation. A similar bill was attempted unsuccessfully thus far in Texas (2001). esponding to the concerns of organizations that represent Hispanics, Muslims and individuals of Arab descent, the Detroit City Council unanimously recently approved an ordinance that prohibits city officials from profiling people based on their appearance, race and similar factors. The regulation also bans city officials from asking the immigration status of people who have not participated in a serious crime. The city says that it is against the harassment of individuals who are Detroit residents or who come to Detroit, based on their physical appearance (Kruppa, 2007, B5). Ordinance exceptions for police investigations of active crimes are if the immigration status is relevant and in the assistance of federal investigations of terrorism. Overall, changes in the law have been slow in coming -- especially on the national….

ACLU. (2007, April 29). Department of Justice Statistics Show Clear Pattern of Racial Profiling. Retrieved on May 10, 2007 at  http://www.aclu.org/racialjustice/racialprofiling/29532prs20070429.html 

Amnesty International (nd). Testimony from Amnesty International USA's hearings on Racial Profiling. The Case of Donald Boyd. Retrieved on May 10, 2007 at  

Racial Profiling Four Different Perspectives

The individual who learns the intensity of the racial hatred that exists through experiential learning knows that it is never wise to walk amongst the roses with one's head in the clouds just thinking or dreaming because living in the world meant watching at all times for approaching insult, breach of rights, danger and even death due to racial profiling. III. Perspective Two: The Public Official The public official is ever aware of the votes that hold him or her into their position. The position holds within it realm a certain power and safety that cannot be entered into, at least too harshly, with such things as racial profiling which are scary things indeed. However, to admit that such things were scary, and indeed that they even exist while one is in office is the quickest way to lose that office to the next man in line who claims to have….

Bibliography

Racial Profiling: A Report on "Driving While Black" and the Controversial Law Enforcement strategy of racial profiling" (2001) PBS Online NewsHour 13 Mar 2001 Online available at:  http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/race_relations/jan-june01/profiling_3 -

Racial Profiling Amnesty International USA Online at:  http://www.amnestyusa.org  / racial_profiling/index.do]

Federal Commission says NYPD Engages in "Racial Profiling" CNN News 2000 May 13 CNN News Report 2000 May 13 Online available at: http://racerelations.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.cnn.com/2000/U.S./05/13/nypd.civil.rights/index.html

The Loudest Silence Ever Heard (1992) Fair site August/September 1992 Posted  http://www.fair.org/extra/best-of-extra/black-conservatives.html  Print Media Visibility of Conservative and Progressive Black Academics (In major papers and magazines on the Nexis database, Jan. 1, 1984 to July 20, 1992.)

Racial Profiling of African Americans in Lake County Indiana

acial Profiling of African-Americans in Lake County, Indiana Students need to have an awareness about racial profiling, who are most likely to be targets for racial profiling, and about the steps necessary to work upon the solutions to racial profiling and this can be understood within the context of racial profiling in North West Carolina. acial profiling is considered to be one of the vital civil rights concerns of the present day. It has widespread influences adversely affecting more than just the victims to all the persons of all the generations and different status. It weakens the legitimacy of the criminal justice system and inhibits effective policing in the communities that necessitates it the most. In the circumstances of traffic stops by police officers, racial profiling is indicated to be the application of race or ethnicity by the enforcing officers as an element in concluding to stop, question, and search or….

"Badge challenge: Recruit minorities." Post Tribune. Retrieved from  http://www.post-trib.com/news/race0826.html  Accessed on 16 May, 2005

"Components of Racial Profiling Legislation." (5 March, 2001) Institute on Race and Poverty. Retrieved from http://www1.umn.edu/irp/publications/racialprofiling.html Accessed on 16 May, 2005

Danitz, Tiffany. (10 May 1999) "States Face up To Realities of Police Racial Profiling"

Retrieved from  http://www.stateline.org/live/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=136& ; languageId=1& contentId=13679 Accessed on 16 May, 2005

Racial Profiling the War on

New Jersey held hearings concerning racial profiling in which one state police investigator testified that 94% of the motorists stopped were minorities (Anderson Pp). Not only were minorities more likely to be stopped than whites, but more often than not are pressured to allow searches of their vehicles, and are more likely to allow such searches (Anderson Pp). In March 2001, the New York Times reported that a 1997 investigation by New Jersey police of their own practices found that "turnpike drivers who agreed to have their cars searched by the state police were overwhelmingly black and Hispanic" (Anderson Pp). Although African-Americans and Hispanics have been the targeted victims of racial profiling, since the September 11th attacks, Arab-Americans and visitors from Middle Eastern countries also find themselves the target of racial profiling due to their ethnicity and the global profile of terrorists (Barnes Pp). Many believe that racial profiling is an….

Lund, Nelson. "The conservative case against racial profiling in the war on terrorism." Albany Law Review; 12/22/2002; Pp.

Barnes, Katherine Y. "Road work: racial profiling and drug interdiction on the highway." Michigan Law Review; 12/1/2002; Pp.

Anderson, William. "The Roots of Racial Profiling." Reason; 8/1/2001; Pp.

Racial Profiling When Discussing Law Enforcement and

Racial Profiling When discussing law enforcement and crime prevention, one inevitably hits up against a philosophical impasse -- the rights and freedoms of the individual are inherently at odds with the purpose of the government which has its interest in controlling their actions. As law enforcement becomes increasingly tough-minded, it is increasingly true that the rights of the innocent must be sacrificed along with the rights of the guilty. So those who are more interested in the law than in freedom will inevitably be at odds with those who are more interested in freedom than in the law -- as there is no way to logically determine which is more valuable, so there is no way to logically determine which deserves the greater protection. The issue of racial profiling is one which falls into this area of debate quite naturally. It is generally inspired not by rabid racism but is considered….

4%, among whites, it was 7.2%, and was 6.4% among Hispanics, yet African-Americans represent more than 57% of those incarcerated for drug offenses in state prisons (Coker pp). Police officers are more likely to stop African-Americans for traffic stops and once stopped, officers are more likely to search the vehicles of African-Americans. According to the 2001 traffic stop data in San Diego, African-American drivers had a sixty percent greater chance and Hispanic drivers had a thirty-seven percent greater chance of being stopped compare to white drivers, and once stopped, African-American drivers were more likely to have their vehicles searched (Coker pp). Many believe that this increased opportunity to discover criminal offending is a significant reason for the disproportionate rate of arrest and incarceration of African-Americans (Coker pp). Drug enforcement concentrated in poor inner city areas populated predominately by African-Americans and other people of color results in deepened social disorganization in already troubled….

Banks, R. Richard. (2003 December 01). Beyond profiling: race, policing, and the drug war. Stanford Law Review. Retrieved October 12, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Coker, Donna. (2003 June 22). Foreword: addressing the real world of racial injustice in the criminal justice system. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. Retrieved October 12, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Racial Profiling Rodriguez Argues That

As such, the question of fairness is not easily decided. Yet, we see that the Supreme Court has upheld racial profiling if used as a complementary technique. The American people as well support the utilitarian view that racial profiling is fair when evaluated in the context of all stakeholders, even if it seems unfair to a small few. The philosophical outlook of some may lead them to label racial profiling as unfair, but it is equally unfair to assume that one outlook -- especially a minority one -- is the only right outlook by which to evaluate racial profiling. Both legally and morally, America supports the use of racial profiling in limited context. To Americans, then, it is fair, because racial profiling is a valuable law enforcement tool that for all of its problems delivers more benefit to American society than it costs. orks Cited: Bunzel, H. & Marcoul, P. (2005).….

Works Cited:

Bunzel, H. & Marcoul, P. (2005). On the use of racial profiling as a law enforcement tool. Iowa State University. Staff General Research Papers 12397.

Cleary, J. (2000). Racial profiling studies in law enforcement: Issues and methodology. Minnesota House of Representatives, Information Brief. Retrieved February 23, 2010 from  http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/hrd/pubs/raceprof.pdf 

Fetto, J. (2002). The usual suspects. American Demographics. Retrieved February 23, 2010 from  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4021/is_2002_June_1/ai_88679061/ 

Siggins, P. (2002). Racial profiling in an age of terrorism. Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.

Racial Profiling and Unlawful Discrimination

In evaluating the legality of racial disparities in law enforcement, the courts have clearly sought to determine the motivation for discriminating." (Knowles et al, 207) This illustrates a wide political and philosophical variance in the way that Americans understand this concept of police discrimination, with the courts asking questions seeming to imply that discrimination is not in and of itself a negative thing. Quite to the point, across the last eight years, the ar On Terror had promoted the idea, especially within the law enforcement culture, that there were significant justifications for the intensification of methods which focused specifically on the activities of individuals descending from targeted nationalities, religions and ethnic backgrounds. Specifically, even as the Bush administration had initiated the discourse on profiling by explicitly stating a position of opposition where law enforcement is concerned, it would quickly alter its stance when faced with the challenges implied after the 9/11 attacks. This transition in perspective is well captured by the statements of the former….

