How to Write a Body of a Research Paper
The main part of your research paper is called “the body.” To write this important part of your paper, include only relevant information, or information that gets to the point. Organize your ideas in a logical order—one that makes sense—and provide enough details—facts and examples—to support the points you want to make.
Logical Order
Transition words and phrases, adding evidence, phrases for supporting topic sentences.
- Transition Phrases for Comparisons
- Transition Phrases for Contrast
- Transition Phrases to Show a Process
- Phrases to Introduce Examples
- Transition Phrases for Presenting Evidence
How to Make Effective Transitions
Examples of effective transitions, drafting your conclusion, writing the body paragraphs.
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- The third and fourth paragraphs follow the same format as the second:
- Transition or topic sentence.
- Topic sentence (if not included in the first sentence).
- Supporting sentences including a discussion, quotations, or examples that support the topic sentence.
- Concluding sentence that transitions to the next paragraph.
The topic of each paragraph will be supported by the evidence you itemized in your outline. However, just as smooth transitions are required to connect your paragraphs, the sentences you write to present your evidence should possess transition words that connect ideas, focus attention on relevant information, and continue your discussion in a smooth and fluid manner.
You presented the main idea of your paper in the thesis statement. In the body, every single paragraph must support that main idea. If any paragraph in your paper does not, in some way, back up the main idea expressed in your thesis statement, it is not relevant, which means it doesn’t have a purpose and shouldn’t be there.
Each paragraph also has a main idea of its own. That main idea is stated in a topic sentence, either at the beginning or somewhere else in the paragraph. Just as every paragraph in your paper supports your thesis statement, every sentence in each paragraph supports the main idea of that paragraph by providing facts or examples that back up that main idea. If a sentence does not support the main idea of the paragraph, it is not relevant and should be left out.
A paper that makes claims or states ideas without backing them up with facts or clarifying them with examples won’t mean much to readers. Make sure you provide enough supporting details for all your ideas. And remember that a paragraph can’t contain just one sentence. A paragraph needs at least two or more sentences to be complete. If a paragraph has only one or two sentences, you probably haven’t provided enough support for your main idea. Or, if you have trouble finding the main idea, maybe you don’t have one. In that case, you can make the sentences part of another paragraph or leave them out.
Arrange the paragraphs in the body of your paper in an order that makes sense, so that each main idea follows logically from the previous one. Likewise, arrange the sentences in each paragraph in a logical order.
If you carefully organized your notes and made your outline, your ideas will fall into place naturally as you write your draft. The main ideas, which are building blocks of each section or each paragraph in your paper, come from the Roman-numeral headings in your outline. The supporting details under each of those main ideas come from the capital-letter headings. In a shorter paper, the capital-letter headings may become sentences that include supporting details, which come from the Arabic numerals in your outline. In a longer paper, the capital letter headings may become paragraphs of their own, which contain sentences with the supporting details, which come from the Arabic numerals in your outline.
In addition to keeping your ideas in logical order, transitions are another way to guide readers from one idea to another. Transition words and phrases are important when you are suggesting or pointing out similarities between ideas, themes, opinions, or a set of facts. As with any perfect phrase, transition words within paragraphs should not be used gratuitously. Their meaning must conform to what you are trying to point out, as shown in the examples below:
- “Accordingly” or “in accordance with” indicates agreement. For example :Thomas Edison’s experiments with electricity accordingly followed the theories of Benjamin Franklin, J. B. Priestly, and other pioneers of the previous century.
- “Analogous” or “analogously” contrasts different things or ideas that perform similar functions or make similar expressions. For example: A computer hard drive is analogous to a filing cabinet. Each stores important documents and data.
- “By comparison” or “comparatively”points out differences between things that otherwise are similar. For example: Roses require an alkaline soil. Azaleas, by comparison, prefer an acidic soil.
- “Corresponds to” or “correspondingly” indicates agreement or conformity. For example: The U.S. Constitution corresponds to England’s Magna Carta in so far as both established a framework for a parliamentary system.
- “Equals,”“equal to,” or “equally” indicates the same degree or quality. For example:Vitamin C is equally as important as minerals in a well-balanced diet.
- “Equivalent” or “equivalently” indicates two ideas or things of approximately the same importance, size, or volume. For example:The notions of individual liberty and the right to a fair and speedy trial hold equivalent importance in the American legal system.
- “Common” or “in common with” indicates similar traits or qualities. For example: Darwin did not argue that humans were descended from the apes. Instead, he maintained that they shared a common ancestor.
- “In the same way,”“in the same manner,”“in the same vein,” or “likewise,” connects comparable traits, ideas, patterns, or activities. For example: John Roebling’s suspension bridges in Brooklyn and Cincinnati were built in the same manner, with strong cables to support a metallic roadway. Example 2: Despite its delicate appearance, John Roebling’s Brooklyn Bridge was built as a suspension bridge supported by strong cables. Example 3: Cincinnati’s Suspension Bridge, which Roebling also designed, was likewise supported by cables.
- “Kindred” indicates that two ideas or things are related by quality or character. For example: Artists Vincent Van Gogh and Paul Gauguin are considered kindred spirits in the Impressionist Movement. “Like” or “as” are used to create a simile that builds reader understanding by comparing two dissimilar things. (Never use “like” as slang, as in: John Roebling was like a bridge designer.) For examples: Her eyes shone like the sun. Her eyes were as bright as the sun.
- “Parallel” describes events, things, or ideas that occurred at the same time or that follow similar logic or patterns of behavior. For example:The original Ocktoberfests were held to occur in parallel with the autumn harvest.
- “Obviously” emphasizes a point that should be clear from the discussion. For example: Obviously, raccoons and other wildlife will attempt to find food and shelter in suburban areas as their woodland habitats disappear.
- “Similar” and “similarly” are used to make like comparisons. For example: Horses and ponies have similar physical characteristics although, as working farm animals, each was bred to perform different functions.
- “There is little debate” or “there is consensus” can be used to point out agreement. For example:There is little debate that the polar ice caps are melting.The question is whether global warming results from natural or human-made causes.
Other phrases that can be used to make transitions or connect ideas within paragraphs include:
- Use “alternately” or “alternatively” to suggest a different option.
- Use “antithesis” to indicate a direct opposite.
- Use “contradict” to indicate disagreement.
- Use “on the contrary” or “conversely” to indicate that something is different from what it seems.
- Use “dissimilar” to point out differences between two things.
- Use “diverse” to discuss differences among many things or people.
- Use “distinct” or “distinctly” to point out unique qualities.
- Use “inversely” to indicate an opposite idea.
- Use “it is debatable,” “there is debate,” or “there is disagreement” to suggest that there is more than one opinion about a subject.
- Use “rather” or “rather than” to point out an exception.
- Use “unique” or “uniquely” to indicate qualities that can be found nowhere else.
- Use “unlike” to indicate dissimilarities.
- Use “various” to indicate more than one kind.
Writing Topic Sentences
Remember, a sentence should express a complete thought, one thought per sentence—no more, no less. The longer and more convoluted your sentences become, the more likely you are to muddle the meaning, become repetitive, and bog yourself down in issues of grammar and construction. In your first draft, it is generally a good idea to keep those sentences relatively short and to the point. That way your ideas will be clearly stated.You will be able to clearly see the content that you have put down—what is there and what is missing—and add or subtract material as it is needed. The sentences will probably seem choppy and even simplistic.The purpose of a first draft is to ensure that you have recorded all the content you will need to make a convincing argument. You will work on smoothing and perfecting the language in subsequent drafts.
Transitioning from your topic sentence to the evidence that supports it can be problematic. It requires a transition, much like the transitions needed to move from one paragraph to the next. Choose phrases that connect the evidence directly to your topic sentence.
- Consider this: (give an example or state evidence).
- If (identify one condition or event) then (identify the condition or event that will follow).
- It should go without saying that (point out an obvious condition).
- Note that (provide an example or observation).
- Take a look at (identify a condition; follow with an explanation of why you think it is important to the discussion).
- The authors had (identify their idea) in mind when they wrote “(use a quotation from their text that illustrates the idea).”
- The point is that (summarize the conclusion your reader should draw from your research).
- This becomes evident when (name the author) says that (paraphrase a quote from the author’s writing).
- We see this in the following example: (provide an example of your own).
- (The author’s name) offers the example of (summarize an example given by the author).
If an idea is controversial, you may need to add extra evidence to your paragraphs to persuade your reader. You may also find that a logical argument, one based solely on your evidence, is not persuasive enough and that you need to appeal to the reader’s emotions. Look for ways to incorporate your research without detracting from your argument.
Writing Transition Sentences
It is often difficult to write transitions that carry a reader clearly and logically on to the next paragraph (and the next topic) in an essay. Because you are moving from one topic to another, it is easy to simply stop one and start another. Great research papers, however, include good transitions that link the ideas in an interesting discussion so that readers can move smoothly and easily through your presentation. Close each of your paragraphs with an interesting transition sentence that introduces the topic coming up in the next paragraph.
Transition sentences should show a relationship between the two topics.Your transition will perform one of the following functions to introduce the new idea:
- Indicate that you will be expanding on information in a different way in the upcoming paragraph.
- Indicate that a comparison, contrast, or a cause-and-effect relationship between the topics will be discussed.
- Indicate that an example will be presented in the next paragraph.
- Indicate that a conclusion is coming up.
Transitions make a paper flow smoothly by showing readers how ideas and facts follow one another to point logically to a conclusion. They show relationships among the ideas, help the reader to understand, and, in a persuasive paper, lead the reader to the writer’s conclusion.
Each paragraph should end with a transition sentence to conclude the discussion of the topic in the paragraph and gently introduce the reader to the topic that will be raised in the next paragraph. However, transitions also occur within paragraphs—from sentence to sentence—to add evidence, provide examples, or introduce a quotation.
The type of paper you are writing and the kinds of topics you are introducing will determine what type of transitional phrase you should use. Some useful phrases for transitions appear below. They are grouped according to the function they normally play in a paper. Transitions, however, are not simply phrases that are dropped into sentences. They are constructed to highlight meaning. Choose transitions that are appropriate to your topic and what you want the reader to do. Edit them to be sure they fit properly within the sentence to enhance the reader’s understanding.
