presentation on water in urdu

Essay on Water Pollution in Urdu

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پانی کی آلودگی پر مضمون

• آج ہمارے لئے پانی کی حفاظت کرنا بہت ضروری ہوگیا ہے کیونکہ آج کے دور میں پانی کی آلودگی بہت زیادہ بڑھتی جا رہی ہے۔ اس کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ ہر جگہ بڑی بڑی فیکٹریاں لگائی جا رہی ہیں۔ اس کے علاوہ گھر کی صفائی اور جگہ جگہ سے نکلنے والی ساری گندگی بھی پانی میں جاکر مل جاتی ہیں۔ جس سے ہمارے پینے کے پانی میں آلودگی بہت تیزی سے پھیل رہی ہے۔
• اس طرح سے پانی میں طرح طرح کی گندگی جانے سے پانی بہت زیادہ نقصان ده بن جائے گا اور جس کا ہم سب کی زندگی پر بہت برا اثر پڑےگا۔ اور نہ تو یہ پانی پینے کے لائق رہ جائے گا اور نہ ہی استعمال کرنے کے لائق۔
• گھر میں پینے کے دوران اور سنچائی کھیتی اور فیکٹری وغیرہ میں بڑی تعداد میں پانی استعمال ہوتا ہے اور استعمال ہونے والا پانی استعمال ہونے کے دوران گندے پانی میں تبدیل ہوجاتا ہے۔ یہ گندا پانی جب کسی صاف پانی میں ملتا ہے تو وہ بھی گندا ہو جاتا ہے۔ گندے پانی میں کاربنک (Carbonic) اور اکاربنک(Acarbonic) چیزوں اور رسائنوں کے ساتھ کیٹ اور نقصان پہنچانے والے بیکٹیریا(Bacteria) بھی رہتے ہیں۔ یہ سب بھی وقت کے ساتھ پانی کو گندا کرتے ہیں۔

پانی کی آلودگی ہونے کی بہت ساری وجوہات ہیں۔ جن میں سے کچھ یہ بھی ہیں:

پیڑ پودے اور فصلیں.

• پیڑ اور فصلوں پر کچھ ایسے کیڑے ہوتے ہیں جو دکھائی نہیں دیتے۔ کچھ پر کیڑے اور بیکٹیریا اور کچھ زہریلی ہوائیں بھی بڑی تعداد میں پائی جاتی ہیں۔ ان سے فصلوں کو بچانے کے لیے کیٹ کو مارنے والا چھڑکاؤ کیا جاتا ہے۔ اس چھڑکاؤ میں زیادہ تر ایسے کاربنک اور کینسر پھیلانے والے کیڑے ہوتے ہیں جو بارش کے دنوں میں بہکر پانی میں مل جاتے ہیں۔ جس کی وجہ سے پانی زہریلا بھی ہوسکتا ہے۔

انسان کے جسم سے نکلنے والی آلودگی

• ملک کی بڑھتی ہوئی آبادی کے ساتھ ساتھ گھر اور مکانوں کی بھی تعداد بڑھتی ہے اور مکانوں و گھروں میں بنائے گئے غسل خانے اور ہمام کے ذریعہ نکلنے والی گندگی ندیوں میں جاکر مل جاتی ہے۔ جس سے ندی کا پانی گندا ہو جاتا ہے۔ گھر سے نکلنے والا یہ گندا پانی صاف پانی میں بہت بڑی تعداد میں کاربن چھوڑتا ہے جس کی وجہ سے پانی میں پائے جانے والے آکسیجن ختم ہو جاتے ہیں اور اس کی وجہ سے طرح طرح کی بیماریاں بھی پھیلنے لگتی ہیں۔

کاروبار کی آلودگی

• انسان کے الگ الگ طرح کے کاروبار سے ہر جگہ سے الگ الگ گندہ پانی اکھٹا ہوتا ہے۔ جو دنیاوی زمین کے پانی پر الگ الگ طرح کا برا اثر ڈالتے ہیں۔ کھاد وغیرہ کے ذریعہ ہونے والے کاروبار سے نکلنے والا گندہ پانی جس میں کاربن پایا جاتا ہے وہ پانی میں رہنے والے آکسیجن کو کم کردیتا ہے۔ اسی طرح کاغذ کی فیکٹریوں سے نکلنے والا گندا پانی بھی ندیوں پر بہت ہی برا اثر ڈالتا ہے۔ اس کا برا اثر پانی میں رہنے والی مچھلیوں پر بھی بہت زیادہ پڑتا ہے۔ جب انسان ان مچھلیوں کو کھاتا ہے تو اس کے ذریعے اس انسان کے جسم میں بھی بیماریاں پھیلنے لگتی ہیں۔

کھیتی کی وجہ

• کھیتی کے کاموں میں سنچائی کے لیے بڑی تعداد میں پانی کا استعمال ہوتا ہے۔ کھیتی میں استعمال ہونے والا پانی کا کچھ حصہ سوکھ جاتا ہے اور کچھ زمین سوکھ لیتی ہے۔ اور اس کے علاوہ جو پانی استعمال ہوتا ہے وہ دوبارہ بہکر ندی میں جا کر مل جاتا ہے۔ اس طرح کھیتوں میں ڈالی گئی راسائنک کھاد کے ساتھ ساتھ مٹی کے کنکڑ بھی پانی میں جا کر پانی گندہ کر دیتے ہیں۔
• اس کے علاوہ بھی بہت سی ایسی وجہیں ہیں جن سے پانی گندا ہو رہا ہے۔ اگر اسی طرح سے پانی گندا ہوتا رہا تو بہت ہی جلد یہ دنیا پانی کے لیے ترسنے لگے گی اور انسان کا زندہ رہنا مشکل ہوجائے گا۔ اس لئے ہم سب کو مل کر پانی کو بچانا چاہیے اور اس کی حفاظت کرنی چاہئے۔ تبھی جاکر پانی کی آلودگی ختم ہوگی۔

Water Cycle home page • Water Science home page

The Water Cycle, in Urdu

The International Water Management Institute

Top 100+ Urdu Speech Topics for Students, Teachers, and Professionals

Introduction.

Are you searching for engaging and informative Urdu Speech Topics for your next presentation or debate? Look no further! In this post, we will share 100+ of the best Urdu Speech Topics for students, children, Teachers, Professionals and adults. Whether you need a topic for a school assignment, a public speaking event, or a family gathering, we’ve got you covered.

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Top Urdu Speech Topics for Students, Children, and Adults

Before providing you Top 100+ Urdu Speech Topics in the same place, Team Urdu Nama Book has segregated some topics according to different categories which are as under:

Best Urdu Speech Topics

If you’re looking for the best Urdu speech topics, you’re in the right place! Our top picks include "The Importance of Education,” "The Benefits of Exercise,” and "The Role of Media in Society.”