Racial Profiling American Society Has

For the past several decades the emphasis in policing has been building trust in the community. Making the streets safe for everyone requires mutual cooperation between the general public and the police. Without community support, the police cannot do it alone. In this regard, respect as been shown to be a better tool for decreasing crime than fear and when fear is present residents tend to avoid contact with local police officials and other government officials that the residents believe may check on their immigration status or the status of family members. Information from these groups regarding criminal activities in their community is non-existent. Respect between law enforcement and community members is far more conducive to developing a good and lawful environment and involving local authorities in immigration enforcement creates an aura of fear. Auras that even the best law enforcement officials will have difficulty overcoming. The process of racial….

Aguirre, A. (2004). Profiling Mexican-American Identity: Issues and Concerns. The American Behavioral Scientist, 928-942.

Friedersdorf, C. (2010, May 18). The Best Case Against Arizona's Immigration Law: The Experience of Greater Phoenix. Retrieved June 7, 2011, from The Atlantic:  http://www.theatlantic.com/special-report/the-future-of-the-city/archive/2010/05/the-best-case-against-arizonas-immigration-law-the-experience-of-greater-phoenix/56859/ 

Harris, D. (2010, June 17). Ending Racial Profiling: Necessary for Public Safety and the Protection of Civil Rights. (U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee)

Jadallah, D. (2010). State Power and the Constitution of the Individual: Racial Profiling of Arab-Americans. Arab Studies Quarterly, 218-237.

I need some suggestions for social injustice essay topics. Can you offer any?

Certainly! Here are a few suggestions for social injustice essay topics: 1. Income inequality and its effects on marginalized communities. 2. Gender bias and discrimination in the workplace. 3. Racial profiling and its impact on communities of color. 4. Access to quality education for low-income students. 5. Environmental racism and its consequences on disadvantaged communities. 6. The criminal justice system's disproportionate treatment of minorities. 7. Discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals in society. 8. Disability rights and the challenges faced by disabled individuals. 9. Child labor and exploitation in developing countries. 10. The refugee crisis and the global response to displaced populations. Remember, when writing about social injustice, it is essential to research....

Need guidance for a thesis statement on the Police equity topic?

Thesis Statement: The Lack of Police Equity in America: Historical Context, Current Manifestations, and the Urgent Need for Comprehensive Reform Introduction: Police equity, a fundamental principle of a just and democratic society, entails the fair and impartial treatment of all individuals by law enforcement agencies. However, the reality of policing in America falls short of this ideal, with a long history of racial profiling, excessive force, and discriminatory practices. This thesis will delve into the historical context of police inequity, its current manifestations, and the urgent need for comprehensive reform to ensure equal justice under the law. Historical Context: The roots of police inequity in....

Can you provide suggestions for structuring an essay outline related to Civil Rights and Criminal Justice

Essay Outline: Civil Rights and Criminal Justice I. Introduction - Thesis statement: The criminal justice system in the United States has a history of discrimination and disproportionately impacts minority communities, infringing upon their civil rights. - Preview of main points: - Historical context of racial bias in policing and sentencing - Systemic racism within the criminal justice system - The impact of mass incarceration on civil liberties II. Historical Context of Racial Bias - Roots of discrimination in policing from slavery and Jim Crow era - Emergence of biased practices such as stop-and-frisk and racial profiling - Historical over-sentencing of minority defendants III.....

Can you provide suggestions for structuring an essay outline related to how a social justice issuse is an import aspect of how psychologist can help a victim with trauma

## Essay Outline: Social Justice Issues and Trauma-Informed Psychological Support I. Introduction Define social justice issues pertinent to trauma victims (e.g., systemic oppression, discrimination, poverty) State the thesis statement: Social justice issues are crucial considerations for psychologists in providing effective trauma-informed support to victims. II. Section 1: Impact of Social Justice Issues on Trauma Explain how systemic oppression, discrimination, and poverty contribute to trauma experiences Discuss the intersectionality of social justice issues and trauma (e.g., how race, gender, and socioeconomic status impact its manifestation) Provide examples of specific social justice issues that lead to trauma, such as racial profiling, hate crimes, or....

In addition the author suggests that the relationship between police and racial minority citizens has throughout history been controversial, and argues that racial profiling is simply a method by…

acial profiling is not new, however, and was a theory of sociology in the late 19th century known as Social Darwinism. Incorrectly using Darwin's theory of evolution, the Social…

acial Profiling Since 911 The racial profiling implies the discrimination by police to detail a person as suspect basing on the racial manifestations. In the present days the process of…

Research Paper

The inverse would also be true. However, that question is not entirely black and white, pardon the pun (Stenning). The reason for this is that race can inform whether…

Racial Profiling The distinguished Harvard Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr., director of Harvard's W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American tudies, was arrested for trying to break into someone's…

Ramirez et al. explains this clearly stating "when law enforcement practices are perceived to be biased, unfair, and disrespectful, communities of color and other minority groups are less…

Detroit has also joined Los Angeles and Chicago in having such a regulation. A similar bill was attempted unsuccessfully thus far in Texas (2001). esponding to the concerns of…

The individual who learns the intensity of the racial hatred that exists through experiential learning knows that it is never wise to walk amongst the roses with one's…

acial Profiling of African-Americans in Lake County, Indiana Students need to have an awareness about racial profiling, who are most likely to be targets for racial profiling, and about the…

New Jersey held hearings concerning racial profiling in which one state police investigator testified that 94% of the motorists stopped were minorities (Anderson Pp). Not only were minorities more…

Racial Profiling When discussing law enforcement and crime prevention, one inevitably hits up against a philosophical impasse -- the rights and freedoms of the individual are inherently at odds with…

Criminal Justice

4%, among whites, it was 7.2%, and was 6.4% among Hispanics, yet African-Americans represent more than 57% of those incarcerated for drug offenses in state prisons (Coker pp). Police officers…

As such, the question of fairness is not easily decided. Yet, we see that the Supreme Court has upheld racial profiling if used as a complementary technique. The…

In evaluating the legality of racial disparities in law enforcement, the courts have clearly sought to determine the motivation for discriminating." (Knowles et al, 207) This illustrates a wide political and…

For the past several decades the emphasis in policing has been building trust in the community. Making the streets safe for everyone requires mutual cooperation between the general…

Thesis On Racial Profiling

Ariel Abreu 11th - English Thesis Class Racial Profiling Introduction: Racial profiling is the use of an individual's race or ethnicity as a key factor in deciding if the person should enforce such things on the other person. The act of racial profiling is a type of discrimination. “Discrimination is an act of injustice and prejudicial treatment of different types of people, depending on their age, sex, race or religion” Racial discrimination occurs every day in the United States , in cities and towns across the country. Racial profiling is illegal, violating the U.S. Constitution’s promises of equal protection under the law to all and freedom from unreasonable searches ("Racial Profiling." 2015). Discrimination happens because of bias, whether …show more content…

An example of what happened some years ago that caused a lot of controversies especially in Ferguson, a town in the United States, was Mike Brown’s case. After Mike Brown robbed a store and leaving with a pack of cigarettes a white police officer called Wilson attempted to find Brown and kill him. Instead of shooting once or not shooting at all, because he had surrendered, Officer Wilson decided to shoot 12 times declaring Mike Brown dead. If Mike Brown was a white American he probably would not have been …show more content…

War on Drugs began in the 1980’s. The War on Drugs was all about stopping people and arresting them for drug possession. During that time, black men imprisonment’s rate was nearly seven times higher than the rate of white men. As Human Rights Watch observed in a 2009 stud that black men are arrested at much higher rates than whites even though they commit drug offenses at comparable rates("Dissecting the Long, Deep Roots of Racial Profiling in America." 2013). This is important because it shows that Black men are still getting arrested way more than white men, even though 29 years went

Argumentative Essay On Racial Profiling

There have been many attempts to make racial profiling illegal, but all have failed. Racial profiling is defined as suspecting an individual of a wrongdoing based solely on the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion, or national origin (Racial Profliling: Definition 2). Racism spreads throughout all dimensions of life in American society; therefore, the history of racial profiling is extensive, but it was at an all-time high after the September 11th attacks (Persistence of racial and ethnic profiling in the United States: a follow-up report to the U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 10). It can be used in both positive and negative aspects, but is mostly used negatively. Racial profiling negatively effects society and the very existence of racial profiling is erroneous, discriminatory, and unjustifiable.