Transition Phrases for Comparisons:
- We also see
- In addition to
- Notice that
- Beside that,
- In comparison,
- Once again,
- Identically,
- For example,
- Comparatively, it can be seen that
- We see this when
- This corresponds to
- In other words,
- At the same time,
- By the same token,
Transition Phrases for Contrast:
- By contrast,
- On the contrary,
- Nevertheless,
- An exception to this would be …
- Alongside that,we find …
- On one hand … on the other hand …
- [New information] presents an opposite view …
- Conversely, it could be argued …
- Other than that,we find that …
- We get an entirely different impression from …
- One point of differentiation is …
- Further investigation shows …
- An exception can be found in the fact that …
Transition Phrases to Show a Process:
- At the top we have … Near the bottom we have …
- Here we have … There we have …
- Continuing on,
- We progress to …
- Close up … In the distance …
- With this in mind,
- Moving in sequence,
- Proceeding sequentially,
- Moving to the next step,
- First, Second,Third,…
- Examining the activities in sequence,
- Sequentially,
- As a result,
- The end result is …
- To illustrate …
- Subsequently,
- One consequence of …
- If … then …
- It follows that …
- This is chiefly due to …
- The next step …
- Later we find …
Phrases to Introduce Examples:
- For instance,
- Particularly,
- In particular,
- This includes,
- Specifically,
- To illustrate,
- One illustration is
- One example is
- This is illustrated by
- This can be seen when
- This is especially seen in
- This is chiefly seen when
Transition Phrases for Presenting Evidence:
- Another point worthy of consideration is
- At the center of the issue is the notion that
- Before moving on, it should be pointed out that
- Another important point is
- Another idea worth considering is
- Consequently,
- Especially,
- Even more important,
- Getting beyond the obvious,
- In spite of all this,
- It follows that
- It is clear that
- More importantly,
- Most importantly,
How to make effective transitions between sections of a research paper? There are two distinct issues in making strong transitions:
- Does the upcoming section actually belong where you have placed it?
- Have you adequately signaled the reader why you are taking this next step?
The first is the most important: Does the upcoming section actually belong in the next spot? The sections in your research paper need to add up to your big point (or thesis statement) in a sensible progression. One way of putting that is, “Does the architecture of your paper correspond to the argument you are making?” Getting this architecture right is the goal of “large-scale editing,” which focuses on the order of the sections, their relationship to each other, and ultimately their correspondence to your thesis argument.
It’s easy to craft graceful transitions when the sections are laid out in the right order. When they’re not, the transitions are bound to be rough. This difficulty, if you encounter it, is actually a valuable warning. It tells you that something is wrong and you need to change it. If the transitions are awkward and difficult to write, warning bells should ring. Something is wrong with the research paper’s overall structure.
After you’ve placed the sections in the right order, you still need to tell the reader when he is changing sections and briefly explain why. That’s an important part of line-by-line editing, which focuses on writing effective sentences and paragraphs.
Effective transition sentences and paragraphs often glance forward or backward, signaling that you are switching sections. Take this example from J. M. Roberts’s History of Europe . He is finishing a discussion of the Punic Wars between Rome and its great rival, Carthage. The last of these wars, he says, broke out in 149 B.C. and “ended with so complete a defeat for the Carthaginians that their city was destroyed . . . .” Now he turns to a new section on “Empire.” Here is the first sentence: “By then a Roman empire was in being in fact if not in name.”(J. M. Roberts, A History of Europe . London: Allen Lane, 1997, p. 48) Roberts signals the transition with just two words: “By then.” He is referring to the date (149 B.C.) given near the end of the previous section. Simple and smooth.
Michael Mandelbaum also accomplishes this transition between sections effortlessly, without bringing his narrative to a halt. In The Ideas That Conquered the World: Peace, Democracy, and Free Markets , one chapter shows how countries of the North Atlantic region invented the idea of peace and made it a reality among themselves. Here is his transition from one section of that chapter discussing “the idea of warlessness” to another section dealing with the history of that idea in Europe.
The widespread aversion to war within the countries of the Western core formed the foundation for common security, which in turn expressed the spirit of warlessness. To be sure, the rise of common security in Europe did not abolish war in other parts of the world and could not guarantee its permanent abolition even on the European continent. Neither, however, was it a flukish, transient product . . . . The European common security order did have historical precedents, and its principal features began to appear in other parts of the world. Precedents for Common Security The security arrangements in Europe at the dawn of the twenty-first century incorporated features of three different periods of the modern age: the nineteenth century, the interwar period, and the ColdWar. (Michael Mandelbaum, The Ideas That Conquered the World: Peace, Democracy, and Free Markets . New York: Public Affairs, 2002, p. 128)
It’s easier to make smooth transitions when neighboring sections deal with closely related subjects, as Mandelbaum’s do. Sometimes, however, you need to end one section with greater finality so you can switch to a different topic. The best way to do that is with a few summary comments at the end of the section. Your readers will understand you are drawing this topic to a close, and they won’t be blindsided by your shift to a new topic in the next section.
Here’s an example from economic historian Joel Mokyr’s book The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress . Mokyr is completing a section on social values in early industrial societies. The next section deals with a quite different aspect of technological progress: the role of property rights and institutions. So Mokyr needs to take the reader across a more abrupt change than Mandelbaum did. Mokyr does that in two ways. First, he summarizes his findings on social values, letting the reader know the section is ending. Then he says the impact of values is complicated, a point he illustrates in the final sentences, while the impact of property rights and institutions seems to be more straightforward. So he begins the new section with a nod to the old one, noting the contrast.
In commerce, war and politics, what was functional was often preferred [within Europe] to what was aesthetic or moral, and when it was not, natural selection saw to it that such pragmatism was never entirely absent in any society. . . . The contempt in which physical labor, commerce, and other economic activity were held did not disappear rapidly; much of European social history can be interpreted as a struggle between wealth and other values for a higher step in the hierarchy. The French concepts of bourgeois gentilhomme and nouveau riche still convey some contempt for people who joined the upper classes through economic success. Even in the nineteenth century, the accumulation of wealth was viewed as an admission ticket to social respectability to be abandoned as soon as a secure membership in the upper classes had been achieved. Institutions and Property Rights The institutional background of technological progress seems, on the surface, more straightforward. (Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress . New York: Oxford University Press, 1990, p. 176)
Note the phrase, “on the surface.” Mokyr is hinting at his next point, that surface appearances are deceiving in this case. Good transitions between sections of your research paper depend on:
- Getting the sections in the right order
- Moving smoothly from one section to the next
- Signaling readers that they are taking the next step in your argument
- Explaining why this next step comes where it does
Every good paper ends with a strong concluding paragraph. To write a good conclusion, sum up the main points in your paper. To write an even better conclusion, include a sentence or two that helps the reader answer the question, “So what?” or “Why does all this matter?” If you choose to include one or more “So What?” sentences, remember that you still need to support any point you make with facts or examples. Remember, too, that this is not the place to introduce new ideas from “out of the blue.” Make sure that everything you write in your conclusion refers to what you’ve already written in the body of your paper.
Back to How To Write A Research Paper .
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How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline | Example
Published on August 7, 2022 by Courtney Gahan . Revised on August 15, 2023.
A research paper outline is a useful tool to aid in the writing process , providing a structure to follow with all information to be included in the paper clearly organized.
A quality outline can make writing your research paper more efficient by helping to:
- Organize your thoughts
- Understand the flow of information and how ideas are related
- Ensure nothing is forgotten
A research paper outline can also give your teacher an early idea of the final product.
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Table of contents
Research paper outline example, how to write a research paper outline, formatting your research paper outline, language in research paper outlines.
- Definition of measles
- Rise in cases in recent years in places the disease was previously eliminated or had very low rates of infection
- Figures: Number of cases per year on average, number in recent years. Relate to immunization
- Symptoms and timeframes of disease
- Risk of fatality, including statistics
- How measles is spread
- Immunization procedures in different regions
- Different regions, focusing on the arguments from those against immunization
- Immunization figures in affected regions
- High number of cases in non-immunizing regions
- Illnesses that can result from measles virus
- Fatal cases of other illnesses after patient contracted measles
- Summary of arguments of different groups
- Summary of figures and relationship with recent immunization debate
- Which side of the argument appears to be correct?
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Follow these steps to start your research paper outline:
- Decide on the subject of the paper
- Write down all the ideas you want to include or discuss
- Organize related ideas into sub-groups
- Arrange your ideas into a hierarchy: What should the reader learn first? What is most important? Which idea will help end your paper most effectively?
- Create headings and subheadings that are effective
- Format the outline in either alphanumeric, full-sentence or decimal format
There are three different kinds of research paper outline: alphanumeric, full-sentence and decimal outlines. The differences relate to formatting and style of writing.
- Alphanumeric
- Full-sentence
An alphanumeric outline is most commonly used. It uses Roman numerals, capitalized letters, arabic numerals, lowercase letters to organize the flow of information. Text is written with short notes rather than full sentences.
- Sub-point of sub-point 1
Essentially the same as the alphanumeric outline, but with the text written in full sentences rather than short points.
- Additional sub-point to conclude discussion of point of evidence introduced in point A
A decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline, but with a different numbering system: 1, 1.1, 1.2, etc. Text is written as short notes rather than full sentences.
- 1.1.1 Sub-point of first point
- 1.1.2 Sub-point of first point
- 1.2 Second point
To write an effective research paper outline, it is important to pay attention to language. This is especially important if it is one you will show to your teacher or be assessed on.
There are four main considerations: parallelism, coordination, subordination and division.
Parallelism: Be consistent with grammatical form
Parallel structure or parallelism is the repetition of a particular grammatical form within a sentence, or in this case, between points and sub-points. This simply means that if the first point is a verb , the sub-point should also be a verb.
Example of parallelism:
- Include different regions, focusing on the different arguments from those against immunization
Coordination: Be aware of each point’s weight
Your chosen subheadings should hold the same significance as each other, as should all first sub-points, secondary sub-points, and so on.
Example of coordination:
- Include immunization figures in affected regions
- Illnesses that can result from the measles virus
Subordination: Work from general to specific
Subordination refers to the separation of general points from specific. Your main headings should be quite general, and each level of sub-point should become more specific.
Example of subordination:
Division: break information into sub-points.
Your headings should be divided into two or more subsections. There is no limit to how many subsections you can include under each heading, but keep in mind that the information will be structured into a paragraph during the writing stage, so you should not go overboard with the number of sub-points.
Ready to start writing or looking for guidance on a different step in the process? Read our step-by-step guide on how to write a research paper .
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Getting started with your research paper outline
Levels of organization for a research paper outline
First level of organization, second level of organization, third level of organization, fourth level of organization, tips for writing a research paper outline, research paper outline template, my research paper outline is complete: what are the next steps, frequently asked questions about a research paper outline, related articles.
The outline is the skeleton of your research paper. Simply start by writing down your thesis and the main ideas you wish to present. This will likely change as your research progresses; therefore, do not worry about being too specific in the early stages of writing your outline.
A research paper outline typically contains between two and four layers of organization. The first two layers are the most generalized. Each layer thereafter will contain the research you complete and presents more and more detailed information.