Urdu Speech Topics for Students

Students often need to prepare speeches for school events or competitions. Our recommended Urdu speech topics for students are "The Advantages of Reading Books,” "The Harmful Effects of Smoking,” and "The Impact of Social Media on Young Minds.”

Easy Urdu Speech Topics

If you’re new to public speaking or just need an easy topic, consider these Urdu speech topics: "My Favorite Hobby,” "My Best Friend,” or "My Dream Career.”

Urdu Speech Topics for Children

Children can also benefit from practising public speaking skills. Our top Urdu speech topics for children are "My Family,” "My Favorite Animal,” and "My Favorite Toy.”

Interesting Urdu Speech Topics

To capture your audience’s attention, choose an interesting topic such as "The Wonders of Science,” "The History of Pakistan,” or "The Beauty of Nature.”

Urdu Debate Topics

If you’re participating in a debate, consider these Urdu debate topics: "Capital Punishment,” "The Pros and Cons of Social Media,” or "The Effects of Video Games on Children.”

Funny Urdu Speech Topics

Add humour to your speech with these funny Urdu speech topics: "Why Cats Are Better Than Dogs,” "Why Homework Should Be Abolished,” or "The Benefits of Procrastination.”

Urdu Persuasive Speech Topics

Persuasive speeches are meant to convince the audience to take action or change their perspective. Our recommended Urdu persuasive speech topics are "The Importance of Recycling,” "The Benefits of Volunteering,” and "The Need for Gender Equality.”

Current Affairs Speech Topics in Urdu

To stay up-to-date on current events, consider these Urdu speech topics related to current affairs: "The Covid-19 Pandemic,” "The Role of Social Media in Politics,” or "Climate Change and its Effects.”

Urdu Speech Topics on Education

Education is a vital topic that affects everyone. Some of our top Urdu speech topics on education include "The Importance of STEM Education,” "The Pros and Cons of Online Learning,” and "The Role of Teachers in Society.”

Urdu Speech Topics for Women

To empower and inspire women, consider these Urdu speech topics for women: "The Importance of Women’s Rights,” "The Need for Equal Pay,” or "The Role of Women in Politics.”

Islamic Urdu Speech Topics

Islamic topics can be informative and inspirational. Some of our recommended Islamic Urdu speech topics are "The Five Pillars of Islam,” "The Life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH),” and "The Significance of Ramadan.”

Urdu Motivational Speech Topics

Motivational speeches can uplift and inspire the audience. Consider these Urdu motivational speech topics: "The Power of Positive Thinking,” "Overcoming Fear and Anxiety,” or "The Importance of Setting Goals.”

Urdu Speech Topics on Social Issues

Social issues such as poverty, discrimination, and homelessness affect millions of people worldwide. Some of our top Urdu speech topics on social issues include "The Impact of Poverty on Society,” "The Need for Racial Equality,” and "The Importance of Mental Health Awareness.”

Urdu Speech Topics on Health

Health-related topics can be informative and beneficial to the audience. Our recommended Urdu speech topics on health are "The Benefits of Yoga and Meditation,” "The Importance of a Balanced Diet,” and "The Dangers of Smoking and Drug Abuse.”

Urdu Speech Topics for Independence Day

Independence Day is a significant event in Pakistan’s history. Consider these Urdu speech topics for Independence Day: "The Struggle for Pakistan’s Independence,” "The Importance of Patriotism,” or "The Role of Quaid-e-Azam in Pakistan’s Independence.”

Urdu Speech Topics for Pakistan Day

Pakistan Day is another important event that commemorates the passing of the Lahore Resolution. Some of our recommended Urdu speech topics for Pakistan Day are "The Significance of Pakistan Day,” "The Evolution of Pakistan’s Flag,” or "The Contributions of Pakistan’s Founding Fathers.”

Urdu Speech Topics for Teachers

Teachers play a crucial role in shaping the future of their students. Consider these Urdu speech topics for teachers: "The Characteristics of a Good Teacher,” "The Challenges of Teaching in Today’s World,” or "The Importance of Continuing Education for Teachers.”

Urdu Speech Topics for Parents

Parents are the first and most important teachers in a child’s life. Our recommended Urdu speech topics for parents are "The Role of Parents in Child Development,” "Effective Parenting Strategies,” or "The Importance of Family Time.”

Urdu Speech Topics for the Environment

The environment is a critical issue that affects the health and well-being of all living beings. Consider these Urdu speech topics for the environment: "The Effects of Climate Change on Our Planet,” "The Need for Environmental Conservation,” or "The Benefits of Renewable Energy.”

100+ Urdu Speech Topics

Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah: A Great Leader of Pakistan Allama Iqbal: The Poet of the East Importance of Education in Pakistan Women’s Empowerment in Pakistan Pakistan-China Friendship: A Timeless Bond Terrorism and Its Effects on Pakistan Kashmir: The Unresolved Issue Corruption: A Major Threat to Pakistan’s Development Role of Media in Shaping Public Opinion Environmental Pollution: Causes, Effects and Solutions Challenges Facing Pakistan’s Economy Social Media: Boon or Bane?

The Importance of Water Conservation in Pakistan The Significance of Ramadan in Islam Drug Abuse: A Menace to Society The Role of Youth in Nation Building Health and Fitness: Key to a Better Life Pakistan’s Energy Crisis: Causes and Solutions Human Rights Violations in Pakistan The Importance of Cultural Diversity in Pakistan Nuclear Power: A Boon or a Bane for Pakistan Digital Revolution: Its Impact on Society Pakistan’s Role in the War on Terror Child Labor: A Social Evil

Traffic Congestion: A Growing Concern Pakistan’s Religious Tolerance Agriculture: Backbone of Pakistan’s Economy Pakistan’s Contribution to the UN Peacekeeping Missions Cyber Security: Challenges and Solutions Importance of Ethics in Business Pakistan’s Health Care System: Challenges and Solutions Human Trafficking: A Global Issue Impact of Social Media on Youth The Significance of Eid-ul-Fitr in Islam Pakistan’s Space Program: Achievements and Challenges Pakistan-India Relations: Past, Present, and Future Technology: Its Impact on Education

Water Scarcity: A Growing Concern Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: Challenges and Opportunities Mental Health: A Growing Concern in Pakistan The Significance of Hajj in Islam Population Growth: Challenges and Solutions Economic Growth: Prospects and Challenges Pakistan’s Aviation Industry: Opportunities and Challenges Women’s Rights in Islam Pakistan’s IT Industry: Prospects and Challenges Road Safety: A Growing Concern Pakistan’s Art and Culture: A Rich Heritage Sustainable Development: Challenges and Solutions The Role of NGOs in Pakistan’s Development The Importance of Eid-ul-Adha in Islam

