phd international trade

Doctor - International Trade

Distance degree programs for adults & professionals., bircham international university - adult degree programs online., doctor ph.d. degree - business & media, international trade via distance learning.

International Trade is a vital component of any modern economy. This Doctor Ph.D. Degree presents the latest economic perspectives on international trade and the major policies employed by governments and businesses in today's global economy. Also, it provides an updated and detailed guide to the mass of procedures and regulations any exporter needs to be familiar with - including shipping documentation, packing, invoicing, credit facilities, and insurance.

Academic Supervisor : Thiyagu Nagaraj More information about this academic supervisor at Bircham University Human Network. More info...

The Doctor Ph.D. Degree online via distance learning offers students the highest level of specialization a discipline can offer. More info...

* 45 to 72 academic credits above a Master's program. * Average Duration: 24 months. * Program Structure: 70% textbooks + 30% Thesis. * Admission is open for adults over 27 years of age. * Master's degree or international equivalent (5 years of study) is required for admission.

Fees include all: Program of study, textbooks, study guide, evaluation and assessment, diploma, and transcript. Cost per BIU earned postgraduate credit: 130 Euros (170 US$) Cost per transferred credit from previous education and/or professional experience if required: 20 Euros (25 US$)

45 ... 72 Academic credits Tuition Fee :Min. 5.850 Euros (7.650 US$) ... Max. 9.360 Euros (12.240 US$).

"The journey of a thousand miles begins with one step." Lao Tzu.

Payment plans are available upon request up to 36 monthly installments. More info...

Faculty of Business & Media via distance learning

• Doctor Ph.D. Degree

45 ... 72 Academic credits required for this distance learning degree program.

Composition:.

+ 36 Academic credits - International Trade Online + Other additional subjects + 18 Academic credits - Research methodology and final project or thesis.

+ 36 Academic credits: International Trade Online

BIU Earned Credits Credits earned through the completion of academic work at Bircham International University (Reports, Projects and Thesis).

1 BIU Earned Credit = 1 USA Semester Credit (15 hours of learning) = 2 ECTS Credits (30 hours of study). Courses list (each subject accounts for 3 academic credits): You may study any subject as an independent online continuing education course. More info...

Postgraduate level continuing education course. Previous knowledge in this field of study is required.

601INT - International Business 602INT - International Trade 603INT - International Distribution 604INT - International Transport 605INT - Export & Import Operations 606INT - International Business Law 607INT - Electronic Payments Systems 608INT - E-Commerce Solutions 609INT - International Trade Operations 610INT - International Finance & Taxation 611INT - Negotiation 612INT - Risk Management & Insurance More info...

Bibliography: International Trade via distance learning The corresponding textbooks are included in the fees. Once the fee has been paid, the books may take between two to five weeks to reach your address. Bircham International University offices may inform you at any time of the status of your books. If the book is in English, the required report must be written in English unless you have requested to write it in other language and have gained Bircham International University authorization. More info... Click here to access the recommended bibliography.

+ Additional courses may be selected from other modules in the Faculty of Business & Media from Bircham International University if required. This selection must be approved by the Distance Learning University Education Board. For example: International Business .

Research work resources and network - Doctor - International Trade:

ABRACOMEX - Associação Brasileira de Consultoria em Comércio Exterior ACEB - Associação de Comércio Exterior do Brasil ACITA - Automated Customs and International Trade Association ACOCEX - Asociación Española de Profesionales de Comercio Exterior AICO - Asociación Iberoamericana de Cámaras de Comercio CREDIMPEX - Association Française des Spécialistes du Commerce International FCCE - Federação das Câmaras de Comércio Exterior FITA - Federation of International Trade Associations FTA - Foreign Trade Association GEA - Global Ecommerce Association ICC - International Chamber of Commerce IFTA - International Trade and Forfaiting Association INFEBEX - International Federation for the Promotion and Development of Foreign Business and Trade IT&FA - International Trade and Finance Association OSCI - Fédération des Entrepreneurs du Commerce International TIEIT - The Institute of Export and International Trade WIIT - Association of Women in International Trade WTO - World Trade Organization More info...

Joining the proper association is the best way to become an updated professional. Bircham International University graduates may join many professional associations. Membership requirements for each association may vary depending on the degree program, specialization and graduate resume en each occasion. BIU can not guarantee membership in all instances. BIU does not intermediate in these procedures. Bircham International University provides a list of available memberships and professional references from each faculty where some BIU graduates may belong. Contact directly the ones you select. More info...