The levels are typically represented by a combination of Roman numerals, Arabic numerals, uppercase letters, lowercase letters but may include other symbols. Refer to the guidelines provided by your institution, as formatting is not universal and differs between universities, fields, and subjects. If you are writing the outline for yourself, you may choose any combination you prefer.
This is the most generalized level of information. Begin by numbering the introduction, each idea you will present, and the conclusion. The main ideas contain the bulk of your research paper 's information. Depending on your research, it may be chapters of a book for a literature review , a series of dates for a historical research paper, or the methods and results of a scientific paper.
I. Introduction
II. Main idea
III. Main idea
IV. Main idea
V. Conclusion
The second level consists of topics which support the introduction, main ideas, and the conclusion. Each main idea should have at least two supporting topics listed in the outline.
If your main idea does not have enough support, you should consider presenting another main idea in its place. This is where you should stop outlining if this is your first draft. Continue your research before adding to the next levels of organization.
- A. Background information
- B. Hypothesis or thesis
- A. Supporting topic
- B. Supporting topic
The third level of organization contains supporting information for the topics previously listed. By now, you should have completed enough research to add support for your ideas.
The Introduction and Main Ideas may contain information you discovered about the author, timeframe, or contents of a book for a literature review; the historical events leading up to the research topic for a historical research paper, or an explanation of the problem a scientific research paper intends to address.
- 1. Relevant history
- 2. Relevant history
- 1. The hypothesis or thesis clearly stated
- 1. A brief description of supporting information
- 2. A brief description of supporting information
The fourth level of organization contains the most detailed information such as quotes, references, observations, or specific data needed to support the main idea. It is not typical to have further levels of organization because the information contained here is the most specific.
- a) Quotes or references to another piece of literature
- b) Quotes or references to another piece of literature
Tip: The key to creating a useful outline is to be consistent in your headings, organization, and levels of specificity.
- Be Consistent : ensure every heading has a similar tone. State the topic or write short sentences for each heading but avoid doing both.
- Organize Information : Higher levels of organization are more generally stated and each supporting level becomes more specific. The introduction and conclusion will never be lower than the first level of organization.
- Build Support : Each main idea should have two or more supporting topics. If your research does not have enough information to support the main idea you are presenting, you should, in general, complete additional research or revise the outline.
By now, you should know the basic requirements to create an outline for your paper. With a content framework in place, you can now start writing your paper . To help you start right away, you can use one of our templates and adjust it to suit your needs.
After completing your outline, you should:
- Title your research paper . This is an iterative process and may change when you delve deeper into the topic.
- Begin writing your research paper draft . Continue researching to further build your outline and provide more information to support your hypothesis or thesis.
- Format your draft appropriately . MLA 8 and APA 7 formats have differences between their bibliography page, in-text citations, line spacing, and title.
- Finalize your citations and bibliography . Use a reference manager like Paperpile to organize and cite your research.
- Write the abstract, if required . An abstract will briefly state the information contained within the paper, results of the research, and the conclusion.
An outline is used to organize written ideas about a topic into a logical order. Outlines help us organize major topics, subtopics, and supporting details. Researchers benefit greatly from outlines while writing by addressing which topic to cover in what order.
The most basic outline format consists of: an introduction, a minimum of three topic paragraphs, and a conclusion.
You should make an outline before starting to write your research paper. This will help you organize the main ideas and arguments you want to present in your topic.
- Consistency: ensure every heading has a similar tone. State the topic or write short sentences for each heading but avoid doing both.
- Organization : Higher levels of organization are more generally stated and each supporting level becomes more specific. The introduction and conclusion will never be lower than the first level of organization.
- Support : Each main idea should have two or more supporting topics. If your research does not have enough information to support the main idea you are presenting, you should, in general, complete additional research or revise the outline.
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Home » Research Paper Outline – Types, Example, Template
Research Paper Outline – Types, Example, Template
Table of Contents
By creating a well-structured research paper outline, writers can easily organize their thoughts and ideas and ensure that their final paper is clear, concise, and effective. In this article, we will explore the essential components of a research paper outline and provide some tips and tricks for creating a successful one.
Research Paper Outline
Research paper outline is a plan or a structural framework that organizes the main ideas , arguments, and supporting evidence in a logical sequence. It serves as a blueprint or a roadmap for the writer to follow while drafting the actual research paper .
Typically, an outline consists of the following elements:
- Introduction : This section presents the topic, research question , and thesis statement of the paper. It also provides a brief overview of the literature review and the methodology used.
- Literature Review: This section provides a comprehensive review of the relevant literature, theories, and concepts related to the research topic. It analyzes the existing research and identifies the research gaps and research questions.
- Methodology: This section explains the research design, data collection methods, data analysis, and ethical considerations of the study.
- Results: This section presents the findings of the study, using tables, graphs, and statistics to illustrate the data.
- Discussion : This section interprets the results of the study, and discusses their implications, significance, and limitations. It also suggests future research directions.
- Conclusion : This section summarizes the main findings of the study and restates the thesis statement.
- References: This section lists all the sources cited in the paper using the appropriate citation style.
Research Paper Outline Types
There are several types of outlines that can be used for research papers, including:
Alphanumeric Outline
This is a traditional outline format that uses Roman numerals, capital letters, Arabic numerals, and lowercase letters to organize the main ideas and supporting details of a research paper. It is commonly used for longer, more complex research papers.
I. Introduction
- A. Background information
- B. Thesis statement
- 1 1. Supporting detail
- 1 2. Supporting detail 2
- 2 1. Supporting detail
III. Conclusion
- A. Restate thesis
- B. Summarize main points
Decimal Outline
This outline format uses numbers to organize the main ideas and supporting details of a research paper. It is similar to the alphanumeric outline, but it uses only numbers and decimals to indicate the hierarchy of the ideas.
- 1.1 Background information
- 1.2 Thesis statement
- 1 2.1.1 Supporting detail
- 1 2.1.2 Supporting detail
- 2 2.2.1 Supporting detail
- 1 2.2.2 Supporting detail
- 3.1 Restate thesis
- 3.2 Summarize main points
Full Sentence Outline
This type of outline uses complete sentences to describe the main ideas and supporting details of a research paper. It is useful for those who prefer to see the entire paper outlined in complete sentences.
- Provide background information on the topic
- State the thesis statement
- Explain main idea 1 and provide supporting details
- Discuss main idea 2 and provide supporting details
- Restate the thesis statement
- Summarize the main points of the paper
Topic Outline
This type of outline uses short phrases or words to describe the main ideas and supporting details of a research paper. It is useful for those who prefer to see a more concise overview of the paper.
- Background information
- Thesis statement
- Supporting detail 1
- Supporting detail 2
- Restate thesis
- Summarize main points
Reverse Outline
This is an outline that is created after the paper has been written. It involves going back through the paper and summarizing each paragraph or section in one sentence. This can be useful for identifying gaps in the paper or areas that need further development.
- Introduction : Provides background information and states the thesis statement.
- Paragraph 1: Discusses main idea 1 and provides supporting details.
- Paragraph 2: Discusses main idea 2 and provides supporting details.
- Paragraph 3: Addresses potential counterarguments.
- Conclusion : Restates thesis and summarizes main points.
Mind Map Outline
This type of outline involves creating a visual representation of the main ideas and supporting details of a research paper. It can be useful for those who prefer a more creative and visual approach to outlining.
- Supporting detail 1: Lack of funding for public schools.
- Supporting detail 2: Decrease in government support for education.
- Supporting detail 1: Increase in income inequality.
- Supporting detail 2: Decrease in social mobility.
Research Paper Outline Example
Research Paper Outline Example on Cyber Security:
A. Overview of Cybersecurity
- B. Importance of Cybersecurity
- C. Purpose of the paper
II. Cyber Threats
A. Definition of Cyber Threats
- B. Types of Cyber Threats
- C. Examples of Cyber Threats
III. Cybersecurity Measures
A. Prevention measures
- Anti-virus software
- Encryption B. Detection measures
- Intrusion Detection System (IDS)
- Security Information and Event Management (SIEM)
- Security Operations Center (SOC) C. Response measures
- Incident Response Plan
- Business Continuity Plan
- Disaster Recovery Plan
IV. Cybersecurity in the Business World
A. Overview of Cybersecurity in the Business World
B. Cybersecurity Risk Assessment
C. Best Practices for Cybersecurity in Business
V. Cybersecurity in Government Organizations
A. Overview of Cybersecurity in Government Organizations
C. Best Practices for Cybersecurity in Government Organizations
VI. Cybersecurity Ethics
A. Definition of Cybersecurity Ethics
B. Importance of Cybersecurity Ethics
C. Examples of Cybersecurity Ethics
VII. Future of Cybersecurity
A. Overview of the Future of Cybersecurity
B. Emerging Cybersecurity Threats
C. Advancements in Cybersecurity Technology
VIII. Conclusion
A. Summary of the paper
B. Recommendations for Cybersecurity
- C. Conclusion.
IX. References
A. List of sources cited in the paper
B. Bibliography of additional resources
Introduction
Cybersecurity refers to the protection of computer systems, networks, and sensitive data from unauthorized access, theft, damage, or any other form of cyber attack. B. Importance of Cybersecurity The increasing reliance on technology and the growing number of cyber threats make cybersecurity an essential aspect of modern society. Cybersecurity breaches can result in financial losses, reputational damage, and legal liabilities. C. Purpose of the paper This paper aims to provide an overview of cybersecurity, cyber threats, cybersecurity measures, cybersecurity in the business and government sectors, cybersecurity ethics, and the future of cybersecurity.
A cyber threat is any malicious act or event that attempts to compromise or disrupt computer systems, networks, or sensitive data. B. Types of Cyber Threats Common types of cyber threats include malware, phishing, social engineering, ransomware, DDoS attacks, and advanced persistent threats (APTs). C. Examples of Cyber Threats Recent cyber threats include the SolarWinds supply chain attack, the Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack, and the Microsoft Exchange Server hack.
Prevention measures aim to minimize the risk of cyber attacks by implementing security controls, such as firewalls, anti-virus software, and encryption.
- Firewalls Firewalls act as a barrier between a computer network and the internet, filtering incoming and outgoing traffic to prevent unauthorized access.
- Anti-virus software Anti-virus software detects, prevents, and removes malware from computer systems.
- Encryption Encryption involves the use of mathematical algorithms to transform sensitive data into a code that can only be accessed by authorized individuals. B. Detection measures Detection measures aim to identify and respond to cyber attacks as quickly as possible, such as intrusion detection systems (IDS), security information and event management (SIEM), and security operations centers (SOCs).