Pakistan’s Textile Industry: Opportunities and Challenges Violence against Women: A Social Evil Climate Change: A Threat to Pakistan’s Future Pakistan’s Defence Budget: A Comparative Analysis The Role of Parents in Child Development Pakistan’s Tourism Industry: Opportunities and Challenges Importance of Physical Education in Schools Pakistan’s Film Industry: Revival and Prospects Cyberbullying: A Growing Concern Pakistan’s Pharmaceutical Industry: Opportunities and Challenges The Role of Teachers in Nation Building Pakistan’s Investment Potential: A Comparative Analysis

The Significance of Muharram in Islam Child Abuse: A Growing Concern Pakistan’s Natural Resources: Challenges and Opportunities Importance of Entrepreneurship for Economic Growth Pakistan’s Health Tourism: Opportunities and Challenges The Role of Science and Technology in National Development The Significance of Ashura in Islam The Importance of Education in Pakistan Cyberbullying and Its Effects on Youth The Role of Media in Shaping Public Opinion The Benefits of Exercise and Physical Fitness

Environmental Pollution and Its Impact on Our Health The Power of Positive Thinking Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality in Pakistan The Art of Time Management The Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media The Future of Technology and Its Impact on Society The Significance of National Holidays and Celebrations in Pakistan The Importance of Learning a Second Language The Challenges Faced by the Healthcare System in Pakistan The Benefits and Risks of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) The Role of Youth in Nation Building

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning Mental Health and Its Importance in Today’s World The Impact of Tourism on Local Economies in Pakistan The Importance of Honesty and Integrity in Professional Life The Benefits of Volunteering and Community Service The Challenges and Opportunities of Entrepreneurship in Pakistan The Role of Parents in Shaping Their Children’s Future The Importance of Critical Thinking and Problem Solving The Benefits and Risks of Nuclear Energy The Significance of Cultural Diversity in Pakistan The Future of Work and Job Opportunities in Pakistan The Importance of Personal Finance Management The Benefits of Meditation and Mindfulness The Challenges and Opportunities of Renewable Energy in Pakistan The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Social Development.

ایک سو سے زیادہ اردو تقریر کے مفت موضوعات

قائداعظم محمد علی جناح: پاکستان کے عظیم رہنما کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر علامہ اقبال: شاعر مشرق کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان میں تعلیم کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان میں خواتین کو بااختیار بنانے کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاک چین دوستی: ایک لازوال بندھن کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر دہشت گردی اور پاکستان پر اس کے اثرات کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر کشمیر: حل طلب مسئلہ کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

کرپشن: پاکستان کی ترقی کے لیے ایک بڑا خطرہ کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر عوامی رائے کی تشکیل میں میڈیا کا کردار کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر ماحولیاتی آلودگی: وجوہات، اثرات اور حل کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان کی معیشت کو درپیش چیلنجز کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر سوشل میڈیا: فائدہ یا نقصان؟ کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان میں پانی کے تحفظ کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر اسلام میں رمضان المبارک کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر منشیات کا استعمال: معاشرے کے لیے ایک خطرہ کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

قوم کی تعمیر میں نوجوانوں کا کردار کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر صحت اور تندرستی: بہتر زندگی کی کلید کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان کا توانائی بحران: وجوہات اور حل کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان میں انسانی حقوق کی خلاف ورزیوں کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان میں ثقافتی تنوع کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر نیوکلیئر پاور: پاکستان کے لیے ایک نعمت یا نقصان کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر ڈیجیٹل انقلاب: معاشرے پر اس کا اثر کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر دہشت گردی کے خلاف جنگ میں پاکستان کا کردار کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر چائلڈ لیبر: ایک سماجی برائی کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

ٹریفک کی بھیڑ: ایک بڑھتی ہوئی تشویش کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان کی مذہبی رواداری کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر زراعت: پاکستان کی معیشت کی ریڑھ کی ہڈی کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر اقوام متحدہ کے امن مشن میں پاکستان کا تعاون کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر سائبر سیکیورٹی: چیلنجز اور حل کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

کاروبار میں اخلاقیات کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان کا ہیلتھ کیئر سسٹم: چیلنجز اور حل کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر انسانی سمگلنگ: ایک عالمی مسئلہ کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر سوشل میڈیا کے نوجوانوں پر اثرات کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر اسلام میں عیدالفطر کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

پاکستان کا خلائی پروگرام: کامیابیاں اور چیلنجز کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاک بھارت تعلقات: ماضی، حال اور مستقبل کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر ٹیکنالوجی: تعلیم پر اس کا اثر کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پانی کی کمی: ایک بڑھتی ہوئی تشویش کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان کی خارجہ پالیسی: چیلنجز اور مواقع کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

دماغی صحت: پاکستان میں بڑھتی ہوئی تشویش کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر اسلام میں حج کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر آبادی میں اضافہ: چیلنجز اور حل کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر اقتصادی ترقی: امکانات اور چیلنجز کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان کی ایوی ایشن انڈسٹری: مواقع اور چیلنجز کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر اسلام میں خواتین کے حقوق کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

پاکستان کی آئی ٹی انڈسٹری: امکانات اور چیلنجز کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر روڈ سیفٹی: ایک بڑھتی ہوئی تشویش کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان کا فن اور ثقافت: ایک بھرپور ورثہ کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پائیدار ترقی: چیلنجز اور حل کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان کی ترقی میں این جی اوز کا کردار کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

اسلام میں عید الاضحی کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان کی ٹیکسٹائل انڈسٹری: مواقع اور چیلنجز کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر خواتین پر تشدد: ایک سماجی برائی کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر موسمیاتی تبدیلی: پاکستان کے مستقبل کے لیے خطرہ کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان کا دفاعی بجٹ: ایک تقابلی تجزیہ کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

بچوں کی نشوونما میں والدین کا کردار کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان کی سیاحتی صنعت: مواقع اور چیلنجز کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر سکولوں میں جسمانی تعلیم کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان کی فلم انڈسٹری: بحالی اور امکانات کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

سائبر دھونس یا غنڈہ گردی: ایک بڑھتی ہوئی تشویش کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان کی فارماسیوٹیکل انڈسٹری: مواقع اور چیلنجز کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر قوم کی تعمیر میں اساتذہ کا کردار کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان کی سرمایہ کاری کی صلاحیت: ایک تقابلی تجزیہ کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر اسلام میں محرم کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر بچوں کے ساتھ بدسلوکی: ایک بڑھتی ہوئی تشویش کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