Racial Profiling by Law Enforcement Essay

Just what is racial profiling? Racial profiling is a law enforcement and security agency practice that encourages officers to stop, search, and investigate people based on race, ethnicity, nationality or religion. While racial profiling is most commonly committed against ethnic minorities, many instances of racial profiling occur in reaction to specific crimes, making any racial or cultural group subject to more intensive scrutiny by the authorities. (ebscohost.com) This is what I think bout racial profiling, it like it occurs when the police targets someone for investigation on the basis of that person's race, national origin, or ethnicity. Examples are the use of race to determine which drivers to stop for minor traffic

Racial Profiling In The Criminal Justice System Essay

Racial profiling is a very prevalent issue within the criminal justice system that is quite controversial, but there is a significant number of evidence that shows that racial profiling has been present since the 1600’s and continues to be a significant issue. Racial profiling is evident in the criminal justice system in various ways such as in interrogations, jury selection, misleading statistics, stops, and immigration laws. Racial profiling within interrogations and jury selection can be seen with the Brandley v. Keeshan case. Racial profiling within statistics can be seen in instances where the numbers focus on arrests and incarcerations that do not necessarily mean a crime was committed. Stops are seen as evidence showing racial profiling with a personal experience, and lastly, immigration laws are seen as showing racial profiling by the encounter of a Mexican American women had with an officer in Arizona.

Persuasive Essay On Racial Profiling

Racial Profiling is an act of automatically defining or identifying someone based on their ethnicity. This act was most recognized during the late 1800’s in the U.S. under the Jim Crow law. It was passed in order to segregate whites and the colored in America. It fundamentally made whites superior to all. Though, in 1964 the Civil Rights Act passed stating that anybody of any ethnicity or religion are to be equal and united. However, today this law has never been truly accepted when seeing the statistics of the type of people being stopped by the police. In fact, based on the statistics of the people stopped, there is an ethnic disproportion which shows that the police use racial profiling. Even though innocent people are stopped, the

Research Paper On Racial Profiling

What is racial profiling? The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) defines racial profiling as “the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin” (2005). Do not confuse racial profiling with criminal profiling; criminal profiling is usually practiced by police in which they use a group of characteristics that are associated with crime to target individuals (ACLU, 2005). Examples of racial profiling include using ones race to target specific drivers for traffic violations and pedestrians for illegal contraband; another prime example is the targeting of Muslims, Arabs, and South Asians since 9/11 in regards to minor immigrant violations without any connection to the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon (ACLU, 2005). Without a doubt, racial profiling occurs on a daily basis all over the world; however let’s focus on racial profiling in the United States and specifically right here in our homeland, Michigan. Background & History

Racial Profiling And Its Impact On Society

The people has made it clear that the concern on racial profiling is wrong with our core values and principles of fairness and justice. The use of race as the basis for law enforcement decision making clearly has a terrible cost, both to the individual who suffer invidious discrimination and to the nation, whose goal “liberty and justice for all” recedes with every act of such discrimination. For this reason many cases impose more

Thesis Statement On Racial Profiling

or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” The argument here is that skin color correlates to the probability that the person is involved in criminal activity, and this violates the fourth amendment in that skin color does not qualify as a “probable cause.”

Essay about Racial Profiling in Today's Society

• 7 Works Cited

Racial profiling is the tactic of stopping someone because of the color of his or her skin and a fleeting suspicion that the person is engaging in criminal behavior (Meeks, p. 4-5). This practice can be conducted with routine traffic stops, or can be completely random based on the car that is driven, the number of people in the car and the race of the driver and passengers. The practice of racial profiling may seem more prevalent in today’s society, but in reality has been a part of American culture since the days of slavery. According to Tracey Maclin, a professor at the Boston University School of Law, racial profiling is an old concept. The historical roots “can be traced to a time in early

Racial Profiling

What is racial profiling? The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) defines racial profiling as “the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin” (2005). Do not confuse racial profiling with criminal profiling; criminal profiling is usually practiced by police in which they use a group of characteristics that are associated with crime to target individuals (ACLU, 2005). Examples of racial profiling include using ones race to target specific drivers for traffic violations and pedestrians for illegal contraband; another prime example is the targeting of Muslims, Arabs, and South Asians since 9/11 in

Racial Profiling Term Paper

Racial profiling is a popular method used by law officers in order to hypothetically enhance crime prevention by targeting minorities, because they are more likely to commit a crime. According to Wikipedia, racial profiling is defined as: the inclusion of race in the profile of a person considered likely to commit a particular crime or type of crime. In other words, it is targeting specific ethnic groups because they are more likely to commit certain crimes. Racial profiling is a flagrant form of racism. According to Dictionary.com, racism is defined as hatred or intolerance of another race or other races. Nevertheless, it shouldn't be confused with stereotyping, because they are two different things even if racial profiling is heavily

The Pros And Cons Of Racial Profiling

One of the many controversial topics is racial profiling. For centuries, America has looked down and discriminated minorities and it still continues today. It began when minorities started to immigrate to America in search of better lives. Most whites believed in white supremacy and thought minorities were aliens. The police use racial profiling mostly towards minority groups. Racial profiling is the use of race or a skin color to suspect someone of doing an offense. While some people think that racial profiling is beneficial because it lowers crime rates, racial profiling creates false accusations against minorities; therefore we should limit the use of racial profiling.

Black Oppression Vs. White Privilege

“Racial profiling describes the practice of targeting or stopping an individual based primarily on his or her race rather than any individualized suspicion” as illustrated by Warren of Sage journals. Racial profiling is the use of race or ethnicity as reasons for suspecting someone of having committed an offense. African-Americans have been fighting what seems to be a never ending battle against oppression and racism. Over the years 2012-2015, reports of police killing unarmed black men in America have been alarming.

Essay on Racial Profiling by Police

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Racial profiling has become a severe obstacle in the U.S. today though most Americans know very little of this vital issue. Every day, people are being pulled over, harassed, and even killed for being of a certain race. There are new laws that politicians are trying to pass that promote racial discrimination. Racial profiling is immoral and does not increase public safety.

Essay On Racial Profiling

Read the article: "Racial Profiling: A Survey of African American Police Officers"(Barlow & Barlow, 2002). Using concepts from chapters 1-6 as the basis for your analysis, in a narrative format of 750 or more words, summarize: 
(a) the research problem, 
(b) the literature review, 
(c) data-gathering strategy, 
(d) any hypotheses, 
(e) the dependent and independent variable in one of the cause-effect relationships tested by the researchers, 
(f) how the dependent and independent variable were operationalized, 
(g) other variables that should have been measured and/or controlled, and 
(h) the key findings and/or policy issues.

According to research obtained by Cornell University scientists, 92% of Americans watch TV, 87% read newspapers, and 81% specifically watch local or national televised news stations…

Related Topics

• White people
• African American
• Black people
• White American

Thesis About Racial Profiling

Racial Profiling, it happens to everyone at some point in their lives whether they know it or not. Its when people use race or ethnicity as an excuse for suspecting someone of having committed an offense. Sadly there isn 't a stop to it because people will always have their opinion but we can do something about it or at least try to do something about it.It mostly happens to people with a different skin color or if they look different. It also happens anywhere like your job in a school or even in the streets Racial profiling (thesis) In the past, there have been certain issues that actually made the problem of racial profiling as bad as it is today.Like 9/11. Since 9/11 was a terrorist act people have been very skeptical about people of color or people that look different. It might not have started after that but it certainly increased.The issue happens everywhere you go. It 's not like you can hide from it . Especially in the United States of America where its suppose to be the “land of the free” where there are different types of people and everyone is supposed to be treated equally but that 's not the case most of the time people get to judge or other people assume things just because there are people that don 't look like them or come from the same place that they come from.Especially if you 're a minority. Which may include blacks, Latinos, immigrants etc… it doesn 't stop there but those are just a couple as an example. In the article “racial profiling” by Mathias

Who Is Responsible For The Killing Of Michael Brown?

Racial profiling is one of the bigger threats to the human society. It has led to numerous acts of violence. In recent times racial profiling led to the arrests of innocent individuals amongst other things. Black people and Hispanics have always been victims to this type of harassment by law enforcement officials. When suspects are detained based off of suspicious behavior, rather than race, police officers catch more suspects.

Racial Stereotypes: Fair And Distrust Law Enforcement

One wrong move could mean life or death.   Racial stereotype is more common than we think. How? Our brain recognizes patterns, then associate characteristics to those  Racial profiling incidents are seen as unfair and illegitimate, which has in turn has made people distrust law enforcement. Law enforcement are the most visible faces of our legal department and when people believe the law is not being enforced equally across

The Pros And Cons Of Racial Profiling

Why is it that just because I am darker skin, I have less of chance of being released out of jail? Mind you, I’m innocent but no one believes me, but why not? Racial profiling is a violation to anyone’s rights in this society. Racial profiling is illegal, it violates the constitution’s pledge of equal protection under the law to everyone and freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. Yet, everyone gets away with it.