- Intrusion Detection System (IDS) IDS monitors network traffic for signs of unauthorized access, such as unusual patterns or anomalies.
- Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) SIEM combines security information management and security event management to provide real-time monitoring and analysis of security alerts.
- Security Operations Center (SOC) SOC is a dedicated team responsible for monitoring, analyzing, and responding to cyber threats. C. Response measures Response measures aim to mitigate the impact of a cyber attack and restore normal operations, such as incident response plans (IRPs), business continuity plans (BCPs), and disaster recovery plans (DRPs).
- Incident Response Plan IRPs outline the procedures and protocols to follow in the event of a cyber attack, including communication protocols, roles and responsibilities, and recovery processes.
- Business Continuity Plan BCPs ensure that critical business functions can continue in the event of a cyber attack or other disruption.
- Disaster Recovery Plan DRPs outline the procedures to recover from a catastrophic event, such as a natural disaster or cyber attack.
Cybersecurity is crucial for businesses of all sizes and industries, as they handle sensitive data, financial transactions, and intellectual property that are attractive targets for cyber criminals.
Risk assessment is a critical step in developing a cybersecurity strategy, which involves identifying potential threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences to determine the level of risk and prioritize security measures.
Best practices for cybersecurity in business include implementing strong passwords and multi-factor authentication, regularly updating software and hardware, training employees on cybersecurity awareness, and regularly backing up data.
Government organizations face unique cybersecurity challenges, as they handle sensitive information related to national security, defense, and critical infrastructure.
Risk assessment in government organizations involves identifying and assessing potential threats and vulnerabilities, conducting regular audits, and complying with relevant regulations and standards.
Best practices for cybersecurity in government organizations include implementing secure communication protocols, regularly updating and patching software, and conducting regular cybersecurity training and awareness programs for employees.
Cybersecurity ethics refers to the ethical considerations involved in cybersecurity, such as privacy, data protection, and the responsible use of technology.
Cybersecurity ethics are crucial for maintaining trust in technology, protecting privacy and data, and promoting responsible behavior in the digital world.
Examples of cybersecurity ethics include protecting the privacy of user data, ensuring data accuracy and integrity, and implementing fair and unbiased algorithms.
The future of cybersecurity will involve a shift towards more advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and quantum computing.
Emerging cybersecurity threats include AI-powered cyber attacks, the use of deepfakes and synthetic media, and the potential for quantum computing to break current encryption methods.
Advancements in cybersecurity technology include the development of AI and machine learning-based security tools, the use of blockchain for secure data storage and sharing, and the development of post-quantum encryption methods.
This paper has provided an overview of cybersecurity, cyber threats, cybersecurity measures, cybersecurity in the business and government sectors, cybersecurity ethics, and the future of cybersecurity.
To enhance cybersecurity, organizations should prioritize risk assessment and implement a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy that includes prevention, detection, and response measures. Additionally, organizations should prioritize cybersecurity ethics to promote responsible behavior in the digital world.
C. Conclusion
Cybersecurity is an essential aspect of modern society, and organizations must prioritize cybersecurity to protect sensitive data and maintain trust in technology.
for further reading
X. Appendices
A. Glossary of key terms
B. Cybersecurity checklist for organizations
C. Sample cybersecurity policy for businesses
D. Sample cybersecurity incident response plan
E. Cybersecurity training and awareness resources
Note : The content and organization of the paper may vary depending on the specific requirements of the assignment or target audience. This outline serves as a general guide for writing a research paper on cybersecurity. Do not use this in your assingmets.
Research Paper Outline Template
- Background information and context of the research topic
- Research problem and questions
- Purpose and objectives of the research
- Scope and limitations
II. Literature Review
- Overview of existing research on the topic
- Key concepts and theories related to the research problem
- Identification of gaps in the literature
- Summary of relevant studies and their findings
III. Methodology
- Research design and approach
- Data collection methods and procedures
- Data analysis techniques
- Validity and reliability considerations
- Ethical considerations
IV. Results
- Presentation of research findings
- Analysis and interpretation of data
- Explanation of significant results
- Discussion of unexpected results
V. Discussion
- Comparison of research findings with existing literature
- Implications of results for theory and practice
- Limitations and future directions for research
- Conclusion and recommendations
VI. Conclusion
- Summary of research problem, purpose, and objectives
- Discussion of significant findings
- Contribution to the field of study
- Implications for practice
- Suggestions for future research
VII. References
- List of sources cited in the research paper using appropriate citation style.
Note : This is just an template, and depending on the requirements of your assignment or the specific research topic, you may need to modify or adjust the sections or headings accordingly.
Research Paper Outline Writing Guide
Here’s a guide to help you create an effective research paper outline:
- Choose a topic : Select a topic that is interesting, relevant, and meaningful to you.
- Conduct research: Gather information on the topic from a variety of sources, such as books, articles, journals, and websites.
- Organize your ideas: Organize your ideas and information into logical groups and subgroups. This will help you to create a clear and concise outline.
- Create an outline: Begin your outline with an introduction that includes your thesis statement. Then, organize your ideas into main points and subpoints. Each main point should be supported by evidence and examples.
- Introduction: The introduction of your research paper should include the thesis statement, background information, and the purpose of the research paper.
- Body : The body of your research paper should include the main points and subpoints. Each point should be supported by evidence and examples.
- Conclusion : The conclusion of your research paper should summarize the main points and restate the thesis statement.
- Reference List: Include a reference list at the end of your research paper. Make sure to properly cite all sources used in the paper.
- Proofreading : Proofread your research paper to ensure that it is free of errors and grammatical mistakes.
- Finalizing : Finalize your research paper by reviewing the outline and making any necessary changes.
When to Write Research Paper Outline
It’s a good idea to write a research paper outline before you begin drafting your paper. The outline will help you organize your thoughts and ideas, and it can serve as a roadmap for your writing process.
Here are a few situations when you might want to consider writing an outline:
- When you’re starting a new research project: If you’re beginning a new research project, an outline can help you get organized from the very beginning. You can use your outline to brainstorm ideas, map out your research goals, and identify potential sources of information.
- When you’re struggling to organize your thoughts: If you find yourself struggling to organize your thoughts or make sense of your research, an outline can be a helpful tool. It can help you see the big picture of your project and break it down into manageable parts.
- When you’re working with a tight deadline : If you have a deadline for your research paper, an outline can help you stay on track and ensure that you cover all the necessary points. By mapping out your paper in advance, you can work more efficiently and avoid getting stuck or overwhelmed.
Purpose of Research Paper Outline
The purpose of a research paper outline is to provide a structured and organized plan for the writer to follow while conducting research and writing the paper. An outline is essentially a roadmap that guides the writer through the entire research process, from the initial research and analysis of the topic to the final writing and editing of the paper.
A well-constructed outline can help the writer to:
- Organize their thoughts and ideas on the topic, and ensure that all relevant information is included.
- Identify any gaps in their research or argument, and address them before starting to write the paper.
- Ensure that the paper follows a logical and coherent structure, with clear transitions between different sections.
- Save time and effort by providing a clear plan for the writer to follow, rather than starting from scratch and having to revise the paper multiple times.
Advantages of Research Paper Outline
Some of the key advantages of a research paper outline include:
- Helps to organize thoughts and ideas : An outline helps to organize all the different ideas and information that you want to include in your paper. By creating an outline, you can ensure that all the points you want to make are covered and in a logical order.
- Saves time and effort : An outline saves time and effort because it helps you to focus on the key points of your paper. It also helps you to identify any gaps or areas where more research may be needed.
- Makes the writing process easier : With an outline, you have a clear roadmap of what you want to write, and this makes the writing process much easier. You can simply follow your outline and fill in the details as you go.
- Improves the quality of your paper : By having a clear outline, you can ensure that all the important points are covered and in a logical order. This makes your paper more coherent and easier to read, which ultimately improves its overall quality.
- Facilitates collaboration: If you are working on a research paper with others, an outline can help to facilitate collaboration. By sharing your outline, you can ensure that everyone is on the same page and working towards the same goals.
About the author
Muhammad Hassan
Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer
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How to Write a Research Paper Outline (with Examples)
Writing a research paper is an essential part of an academic career. However, the task can be quite challenging especially for early career researchers unfamiliar with the nuances of academic research and writing. Creating an impactful research paper demands meticulous attention to detail, an in depth understanding of the topic and research methodology, and the ability to communicate the findings in an accurate and easy to understand way. This is where a research paper outline becomes useful. Writing a research paper can be made simpler and more efficient with a well-organized plan. A well-structured research paper outline offers the fundamental foundation on which researchers can construct their narratives logically, ensuring that the study report is well-presented and interesting for readers.
Table of Contents
This article takes a look now at the benefits of having a good research paper outline and also provides guidance on creating one.
4 steps to create a well-structured research paper outline
List the key components .
To begin with, researchers must list down the key components that should be included in the research paper outline . Start with identifying your research question. Organize your key ideas and thoughts so that you are able to clearly convey the various aspects of your research question or thesis statement. Create separate points for the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, significance of your research along with its limitations. These sections will help you organize your thoughts and ensure that all relevant information is included in your research manuscript.
Structure the outline logically
As you create your outline, make sure that there is logical flow of ideas and arguments. Think through the sequence in which you will present your topic and ideas. Structure the research paper outline in a way that allows a clear and continuous narrative that is easy to understand. For example, the introduction must be concise and engaging and must clearly introduce the research topic. The main paragraphs must focus on the research problem and arguments with supporting evidence. Experts suggest using headings and sub-heads to help organize ideas and data into sub-groups. The concluding section should have a summary of your study’s main points and key takeaways with recommendations for future research.
Provide supporting evidence
It is important to provide adequate supporting evidence and examples that underpin your key idea or argument. This helps to fit your study into the larger context of your subject area. It may be a good idea to collect all your data and relevant sources right from the start. Experts suggest providing at last three supporting evidences for each of your main ideas and including appropriate and accurate citations in the research paper outline .
Review and edit
Finally, take time to review the outline and make necessary modifications as you come across new data and information. To do so, you must have sufficient knowledge of the existing and current literature on the topic. Make sure that your ideas are in a logical order, and you have not missed out anything from your research notes.
3 tips to draft a great research paper outline
- Be concise and clear: Avoid adding unnecessary details to your research paper outline . Try instead, to focus only on the key ideas, information and supporting evidence for your study. Experts suggest avoiding the use of lengthy sentences and recommend the use of short phrases, sub-heads, and bullet points to outline ideas.
- Stay consistent with formatting: To ensure consistency in formatting, researchers can choose from different kinds of research paper outline templates. The most commonly used ones are:
- The alpha-numerical template where the points are written as short sentences,
- The full sentence format where whole sentences are written with specific points
- The decimal format where the main point is presented as a whole number (1, 2) and sub-points are given as decimal points (1.1, 1.2).