پاکستان کے قدرتی وسائل: چیلنجز اور مواقع کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر اقتصادی ترقی کے لیے انٹرپرینیورشپ کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان کی ہیلتھ ٹورازم: مواقع اور چیلنجز کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر قومی ترقی میں سائنس اور ٹیکنالوجی کا کردار کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر اسلام میں عاشورہ کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان میں تعلیم کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

سائبر دھونس یا غنڈہ گردی اور نوجوانوں پر اس کے اثرات کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر عوامی رائے کی تشکیل میں میڈیا کا کردار کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر ورزش اور جسمانی تندرستی کے فوائد کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر ماحولیاتی آلودگی اور ہماری صحت پر اس کے اثرات کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر مثبت سوچ کی طاقت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان میں خواتین کو بااختیار بنانا اور صنفی مساوات کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر ٹائم مینجمنٹ کا فن کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر سوشل میڈیا کے فائدے اور نقصانات کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

ٹیکنالوجی کا مستقبل اور معاشرے پر اس کے اثرات کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان میں قومی تعطیلات اور تقریبات کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر دوسری زبان سیکھنے کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان میں صحت کی دیکھ بھال کے نظام کو درپیش چیلنجز کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر جینیاتی طور پر تبدیل شدہ حیاتیات (GMOs) کے فوائد اور خطرات کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

قوم کی تعمیر میں نوجوانوں کا کردار کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر آن لائن سیکھنے کے فوائد اور نقصانات کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر دماغی صحت اور آج کی دنیا میں اس کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان میں مقامی معیشتوں پر سیاحت کے اثرات کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پیشہ ورانہ زندگی میں ایمانداری اور دیانتداری کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر رضاکارانہ خدمات اور کمیونٹی سروس کے فوائد کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

پاکستان میں انٹرپرینیورشپ کے چیلنجز اور مواقع کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر اپنے بچوں کے مستقبل کی تشکیل میں والدین کا کردار کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر تنقیدی سوچ اور مسئلہ حل کرنے کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر نیوکلیئر انرجی کے فوائد اور خطرات کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان میں ثقافتی تنوع کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

پاکستان میں کام اور ملازمت کے مواقع کا مستقبل کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پرسنل فنانس مینجمنٹ کی اہمیت کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر مراقبہ یا یوگااور ذہن سازی کے فوائد کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر پاکستان میں قابل تجدید توانائی کے چیلنجز اور مواقع کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر سماجی ترقی میں غیر سرکاری تنظیموں (این جی اوز) کا کردار کے موضوع پر اردو تقریر

These Urdu Speech Topics are perfect for anyone looking for engaging and informative topics for their next speech or presentation. By selecting a relevant and interesting topic, you can capture your audience’s attention and deliver an impactful speech. So choose a topic that you are passionate about, prepare well, and deliver a speech that will leave a lasting impression.

You will also like to read Urdu Speech Starting Lines Ideas from This Link

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Water in Urdu: پانی

Water in Roman Urdu: pani

Nutritional value:

• Water aids each and every cell in our body to function properly.
• No carbohydrates, proteins or fats are found in water.
• The element of fluoride makes our teeth stronger.
• Helps relieve congestion.
• Internal organs are activated.

Benefits of drinking water:

• Help in weight loss if we drink it before eating meals.
• Regulates our digestive system.
• Prevents dehydration after exercise or any activity.
• A shield to bladder and breast cancer.
• Makes a positive change in mood.
• Reduce headaches and stomach aches.
• Makes us much alert and active all the time.
• If you are feeling lonely, dip yourself in warm water and you would feel divine.
• Makes our skin shine and smooth. 

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• Importance of Water Intake in Winters
• Heat This Winter with the Dash of Winter Spices
• 5 Most Common Winter Allergies and Natural Ways to Cure Them
• 7 Ways Facial Massage Can Be Beneficial for Your Skin
• 10 Reasons That Cause Dry Skin in Winter Weathers

Talk About the Weather in Urdu Like a Native

Did you know that every minute of the day, one billion tons of rain falls on the earth? Hard to believe, considering the climate crisis! Of course, all that rain is not equally shared across the planet.

So, would you mention this fascinating fact to your new Pakistani acquaintance? Well, small talk about local weather is actually a great conversation-starter. Everyone cares about the weather and you’re sure to hear a few interesting opinions! Seasons can be quite unpredictable these days and nobody knows the peculiarities of a region better than the locals.

UrduPod101 will equip you with all the weather vocabulary you need to plan your next adventure. The weather can even be an important discussion that influences your adventure plans. After all, you wouldn’t want to get caught on an inflatable boat with a two-horsepower motor in Hurricane Horrendous!

Table of Contents

• Talking about the weather in Pakistan
• Words for the first day of spring
• Do You Know the Essential Summer Vocabulary?
• Must-Know Autumn vocabulary
• UrduPod101 can prepare you for any season.

1. Talking about the weather in Pakistan

If you’re like me, your day’s activity plan is likely to begin with a strong local coffee and a chat about what the sky is doing. After all, being prepared could be the difference between an amazing day and a miserable one! Luckily, it’s not difficult to comment on Pakistani weather – just start with these simple words and phrases.

1- The rain is falling on the street – .بارش سڑک پر گر رہی ہے (Barish sarak par gir rahi hai)

Watercolor artists, take out your paints! You might not be able to venture out on foot today, but just embrace the rain as part of your Pakistani experience. When the rain stops, the air will be clean and colours vibrant.

2- The snow has covered everything – برف نے ہر چیز کو لپیٹ لیا ہے (Baraf ne har cheez ko lapait liya hai).

A fresh blanket of snow is irresistibly beautiful. Pull on your boots and beanie, and leave your tracks in this foreign landscape. Don’t resist the urge to build a snowman – you need this!

3- Fluffy cloud – روئیں جیسا بادل (Ruin jaisa badal).

When you’re waiting for a warm beach day, fluffy white clouds in a blue sky are a good sign. Don’t forget your sunscreen, as clouds will intensify the UV rays hitting your skin.

4- Freeze – جمنا (jamna)

Night temperatures can get chilly and might freeze the condensation on your windows. A good way to clear them up is with warm salt water.

5- Heavy rain – تیز بارش (tez baarish)

If you’re visiting Pakistan in the wet season, it’s important to stay informed when heavy rain sets in, so keep an eye on the weather radar . Avoid river activities and rather spend this time making a home-cooked meal and brushing up on your Urdu weather words.

6- Flood – سیلاب (selaab)

If you do get caught in a flood, your destination should no longer be ‘home’, but the nearest high ground.