Jim Crow Policing Research Paper

I have had friends and family attacked and unfairly searched because officers assumed they had contraband or did something illegal. I had a friend named Gerome whose car was raided by police because they thought he might have drugs, my friend Kennedys brother was shot and killed in front of their house, and rather than doing a full investigation they said it was gang violence and closed the case. If this were a caucasian child who was shot in front of their house, in front of family, and the neighborhood, there would have been much further and thorough investigation. it is completely invalid to think or simply suggest that racial profiling does not exist

Annotated Bibliography: Racial Profiling

Bou-habib, Paul. " Racial Profiling and Background Injustice." The Journal of Ethics, vol. 15, no. 1-2, 2011. , pp. 33-46.

Racial Profiling: A Major Problem In Today's Society

300359810 Mrs. Fahey ERWC 12-Period 2 14 September 2015 Racial Profiling Racial discrimination is becoming a major problem in today 's society. Our nation is facing problems based on the discrimination on race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. Racial profiling is a clear violation of the civil rights of the United States.

Research Paper On Racial Profiling

Racial Profiling is one of the many areas covered in racial discrimination. It refers to the discriminatory practice, especially by law enforcement officials which targets individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual 's race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. Racial profiling has been and is still an issue today in almost every part of the United States. It is seen in different situations whereby people are treated very unfairly or branded criminals and suspects without any form of evidence It is a type of racial discrimination seen in all places though racial discrimination touches many areas like award of government benefits which is unequally shared as it should ,but at times based on who the person is. For example, I was once a victim in the

Racial Profiling Controversy

Profiling in Policy and Practice. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999. Print. Harris, David A. Profiles in Injustice: Why Racial Profiling Cannot Work.

Argumentative Essay On Racial Profiling

Racial profiling is a very important issue that individuals in society face every day. This problem occurs in low income or poverty-stricken areas throughout cities and communities across the nation. Hundreds of anecdotal testimonials allege that law enforcement officials at all levels of government are infringing upon the constitutional rights and civil liberties of racial and ethnic minorities through a practice called “racial profiling” (Ward, 2002). So what is racial profiling? According to the National Institute of Justice, racial profiling by law enforcement is commonly defined as a practice that targets people for suspicion of crime based on their race, ethnicity, religion or national origin (National Institute of Justice, 2013).

Essay On Racial Profiling Of Youth And The Failure Of Justice

Racial Profiling of Youth and the Failure of Justice For those who haven’t experienced racial profiling, or know someone that has been a victim of it, the issue may seem nothing more than annoying noise in their ears. However, the reality is that racial profiling has consequences, which results in emotional, physiological, and physical damage. The ones that are the most at risk are the youth of color. Racial profiling is harmful because it creates mistrust in law enforcement, hostile environment in the educational system, and social tension in communities.

Pros And Cons Of Racial Profiling

Racial profiling, using someone’s race to suspect they are ar committing an offensive crime. Modern society has come to where we will judge someone for individual protection . People have a habit of having a negative judgment for “foreigners” that come in . Many illegal immigrants have slipped in the U.S in the past few years. The perception one a group then leads to the deception of any individual in that group .

Essay On Racial Profiling In America

Racial Profiling in America Racial profiling is defined as refers to the targeting of particular individuals by law enforcement authorities based not their behavior, but rather their personal characteristics ( The Leadership conference) . This is another mechanism for racial discrimination backed by the law. According to the The Leadership conference, racial discrimination is not solely on race, but based on religion, ethnicity and national origin.

Racial Profiling Thesis

Hypothesis Racial profiling is happening more and more in America today. " Racial Profiling refers to the

Danielle Johnson APMA 3 Topic: Racial Profiling Thesis Statement: Because of recent events in America including September 11th attacks, the influx of immigration, and recent racial tension with African Americans and police officers, there has been an increase in racial profiling. Racial profiling is a degrading practice that is a violation against human rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution, thus why the United states government should create effective guidelines restricting law enforcement officers from practicing racial profiling.

Summary Of Hounding The Innocent Bob Herbert

Racial profiling is a discrimination towards people, based on their race, ethnicity, religion, and national origin. Judging a person before getting to know them. Racial profiling is never acceptable. Racial profiling is a very ugly thing loathsome thing. In “ Hounding the Innocent “ by Bod Herbert it shows a normal causal man being terrorize police officer.

More about Thesis About Racial Profiling

Related topics.

• Black people
• African American
• White people
• United States
• Racial profiling

Algorithmic Bias and Historical Injustice: Race and Digital Profiling

This paper studies the implications of attempts at "ethnic-affinity" profiling on Facebook that reflects users' engagement with content on Facebook. Profiling by ethnic-affinity is highly correlated with Census estimates of population race by geography. However, more users were profiled as African-American in former slave states relative to the baseline population. This occurs because the targeting algorithm was better at identifying Black users through differentiated engagement with cultural content in these states. This implies that policies restricting the collection of racial identity data will be unsuccessful due to the existence of proxies, and that relying on proxies may introduce troubling biases.

We are grateful to Ellora Derenoncourt, Ginger Jin, Ben Leyden, Michael Luca, and various conference and seminar participants for helpful feedback and to Yutong Chen for excellent research assistance. We acknowledge financial support from the Bankard Fund for Political Economy at the University of Virginia. All errors are our own. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Abigail Matthew: I have no relevant or material financial interests that relate to the research described in this paper.

Amalia Miller: I have no relevant or material financial interests that relate to the research described in this paper. I received financial support for the research from an internal grant at the University of Virginia through the Bankard Fund for Political Economy. I consulted for Meta Platforms as an expert witness in litigation that is not related to this research.

Catherine Tucker: Please see this website for my list of current disclosures https://mitmgmtfaculty.mit.edu/cetucker/disclosure/

This is a public disclosure statement. It follows guidelines set out by https://coi.mit.edu/policy, https://www.aeaweb.org/journals/policies/disclosure-policy and http://www.nber.org/researchdisclosurepolicy.html. Please also see my CV at http://mitmgmtfaculty.mit.edu/cetucker/.

I have received grants from DARPA, Google, the MIT CryptoEconomics Lab, the National Science Foundation, National Institute for Health, the Sloan Foundation, Tilburg Law and Economics Center, Time Warner, the Net Institute, WPP, the Marketing Science Institute, and the Computer & Communications Industry Association. I have received data from multiple firms including General Motors, Visible Measures, Havas Digital, and WPP.

I consulted for ADT, Amazon, Bausch Health, BMI, CBS, Chevron, Choice Hotels, ContextLogic, Instacart, Intercontinental Group, Google, NCAA, Match Group, Marriott, Meta, Microsoft, Mu Sigma, Lyft, Reynolds and Reynolds, Ripple, RTIC, Samsung, SoundExchange, Twitter, Verizon, and Yahoo. I am an academic affiliate at the Analysis Group, which is an economics consulting firm.

My academic advisors from my PhD at Stanford have also worked at multiple companies. These include Susan Athey (who was chief economist at Microsoft and has served on the boards of Ripple, Rover and Expedia), Steve Tadelis (who was chief economist at eBay), Tim Bresnahan who was Chief Economist at the DOJ, and Pat Bajari, who is currently chief economist at Amazon. My classmate at Stanford, Peter Coles, is now chief economist at AirBnB.

I hold shares in individual companies that track the VHYAX index. The rest of my investments are in passive index tracker funds and municipal bonds.

Please see this website for my list of current disclosures https://mitmgmtfaculty.mit.edu/cetucker/disclosure/

Disclosures as of January 27, 2023: This is my disclosure statement. It lists companies I have consulted for, grants I have received, relationships with academics working at a variety of firms, and entities in which I have a significant financial interest. The statement follows the guidelines set out by MIT, American Economic Review guidelines, and NBER guidelines. However, since these disclosures are not readily accessible and only require people to disclose financial interests as they deem relevant it seems more straightforward to just post a full disclosure on my website. Potential Conflicts of Interest Disclosure: DISCLOSURE STATEMENT: CATHERINE TUCKER This is a public disclosure statement.1 Please also see my CV.2 I have received grants from DARPA, Google, the MIT CryptoEconomics Lab, the National Science Foundation, National Institute for Health, the Sloan Foundation, Tilburg Law and Economics Center, Time Warner, the Net Institute, WPP, the Marketing Science Institute,3 and the Computer & Communications Industry Association.4 I have received data from multiple firms including General Motors, Visible Measures, Havas Digital, and WPP. I consulted for ADT, Amazon, Bausch and Lomb, BMI, CBS, Chevron, Choice Hotels, ContextLogic, Instacart, Intercontinental Group, Google, NCAA, Meta, Match Group, Marriott, Microsoft, Mu Sigma, Lyft, Reynolds and Reynolds, Ripple, RTIC, Samsung, StockX, oundExchange, Verizon, and Yahoo. I am an academic affiliate at the Analysis Group, which is an economics consulting firm. My academic advisors from my PhD at Stanford have also worked at multiple companies. These include Susan Athey (who was chief economist at Microsoft and is served on the boards of Ripple, Rover and Expedia), Steve Tadelis (who was chief economist at eBay), Tim Bresnahan who was Chief Economist at the DOJ, and Pat Bajari, who is currently chief economist at Amazon. My classmate at Stanford, Peter Coles, is now chief economist at AirBnB. I hold shares in individual companies that track the VHYAX index. The rest of my investments are in passive index tracker funds and municipal bonds.