- Seek feedback from supervisors: Once you have completed the outline, it is a good idea to share it with your supervisors and mentors and seek their insights. Their inputs will help ensure that your research paper outline is on track.
Research paper outline example
Given below is a research paper outline example that you can use as a starting point.
I. Introduction
- Background and context of the research topic
- Problem statement and research question
- Significance of the study
II. Literature Review
- Overview of relevant literature
- Discussion of previous research and findings
- Identification of gaps and areas for further exploration
III. Methodology
- Explanation of the research design
- Description of data collection methods
- Discussion of data analysis techniques
IV. Results
- Presentation of research findings
- Data visualization (tables, graphs, charts, etc.)
- Explanation of key results
V. Discussion
- Interpretation of the results
- Comparison with existing literature
- Addressing limitations and implications of the study
VI. Conclusion
- Summary of the research paper
- Final remarks and suggestions for future research
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How Can You Create a Well Planned Research Paper Outline
You are staring at the blank document, meaning to start writing your research paper . After months of experiments and procuring results, your PI asked you to write the paper to publish it in a reputed journal. You spoke to your peers and a few seniors and received a few tips on writing a research paper, but you still can’t plan on how to begin!
Writing a research paper is a very common issue among researchers and is often looked upon as a time consuming hurdle. Researchers usually look up to this task as an impending threat, avoiding and procrastinating until they cannot delay it anymore. Seeking advice from internet and seniors they manage to write a paper which goes in for quite a few revisions. Making researchers lose their sense of understanding with respect to their research work and findings. In this article, we would like to discuss how to create a structured research paper outline which will assist a researcher in writing their research paper effectively!
Publication is an important component of research studies in a university for academic promotion and in obtaining funding to support research. However, the primary reason is to provide the data and hypotheses to scientific community to advance the understanding in a specific domain. A scientific paper is a formal record of a research process. It documents research protocols, methods, results, conclusion, and discussion from a research hypothesis .
Table of Contents
What Is a Research Paper Outline?
A research paper outline is a basic format for writing an academic research paper. It follows the IMRAD format (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion). However, this format varies depending on the type of research manuscript. A research paper outline consists of following sections to simplify the paper for readers. These sections help researchers build an effective paper outline.
1. Title Page
The title page provides important information which helps the editors, reviewers, and readers identify the manuscript and the authors at a glance. It also provides an overview of the field of research the research paper belongs to. The title should strike a balance between precise and detailed. Other generic details include author’s given name, affiliation, keywords that will provide indexing, details of the corresponding author etc. are added to the title page.
2. Abstract
Abstract is the most important section of the manuscript and will help the researcher create a detailed research paper outline . To be more precise, an abstract is like an advertisement to the researcher’s work and it influences the editor in deciding whether to submit the manuscript to reviewers or not. Writing an abstract is a challenging task. Researchers can write an exemplary abstract by selecting the content carefully and being concise.
3. Introduction
An introduction is a background statement that provides the context and approach of the research. It describes the problem statement with the assistance of the literature study and elaborates the requirement to update the knowledge gap. It sets the research hypothesis and informs the readers about the big research question.
This section is usually named as “Materials and Methods”, “Experiments” or “Patients and Methods” depending upon the type of journal. This purpose provides complete information on methods used for the research. Researchers should mention clear description of materials and their use in the research work. If the methods used in research are already published, give a brief account and refer to the original publication. However, if the method used is modified from the original method, then researcher should mention the modifications done to the original protocol and validate its accuracy, precision, and repeatability.
It is best to report results as tables and figures wherever possible. Also, avoid duplication of text and ensure that the text summarizes the findings. Report the results with appropriate descriptive statistics. Furthermore, report any unexpected events that could affect the research results, and mention complete account of observations and explanations for missing data (if any).
6. Discussion
The discussion should set the research in context, strengthen its importance and support the research hypothesis. Summarize the main results of the study in one or two paragraphs and show how they logically fit in an overall scheme of studies. Compare the results with other investigations in the field of research and explain the differences.
7. Acknowledgments
Acknowledgements identify and thank the contributors to the study, who are not under the criteria of co-authors. It also includes the recognition of funding agency and universities that award scholarships or fellowships to researchers.
8. Declaration of Competing Interests
Finally, declaring the competing interests is essential to abide by ethical norms of unique research publishing. Competing interests arise when the author has more than one role that may lead to a situation where there is a conflict of interest.
Steps to Write a Research Paper Outline
- Write down all important ideas that occur to you concerning the research paper .
- Answer questions such as – what is the topic of my paper? Why is the topic important? How to formulate the hypothesis? What are the major findings?
- Add context and structure. Group all your ideas into sections – Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion/Conclusion.
- Add relevant questions to each section. It is important to note down the questions. This will help you align your thoughts.
- Expand the ideas based on the questions created in the paper outline.
- After creating a detailed outline, discuss it with your mentors and peers.
- Get enough feedback and decide on the journal you will submit to.
- The process of real writing begins.
Benefits of Creating a Research Paper Outline
As discussed, the research paper subheadings create an outline of what different aspects of research needs elaboration. This provides subtopics on which the researchers brainstorm and reach a conclusion to write. A research paper outline organizes the researcher’s thoughts and gives a clear picture of how to formulate the research protocols and results. It not only helps the researcher to understand the flow of information but also provides relation between the ideas.
A research paper outline helps researcher achieve a smooth transition between topics and ensures that no research point is forgotten. Furthermore, it allows the reader to easily navigate through the research paper and provides a better understanding of the research. The paper outline allows the readers to find relevant information and quotes from different part of the paper.
Research Paper Outline Template
A research paper outline template can help you understand the concept of creating a well planned research paper before beginning to write and walk through your journey of research publishing.
1. Research Title
A. Background i. Support with evidence ii. Support with existing literature studies
B. Thesis Statement i. Link literature with hypothesis ii. Support with evidence iii. Explain the knowledge gap and how this research will help build the gap 4. Body
A. Methods i. Mention materials and protocols used in research ii. Support with evidence
B. Results i. Support with tables and figures ii. Mention appropriate descriptive statistics
C. Discussion i. Support the research with context ii. Support the research hypothesis iii. Compare the results with other investigations in field of research
D. Conclusion i. Support the discussion and research investigation ii. Support with literature studies
E. Acknowledgements i. Identify and thank the contributors ii. Include the funding agency, if any
F. Declaration of Competing Interests
5. References
Download the Research Paper Outline Template!
Have you tried writing a research paper outline ? How did it work for you? Did it help you achieve your research paper writing goal? Do let us know about your experience in the comments below.
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10 Tips for Writing a Research Paper Outline
Crafting a well-structured research paper outline: 10 essential tips.
Crafting a well-structured research paper outline is crucial for organizing your thoughts and ensuring a coherent flow of ideas in your academic work. In this guide, we will explore 10 essential tips to help you create a comprehensive and effective research paper outline. By following these tips, you will not only streamline the writing process but also enhance the clarity and impact of your research paper. Whether you are a seasoned researcher or a student new to the world of academic writing, mastering the art of outlining can significantly improve the quality of your work. From identifying key points to establishing a logical structure, each tip is designed to empower you with the tools needed to excel in your research paper endeavors. Let’s delve into the strategies that will elevate your outlining skills and set you on the path to producing well-crafted and compelling research papers.
Choosing a Topic
Selecting a research topic is a critical step in the research process. It is essential to choose a topic that not only aligns with your interests but also meets the requirements of the assignment. Here are some key considerations to keep in mind when deciding on a topic:.
Personal Interest and Passion: Opt for a topic that you are genuinely passionate about or eager to delve into further. Research projects can be demanding, both in terms of time and effort, so selecting a topic that resonates with you on a personal level will help maintain your motivation and enthusiasm throughout the research journey.
Feasibility Assessment: Before finalizing your topic, conduct a feasibility assessment to ensure that it is manageable within the scope of your assignment. Consider factors such as the availability of relevant resources, time constraints, and the complexity of the subject matter. It is crucial to select a topic that you can realistically explore given the resources and time available.
Relevance and Contribution: Choose a topic that is not only of personal interest but also relevant to the field of study or the course requirements. Your research should aim to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by addressing current issues, filling research gaps, or offering new perspectives. By selecting a relevant topic, you can ensure that your research adds value and significance to the academic discourse.
Research Potential: Evaluate the research potential of the chosen topic. Consider whether the topic offers opportunities for in-depth exploration, critical analysis, and meaningful conclusions. A topic with substantial research potential can lead to a more enriching and insightful research experience.
Consultation and Feedback: Seek input from your instructor, peers, or academic advisors when selecting a topic. Their feedback can provide valuable insights and help you refine your research focus. Additionally, discussing your ideas with others can offer new perspectives and suggestions for enhancing your chosen topic.
By carefully considering these factors and engaging in thorough deliberation, you can select a research topic that not only meets the requirements of your assignment but also allows you to embark on a fulfilling and intellectually stimulating research journey.
Crafting a Thesis Statement
The significance of a strong thesis statement, components of a thesis statement, strategies for developing an effective thesis statement, examples of well-crafted thesis statements, crafting a thesis statement: a roadmap to academic success.
In the realm of academic writing, the significance of a strong thesis statement cannot be overstated. It serves as the cornerstone of your paper, encapsulating the primary argument or claim you intend to make. A well-crafted thesis statement not only anchors your writing but also provides clarity and direction to both you, the writer, and your readers. Let’s delve deeper into the art of crafting a compelling thesis statement.
A strong thesis statement is like a beacon that illuminates the path for your research and writing. It not only informs the reader about the central point of your paper but also sets the tone for the entire work. By presenting a clear and concise thesis statement, you establish a framework that guides your research and shapes the structure of your paper.
An effective thesis statement typically comprises several key elements. It should be specific, presenting a clear argument that can be supported with evidence. Additionally, a thesis statement should be concise, avoiding vague language or broad generalizations. Furthermore, it should be focused, addressing a single main idea without trying to cover too much ground.
Crafting a strong thesis statement requires careful thought and planning. Begin by identifying the main topic or issue you wish to explore in your paper. From there, consider what specific claim or argument you want to make about that topic. Your thesis statement should reflect this argument and provide a roadmap for how you will support it throughout your paper.
To better understand the components of a strong thesis statement, let’s examine some examples:.
- ‘The increasing use of technology in education enhances student learning outcomes by fostering engagement and collaboration.’
- ‘The portrayal of mental health in contemporary literature reflects society’s evolving attitudes towards psychological well-being.’