7- Typhoon – آندھی (aandhi)

Not all countries experience typhoons, but you need to know when to prepare for one! It will be very scary if you’ve never experienced one before. Your local neighbours are the best people to advise you on where to take shelter, as they’ve been doing it for generations. Be sure to get the low-down at the first sign of rough weather!

8- Weather report – موسم کا حال (mausam ka haal)

When planning an outdoor activity, especially on a body of water, always be prepared for a change in the weather. Ask your hotel receptionist or neighbour where you can get a reliable daily weather report, and don’t forget your sweater!

9- Today’s weather is sunny with occasional clouds – .آج کا موسم دھوپ کے ساتھ کبھی کبھار بادلوں والا ہے (Aaj ka mosam dhoop ky sath kabhi kabhar badalo wala hai).

Sunny weather is the dream when traveling in Pakistan! Wake up early, pack the hats and sunblock and go and experience the terrain, sights and beautiful spots. You’ll be rewarded with happy vibes all around.

10- A rainy day – ایک بارش والا دن (Aik barish wala din)

Remember when you said you’d save the Urdu podcasts for a rainy day? Now’s that day!

11- Rainbow – قوس و قزح (qos o qaza)

The best part about the rain is that you can look forward to your first rainbow in Pakistan. There’s magic in that!

12- Lightning – بجلی (bijli)

Lightning is one of the most fascinating weather phenomena you can witness without really being in danger – at least if you’re sensible and stay indoors! Did you know that lightning strikes the earth 40-50 times per second? Fortunately, not all countries experience heavy electric storms!

13- Celsius – سنٹگریڈ (centigrade)

Asking a local what the outside temperature will be is another useful question for planning your day. It’s easy if you know the Urdu term for ‘degrees Celsius’.

14- Fahrenheit – فارن ہائیٹ (fehrenheit)

Although the Fahrenheit system has been replaced by Celsius in almost all countries, it’s still used in the US and a few other places.

15- Clear sky – صاف مطلع (saaf matlaa)

Clear skies mean you’ll probably want to get the camera out and capture some nature shots – not to mention the great sunsets you’ll have later on. Twilight can lend an especially magical quality to a landscape on a clear sky day, when the light is not filtered through clouds.

16- Drizzle – بوندا باندی (boonda baandi)

Days when it’s drizzling are perfect for taking in the cultural offerings of Pakistan. You could go to the mall and watch a Pakistani film, visit museums and art galleries, explore indoor markets or even find the nearest climbing wall. Bring an umbrella!

17- Temperature on a thermometer – درجہ حرارت (darja hararat)

Because of the coronavirus, many airports are conducting temperature screening on passengers. Don’t worry though – it’s just a precaution. Your temperature might be taken with a no-touch thermometer, which measures infrared energy coming off the body.

18- Humid – مرطوب (martoob)

I love humid days, but then I’m also a water baby and I think the two go together like summer and rain. Find a pool or a stream to cool off in – preferably in the shade!

19- Humidity – نمی (nami)

Low humidity days are the best days to go walking the hills and vales. Just take at least one Pakistani friend with you so you don’t get lost!

20- Wind – ہوا (hawa)

A strong wind blows away the air pollution and is very healthy in that respect. Just avoid the mountain trails today, unless you fancy being blown across the continent like a hot air balloon.

21- It’s windy outside – .باہر ہوا ہے (Bahir hawa hai).

Wind! My least favourite weather condition. Of course, if you’re a kitesurfer, a windy day is what you’ve been waiting for!

22- Ice over – برف جمنا (baraf jamna)

The roads will be dangerous in conditions where things ice over, so please don’t take chances. The ice will thaw as soon as the sun comes out, so be patient!

23- Muggy – مرطوب اور گرم مرطوب اور گرم (martoob aur garam)

Muggy days make your skin feel sticky and sap your energy. They’re particular to high humidity. Cold shower, anyone? Ice vest? Whatever it takes to feel relief from the humidity!

24- Fog – دھند دھند (dhund)

Not a great time to be driving, especially in unknown territory, but keep your fog lights on and drive slowly .

25- Hurricane – سمندری طوفان (samandari toofaan)

Your new Pakistani friends will know the signs, so grab some food and candles and prepare for a night of staying warm and chatting about wild weather in Pakistan.

26- Tornado – طوفان (toofaan)

If you hear these words, it will probably be obvious already that everyone is preparing for the worst! Definitely do whatever your accommodation hosts tell you to do when a tornado is expected.

27- It’s cloudy today – آج موسم ابر آلود ہے۔ (Aaj mosam abar alood hai).

While there won’t be any stargazing tonight, the magnificent clouds over Pakistan will make impressive photographs. Caption them in Urdu to impress your friends back home!

28- Below freezing – صفر درجے سے کم (sifar darjay say kum)

When the temperature is below freezing, why not take an Uber and go shopping for some gorgeous Pakistani winter gear ?

29- Wind chill – یخ بستہ ہوا (Yakh basta hawa)

Wind doesn’t change the ambient temperature of the air, it just changes your body temperature, so the air will feel colder to you than it actually is.

30- Clear up – موسم صاف ہونا (mausam saaf hona)

Waiting for the weather to clear up so you can go exploring is frustrating, let’s be honest. That’s why you should always travel with two things: a scintillating novel and your Urdu Nook Book .

31- Extreme heat – شدید گرمی (shadeed garmi)

Is the heat trying to kill you? Unless you’re a hardened heatwave hero, definitely avoid activity, stay hydrated and drink electrolytes. Loose cotton or linen garb is the way to go!

32- Frost – انجامد (anjaamid)

Frost is water vapour that has turned to ice crystals and it happens when the earth cools so much in the night, that it gets colder than the air above it. Winter is coming!

33- Shower – چھینٹا (cheenta)

Rain showers are typically brief downpours that drench the earth with a good drink of water.

34- Become cloudy – آسمان ابر آلود ہو گیا ہے (aasmaan abar aalood ho gaya hai)

When I hear it will become cloudy on the Urdu weather channel, I buy a bottle of wine (red, of course) and wood for the fireplace. A cold and cloudy evening needs its comforts!

35- Thunderstorm – گرز کا طوفان (garaj ka toofaan)

Keep an eye on the Pakistani weather maps if it looks like a big storm is coming, so you’ll be well-informed.

36- Ice has formed on the window – برف (baraf)

You could try this phrase out on the hotel’s helpful cleaning staff, or fix the problem yourself. Just add a scoop or two of salt to a spray bottle of water – that should work!

37- Hail – اولے (olay)

As a kid, I found hail crazy exciting. Not so much now – especially if I’m on the road and large hailstones start pummeling my windscreen!