1. Following guidelines set out by https://coi.mit.edu/policy, https://www.aeaweb.org/journals/policies/disclosure-policy and http://www.nber. org/researchdisclosurepolicy.html 2. Download from http://mitmgmtfaculty.mit.edu/cetucker/ 3. Member companies are listed at http://www.msi.org/about-msi/current-member-companies/ 4. Member companies are listed at http://www.ccianet.org/about/members/

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Debate on the Racial Profiling in the USA Research Paper

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Introduction

Ever since the early civilization man has always discriminated fellow men on the basis of their color, age, gender among other many factors. In the United States of America, discrimination is more spread across the different race origins that the citizens bear.

The American population is made of people from different origins, for example, we have; the African American, Caucasians, Red Indians among others. Some races feeling superior to others have promoted discrimination for a very long period. One way through which this has been done is racial profiling (MacDonald 4).

When the color of your skin or the origin of your race is used by the law enforcing officers as a basis of suspicion of having committed particular crimes in general non suspect investigations then that can be described as racial profiling (Glaser 4). This discrimination which most of the times has been based on religion, race, ethnicity or any other special character that one may be identified with undermines the human rights and freedom of every American citizen.

It is a fact that law enforcement officers at all levels target people of certain races or ethnic groups most of the time as seen during traffic stops and inspection. For many years, Americans of African and Hispanic origins have complained of being victims of race profiling due to allegations of their likelihood of committing crimes compared to Americans of other races.

For example, allegations of racial profiling have been on the policemen who suspect African American shoppers of being petty thieves. Individuals have been subjected to racial profiling when walking or shopping, for instance, blacks are often stopped and questioned by cops if seen walking in an area assumed to be a white dominated region (Muffler 2). This has become a major issue in the United States of America some debating on its essence and why it should continue or it should stop and thus the need to look into the matter.

Current System or the Way Things Are Currently Done In Regards to Racial Profiling

In the recent years it has become a major concern to everybody on racial profiling. Laws seeking to ban racial profiling have been introduced in the congress for example

Both S. 16(Daschle) and H.R 2364(Engel), (Laney 2), contains provisions relating to racial profiling. S.16 is an “omnibus civil rights bill, which includes provisions that would express a sense of the Senate that Congress enact legislation banning racial profiling and requiring law enforcement at the federal state and local levels to prevent the practice (Muffler 3).

The HR.2364 (Engel) aims to amend immigration and nationality act by establishing a Visa Fairness Commission to collect data on the ongoing racial profiling in the American Embassies and with the US border inspectors. The law enforcement departments have been accused of practicing racial profiling in their aim of controlling two vices: preventing the illicit drugs activities and containing terrorism threats.

Many Americans disapprove traffic stops but when terrorism investigations are the claims of making the stops, then the Americans have no problem in allowing the vice to continue. The fact that the bombings of September 2001 were carried by attackers of Arab origin, other Arab citizens living in the country whether innocent or guilty have been faced with adverse cases of racial profiling;

“50% Americans responding to a poll supported the laws requiring Arabs including those who are U.S. citizens to carry a special ID” (Muffler 6).

Another study carried in the country by the Opinion Dynamics showed that “54% of American citizens approved the use of racial profiling to screen Arab-male airline passengers. While in another carried by Cornell University “68% responded to racial profiling as a tool of fighting terrorism” (Muffler 6).

Thus, race profiling is within many American citizens and any bid to eliminate the vice is expected to face all sorts of challenges. While all the claims about Muslims and their relation to terrorism might be true, it is worthy noting that terrorists of Middle East (as they are usually faced with higher risks of racial profiling) background could have migrated to Germany, England or any other country and thus racial profiling by use of the geographical factors is also not bound to work.

The extent of racial profiling has been studied in some states, for example, in the Arizona Sentinel Investigation of all the vehicles which were stopped in the interstate highway in Florida, “While nearly 705 of the vehicles stopped belonged to the blacks and Hispanic, only a small 5% of the drivers were from the minor communities” (Muffler 7).

Racial profiling violates the individual constitutional rights as stated in the supreme constitution of the United States of America. The fourth amendment of the United States of America protects every American citizen against any unreasonable searches and seizures (Kops 72) while the Fifth Amendment protects against discrimination based on ethnicity, race or nation of origin as experienced in racial profiling cases (Rezmovic & Ekstrands 3).

The fourteenth amendment of the constitution goes further and protects all American citizens by ensuring that they are provided with equal security and protection by the country laws thus those practicing racial profiling should be made aware that the constitution bars them from doing so.

Why do you think racial profiling is unjust? Who suffers? Who benefits? Why is that unfair?

Racial profiling is in no doubt unjust as it favors one group of people over the other. It is both wrong and ineffective on those who uses and for those who are subjected to. That is why racial profiling should be banned whether in fighting drugs or terrorism. It is important to note that it is not a race or ethnicity which commits a crime rather it is an individual people who commits the crimes and thus judge the people individually and not linking a whole group to the acts.

Blacks have often been suspected of committing crimes more than other races thus faces more cases of racial profiling but the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE) argues against racial profiling by stating that while blacks may be responsible for a higher percentage of crimes committed within an area it does not mean that majority of blacks population should be held responsible for the crimes.

Another case which makes racial profiling unjust is that certain communities are overly policed, unjustly scrutinized, and disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system while individually they might not have committed any crime.

These victims of racial profiling have their liberty interests taken from them. They are stopped, searched, arrested, subjected to unwarranted force, detained in custody and in the most extreme cases, shot, tortured or killed as a result of being ill-perceived as a serious threat” (Sandborn, Bahdi, & Parsons 2).

Racial profiling also promotes cynicism about law enforcement and the judicial system amongst members of communities who are subjected to racial profiling thus decreasing the probability of citizen co-operation with law enforcers for legitimate investigations.

The only claimed benefit to racial profiling is that the authorities are able to narrow their investigations down to certain characteristics within a certain race of a given suspect incase they have a reliable information connecting to a certain crime which was committed somewhere rather than stopping and questioning every individual who passes through a police check (Korobkin 24).

A Legal Approach Would Entail On Making Policing a More Informative and Responsive Process Would Be My Approach towards Solving Racial Profiling

Increasing the available information to the police can be a solution towards eliminating or reducing cases of racial profiling in the United States of America. With adequate information the police can be able to monitor and pin point the hot spots where much police presence and patrols are needed. Laws and legislations passed against racial profiling has been a major incentive to the adoption of technology by most law enforcers in order to change their approaches towards traffic stops.

Once information is collected by the police for example about a crime committed somewhere and the details made public this creates a warning system to the people and incase the police may stop you according to the details already given in the public domain then no one will complain of discrimination or racial profiling.

However, this data should always be authenticated by the authorities to prevent chances of circulating the wrong information to the public thus making wrong traffic stops leading to increased racial profiling within the country.

By the police making the information public, this would allow them to announce what their plans are and it can help in building trust between the public and the police. To end racial profiling, the police departments should be made to release all the relevant information that can be meaningful to communities and target groups. This information should be aggregated according to the interest groups addressing the systemic problems while much information should be released according to the individual characteristics.

Engaging with the public is also another strategy through which the police can gather information from the public and this can help them in understanding how the community feels and what needs to be done to ensure cases of racial profiling are reduced. The rigid supervisory techniques used by the police should be dropped and a more respectful and participatory approach adopted by the police as they seek for information during traffic stops.

How Would You Combat Those Arguments Supporting Racial Profiling?

For those who supports racial profiling the following are the simple facts that they should note about racial profiling. Racial profiling can be used as a tool to distract law enforcers from gaining access information through better approaches, for example, the law enforcers should focus on the suspicious behaviors which should lead to arrests rather than basing their focus on race.