By analyzing these examples, you can see how a well-crafted thesis statement clearly articulates a specific argument and sets the stage for a focused and cohesive paper.
Crafting a thesis statement is a fundamental aspect of academic writing that requires attention to detail and precision. By developing a strong thesis statement, you not only provide a roadmap for your paper but also demonstrate your ability to engage critically with your topic. Remember, a well-crafted thesis statement is the cornerstone of a successful academic paper.
Importance of Structuring the Outline in a Research Paper
Structuring the outline of a research paper is a critical aspect that significantly influences the quality and effectiveness of the final document. An outline serves as a roadmap, guiding both the writer and the reader through a well-organized presentation of ideas. Let’s delve deeper into the importance of structuring the outline and how it can be effectively done.
Dividing the Paper into Logical Sections
When embarking on structuring a research paper, the initial step is to divide it into logical sections. The introduction, as the opening segment, plays a pivotal role in providing context and setting the tone for the entire paper. It should succinctly introduce the topic, present the research question or thesis statement, and outline the scope of the study. A compelling introduction captures the reader’s attention and prepares them for the content that follows.
Developing the Body of the Paper
Following the introduction, the body of the research paper is where the main arguments, evidence, and analysis are presented. To ensure clarity and coherence, the body should be logically divided into subsections, each addressing a specific aspect of the topic. These subsections help in organizing the content and maintaining a structured flow of information, making it easier for readers to follow the author’s reasoning.
Crafting a Comprehensive Conclusion
As the research paper nears its conclusion, the final section should provide a summary of the key points discussed in the body. It is an opportunity to restate the thesis in light of the evidence presented and offer insights into the broader implications of the study. Additionally, the conclusion can suggest potential areas for further research or highlight the significance of the findings.
Outlining Key Points and Subpoints
Within each section, outlining the key points and subpoints is crucial for maintaining focus and coherence. Each key point should directly contribute to the main argument of the paper, supported by relevant evidence and analysis. Subpoints serve to elaborate on the key ideas, providing depth and context to strengthen the overall argument.
Incorporating Transitions
Furthermore, transitions between sections are essential to ensure a smooth flow of ideas. By incorporating transitional phrases or sentences, writers can seamlessly guide readers from one point to the next, enhancing the overall readability and coherence of the paper.
A well-structured outline not only aids in organizing a research paper but also enhances its clarity and impact. By carefully dividing the content into logical sections, outlining key points, and maintaining a coherent flow of ideas, writers can effectively communicate their research findings and insights to their audience, fostering a deeper understanding and engagement with the subject matter.
Organizing Supporting Evidence
- Gathering Data and Examples
- Citing Credible Sources
- Structuring Evidence Logically
- Ensuring Consistency in Argument Flow
When it comes to organizing supporting evidence for your blog or article, it is crucial to compile relevant data and examples for each main point outlined. This helps in strengthening your arguments and providing credibility to your content. Make sure to cite credible sources to back up your claims and enhance the reliability of your writing. Structuring the evidence logically within your content is essential to maintain a coherent flow of ideas and arguments. Additionally, ensure consistency in the flow of your arguments to guide your readers seamlessly through your content.
Supporting evidence serves as the backbone of any well-structured piece of writing. It not only reinforces your main points but also adds depth and authenticity to your work. Here are some key strategies to effectively organize supporting evidence:.
Relevance is Key : Ensure that the evidence you gather directly supports the main points you are trying to convey. Irrelevant or loosely related evidence can dilute the impact of your arguments.
Diversify Your Sources : While citing credible sources is important, it is equally crucial to diversify your sources. Drawing evidence from a variety of reputable outlets or studies can strengthen the overall validity of your content.
Visual Aids and Examples : Incorporating visual aids such as graphs, charts, or real-life examples can make your evidence more compelling and easier to understand for your audience.
Chronological or Logical Order : Depending on the nature of your content, organizing evidence chronologically or in a logical order can help readers follow the progression of your arguments more smoothly.
Counterarguments and Refutations : Acknowledging counterarguments and providing refutations can showcase a comprehensive understanding of the topic and strengthen your position.
Remember, the goal of organizing supporting evidence is not just to bombard your readers with facts but to present a well-rounded and persuasive case. By carefully curating and structuring your evidence, you can elevate the quality and impact of your writing.
In addition to the strategies mentioned above, it is essential to consider the context in which your evidence is presented. Understanding your target audience and their level of knowledge on the topic can help you tailor your evidence to resonate with them effectively. Moreover, incorporating anecdotes or personal experiences can add a human touch to your evidence, making it more relatable and engaging for readers.
Furthermore, utilizing a mix of quantitative and qualitative evidence can provide a well-rounded perspective on the subject matter. Quantitative data can offer statistical support, while qualitative insights can offer a deeper understanding of the implications of your arguments.
Lastly, revisiting and revising your evidence organization periodically can ensure that your content remains up-to-date and relevant. As new information emerges or perspectives shift, adjusting your evidence presentation can strengthen the credibility and longevity of your writing.
By implementing these additional considerations and refining your approach to organizing supporting evidence, you can create compelling and impactful content that resonates with your audience and effectively conveys your message.
Crafting a well-structured research paper outline is essential for any academic endeavor. By following the 10 tips outlined in this blog, you can streamline your writing process and ensure a coherent and organized paper. Remember, a strong outline sets the foundation for a successful research paper. For further guidance on enhancing your academic writing skills, consider exploring the detailed guide on writing scientific abstracts available at Avidnote . Strengthen your research paper writing skills and academic prowess by mastering the art of outlining and abstract writing.
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An outline is a formal system used to develop a framework for thinking about what should be the organization and eventual contents of your paper. An outline helps you predict the overall structure and flow of a paper.
Why and How to Create a Useful Outline. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University.
Importance of...
Writing papers in college requires you to come up with sophisticated, complex, and sometimes very creative ways of structuring your ideas . Taking the time to draft an outline can help you determine if your ideas connect to each other, what order of ideas works best, where gaps in your thinking may exist, or whether you have sufficient evidence to support each of your points. It is also an effective way to think about the time you will need to complete each part of your paper before you begin writing.
A good outline is important because :
- You will be much less likely to get writer's block . An outline will show where you're going and how to get there. Use the outline to set goals for completing each section of your paper.
- It will help you stay organized and focused throughout the writing process and help ensure proper coherence [flow of ideas] in your final paper. However, the outline should be viewed as a guide, not a straitjacket. As you review the literature or gather data, the organization of your paper may change; adjust your outline accordingly.
- A clear, detailed outline ensures that you always have something to help re-calibrate your writing should you feel yourself drifting into subject areas unrelated to the research problem. Use your outline to set boundaries around what you will investigate.
- The outline can be key to staying motivated . You can put together an outline when you're excited about the project and everything is clicking; making an outline is never as overwhelming as sitting down and beginning to write a twenty page paper without any sense of where it is going.
- An outline helps you organize multiple ideas about a topic . Most research problems can be analyzed from a variety of perspectives; an outline can help you sort out which modes of analysis are most appropriate to ensure the most robust findings are discovered.
- An outline not only helps you organize your thoughts, but it can also serve as a schedule for when certain aspects of your writing should be accomplished . Review the assignment and highlight the due dates of specific tasks and integrate these into your outline. If your professor has not created specific deadlines, create your own deadlines by thinking about your own writing style and the need to manage your time around other course assignments.
How to Structure and Organize Your Paper. Odegaard Writing & Research Center. University of Washington; Why and How to Create a Useful Outline. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Lietzau, Kathleen. Creating Outlines. Writing Center, University of Richmond.
Structure and Writing Style
I. General Approaches
There are two general approaches you can take when writing an outline for your paper:
The topic outline consists of short phrases. This approach is useful when you are dealing with a number of different issues that could be arranged in a variety of different ways in your paper. Due to short phrases having more content than using simple sentences, they create better content from which to build your paper.
The sentence outline is done in full sentences. This approach is useful when your paper focuses on complex issues in detail. The sentence outline is also useful because sentences themselves have many of the details in them needed to build a paper and it allows you to include those details in the sentences instead of having to create an outline of short phrases that goes on page after page.
II. Steps to Making the Outline
A strong outline details each topic and subtopic in your paper, organizing these points so that they build your argument toward an evidence-based conclusion. Writing an outline will also help you focus on the task at hand and avoid unnecessary tangents, logical fallacies, and underdeveloped paragraphs.
- Identify the research problem . The research problem is the focal point from which the rest of the outline flows. Try to sum up the point of your paper in one sentence or phrase. It also can be key to deciding what the title of your paper should be.
- Identify the main categories . What main points will you analyze? The introduction describes all of your main points; the rest of your paper can be spent developing those points.
- Create the first category . What is the first point you want to cover? If the paper centers around a complicated term, a definition can be a good place to start. For a paper that concerns the application and testing of a particular theory, giving the general background on the theory can be a good place to begin.
- Create subcategories . After you have followed these steps, create points under it that provide support for the main point. The number of categories that you use depends on the amount of information that you are trying to cover. There is no right or wrong number to use.
Once you have developed the basic outline of the paper, organize the contents to match the standard format of a research paper as described in this guide.
III. Things to Consider When Writing an Outline
- There is no rule dictating which approach is best . Choose either a topic outline or a sentence outline based on which one you believe will work best for you. However, once you begin developing an outline, it's helpful to stick to only one approach.
- Both topic and sentence outlines use Roman and Arabic numerals along with capital and small letters of the alphabet arranged in a consistent and rigid sequence. A rigid format should be used especially if you are required to hand in your outline.
- Although the format of an outline is rigid, it shouldn't make you inflexible about how to write your paper. Often when you start investigating a research problem [i.e., reviewing the research literature], especially if you are unfamiliar with the topic, you should anticipate the likelihood your analysis could go in different directions. If your paper changes focus, or you need to add new sections, then feel free to reorganize the outline.
- If appropriate, organize the main points of your outline in chronological order . In papers where you need to trace the history or chronology of events or issues, it is important to arrange your outline in the same manner, knowing that it's easier to re-arrange things now than when you've almost finished your paper.
- For a standard research paper of 15-20 pages, your outline should be no more than few pages in length . It may be helpful as you are developing your outline to also write down a tentative list of references.