38- Thunder – گرج (garaj)

The rumble of rolling thunder is that low-volume, ominous background sound that goes on for some time. It’s strangely exciting if you’re safely in your hotel room; it could either suddenly clear up, or escalate to a storm.

39- Sleet – ادھ جمی برف (adh jami baraf)

Sleet is tiny hard pieces of ice made from a mixture of rain and melted snow that froze. It can be messy, but doesn’t cause major damage the way hail does. Pretty cool to know this word in Urdu!

2. Words for the first day of spring

You know the feeling: your heart skips a beat when you wake up and spring has sprung! Spring will reward you with new blossoms everywhere, birdsong in the air, kittens being born in the neighborhood and lovely views when you hit the trails. Pack a picnic and ask a new Pakistani friend to show you the more natural sights. Don’t forget a light sweater and a big smile. This is the perfect time to practice some Urdu spring words !

3. Do You Know the Essential Summer Vocabulary?

Summer! Who doesn’t love that word? It conjures up images of blue skies, tan skin, vacations at the beach and cruising down the coast in an Alfa Romeo, sunglasses on and the breeze in your hair. Of course, in Pakistan there are many ways to enjoy the summer – it all depends on what you love to do. One thing’s for sure: you will have opportunities to make friends, go on picnics, sample delicious local ice-cream and maybe even learn to sing some Urdu songs. It’s up to you! Sail into Pakistani summer with this summer vocab list , and you’ll blend in with ease.

4. Must-Know Autumn vocabulary

Victoria Ericksen said, “If a year was tucked inside of a clock, then autumn would be the magic hour,” and I agree. Who can resist the beauty of fall foliage coloring the Pakistani landscape? Birds prepare to migrate; travelers prepare to arrive for the best weather in Pakistan.

The autumnal equinox marks the moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator, making day and night almost equal in length. The cool thing about this event is that the moon gets really bright – the ‘harvest moon’, as it’s traditionally known.

So, as much as the change of season brings more windy and rainy days, it also brings celebration. Whether you honor Thanksgiving, Halloween or the Moon Festival, take some time to color your vocabulary with these Urdu autumn words .

Winter is the time the natural world slows down to rest and regroup. I’m a summer girl, but there are fabulous things about winter that I really look forward to. For one, it’s the only season I get to accessorize with my gorgeous winter gloves and snug down coat!

Then, of course, there’s ice skating, holiday decorations and bonfires. As John Steinbeck said, “What good is the warmth of summer, without the cold of winter to give it sweetness?” Get ready for the cold season with our list of essential Winter words !

6. UrduPod101 can prepare you for any season.

Now that you know how to inquire and comment on the weather in Pakistan, you can confidently plan your weather-ready travel itinerary. How about this for an idea: the next time you’re sitting in a Pakistani street café, try asking someone local this question:

“Do you think the weather will stay like this for a few days?” If you loved learning these cool Urdu weather phrases with us, why not take it a step further and add to your repertoire? UrduPod101 is here to help!

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Missouri American Water hosts check presentation to Wildcat Glades Friends Group

Missouri American Water  hosted a check presentation ceremony, recognizing The Wildcat Glades Friends Group as an American Water Charitable Foundation 2024 Water and Environment grantee.

The Wildcat Glades Friends Group is receiving $9500 to restore native landscape in and around Wildcat Park to improve water quality and promote immersion in nature. Wildcat Park borders Shoal Creek which the primary source of drinking water for the Joplin area.

The presentation took place this morning Creekside Pavilion on Riviera Drive past the Shoal Creek Conservation Education Center in south Joplin.

The Water and Environment grant is part of the American Water Charitable Foundation’s Keep Communities Flowing Grant Program, focusing on three pillars of giving: Water, People and Communities.

The American Water Charitable Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that provides a formal way to demonstrate the company’s ongoing commitment to be a good neighbor, citizen, and contributor to the communities where American Water and its employees live, work and operate.

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Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in schools 2015-2023: Special focus on menstrual health

WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) produces internationally comparable estimates of progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and is responsible for monitoring the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets related to WASH. This data update presents national, regional and global estimates for WASH in schools up to the year 2023, with a special focus on menstrual health.

At the mid-point of the SDG period, the world is not on track to achieve universal access to basic WASH services in schools by 2030. Achieving universal coverage will require a twofold increase in the current rate of progress on basic drinking water, a twofold increase in progress on basic sanitation, and a fourfold increase in progress on basic hygiene services. Based on current trajectories, only 86 per cent of schools will have a basic water service, 87 per cent will have a basic sanitation service, and 74 per cent will have a basic hygiene service in 2030. And while almost all schools will have at least a limited sanitation service, 12 per cent will still have no water service, and 12 per cent will have no hygiene service.

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• Drinking water : Worldwide, 447 million children do not have access to drinking water at school. Nearly 1 in 4 schools, or 23 percent, lack a basic drinking water service.
• Sanitation : Worldwide, 427 million children do not have access to sanitation services that are single sex and usable at school. One in five schools – or 22 per cent – do not have a basic sanitation service.
• Hygiene :  Worldwide, 646 million children do not have handwashing facilities with soap and water at school. 1 out of 3 schools – or 33 per cent – lack a basic hygiene service at school.
• Menstrual Hygiene : Worldwide, only 2 out of 5 schools (or 39 per cent) provide menstrual health education. Less than 1 in 3 schools (or 31 per cent) globally have bins for menstrual waste in girls’ toilets.

Explore the data

Globally, nearly 1 out of 4 schools did not have basic water services in 2023.

Since 2015, there has been little change in coverage in sub-Saharan Africa (from 43 per cent to 45 per cent) and Oceania (from 53 per cent to 51 per cent), while in Central and Southern Asia, coverage has increased rapidly from 50 per cent to 84 per cent.  In least developed countries, coverage increased steadily from 52 per cent to 60 per cent, but in fragile contexts it has stagnated at around 50 per cent. It is estimated that Australia and New Zealand and Europe and Northern America have already reached universal coverage (>99%), although data are not available for all countries in either region.