+ 18 Academic credits (Research methodology and final project or thesis. More info... ).

Admission requirements: Doctor - International Trade

Bircham International University distance learning degree admission requirements differ depending upon the Faculty and the major of study. There is no discrimination with respect to race, color, sex, beliefs and/or religion. A minimum of 30% of the total number of credits required by any adult degree program syllabus has to be transferred from previous education and/or validated from professional experience in order to gain admission. A maximum of 20% of the total number of credits required by the distance learning degree program can be transferred from professional and life experience. More info...

Click to Download... Application for Admission

Learning outcomes: Doctor - International Trade

The following learning outcomes are compatible with the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) for lifelong learning and continuing education. The EQF directives facilitate acceptance of this course credits by many higher education institution. These learning outcomes are achieved after completion of this course with a passing grade. Better grades will demonstrate higher analysis, evaluation and critical thinking skills. More info...

EQF LEVEL 6. Advanced knowledge and critical understanding. Outcome resulting from course content assessment and its applicability to problem solving. The student's ability to combine the different parts of the text and to form a new coherent and harmonic final report will determine the critical understanding of the subject and an advanced knowledge of International Trade. The student written report style, content, and structure play an important role in the assessment and applicability of the knowledge about International Trade to different Business & Media decision making scenarios and problem-solving. More info...

EQF LEVEL 7. Advanced knowledge and critical thinking. Outcome resulting from written critical thinking and its applicability to problem solving. The student will contrast and evaluate the learned material with his/her own knowledge and experience to express an opinion about International Trade, to consider the practical application of the key concepts, and to argue the conclusions along the written report. Personal judgments and opinion should be based on sound criteria and must be clearly discussed. More info...

BIU adapts each Distance Learning Higher Education degree program to the needs of each student. More info...

International Trade Online

Recognition - Distance degree programs - More info... Accreditation - Distance Learning University - More info... Degree Legalization - Graduate Services - More info... Acceptance of these Distance Learning Higher Education academic credits is always the prerogative of the receiving institution or employer. Recognition criteria differ depending on each educational institution, or company policy, or country legal framework.

We have 26 international trade PhD Projects, Programmes & Scholarships

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international trade PhD Projects, Programmes & Scholarships

The pace, scale and economic impact of the international hydrogen trade, phd research project.

PhD Research Projects are advertised opportunities to examine a pre-defined topic or answer a stated research question. Some projects may also provide scope for you to propose your own ideas and approaches.

Funded PhD Project (UK Students Only)

This research project has funding attached. It is only available to UK citizens or those who have been resident in the UK for a period of 3 years or more. Some projects, which are funded by charities or by the universities themselves may have more stringent restrictions.

Birmingham Law School - Postgraduate Research Opportunities

Awaiting funding decision/possible external funding.

This programme is waiting to confirm funding from a university or external source. This may depend on attracting suitable students and applications are welcome. Please see the programme details for more information.

Law Research Programme

Law Research Programmes present a range of research opportunities, shaped by a university’s particular expertise, facilities and resources. You will usually identify a suitable topic for your PhD and propose your own project. Additional training and development opportunities may also be offered as part of your programme.

Institute for Diplomacy and International Governance

Funded phd programme (students worldwide).

Some or all of the PhD opportunities in this programme have funding attached. Applications for this programme are welcome from suitably qualified candidates worldwide. Funding may only be available to a limited set of nationalities and you should read the full programme details for further information.

Social Sciences Research Programme

Social Sciences Research Programmes present a range of research opportunities, shaped by a university’s particular expertise, facilities and resources. You will usually identify a suitable topic for your PhD and propose your own project. Additional training and development opportunities may also be offered as part of your programme.

Resilience Assessment and Optimization of Global Maritime Transportation Networks

Funded phd project (students worldwide).

This project has funding attached, subject to eligibility criteria. Applications for the project are welcome from all suitably qualified candidates, but its funding may be restricted to a limited set of nationalities. You should check the project and department details for more information.

PhD Economics

Self-funded phd students only.

The PhD opportunities on this programme do not have funding attached. You will need to have your own means of paying fees and living costs and / or seek separate funding from student finance, charities or trusts.