Racial profiling also prevents the cops from serving the entire community due to the fact that it sends a message that a certain race can be trusted more than the other and other races are viewed more as criminals than normal citizens.

This can lead to the less scrutinized race taking advantage of the situation and committing crime. Another weak factor about racial profiling is that it leads to communities and law enforcers not cooperating in containing crime in an area since the communities are already aware that the police are biased against them (Hunter 16).

More than often racial profiling is likely to lead to riots as reports of discrimination and torture of suspects goes round in the society the community is likely to riot against the practice. Finally, not only is racial profiling morally wrong but it is also against the supreme constitution of the United States of America, which under the 14 th amendment states that people within the jurisdiction of the country should not be denied equal protection of the laws.

Works Cited

Glaser, Jack. “The Efficacy and Effect of Racial Profiling: A Mathematical Modeling Approach.” Goldman School of Public Policy University of California, Berkeley , 2003. Web.

Hunter, David Jr. An Analysis of Racial Profiling and the Consequences of Profiling Based Upon Race . Michigan: University of Michigan-Flint Department of Public Safety. 2003.

Kops, Deborah. Racial Profiling, 21 st Edition. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2006.

Korobkin, Daniel. “Racial Profiling: A New Challenge in Public Policy.” Public Policy Concentration Thesis, 2002. Web.

Laney, Garrine. “Racial Profiling: Issues and Federal Legislative Proposals and Options.” CRS Report for Congress , 2004. Web.

MacDonald, Heather. “ The Myth of Racial Profiling .” The Manhattan Institute, 2001. Web.

Muffler, Stephen. Racial Profiling: Issues, Data and Analyses. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2006.

Rezmovic L Evi & Ekstrand E. Laurie. Racial Profiling: Limited Data On Available On Motorists Stop . New York: Diane Publishing, 2000.

Sandborn, Tom; Parsons Olanyi; & Bahdi Reem. “ Racial Profiling Position Paper .” Civil Liberties Association, 2009. Web.

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Free Racial Profiling Essay Example, with Outline

Published by gudwriter on May 25, 2018 May 25, 2018

A racial profiling essay may require a student, among other things, to discuss the origin, prevalence or effects of racial profiling in a given country. If you need help with history homework or need additional help, we have experienced and qualified history experts who specialize in subjects such as art history, European history and world history. Contact us today and get professional help.

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Here is a sample essay that discusses racial profiling in the United States.

Racial Profiling Essay Outline

Introduction.

Thesis: Racial profiling is not only morally and ethically wrong but also legally condemned in the American constitution.

Paragraph 1:

According to the United States Constitution, every American citizen regardless of their race have equal protection under the law and protected against any unreasonable searches and seizures.

• Racial profiling tends to create a form of alienation of specific groups from law enforcers, inhibits community policing efforts, and leads to a lack of trust of law enforcers among the general community who they are sworn to protect and serve.
• Racial profiling goes against the sworn duty of law enforcers of protect and serve all American citizens despite their religion, what they look like, or their religion.

Paragraph 2:

The issue of racial profiling affects different communities of color.

• One of the most affected group has been African-Americans who have had to endure more than two hundred years of slavery and more than ninety years of legalized racial segregation leading to systematic profiling of blacks.
• The most recent case was the one that involved George Floyd, an African-American who died in the hands of the police while being arrested.

Paragraph 3:

Noteworthy, the violent attacks often meted out on the blacks by the police cannot be related to any situation that the group faced in the past.

• Most of the time, blacks have protested by organizing peaceful demonstrations and attacking symbols of the state.
• The George Floyd’s case attracted mass protests and demonstrations across the entire United States.

Paragraph 4:

It is morally wrong to judge an individual based on their physical characteristics.

• According to experts, judging an individual based on their physical traits is a major factor of racial profiling.
• A group of Americans prescribe to the idea that racial profiling is an effective tool in safeguarding security and punishing illegality.
• Critics argue that racial profiling does more harm than good to the affected groups and cannot be a solution towards the problems facing the US.
• For instance, on the issue of illegal immigration, although racial profiling is considered a solution by many it cannot be a systematic solution to the crisis of porous borders.
• Racial profiling leads to production of a sense of exclusion, alienation and fear among the targeted groups.

Paragraph 5:

Racial profiling violates and ignores the foundation of the American spirit and rule of law.

• In a fundamental sense, racial profiling tends to consider a group of Americans as ’not fully Americans’ and puts them under a continuous trial.
• Racial profiling intensifies and despises people of color in many aspects of life where lawful American citizens who are legally Americans are considered as half Americans or aliens in their neighborhoods.

In summary, racial profiling is legally and ethically wrong. The American Constitution stipulates that every American citizen has equal rights regardless of their race, sex, gender, and nationality. Racial profiling goes against this stipulation by painting a specific group of people as potential enemies.

Free Racial Profiling Essay Example

In the 21st century, there is a common argument that the United States is going through a post-racial era. That is, the country is going through a period where it is free from racial segregation and all other ills that come with the vice. However, the issue of racial profiling has continued to be an enormous social stigma for a select few American nationals. Defined, racial profiling is a general phrase referring to the practice of suspecting or targeting people from a particular race on the basis of observed characteristics or behavior rather than on individual behavior. In spite of the claim that the U.S. is enjoying a post-racial era, racial profiling continues to occur. Racial profiling is not only morally and ethically wrong but also legally condemned by the American constitution.

According to the United States Constitution, every American citizen regardless of their race has equal protection under the law and is protected against any unreasonable searches and seizures. Inasmuch as racial profiling is largely ineffective, it tends to create some form of alienation of specific groups by law enforcers, inhibits community policing efforts, and leads to a lack of trust of law enforcers among the general society which they are sworn to protect and serve. It is without a doubt that a government through the police force has a general duty to protect citizens while promoting fairness and justice (Zack, 2015). However, practicing racial profiling goes against this sworn duty leading to fear among citizens who are condemned due to what they look like, their origins, or the religions they subscribe to among others.

The issue of racial profiling affects different communities of color. One of the most affected groups has been African-Americans who have had to endure more than two hundred years of slavery and more than ninety years of legalized racial segregation leading to their systematic profiling. As noted by Butler (2017), not for one minute in the history of America has there been peace between African-Americans and law enforcers. In the recent past, there have been cases where the police resort to violence when arresting blacks. The most recent case was the one that involved George Floyd , an African-American who died in the hands of the police while being arrested. From the video footage of the incidence, the suspect had already complied with the police but was still chocked to death by Derek Chauvin, a white police officer (Hill et al., 2020). Not even the “I can’t breathe” pleas from the poor man could save him from death in the hands of the four white police officers.

Noteworthy, the violent attacks often meted out on the blacks by the police cannot be related to any situation that the group faced in the past, not even the Jim Crow segregation , the lynching, the restrictive covenants in housing, or the New Deal programs (Butler, 2017). Most of the time, blacks have protested by organizing peaceful demonstrations and attacking symbols of the state. Another group that has been a significant target of racial profiling are the Muslims, Arabs, and South Asians. The group has been profiled by individuals working in airlines, Federal law enforcement officers, and local police. The George Floyd’s case, as already described, attracted mass protests and demonstrations across the entire United States. People, including African-Americans, Caucasians, and people of color organized demonstrations to protest the inhumane racially-instigated act by the police officers. Some of these demonstrations even turned violent and culminated in looting sprees by demonstrators. This single act of racial profiling bordered on racism and even parked protests across the world, led by the Black Lives Matter movement. The world stood together with Americans against what intentional disregard for African-American lives.

It is morally wrong to judge an individual based on their physical characteristics. According to experts, judging an individual based on their physical traits is a significant factor of racial profiling. Nonetheless, there exists a group of American citizens who consider racial profiling as a useful tool in ensuring security and punishing illegality. On the other hand, some critics posit that racial profiling does more harm than good to the affected groups and cannot be a solution towards the problems facing the U.S. On the issue of illegal or undocumented immigration, racial profiling is considered a solution by many, but it cannot be a systematic solution to the crisis of porous borders (Chacón & Coutin, 2018). In its entirety, the issue of racial profiling towards solving the problem of terrorism and illegality overlooks an acute moral issue. By marking specific groups as targets or a source of threats, racial profiling goes a long way in putting many innocent citizens under pervasive scrutiny. In the process, there is a production of a sense of exclusion, alienation, and fear among the targeted groups.

Racial profiling further violates and ignores the foundation of the American spirit and the rule of law. In a fundamental sense, the practice tends to consider a group of Americans as ‘not fully Americans’ and puts them under a continuous trial. It is a devastating force that tends to put the affected group into a devastating psychological and physical harm. Therefore, it is morally wrong and should be condemned and unequivocally rejected by all means possible. It is crucial to pinpoint that racial profiling is not only practiced by law enforcers but also the public. That is, the public tends to paint a particular group of individuals as potential enemies or criminals based on their race, way of dressing, and culture. The practice thus despises people of color in many aspects of life as lawful citizens who are legally American are considered as half Americans or aliens in their own country.