Global and regional coverage of drinking water services in schools, 2015–2023 (per cent)

99 out of 138 countries with estimates had more than 75 per cent coverage of basic drinking water services in schools in 2023

Proportion of schools with basic drinking water services, 2023 (per cent)

Only 19 out of 53 countries with data on trends in basic drinking water services in schools are on track to achieve universal access by 2030

Progress towards universal access to basic drinking water in schools, 2015–2023

Globally, over 1 in 5 schools did not have sanitation water services in 2023

Progress between 2015 and 2023 was most rapid in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia and Central and Southern Asia (from 73 per cent to 93 per cent). The SDG region of Australia and New Zealand is estimated to have already reached universal coverage though data are not available for New Zealand. Progress was steady in least developed countries. The proportion of the global population with no sanitation service was cut in half, from 22 per cent to 11 per cent, with major reductions in Central and Southern Asia and in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Global and regional coverage of sanitation services in schools, 2015–2023 (per cent)

106 out of 144 countries with estimates had more than 75 per cent coverage of basic sanitation services in schools in 2023

Proportion of schools with basic sanitation services, 2023 (per cent)

Only 24 out of 51   countries with data on trends in basic sanitation services in schools are on track to achieve universal access by 2030

Progress towards universal access to basic sanitation in schools, 2015–2023

Globally,  1 out of 3 schools did not have basic hygiene services in 2023

Australia and New Zealand had already reached universal coverage (>99%) at the start of the SDG period, and Europe and Northern America is getting closer, rising from 97 per cent in 2015 to 98 per cent in 2023. Sub-Saharan Africa recorded the biggest increase in coverage (from 273 per cent to 37 per cent). Eastern and South-Eastern Asia and Central and Southern Asia also increased coverage while Northern Africa and Western Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean progressed more slowly. Oceania is the only SDG region that has not made progress during the SDG period.

Global and regional coverage of hygiene services in schools, 2015–2023 (per cent)

98 out of 134 countries with estimates had more than 75 per cent coverage of basic hygiene services in schools in 2023

Proportion of schools with basic hygiene services, 2023 (per cent)

Only 13 out of 38 countries with data on trends in basic hygiene services in schools are on track to achieve universal access by 2030

Progress towards universal access to basic hygiene in schools, 2015–2023

  Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)

  wash in schools, who/unicef jmp, related resources, who/unicef jmp methodology for wash in schools.

Core Questions and Indicators for Monitoring WASH in Schools in the Sustainable Development Goals

Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in schools: 2000-2021 Data update

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Urdu grammar

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• 1. SINGULAR MASCULINE WORD FEMININE WORD Ends with ‫ہ‬ or ‫ا‬ e.g. ‫ز‬‫مو‬‫ہ‬‫ز‬‫مو‬‫سے‬‫ے‬ then the plural will end with ‫ے‬ ‫ڑ‬‫گھو‬‫ا‬‫ڑ‬‫گھو‬‫سے‬‫ے‬ Ends with ‫ی‬ Does not end with ‫ی‬ then the plural will end with ‫اں‬ then the plural will end with ‫یں‬ e.g. ‫کرس‬‫ی‬‫کرسی‬‫سے‬‫اں‬ e.g. ‫چیز‬‫سے‬ ‫چیز‬‫یں‬
• 2. CHECK YOUR ANSWERS
• 3. HOW TO CREATE SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS LEARNING OBJECTIVE
• 7. RULE To form the plural of a noun which ends with you add at the end e.g
• 8. TASK Form the plural for each noun
• 9. PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE TENSELEARNING OBJECTIVE
• 11. TASK TRANSLATE THE 16 SENTENCES INTO URDU USING THE RULES THAT HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED.
• 13. CHECK YOUR ANSWERS
• 14. HOW TO CREATE A VERB LEARNING OBJECTIVE
• 15. 2 KINDS OF PRESENT TENSE
• 16. USE THIS GRID TO HELP YOU FORM YOUR SENTENCES
• 17. HOW??????
• 18. Example: Drop the Now we have Place the pronoun in the beginning Join the correct letters according to the grid + Now we have
• 19. FURTHER DETAIL
• 21. CHECK YOUR ANSWERS
• 24. CORRECT THESE SENTENCES USING THE CORRECT VERB ENDINGS
• 25. CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

• Share full article

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Lawyers to Plastics Makers: Prepare for ‘Astronomical’ PFAS Lawsuits

At an industry presentation about dangerous “forever chemicals,” lawyers predicted a wave of lawsuits that could dwarf asbestos litigation, audio from the event revealed.

By Hiroko Tabuchi

The defense lawyer minced no words as he addressed a room full of plastic-industry executives. Prepare for a wave of lawsuits​ with​ potentially “astronomical” costs​. Speaking at a conference earlier this year, the lawyer, Brian Gross, said the coming litigation could “dwarf anything related to asbestos,” one of the most sprawling corporate-liability battles in United States history.

Mr. Gross was referring to PFAS, the “forever chemicals” that have emerged as one of the major pollution issues of our time. Used for decades in countless everyday objects — cosmetics, takeout containers, frying pans — PFAS have been linked to serious health risks including cancer. Last month the federal government said several types of PFAS must be removed from the drinking water of hundreds of millions of Americans .

“Do what you can, while you can, before you get sued,” Mr. Gross said at the February session, according to a recording of the event made by a participant and examined by The New York Times. “Review any marketing materials or other communications that you’ve had with your customers, with your suppliers, see whether there’s anything in those documents that’s problematic to your defense,” he said. “Weed out people and find the right witness to represent your company.”

A spokesman for Mr. Gross’s employer, MG+M The Law Firm, which defends companies in high-stakes litigation, didn’t respond to questions about Mr. Gross’s remarks and said he was unavailable to discuss them.

A wide swath of the chemicals, plastics and related industries are gearing up to fight a surge in litigation related to PFAS, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, a class of nearly 15,000 versatile synthetic chemicals linked to serious health problems.

PFAS chemicals have been detected almost everywhere scientists have looked: in drinking water, in rain falling over the Great Lakes , even in Antarctic snow . They are thought to be present in the blood of nearly every American . Researchers have linked exposure to PFAS to testicular and kidney cancers, developmental delays in children, decreased fertility, liver damage and thyroid disease. The man-made chemicals are so long-lasting that scientists haven’t been able to reliably identify how long it might take for them to break down.

PFAS-related lawsuits have already targeted manufacturers in the United States, including DuPont, its spinoff Chemours, and 3M. Last year, 3M agreed to pay at least $10 billion to water utilities across the United States that had sought compensation for cleanup costs. Thirty state attorneys general have also sued PFAS manufacturers, accusing the manufacturers of widespread contamination.

But experts say the legal battle is just beginning. Under increasing scrutiny are a wider universe of companies that use PFAS in their products. This month, plaintiffs filed a class-action lawsuit against Bic, accusing the razor company for failing to disclose that some of its razors contained PFAS.

Bic said it doesn’t comment on pending litigation, and said it had a longstanding commitment to safety.

The Biden administration has moved to regulate the chemicals, for the first time requiring municipal water systems to remove six types of PFAS . Last month, the Environmental Protection Agency also designated two of those PFAS chemicals as hazardous substances under the Superfund law, shifting responsibility for their cleanup at contaminated sites from taxpayers to polluters.

Both rules are expected to prompt a new round of litigation from water utilities, local communities and others suing for cleanup costs.