PhD Research Programme

PhD Research Programmes present a range of research opportunities shaped by a university’s particular expertise, facilities and resources. You will usually identify a suitable topic for your PhD and propose your own project. Additional training and development opportunities may also be offered as part of your programme.

PhD (School of Management) Doctorate

Phd/msc+phd in economics, institute for international management, business research programme.

Business Research Programmes present a range of research opportunities, shaped by a university’s particular expertise, facilities and resources. You will usually identify a suitable topic for your PhD and propose your own project. Additional training and development opportunities may also be offered as part of your programme.

Labour Organising in Logistics Warehouses: The case of South Yorkshire and Inland Empire

Smart factory, funded phd project (european/uk students only).

This project has funding attached for UK and EU students, though the amount may depend on your nationality. Non-EU students may still be able to apply for the project provided they can find separate funding. You should check the project and department details for more information.

Sensor Fusion and management in Autonomous Airborne Platforms

New materials and structures for cte management of laser systems, data-driven computational sensing and imaging, scotland’s diaspora – was there social justice for the ‘failed’ immigrant in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

This project does not have funding attached. You will need to have your own means of paying fees and living costs and / or seek separate funding from student finance, charities or trusts.

The Organisation and Impact of National Systems of Labour Administration

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PhD in International Business

Bring a global perspective to your business or academic career with an international business phd.

Whether your focus is on pursuing an executive level career in applied business or a teaching career in higher education, earning a PhD in International Business from Southern New Hampshire University is a great way to take the next step toward your goal. Grow your expertise as you develop extensive theoretical knowledge and expand your independent thinking capabilities in this research-oriented program. You’ll participate in international business seminars complemented by methodology courses that will help give you a hands-on, interactive education that goes beyond the classroom.

SNHU’s PhD in International Business is a cohort program, giving you the opportunity to progress and build community with a group of your peers.

• Conventional Campus-Based Program. A conventional campus-based program is the traditional university educational model. Prospective students will be admitted as full-time students. They will work with our School of Business faculty on our vibrant Manchester, NH campus. Campus program students are required to live in the region to complete their program in as few as 5 years.

The International Business PhD program only has a fall intake term. The program admits applicants for the Fall semester ONCE a year. The application cycle will open in August each year, and the application deadline is February 20th.

See Yourself Succeed with a PhD in International Business

SNHU's PhD in International Business strives to meet the needs of all students while accommodating those with demanding schedules and careers. The program is tailored to those who wish to develop their scholarly knowledge in pursuit of future professional and academic goals. Graduates of this program are in a position to influence the ideas and actions of others through positional or non-positional leadership opportunities. Academics, executives, community leaders, leaders within nonprofit and government organizations, and local entrepreneurs are welcome to apply for program admission.

Cohort Model

The cohort learning environment offers a collaborative experience for individuals with diverse career experiences and backgrounds. Cohort members become a source of support and encouragement to one another. Each individual’s dissertation will be based on their interests.

As a private, nonprofit university, SNHU has one mission - to help you see yourself succeed. The benefits of majoring in international business at SNHU include:

• Supportive community.  Join the SNHU community of learners who are closely connected with faculty and staff dedicated to your success.
• Affordability.  SNHU is one of the most affordable private, nonprofit universities in the Northeast.
• Accessible faculty.  Learn from highly credentialed faculty members who are experts in their fields.

Should you earn a PhD in International Business or a DBA?

The answer depends on your interests and your career goals. Both degrees represent the highest level of academic achievement, and both degrees are highly respected in both the academic and business worlds. Additionally, both the PhD and DBA are advanced research degrees that involve conducting original research, analyzing data, and producing important findings.

But there are differences. The DBA is considered a professional doctorate, and the PhD is an academic doctorate. SNHU does not currently offer a DBA.

PhD research is focused on developing theories, addressing a gap between theories, or addressing a gap in the general body of knowledge. The PhD may be more appropriate if you are focused on a faculty career in higher education or a career as a researcher in a research center.

In contrast, DBAs focus on real-world organizational and business problems and involve original and secondary research to explore, examine, and address those problems. The DBA is primarily for those focused on a career in business and consulting. However, many DBAs do teach in colleges and universities.