Racial profiling is legally and ethically wrong. The American Constitution stipulates that every American citizen has equal rights regardless of their race, sex, gender, and nationality. Racial profiling goes against this stipulation by painting a specific group of people as potential enemies. The practice is also ethically and morally wrong since it characterized by judging an individual based on their looks and generalizing that opinion on every member of the group or race. The American government should thus actively engage in strategies that are aimed at combating terrorism and illegality without resorting to racial discrimination and profiling.

Butler, P. (2017, August 11). “ US justice is built to humiliate and oppress black men. And it starts with the chokehold”. The Guardian. Retrieved June 30, 2020 from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/11/chokehold-police-black-men-paul-butler-race-america

Chacón, J. M., & Coutin, S. B. (2018). Racialization through enforcement.  Race, Criminal Justice, and Migration Control: Enforcing the Boundaries of Belonging , 159.

Hill, E., Tiefenthäler, A., Triebert, C., Jordan, D., Willis, H., & Stein, R. (2020). “How George Floyd was killed in police custody”. The New York Times . Retrieved June 30, 2020 from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/us/george-floyd- i nvestigation.html

Zack, N. (2015).  White privilege and black rights: the injustice of US police racial profiling and homicide . Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

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Racial Profiling

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Racial profiling thesis statement Research Paper

Examples of racial profiling include using ones race to target specific drivers for traffic violations and destinies for illegal contraband; another prime example is the targeting of Muslims, Arabs, and South Asians since 9/1 1 in regards to minor immigrant violations without any connection to the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon (UCLA, 2005). Without a doubt, racial profiling occurs on a daily basis all over the world; however let’s focus on racial profiling in the United States and specifically right here in our homeland, Michigan.

Background & History When did racial profiling first begin? Even though racial profiling still exists today, it Is not a recently new phenomenon. Racial profiling can date back to the sass hen slavery was a common way of life for many African Americans. Like present-day racial profiling, ones skin color is what has made them subject to discriminatory treatment from law enforcement (Rushing, K. , 2013). In South Carolina, white men policed the black slaves on plantations and hunted for escaped slaves; this was referred to as “slave patrol”.

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Most slaves were not free, and if they were they had to carry freedom papers or a pass to prove that they had permission to be off of the plantation (Rushing, K.. 2013). If a black person was found to have run away they were beaten, whipped or even killed as the consequence. Even into the 20th century, after slavery, blacks were again forced into another form of involuntary servitude called convict leasing; this is where they were leased to work for private companies, whether It be on plantations or railroads and coal mines (Rushing, K. , 2013).

Regardless of what the 14th amendment states In the Constitution, laws were still broken and applied differently to blacks and whites. This became a major Issue when the War on Drugs began in 1982. Reagan wanted to stop drug use and sales with ruthless sentencing laws: they focused on urban black neighborhoods to promote anti-drug efforts. Although the prison population tripled there were substantial racial disparities; in 2010 the LIST Bureau of Justice Statistics indicated that black males had an imprisonment rate that was nearly seven times higher than white men (Rushing, K. 2013). And the rate of incarceration among black women was almost three times that of white women; a Human Rights Watch study in 2009 showed that blacks are arrested at much higher rates than whites even though they commit drug offense at comparable rates (Rushing, K. , 2013). Racial profiling Isn’t specifically focused on drug offenses but focuses on any form of crime being committed by any person who Isn’t of white decent.

There are many notorious Instances where racial profiling has occurred Including bicycling while black and brown In Standpoint, Michigan, walking while black and brown in New York City, and gang database racial profiling in Orange because they were riding their bicycles through a white suburb. The UCLA Joined the suite against Standpoint, Michigan, to represent the youths. They argued that the “bicyclists were stopped in this predominantly white suburb of Detroit because of their race and not because they were doing anything wrong” (UCLA, 2005).

In 1996 a memo sent to the Standpoint City Manager had a statement from the former police chief that he instructed his officers to investigate any black youths riding through Standpoint subdivisions. Through extensive searching of police logs, it was found that Standpoint had over 100 incidents between 1995 and 1998 Just like this one (UCLA, 2005). In New York City police department report in December 1999, the stop and frisk practices showed to be greatly based on race. In NYC, blacks make up 25. 6% of the city population, Hispanics 23. 7% and whites are 43. 4% of NYC population.

However, according to the report, 50. % of all persons stopped were black, 33% were Hispanic, and only 12. 9% were white. As you can see, more than half of the individuals who were stopped were black, 62. 7% to be exact (UCLA, 2013). In Orange County, California Latino, Asians and African Americans were more than 90% of the 20,221 men and women in the Gang Reporting Evaluation and Tracking System (UCLA, 2013). Clearly this database record shows racial profiling occurred when the total population in the database made up less than half of Orange County’s population.

This is when the California Advisory Committee of the U. S. Commission on Civil Rights and the UCLA stepped in. One other instance of racial profiling I’d like to discuss occurred in Mauricio County, Arizona. A court ruled in May 2013 that “sheriff Joe Rapids routine handling of people of Latino descent amounted to racial and ethnic profiling”; according to CNN, the sheriffs office had a history of targeting vehicles with those having darker skin, examining them more strictly and taking them into custody more often than others (CNN, 2014).

Judge Murray Snow ordered a monitor to oversee retraining in this office and to create a community advisory board to prevent further racial profiling; retraining and monitoring the sheriffs office will cost he county $21 over the next year and a half (CNN, 2014). As you can see from the information above, racial profiling is still an issue in present America.

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Math Can Help Solve Social Justice Problems

Mathematicians are working on ways to use their field to tackle major social issues, such as social inequality and the need for gender equity

By Rachel Crowell & Nature magazine

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When Carrie Diaz Eaton trained as a mathematician, they didn’t expect their career to involve social-justice research. Growing up in Providence, Rhode Island, Diaz Eaton first saw social justice in action when their father, who’s from Peru, helped other Spanish-speaking immigrants to settle in the United States.

But it would be decades before Diaz Eaton would forge a professional path to use their mathematical expertise to study social-justice issues. Eventually, after years of moving around for education and training, that journey brought them back to Providence, where they collaborated with the Woonasquatucket River Watershed Council on projects focused on preserving the local environment of the river’s drainage basin, and bolstering resources for the surrounding, often underserved communities.

By “thinking like a mathematician” and leaning on data analysis, data science and visualization skills, they found that their expertise was needed in surprising ways, says Diaz Eaton, who is now executive director of the Institute for a Racially Just, Inclusive, and Open STEM Education at Bates College in Lewiston, Maine.

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For example, the council identified a need to help local people to better connect with community resources. “Even though health care and education don’t seem to fall under the purview of a watershed council, these are all interrelated issues,” Diaz Eaton says. Air pollution can contribute to asthma attacks, for example. In one project, Diaz Eaton and their collaborators built a quiz to help community members to choose the right health-care option, depending on the nature of their illness or injury, immigration status and health-insurance coverage.

“One of the things that makes us mathematicians, is our skills in logic and the questioning of assumptions”, and creating that quiz “was an example of logic at play”, requiring a logic map of cases and all of the possible branches of decision-making to make an effective quiz, they say.

Maths might seem an unlikely bedfellow for social-justice research. But applying the rigour of the field is turning out to be a promising approach for identifying, and sometimes even implementing, fruitful solutions for social problems.

Mathematicians can experience first-hand the messiness and complexity — and satisfaction — of applying maths to problems that affect people and their communities. Trying to work out how to help people access much-needed resources, reduce violence in communities or boost gender equity requires different technical skills, ways of thinking and professional collaborations compared with breaking new ground in pure maths. Even for an applied mathematician like Diaz Eaton, transitioning to working on social-justice applications brings fresh challenges.

Mathematicians say that social-justice research is difficult yet fulfilling — these projects are worth taking on because of their tremendous potential for creating real-world solutions for people and the planet.

Data-driven research

Mathematicians are digging into issues that range from social inequality and health-care access to racial profiling and predictive policing. However, the scope of their research is limited by their access to the data, says Omayra Ortega, an applied mathematician and mathematical epidemiologist at Sonoma State University in Rohnert Park, California. “There has to be that measured information,” Ortega says.

Fortunately, data for social issues abound. “Our society is collecting data at a ridiculous pace,” Ortega notes. Her mathematical epidemiology work has examined which factors affect vaccine uptake in different communities. Her work has found, for example, that, in five years, a national rotavirus-vaccine programme in Egypt would reduce disease burden enough that the cost saving would offset 76% of the costs of the vaccine. “Whenever we’re talking about the distribution of resources, there’s that question of social justice: who gets the resources?” she says.