“To say that the floodgates are opening is an understatement,” said Emily M. Lamond, an attorney who focuses on environmental litigation at the law firm Cole Schotz. “Take tobacco, asbestos, MTBE, combine them, and I think we’re still going to see more PFAS-related litigation,” she said, referring to methyl tert-butyl ether, a former harmful gasoline additive that contaminated drinking water. Together, the trio led to claims totaling hundreds of billions of dollars.

PFAS were an industrial marvel when chemists at Dupont in the 1940s synthesized the material, a remarkably durable compound resistant to water, stains, heat and grease. It quickly became a mainstay in DuPont’s Teflon nonstick pans and 3M’s Scotchgard fabric protector. A powerful fire suppressant, it helped firefighters battle flames. Today, they are used for everyday items as varied as microwave popcorn bags, shampoos, raincoats and firefighting foam.

But the very qualities that have made PFAS so valuable have also prevented them from breaking down naturally in the environment. As PFAS entered the environment from factories, products and landfills, the chemicals have started to accumulate in water, air and soil.

Industry documents released through litigation show that manufacturers found adverse health effects from PFAS exposure as early as 1961 . But it wasn’t until the early 2000s that questions increasingly emerged in public about their safety. In 2005, the E.P.A. fined DuPont $10 million , at that time the largest administrative fine ever levied by the agency, for failing to disclose PFAS’s adverse effects.​​

All that has set the stage for a potential legal storm. Unlike tobacco, used by only a subset of the public, “pretty much every one of us in the United States is walking around with PFAS in our bodies,” said Erik Olson, senior strategic director for environmental health at the Natural Resources Defense Council. “And we’re being exposed without our knowledge or consent, often by industries that knew how dangerous the chemicals were, and failed to disclose that,” he said. “That’s a formula for really significant liability.”

Sandy Wynn-Stelt of Belmont, Mich., brought one early case. A year after she lost her husband to liver cancer in 2016, she discovered that the Christmas tree farm in front of her home, which had seemed such an idyllic setting, had been a dumping ground for PFAS-laden tannery waste from Wolverine World Wide, the maker of Hush Puppies shoes.

Wolverine had been among the first to license 3M’s Scotchgard for its waterproof footwear. Mrs. Wynn-Stelt got her blood tested, and found PFAS levels hundreds of times the norm. In 2020, she was diagnosed with thyroid cancer.

She sued Wolverine and 3M, and reached a settlement in 2021. Separately, nearly 2,000 local residents settled a class-action lawsuit against Wolverine. The region’s water source remains polluted with PFAS.

“Those lawyers are exactly right. This is going to be huge, now that people are starting to hold companies accountable,” Mrs. Wynn-Stelt said.

Wolverine declined to comment. 3M said it continued to “address PFAS litigation by defending itself in court or through negotiated resolutions.”

Much of the course of future litigation hinges on the evidence over PFAS’s health risks. There is broad scientific consensus that certain PFAS chemicals are harmful. “There’s a weight of evidence,” said Linda Birnbaum, a toxicologist and the former director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. “Multiple studies by different investigators, and in different populations.”

Max Swetman, another MG+M partner who presented with Mr. Gross at the February industry conference, addressed the research in his remarks to the group. “There’s a whole lot of new science being created,” he said. “It’s not the best for us.”

Still, some of the research could be vulnerable to criticism, he said. Getting the right experts to testify was crucial, he said. “Epidemiologists, if you get the right one, is always going to be your best expert in trial.”

Mr. Swetman was unavailable to comment on his remarks, according to his law firm.

One challenge facing medical research lies in the sheer number of different PFAS chemicals that have now entered the environment, each of which can have slightly different health effects, said Steph Tai, associate dean at the University of Wisconsin’s Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies and an expert in the use of science in environmental protection and litigation.

“The other thing, too, is that it takes a long time for health effects to show up,” Dr. Tai said, so the only way that scientists have been able to assess those effects is through long-term studies. Researchers must essentially look for what is referred to as “natural experiments,” according to Dr. Tai, comparing people who are naturally less exposed to PFAS with those who are more exposed. That inevitably leads to some uncertainties.

The industry has scored some major victories. Last November, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit tossed out a lawsuit that would have covered every Ohio citizen in a major case over exposure to PFAS, ruling that a firefighter who brought the lawsuit failed to prove that the PFAS found in his blood specifically came from the companies he sued.

3M phased out most uses of two of the most widely used PFAS chemicals, PFOS and PFOA, in the early 2000s, and DuPont in 2015 stopped using PFOA. 3M has said it will phase out the manufacturing of PFAS chemicals by the end of next year. The company will also work to discontinue their use in products, though that’s contingent on the company finding substitutes.

“As the science and technology of PFAS, societal and regulatory expectations, and our expectations of ourselves have evolved, so has how we manage PFAS,” 3M said.

DuPont referred inquiries to Chemours, the company that was spun off in 2015. Chemours declined to comment.

A long and difficult cleanup is beginning. President Biden’s 2021 infrastructure law provides $9 billion to help communities address PFAS contamination, and the E.P.A. has said $1 billion of that money would be set aside to help states with initial testing and treatment. Meantime, new kinds of PFAS are still being released into the environment. Scientists are working to learn more about them.

Hiroko Tabuchi covers the intersection of business and climate for The Times. She has been a journalist for more than 20 years in Tokyo and New York. More about Hiroko Tabuchi

The Proliferation of ‘Forever Chemicals’

Pfas, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are hazardous compounds that pose a global threat to human health..

For the first time, the U.S. government is requiring municipal water systems to detect and remove PFAS from drinking water .

A global study found harmful levels of PFAS  in water samples taken far from any obvious source of contamination.

Virtually indestructible, PFAS are used in fast-food packaging and countless household items .

PFAS lurk in much of what we eat, drink and use, but scientists are only beginning to understand how they affect our health .

Though no one can avoid forever chemicals entirely, Wirecutter offers tips on how to limit your exposure .

Scientists have spent years searching for ways to destroy forever chemicals. In 2022, a team of chemists found a cheap, effective method to break them down .

Content Search

Yemen - idp sites water trucking stoplight snapshot (january - april 2024).

• WASH Cluster

Attachments

In April 2024, 14 WASH partners reported water trucking in 91 IDP sites. Water trucking activity in 56 IDP sites benefitting 117,970 IDPs will be discontinued within 3 months due to completion of humanitarian WASH response project, which requires continuous funding of $56,949 per month. Besides, water trucking in 28 IDP sites benefitting 39,928 will be also discontinued after 6 months.

Yemen WASH Cluster appeal an urgent funding support to continue life-saving water trucking activities in these locations because there is no possible durable solution such as extension of water supply network from nearby water supply systems.

• Urgent funding needs $341,694 for 6-month water trucking for 117,970 IDPs in 56 IDP sites

• Upcoming funding needs $92,292 for 6-month water trucking for 39,928 IDPs in 28 IDP sites

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