It’s important to note that students in either program can study real-world problems.  PhD students might use a different set of methodologies or look at the problem from a broader scope in contrast to DBA students who may focus their research on a particular industry or company with a narrower lens.  However, any topic of interest in the international business field including but not limited to, multinational companies or managers engaged in international business is likely to be a viable research area for a SNHU PhD student.

Many of SNHU PhD graduates are enjoying careers in both business and academia.  

A significant part of the educational experience includes advanced research courses, doctoral colloquiums, and the completion of a dissertation. Through these experiences, learners, professors, and thought leaders gather to discuss their topics related to the field, focus on research, and provide a supportive learning environment.

Program Overview

Earning your degree is a smart choice to advance your career, and investing in an affordable program increases your ROI. We keep our costs low  to remove barriers between you and your goals.

University Accreditation

Southern New Hampshire University is a private, nonprofit institution accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education (NECHE)  as well as several other accrediting bodies.

This program and its concentrations are accredited by the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP). Student achievement data can be found on the ACBSP accreditation page .

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Ph.D. in International Trade & Development(ITDP)

• About Course

The program offers a combination of quantitative and qualitative courses in the fields of economic growth and development. Students choose a focus area, such as global trade, and can also specialize in a specific sector. In addition, they can pursue a combined program of study, combining training in the two areas. The program culminates with a master's thesis, which can be applied in the field.

The curriculum of a doctoral program in international business focuses on the study of managerial decisions. Graduates of the program are prepared for a career in academia. In addition to the core course of international business, they must also complete a cognate area, such as international studies or psychology. The cognate is a crucial component of the doctoral program, as it provides a strong multidisciplinary foundation for a student's research. Additionally, quantitative methods courses complement the core courses in the field, building a strong academic research foundation.

The program focuses on the theory and practice of international trade and development and is taught by faculty with a range of expertise. This program is interdisciplinary, which means that students with a variety of backgrounds can apply for the program. In addition, the economics department provides a variety of courses, such as industrial organization, corporate finance, and international trade theory. The program also specializes in development economics, which is closely tied to international cooperation and development.

Ph.D. in International Trade & Development(ITDP) Eligibility

Candidates who want to take admission in Ph.D. must have a post-graduate degree in International Trade & Development(ITDP) and its relevant discipline with at least 55% marks from a recognized university and must have passed the national level entrance examination or university level entrance examination. National level entrance exams like UGC NET / UGC CSIR NET / GATE / SLET or University entrance exam consisting of written tests and personal interviews.

The Benefits of a Ph.D. in International Trade and Development

In addition to the high salary, doctoral students benefit from a collaborative environment. Faculty members participate in research projects together, and students often collaborate on those projects. In South Carolina, for example, the Center for International Business Education and Research offers doctoral students the opportunity to become involved in research and publish in scholarly journals. They can also work on their dissertations, which are based on their personal interests.

A Ph.D. program in international business focuses on research and a broad field of international business. The program requires a master's degree in international business, and many applicants also have a master's degree in international business. Other requirements include GMAT/GRE scores, college transcripts, a personal essay, and residency. Most doctoral programs require a student to reside on campus for one to two years. The program is part-time, so students will need to arrange a place to live near the campus.

A Ph.D. in international business allows students to specialize in a particular area of the field. It is not necessary to have a master's degree in international business. Many applicants have a master's degree in international trade or development. Applicants should consider whether they are looking for a management position or a managerial position. The former is more likely to find a job.

The Career Opportunities of a Ph.D. in International Trade and Development

The Ph.D. program in International Trade & Development has many career options. Graduates can become economists who watch global trends and develop new tools for measuring these trends. Others can work as finance managers for multinational companies, while others might decide to work in the development sector and combine their training in both fields. In addition to a Ph.D., there are several other career opportunities that may appeal to students with this degree, including working overseas or as a consultant to international organizations.

An international trade Ph.D. prepares students for academic careers. During the Ph.D. program, students are required to develop their cognate area, which could be a field of studies such as anthropology, psychology, or international studies. These areas provide a cross-disciplinary perspective for the Ph.D. program. Furthermore, quantitative methods courses are required, which complement international business courses and build a strong foundation for academic research.