Lily Khadjavi’s journey with social-justice research began with an intriguing data set.

About 15 years ago, Khadjavi, a mathematician at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, California, was “on the hunt for real-world data” for an undergraduate statistics class she was teaching. She wanted data that the students could crunch to “look at new information and pose their own questions”. She realized that Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) traffic-stop data fit that description.

At that time, every time that LAPD officers stopped pedestrians or pulled over drivers, they were required to report stop data. Those data included “the perceived race or ethnicity of the person they had stopped”, Khadjavi notes.

When the students analysed the data, the results were memorable. “That was the first time I heard students do a computation absolutely correctly and then audibly gasp at their results,” she says. The data showed that one in every 5 or 6 police stops of Black male drivers resulted in a vehicle search — a rate that was more than triple the national average, which was about one out of every 20 stops for drivers of any race or ethnicity, says Khadjavi.

Her decision to incorporate that policing data into her class was a pivotal moment in Khadjavi’s career — it led to a key publication and years of building expertise in using maths to study racial profiling and police practice. She sits on California’s Racial Identity and Profiling Advisory Board , which makes policy recommendations to state and local agencies on how to eliminate racial profiling in law enforcement.

In 2023, she was awarded the Association for Women in Mathematics’ inaugural Mary & Alfie Gray Award for Social Justice, named after a mathematician couple who championed human rights and equity in maths and government.

Sometimes, gaining access to data is a matter of networking. One of Khadjavi’s colleagues shared Khadjavi’s pivotal article with specialists at the American Civil Liberties Union. In turn, these specialists shared key data obtained through public-records requests with Khadjavi and her colleague. “Getting access to that data really changed what we could analyse,” Khadjavi says. “[It] allowed us to shine a light on the experiences of civilians and police in hundreds of thousands of stops made every year in Los Angeles.”

The data-intensive nature of this research can be an adjustment for some mathematicians, requiring them to develop new skills and approach problems differently. Such was the case for Tian An Wong, a mathematician at the University of Michigan-Dearborn who trained in number theory and representation theory.

In 2020, Wong wanted to know more about the controversial issue of mathematicians collaborating with the police, which involves, in many cases, using mathematical modelling and data analysis to support policing activities. Some mathematicians were protesting about the practice as part of a larger wave of protests around systemic racism , following the killing of George Floyd by police in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Wong’s research led them to a technique called predictive policing, which Wong describes as “the use of historical crime and other data to predict where future crime will occur, and [to] allocate policing resources based on those predictions”.

Wong wanted to know whether the tactics that mathematicians use to support police work could instead be used to critique it. But first, they needed to gain some additional statistics and data analysis skills. To do so, Wong took an online introductory statistics course, re-familiarized themself with the Python programming language, and connected with colleagues trained in statistical methods. They also got used to reading research papers across several disciplines.

Currently, Wong applies those skills to investigating the policing effectiveness of a technology that automatically locates gunshots by sound. That technology has been deployed in parts of Detroit, Michigan, where community members and organizations have raised concerns about its multimillion-dollar cost and about whether such police surveillance makes a difference to public safety.

Getting the lay of the land

For some mathematicians, social-justice work is a natural extension of their career trajectories. “My choice of mathematical epidemiology was also partially born out of out of my love for social justice,” Ortega says. Mathematical epidemiologists apply maths to study disease occurrence in specific populations and how to mitigate disease spread. When Ortega’s PhD adviser mentioned that she could study the uptake of a then-new rotovirus vaccine in the mid-2000s, she was hooked.

Mathematicians, who decide to jump into studying social-justice issues anew, must do their homework and dedicate time to consider how best to collaborate with colleagues of diverse backgrounds.

Jonathan Dawes, an applied mathematician at the University of Bath, UK, investigates links between the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their associated target actions. Adopted in 2015, the SDGs are “a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity,” according to the United Nations , and each one has a number of targets.

“As a global agenda, it’s an invitation to everybody to get involved,” says Dawes. From a mathematical perspective, analysing connections in the complex system of SDGs “is a nice level of problem,” Dawes says. “You’ve got 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Between them, they have 169 targets. [That’s] an amount of data that isn’t very large in big-data terms, but just big enough that it’s quite hard to hold all of it in your head.”

Dawes’ interest in the SDGs was piqued when he read a 2015 review that focused on how making progress on individual goals could affect progress on the entire set. For instance, if progress is made on the goal to end poverty how does that affect progress on the goal to achieve quality education for all, as well as the other 15 SDGs?

“If there’s a network and you can put some numbers on the strengths and signs of the edges, then you’ve got a mathematized version of the problem,” Dawes says. Some of his results describe how the properties of the network change if one or more of the links is perturbed, much like an ecological food web. His work aims to identify hierarchies in the SDG networks, pinpointing which SDGs should be prioritized for the health of the entire system.

As Dawes dug into the SDGs, he realized that he needed to expand what he was reading to include different journals, including publications that were “written in very different ways”. That involved “trying to learn a new language”, he explains. He also kept up to date with the output of researchers and organizations doing important SDG-related work, such as the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Laxenburg, Austria, and the Stockholm Environment Institute.

Dawes’ research showed that interactions between the SDGs mean that “there are lots of positive reinforcing effects between poverty, hunger, health care, education, gender equity and so on.” So, “it’s possible to lift all of those up” when progress is made on even one of the goals. With one exception: managing and protecting the oceans. Making progress on some of the other SDGs could, in some cases, stall progress for, or even harm, life below water.

Collaboration care

Because social-justice projects are often inherently cross-disciplinary, mathematicians studying social justice say it’s key in those cases to work with community leaders, activists or community members affected by the issues.

Getting acquainted with these stakeholders might not always feel comfortable or natural. For instance, when Dawes started his SDG research, he realized that he was entering a field in which researchers already knew each other, followed each other’s work and had decades of experience. “There’s a sense of being like an uninvited guest at a party,” Dawes says. He became more comfortable after talking with other researchers, who showed a genuine interest in what he brought to the discussion, and when his work was accepted by the field’s journals. Over time, he realized “the interdisciplinary space was big enough for all of us to contribute to”.

Even when mathematicians have been invited to join a team of social-justice researchers, they still must take care, because first impressions can set the tone.

Michael Small is an applied mathematician and director of the Data Institute at the University of Western Australia in Perth. For much of his career, Small focused on the behaviour of complex systems, or those with many simple interacting parts, and dynamical systems theory, which addresses physical and mechanical problems.

But when a former vice-chancellor at the university asked him whether he would meet with a group of psychiatrists and psychologists to discuss their research on mental health and suicide in young people, it transformed his research. After considering the potential social impact of better understanding the causes and risks of suicide in teenagers and younger children, and thinking about how the problem meshed well with his research in complex systems and ‘non-linear dynamics’, Small agreed to collaborate with the group.

The project has required Small to see beyond the numbers. For the children’s families, the young people are much more than a single data point. “If I go into the room [of mental-health professionals] just talking about mathematics, mathematics, mathematics, and how this is good because we can prove this really cool theorem, then I’m sure I will get push back,” he says. Instead, he notes, it’s important to be open to insights and potential solutions from other fields. Listening before talking can go a long way.

Small’s collaborative mindset has led him to other mental-health projects, such as the Transforming Indigenous Mental Health and Wellbeing project to establish culturally sensitive mental-health support for Indigenous Australians.

Career considerations

Mathematicians who engage in social-justice projects say that helping to create real-world change can be tremendously gratifying. Small wants “to work on problems that I think can do good” in the world. Spending time pursuing them “makes sense both as a technical challenge [and] as a social choice”, he says.

However, pursuing this line of maths research is not without career hurdles. “It can be very difficult to get [these kinds of] results published,” Small says. Although his university supports, and encourages, his mental-health research, most of his publications are related to his standard mathematics research. As such, he sees “a need for balance” between the two lines of research, because a paucity of publications can be a career deal breaker.

Diaz Eaton says that mathematicians pursuing social-justice research could experience varying degrees of support from their universities. “I’ve seen places where the work is supported, but it doesn’t count for tenure [or] it won’t help you on the job market,” they say.

Finding out whether social-justice research will be supported “is about having some really open and transparent conversations. Are the people who are going to write your recommendation letters going to see that work as scholarship?” Diaz Eaton notes.

All things considered, mathematicians should not feel daunted by wading into solving the world’s messy problems, Khadjavi says: “I would like people to follow their passions. It’s okay to start small.”

This article is reproduced with permission and was first published on May 22, 2024 .

The ‘Is Australia Racist?’ Culture War Can Be Destroyed By Evidence

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