Muirhead, Brent. “Using Outlines to Improve Online Student Writing Skills.” Journal on School Educational Technology 1, (2005): 17-23; Four Main Components for Effective Outlines. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; How to Make an Outline. Psychology Writing Center. University of Washington; Kartawijaya, Sukarta. “Improving Students’ Writing Skill in Writing Paragraph through an Outline Technique.” Curricula: Journal of Teaching and Learning 3 (2018); Organization: Informal Outlines. The Reading/Writing Center. Hunter College; Organization: Standard Outline Form. The Reading/Writing Center. Hunter College; Outlining. Department of English Writing Guide. George Mason University; Plotnic, Jerry. Organizing an Essay. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Reverse Outline. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Reverse Outlines: A Writer's Technique for Examining Organization. The Writer’s Handbook. Writing Center. University of Wisconsin, Madison; Using Outlines. Writing Tutorial Services, Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning. Indiana University; Writing: Considering Structure and Organization. Institute for Writing Rhetoric. Dartmouth College.
Writing Tip
A Disorganized Outline Means a Disorganized Paper!
If, in writing your paper, it begins to diverge from your outline, this is very likely a sign that you've lost your focus. How do you know whether to change the paper to fit the outline, or, that you need to reconsider the outline so that it fits the paper? A good way to check your progress is to use what you have written to recreate the outline. This is an effective strategy for assessing the organization of your paper. If the resulting outline says what you want it to say and it is in an order that is easy to follow, then the organization of your paper has been successful. If you discover that it's difficult to create an outline from what you have written, then you likely need to revise your paper.
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How to create a helpful research paper outline
Last updated
21 December 2023
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You need to structure your research paper in an orderly way that makes it easy for readers to follow your reasoning and supporting data. That's where a research paper outline can help.
Writing a research paper outline will help you arrange your ideas logically and allow your final paper to flow. It will make the entire process more manageable and help you work out which details to include and which are better left out.
- What is a research paper outline?
Write your research paper outline before starting your first draft. The outline provides a map of how you will structure your ideas throughout the paper. A research paper outline will help you to be more efficient when ordering the sections of your thesis, rather than trying to make structural changes after finishing an entire first draft.
An outline consists of the main topics and subtopics of your paper, listed in a logical order. The main topics will become the sections of your research paper, and the subtopics reveal the content you want to include or discuss under the main topics.
Under each subtopic, you can also jot down items you don't want to forget to include in your research paper, such as:
Topic ideas
Paragraph ideas
Direct quotes
Once you start listing these under your main topics, you can focus your thoughts as you plan and write the research paper using the evidence and data you collected and any additional information.
- Why use an outline?
If your research paper does not have a clear, logical order, readers may not understand the ideas you're trying to share, or they may lose interest and not bother to read the whole paper. An outline helps you structure your research paper so readers can easily connect the content, ideas, and theories you're trying to prove or maintain.
- Are there different kinds of research paper outlines?
Different kinds of research paper outlines might seem similar but have different purposes. You can select an outline type that provides a clear road map and thoroughly explores each point.
Other types will help structure content logically or with a segmented flow and progression of ideas that align closely with the theme of your research.
- The 3 types of outlines
The three outline formats available to research paper writers are:
Alphanumeric or topic outlines
Sentence or full-sentence outlines
Decimal outlines
Let’s look at the differences between each type and see how one may be more beneficial than another, depending on the nature of your research.
This type of research paper outline allows you to segment main headings and subheadings with an alphanumeric arrangement.
The alphanumeric characters of Roman numerals, capital letters, numbers, and lowercase letters define the hierarchy of main topic headings, subtopic headings, and third- and fourth-tier subtopic headings. (e.g., I, A, 1, a)
This method uses minimal words to describe the main and subtopic headings. You'll mostly use this type of research paper outline to focus on the organization of the content while allowing you to review it for unrelated or irrelevant information.
Full-sentence outlines
You will format this type of research paper outline as an alphanumeric outline, using the same alphanumeric characters. However, it contains complete sentences rather than a few words for each main and subtopic heading.
This formatting method allows the writer to focus on looking for inaccuracies and inconsistencies in each point before starting the first draft.
Instead of using alphanumeric characters to define main headings, subheadings, and third- and fourth-tier subheadings, the decimal outline uses a decimal numbering system.
This system shows a logical progression of the content by using 1.0 for the main section heading (and 2.0, 3.0, etc., for subsequent sections), 1.1 for the subheading, 1.1.1 for a third-tier subheading, and 1.1.1.1 for the fourth-tier subheading.
The headings and subheadings will be just a few words, as in the alphanumerical research paper outline. Decimal outlines allow the writer to focus on the content's overall coherence, increasing your writing efficiency and reducing the time it takes to write your research paper.
- How to write a research paper outline
Before you begin your research paper outline, you need to determine your topic and gather your information. Let’s look at these steps first, then dive into how to write your outline.
1. Determine your topic
You'll need to establish a topic or the main point you intend to write about.
For example, you may want to research and write about whether influencers are the most beneficial way to promote products in your industry. This topic is the main point around which your essay will revolve.
2. Gather information
You'll need evidence, data, statistics, and facts to prove or disprove that influencers are the best method of promoting products in your industry.
You'll insert any of these things you collect to substantiate your findings into the outline to support your topic.
3. Determine the type of essay you'll be writing
There are many types of essays or research papers you can write. The kinds of essays include:
Argumentative: Builds logic and support for an argument
Cause and effect: Explains relationships between specific conditions and their results
Analytical: Presents a claim on what is being analyzed
Interpretive: Informative and persuasive explanations on how something is perceived
Experimental: Reports on experimental results and the reasoning behind the results
Review: Offers an understanding and analysis of primary sources on a given topic
Definition: Defines what a term or concept means
Persuasive: Uses logic and reason to show that one idea is more justified than another
Narrative: Tells a story of personal experience from the author’s point of view
Expository: Shows an objective view of a subject by exploring various angles
Descriptive: Describes objects, people, places, experiences, emotions, situations, etc.
Once you understand the essay format you are writing, you'll know how to structure your outline.
4. Include basic sections
You'll begin to structure your outline using basic sections. Your main topic headings for these sections may include an introduction, multiple body paragraph sections, and a conclusion.
Once you establish the sections, you can insert the subtopics under each main topic heading.
5. Organize your outline
For example, if you're writing an argumentative essay taking the position that brand influencers (e.g., social media stars on Instagram or TikTok) are the best way to promote products in your industry, you will argue for that particular position.
You'll organize your argumentative essay outline with a main topic section supporting the position. The subtopics will include the reasoning behind your arguments, and the third-tier subtopics will contain the supporting evidence and data you gathered during your research.
You'll add another main topic section to counter and respond to any opposing arguments. Once you've organized and included all the information in this way, this will provide the structure to start your argumentative essay draft.
6. Consider compare-and-contrast essays
A compare-and-contrast essay is a form of essay that analyzes the differences between two opposing theories or subjects. If you have multiple subjects that are the same or different in just one aspect, you can write a point-by-point outline exploring each subject in terms of this characteristic.
The main topic headings will list that one characteristic, and the subtopic headings will list the subjects or items that are the same or different in relation to this characteristic.
Conversely, if you have multiple items to compare, but they have many characteristics that are similar or different, you can write a block method outline. The main topic headings will contain the items to be compared, while the subtopic headings will contain the aspects in which they are similar or different.
7. Consider advanced organizers for longer essays
An advanced organizer is a sentence that introduces new topics by connecting already-known information to new information. It can also prepare the reader for what they may expect to learn from the entire essay, or each section or paragraph.
Incorporating advanced organizers makes it easier for the reader to process and understand the information you are trying to convey. If you choose to use advanced organizers, depending on how often you want to use them throughout your paper, you can add them to your outline at the end of the introduction, the beginning of a section, or the beginning of each paragraph.
- Do outlines need periods (full stops)?
If you're constructing alphanumerical or decimal topic outlines, they do not need periods because the entries are usually not complete sentences. However, outlines containing full sentences will need to be punctuated as any sentence is, including using periods.
- An example research paper outline
Here is an example of an alphanumerical outline that argues brand influencers are the best method of promoting products in a particular industry:
I. Introduction
A. Background information about the issue and the position being argued.
B. Thesis statement: Influencers are the best way to promote products in this industry.
II. Reasons that support the thesis statement
A. Reason or argument #1
1. Supporting evidence
2. Supporting evidence
B. Reason or argument #2
C. Reason or argument #3
1. Supporting evidence
2. Supporting evidence
III. Counterarguments and responses
A. Arguments from the other point of view
B. Rebuttals against those arguments
IV. Conclusion
- How long is a thesis outline?
There is no set length for a research paper outline or thesis outline. Your outline can be as long as it needs to be to organize your thoughts constructively.
You can start with a short outline containing an introduction , background, methodology, data and analysis, and conclusion. Or you can break these sections into more specific segments according to the content you want to share.
Why make writing a research paper more complicated than it needs to be? Knowing the elements of an outline and how to insert them into a cohesive structure will make your final paper understandable and interesting to the reader.
Understanding how to outline a research paper will make the writing process more efficient and less time-consuming.
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How to Write an Outline for a Research Paper
Last Updated: December 18, 2020 References
This article was co-authored by Matthew Snipp, PhD . C. Matthew Snipp is the Burnet C. and Mildred Finley Wohlford Professor of Humanities and Sciences in the Department of Sociology at Stanford University. He is also the Director for the Institute for Research in the Social Science’s Secure Data Center. He has been a Research Fellow at the U.S. Bureau of the Census and a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He has published 3 books and over 70 articles and book chapters on demography, economic development, poverty and unemployment. He is also currently serving on the National Institute of Child Health and Development’s Population Science Subcommittee. He holds a Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Wisconsin—Madison. There are 7 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been viewed 297,833 times.
Writing an outline for a research paper can seem like a time consuming task, and you may not understand the value of it if you have never written one before. Outlines can help you structure your research and your final paper in much more efficient ways, though, so it is a good idea that you learn how to write one. Here are a few things to keep in mind when doing so.
Sample Outlines
Outline Type and Structure
- Topic outlines are usually used when your research deals with many different issues that can be arranged in different ways.
- Sentence outlines are usually used if your research focuses on complex issues.
- Some instructors will insist that you must not combine these two forms. Many others, however, offer one exception to this guideline by allowing the main section headings to be short phrases while the remaining subpoints are written as full sentences.
- The first level is represented by Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV, etc.), the second level is represented by capital letters (A, B, C, D, etc.), the third level is represented by numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), and the fourth level is represented by lowercase letters (a, b, c, d, etc.).
- One school of thought indicates that first level headings should be written in all capital letters while all remaining headings use standard sentence capitalization rules.
- Another school of thought suggests that the first level headings should only have the first letter of each word capitalized, rather than the entire word. The remaining headings, again, use standard sentence capitalization rules.
- For a four to five page paper, you only need a single page outline.
- For a 15 to 20 page paper, your outline will usually run no longer than four pages. [2] X Research source
Outline Levels
- These headings are labeled with Roman numerals.