The Ph.D. program in International Trade & Development is a multidisciplinary program that prepares students to work in the private, nonprofit, and government sectors. Unlike a traditional Ph.D. program, the program emphasizes geographic understanding of globalization and international business. It also offers a solid background in international business and global trade, so students are well-equipped for entrepreneurial endeavors. If you are a student of International Trade & Development, you can take advantage of the unique benefits that come with this program.

The Future Scope of a Ph.D. in International Trade and Development

The doctoral degree program in International Trade & Development prepares students for academic careers in international business. In addition to courses in international business, Ph.D. candidates must also take several quantitative methods courses. These courses build a solid foundation for future academic research. A Ph.D. in International Trade & Development is a highly sought-after qualification in the international business industry. The future scope of this program is as diverse as the field itself.

SNHU's Ph.D. in International Business caters to a wide range of student needs and schedules. Its flexible course schedules accommodate the busy lives of doctoral students. The program's collaborative environment allows participants from diverse backgrounds to work closely together. Cohort members become mentors and advisors, and the dissertation will be based on the interests and research interests of each student.

A doctoral degree is a research degree that is necessary to work in government or in academia. The Ph.D. in International Trade &Development program prepares graduates for careers in government or higher education. It's a great choice for students who want to teach at a university or conduct research in international business. However, you will have to take courses in a number of other areas before focusing on a particular field of study. Besides the dissertation, you'll need to pass exams in other disciplines as well.

Ph.D. Research Programme duration

The Ph.D. in International Trade & Development(ITDP) course is a minimum of 3 years and a maximum of 5 in duration. This depends on the university offering the course.

Fees for research programme for International Trade & Development(ITDP)

The average fee for Ph.D. in International Trade & Development(ITDP) degree is between INR 50000 and INR 500000.

Eligibility

Masters degree in International Trade & Development(ITDP) + the candidates should have cleared the Entrance test conducted by the respective university.

Type of Course

Student also visited.

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International Trade MA

College of arts and sciences, program description.

The International Trade MA program is primarily designed to prepare students for employment in government, business, and education. This career-oriented program provides the opportunity for students to gain a strong background in theoretical, policy, and development aspects of international business and world trade, with special emphasis on geographical understanding of the process and impact of globalization. The program also provides a firm theoretical and methodological foundation for those who wish to continue in a doctoral or professional degree program.

Gabrielle Jaquays 834 Clemens Hall Buffalo, NY 14260 Email: [email protected] Phone: 716-645-3350

Instruction Method

• In Person   (100 percent of courses offered in person)

Full/Part Time Options

Credits required, time-to-degree, application fee.

This program is officially registered with the New York State Education Department (SED).

Online programs/courses may require students to come to campus on occasion. Time-to-degree and number of credit hours may vary based on full/part time status, degree, track and/or certification option chosen. Time-to-degree is based on calendar year(s). Contact the department for details.

Brandeis International Business School

PhD in International Economics and Finance

• Job Market Placements

Class Profile

Program highlights.

Brandeis Advantage

Ranked among the best U.S. universities by U.S. News and World Report. Located close to Boston, a multicultural hub of finance, technology and innovation.

Global Career Preparation

Our doctoral program focuses on research, teaching, high-level policy making and consulting.

Renowned Faculty

Work with   faculty experts   who are leaders in academic research or seasoned financial professionals.

STEM-Designated

International students are eligible for up to 36 months of practical training in the U.S. after graduation.   Learn more.

Scholarships

Nearly all students accepted into the PhD program receive full tuition scholarships, health insurance and living stipends.

A Close-knit Community

Learn more   about our multi-cultural and supportive campus environment.

Quick Links

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PhD Career Outcomes

• Job Market Candidates

Program Value

PhD candidates develop the analytical and technical background required for research, teaching, high-level policy making and consulting in international economics and finance. They pursue jobs in education as well as in the public and private sectors.

Lara Loewenstein

Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland

MA’12, PhD’16 | United States

Vina Nguyen

Economist, IMF

PhD’14 | Vietnam

Raffi Garcia

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

PhD’18 | Dominican Republic

Cecilia Maya

Chief Operating Officer, Markets, XM

MA’00, PhD’04 | Colombia

Rawley Heimer

Boston College

PhD’13 | United States

Satyam Panday

Standard and Poor's Rating Services

PhD’13 | Nepal

Eugene Kiselev

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

PhD’13 | Russia

Olaf Unteroberdoerster

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

PhD’98 | Germany

• See Details on Career Outcomes
• After completing the first year (normally four courses per semester, including Advanced Microeconomics I and II, Advanced Macroeconomics I and II and Econometrics), students then take qualifying examinations in Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.
• After completing field courses, usually in one or two years, students take examinations in two fields of specialization.   Current areas of specialization are Applied Methods, Finance and International Economics.
• In the first year, all PhD students also enroll in ECON 399  PhD Dissertation Workshop . The workshop provides opportunities for advanced students to present papers and define thesis objectives.
• In the third year, the PhD candidates begin to  work on the dissertation , prepare initial work on the thesis, and submit a 3rd year paper.
• In the third year and beyond, the thesis takes shape and a formal committee is assembled. Once a thesis defense date is scheduled, the student presents the core of the thesis work, and once completed, the degree is awarded during the next degree period.
• PhD students are required to work as either a teaching or research assistant at Brandeis International Business School in years 1-5 of the program.
• Students receive the Master of Science degree upon successful completion of 13 courses, passing their 2nd year qualifying exams, and at least one of two field exams. 
• View Courses & Timeline

Candidates are considered for admission every other year. The next intake will be Fall 2026.

• Application Requirements
• Tuition & Financial Aid

Median Verbal GRE / Quantitative GRE

Male / Female 

Average Age

42% / 58% 

Domestic / International 

Countries Represented in the Incoming Brandeis International Business School Class

 Albania ● Azerbaijan ● Cambodia ● Chile ● China ● Colombia ● El Salvador ● Ghana ● Hungary ● India ● Indonesia ● Kosovo ● Mongolia ● Namibia ● Nepal ● South Korea ● Taiwan ● Togo ● Ukraine ● United States ● Vietnam ● Yemen 

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• International Business

International Business (IB) combines international expertise with the functional areas of General Management, emphasizing issues facing the multinational enterprise (MNE) and businesses engaged in dealings across national borders. The strength in this combination allows students to explore a deeper understanding of the cross-border intra- and inter-organizational relationships of the MNE, and incorporates a multi-level approach that also addresses the economic, institutional, sociocultural, and sociopolitical contexts in which the MNE is embedded.

The IB group at Ivey encourages students to engage with the academic community early, with many students presenting their work at the Academy of International Business and Academy of Management Annual Conferences. Our students deliver high-quality research that has frequently been recognized in  leading dissertation award competitions , including those presented by the Academy of Management IM Division , the Academy of International Business , and the European International Business Academy . Ivey’s IB area group’s PhD graduates are frequent winners or finalists of these awards.

PhD students regularly co-author with senior scholars in the IB group, and their papers have received Best Paper Awards at: Academy of International Business Annual Meeting, Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Strategic Management Society Annual International Conference, Administrative Sciences of Canada Annual Conference, and Association of Japanese Business Studies Annual Conference.

Our current  IB group at Ivey consists of Paul Beamish , Klaus Meyer , Andreas Schotter , Vanessa Hasse , Nina Rosenbusch , and Elie Chrysostome . Though the common theme of IB unifies these colleagues, they draw on varied disciplinary bases to address issues of strategic alliances, foreign direct investment, subsidiary management, and boundary spanning leadership. They are particularly interested in studying these themes in emerging economies, including multinational enterprises originating from emerging economies. Leveraging their diversity, the IB group is interested in understanding IB phenomena from a multi-level and multi-disciplinary perspective. The International Business Institute supports this research. 

*Please note that IB is a stream under General Management

Areas of Research Focus

• Strategies and performance of international joint ventures
• Management of international alliances
• Motives and strategies of foreign direct investment
• Managing subsidiaries of multinational enterprises
• Doing business in emerging economies

The IB group ranks among the world's top 10 IB departments in terms of impact and productivity, and regularly publishes in the field’s top journals, such as Journal of International Business Studies, Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Journal of Business Venturing, Journal of Management, Journal of Management Studies, Organization Science, and Strategic Management Journal.

• View our Google Scholar Page
• View the Research Database

PhD Student Opportunities

IB is one of five possible specializations within Ivey’s General Management PhD program. The IB specialization is designed for those interested in pursuing academic careers at top business schools in IB, Strategy, or Management departments.