- Note that you would not usually use this outline for a research paper, as it is not very specific or detailed. It can still be a good idea to start with this outline level, however, since you can use it to provide yourself with a general direction for your paper and expand upon it as the information flows in.
- In other words, your Roman numeral and capital letter sections are both present.
- Each second-level subheading should discuss a primary supporting argument for the main idea it falls under.
- You use Roman numerals, capital letters, and standard numbers for this version.
- Next to each third-level subsection, you should address the topic of a paragraph that falls under the corresponding second-level section or main idea above it.
- The fourth-level subheadings should address supporting statements, citations, or ideas within each paragraph listed in the third-level sections.
Components of Effective Outlines
- This refers most obviously to the usage of "topic" versus "sentence" outline formats, as described in the "structure and type" section of the article.
- Parallelism also refers to parts of speech and tense. If a heading starts with a verb, then the other headings must also start with a verb. Moreover, that verb must also be in the same tense (usually present tense).
- Your major headings should identify major tasks or ideas.
- Your subheadings should elaborate on the points addressed in your major headings.
- For instance, if you were writing about memorable experiences from your childhood, "Memorable Childhood Experiences" would be the heading and the subheadings might look something like, "Vacation at 8 years old," "Favorite birthday party," and "Family trips to the park."
- There is no limit on subheadings, but once you start forming a dozen or so subheadings under a single heading, you might find your outline looking cluttered and messy.
Organizing the Outline
- From this research problem, you will derive your thesis statement. A thesis statement is a single sentence that sums up the entire purpose or argument of your research paper.
- This thesis statement will usually be written above the outline itself or within the first "Introduction" heading of the outline.
- Your research problem can also help you figure out a title.
- The main points are details that support or address your research paper. They should be very general in nature.
- Chronological arrangements generally only work if you have a topic that has some chronological history to it. For example, if you were researching the history of modern medicine, it would make sense that your paper and outline follow a chronological order.
- If your research topic does not have a history, though, you will probably end up using a spatial structure. For instance, if you are researching the effects of television and video games on the adolescent brain, you probably would not follow the chronology of the research. Instead, you might describe the different contemporary schools of thought on the issue or otherwise follow some other spatial arrangement of ideas.
- Some instructors will insist that you do not use the terms "Introduction" and "Conclusions," however. In these instances, you can usually skip these two sections altogether, but you will need to write your thesis statement separately and above the outline.
- Note that these elements will usually be listed as subpoints, not as major headings. The major heading for the section will be "Introduction."
- As with the actual paper itself, this portion of your outline will hold all the significant content.
- The main headings will correspond to the main categories briefly listed under a subheading of your “Introduction” section.
- You can include only the main ideas and supporting details of those ideas (a two-level outline, as noted in the “Outline Levels” section of the article) or you could include information about specific paragraphs and supporting details within those paragraphs (three-level and four-level outlines, respectively).
- Restate and rephrase your thesis.
- If you drew any additional conclusions based on your research, list them here. Keep in mind that none of this information should be “new,” and all of it should have been addressed elsewhere in the paper.
- If your research demands a “call to action”—a response that a reader should have in response or an action that should be done in response—include that under this section, as well. This will usually be your final point within the outline.
Expert Q&A
- A good outline shows you what to address next in your paper, thereby limiting writer's block.
- Outlines help maintain a coherent, orderly flow of ideas.
- You can use an outline to check yourself as you write if you suspect that you are straying from the main topic.
- Having a visual outline can help encourage you as you write your paper since you can tell how much you have left.
- Outlines help you organize different ideas about the same topic and gain an understanding of how those ideas connect.
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- ↑ http://libguides.usc.edu/c.php?g=235034&p=1561769
- ↑ http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid=83009&sid=634166
- ↑ http://www.eng.usf.edu/~cunning/CGN6933-drinkingwater/CGN6933-drinkingwater-project/HowToOutline.pdf
- ↑ https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/twc/sites/utsc.utoronto.ca.twc/files/resource-files/Outline.pdf
- ↑ Matthew Snipp, PhD. Sociology Professor, Stanford University. Expert Interview. 26 March 2020.
- ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/the_writing_process/developing_an_outline/how_to_outline.html
- ↑ http://www.austincc.edu/tmthomas/sample%20outline%201.htm
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Writing the Body Of the Paper
Ask these questions:
What is it?
It is putting all of your research together in a format that you can present to people.
There are many different ways to put together and present your thesis statement and supporting evidence.
Once you have an '); Activate();" onmouseout="deActivate()">outline that you like, you will be able to link your ideas and evidence either with sentences and paragraphs, visuals, sounds, movements, or a combination of any of these.
This tip sheet will focus on the written research paper, which is the format most commonly required.
If you have some flexibility in how you present your project, see Alternative Formats for the Presentation of Research Projects.
How do I begin to write the body of a research paper?
- You will continue in this manner until you reach the conclusion section of your outline.
COMMENTS
The main part of your research paper is called "the body.". To write this important part of your paper, include only relevant information, or information that gets to the point. Organize your ideas in a logical order—one that makes sense—and provide enough details—facts and examples—to support the points you want to make.
Example: BODY PARAGRAPH 1. First point. Sub-point. Sub-point of sub-point 1. Essentially the same as the alphanumeric outline, but with the text written in full sentences rather than short points. Example: First body paragraph of the research paper. First point of evidence to support the main argument.
The outline is the skeleton of your research paper. Simply start by writing down your thesis and the main ideas you wish to present. This will likely change as your research progresses; therefore, do not worry about being too specific in the early stages of writing your outline. Organize your papers in one place. Try Paperpile.
This type of outline involves creating a visual representation of the main ideas and supporting details of a research paper. It can be useful for those who prefer a more creative and visual approach to outlining. Example: Introduction: Provides background information and states the thesis statement. Body :
Think through the sequence in which you will present your topic and ideas. Structure the research paper outline in a way that allows a clear and continuous narrative that is easy to understand. For example, the introduction must be concise and engaging and must clearly introduce the research topic. The main paragraphs must focus on the research ...
Write down all the ideas you want to include or discuss. 3. Gather information. Gather notes, resources and references that you will need to support your content. Also, complete any necessary research or investigations. Each main idea should have two or more supporting topics.
A research paper outline organizes the researcher's thoughts and gives a clear picture of how to formulate the research protocols and results. It not only helps the researcher to understand the flow of information but also provides relation between the ideas. ... Explain the knowledge gap and how this research will help build the gap 4. Body ...
Crafting a Well-Structured Research Paper Outline: 10 Essential Tips ... Following the introduction, the body of the research paper is where the main arguments, evidence, and analysis are presented. To ensure clarity and coherence, the body should be logically divided into subsections, each addressing a specific aspect of the topic. ...
Writing papers in college requires you to come up with sophisticated, complex, and sometimes very creative ways of structuring your ideas.Taking the time to draft an outline can help you determine if your ideas connect to each other, what order of ideas works best, where gaps in your thinking may exist, or whether you have sufficient evidence to support each of your points.
1. Determine your topic. You'll need to establish a topic or the main point you intend to write about. For example, you may want to research and write about whether influencers are the most beneficial way to promote products in your industry. This topic is the main point around which your essay will revolve. 2.
Research Paper Outline Research questions are essential to writing a research paper and will serve as the foundation of your outline. They will also help you build the content of your paper; the sources and analysis discussed in the literature review (the body of the paper) should aim to answer each research question. Note that your
6. Understand what the body of your outline will consist of. Each main heading within the body portion of your outline will be labeled by a short phrase or sentence addressing a main category of your research paper. As with the actual paper itself, this portion of your outline will hold all the significant content.
You will write your first paragraph about the first subtopic in your outline. (Your introduction will be written later.) Introduce that subtopic in the first sentence. The body of that paragraph will be more information about the first subtopic and your evidence for why it supports your thesis statement . Use your note cards to get borrowed ...
Briefly outline the main points in the paper II. Body Clearly present the main points of the paper as listed in the thesis Give strong examples, details, and explanations to support each main points If an argumentative paper, address any counterarguments and refute those arguments If a research paper, use strong evidence from sources ...
The creation of an outline is an invaluable tool in the process of writing a research paper. It will give structure to the fledgling paper and allow you to better imagine what you will need to write. Breaking the paper down into small sections also makes the process of writing far less overwhelming. After choosing an appropriate topic and ...
The purpose of the outline is to organize your approach to the paper, as well as to be sure that you don't leave any part of your argument or developing your thesis as you write. The Online Writing Lab of Purdue University has an excellent description of the Four Main Components for Effective Outlines and a sample outline as well.
The College Student's Guide to Research Papers by Atlantic Publishing Group. ISBN: 9781620231852. Publication Date: 2018-12-31 ... the argumentative essay format consists of an introduction, 2-3 body paragraphs, and a conclusion. ... create an outline to structure the research you find as well as help with the writing process. The outline of an ...
three level outline is made up of headings for sections, subsections, and paragraphs of a paper. Paragraph headings should provide the topic sentence (or phrase) that all sentences in the paragraph will support. The structure of a three-level outline is shown below: Introduction. Motivation to study this topic.
Here is a shortened example of an outline: Introduction: background and thesis statement. Body. I. First topic. A. Point A. 1. Supporting evidence 2. Supporting evidence. a. Detail. II. Second Topic. III. Third Topic. Conclusion. I. Summarize the main points of your paper II. Restate your thesis in different words III. Make a strong final statement
Here's an example of a research paper body paragraph highlighting the effects of climate change: Topic Sentence: Rising global temperatures have significant implications for ecosystems and biodiversity. Evidence/Example 1: According to a study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global average temperatures have increased ...
To put it simply, the introduction of your outline should stress out the major points addressed in the research paper. Body. The body of your outline is where you will need to present every valid argument to support your topic or thesis statement. The best approach to follow would be the "Rule of 3", in which you must find three supporting ...
Writing a Research Paper. This page lists some of the stages involved in writing a library-based research paper. Although this list suggests that there is a simple, linear process to writing such a paper, the actual process of writing a research paper is often a messy and recursive one, so please use this outline as a flexible guide.
The pages in this section cover the following topic areas related to the process of writing a research paper: Genre - This section will provide an overview for understanding the difference between an analytical and argumentative research paper. Choosing a Topic - This section will guide the student through the process of choosing topics ...
The Online Writing Lab (the Purdue OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects. Teachers and trainers may use this material for in-class and out ...
Outline of papers. The papers in this special issue were divided in two sections. The first section explores unique sporting spaces for LGBTQIA+ persons. The three papers in this section include studies about a tennis club in Australia (Storr & Richards, Citation 2024), a professional bodybuilder in Hong Kong (Pang et al., Citation 2024) and an American mountaineer that climbs across the world ...