The IB group welcomes applications from qualified candidates that are interested in conducting research into themes related to their research interests. The following list is indicative of such projects:

All Professors within the IB group are recruiting PhD students to join their research on the management of MNE subsidiaries . Such subsidiaries interact with, and contribute to, host societies in multiple ways that merit deeper scholarly investigations. Topics within this research agenda may examine any aspect of the strategies and operations of MNE subsidiaries, including the drivers of subsidiary growth, performance knowledge management, scope reductions and divestment as well as their contribution to host country economic, social, and environmental objectives. We are particularly interested in research exploring the role that individuals, such as boundary spanners, have on subsidiary- and MNE-level outcomes. Sample research:

• Managing the MNE subsidiary: Advancing a multi-level and dynamic research agenda  (Journal of International Business Studies)
• Core or periphery? The effects of country-of-origin agglomerations on the within-country expansion of MNEs  (Journal of International Business Studies) 
• Performance effects of MNC headquarters–subsidiary conflict and the role of boundary spanners: The case of headquarter initiative rejection  (Journal of International Management)

Professors Paul Beamish and Vanessa Hasse are recruiting for a co-supervision of PhD students with a research interest in the area of international joint ventures (IJVs) and strategic alliances . Topics within this research area can range broadly from collaborative strategies to the management of IJVs and strategic alliances. Experience with or an interest in quantitative data analysis, especially using larger datasets, will be an asset. Sample research:

• Host market government corruption and the equity-based foreign entry strategies of multinational enterprises  (Journal of International Business Studies)
• Multi-party international joint ventures: Multiple post-formation change processes  (Journal of World Business)
• Cooperative strategies in international business and management: Reflections on the past 50 years and future directions  (Journal of World Business)

Professor Andreas Schotter is recruiting PhD students wishing to pursue research into the internationalization of firms in the digital economy . Topics in this line of research may employ qualitative or quantitative methodologies to examine the internationalization of young firms in the digital economy, or the strategies of mature multinational firms reacting to disruptions caused by the digital economy. This research also looks at changing location choices and the emergence of new internal and external organizational structures. Sample research:

• Platforms without borders? The international strategies of digital platform firms  (Global Strategy Journal)
• Scaling fast and slow: The internationalization of digital ventures (Journal of Business Research)

Professors Klaus Meyer and Bob Andersen are recruiting PhD students interested to analyze the impact of social and political disruption on businesses operating across national borders . This is a new stream of research which aims to enhance scholarly understanding of corporate strategies (e.g. mergers, acquisitions and divestments) as companies cope with an increasingly uncertain international business environment and/or with specific disruptions in international trade or investment regimes. Sample research:

• Diplomatic and corporate networks: Bridges to foreign locations  (Journal of International Business Studies)
• The MNE and its Subsidiaries at Times of Global Disruptions: An International Relations Perspective (Global Strategy Journal).
• Corporate political connections in global strategy (Global Strategy Journal).
• Place, space, and geographical exposure: Foreign subsidiary survival in conflict zones  (Journal of International Business Studies)

Professors Paul Beamish and Vanessa Hasse are recruiting for a co-supervision of PhD students with an interest in (and ideally direct exposure to) international business within frontier markets and the world’s poorest economies. Topics within this research area can range broadly from: FDI into or exit from these countries, social intermediation to reduce poverty, the role of management education, and response strategies for rare events, among others. Sample research:

• Foreign subsidiary exit from Africa: The effects of investment purpose, diversity and orientation (Global Strategy Journal)
• Caught in the crossfire: Dimensions of vulnerability and foreign multinationals exit from war-affected countries (Strategic Management Journal)
• Social intermediation in Base-of-the Pyramid Markets (Journal of Management Studies)
• The 39 Country Initiative and Africa (Africa Journal of Management)
• The importance of rare events and other outliers in global strategy research (Global Strategy Journal)

Professor Klaus Meyer is recruiting PhD students with a research interest in the strategies and operations of multinational enterprises originating from emerging economies . Multinational enterprises from countries and regions such as China, India or South-East Asia face distinct challenges and opportunities arising from the economic and political structures of their home economies. This line of research is in particular exploring how companies address the strategic and operational challenges of catch-up strategies, including the engagement with market and nonmarket actors at home and abroad. Sample research: 

• Boundary spanners, HRM practices, and reverse knowledge transfer: The case of Chinese cross-border acquisitions (Journal of World Business)
• Emerging economy MNEs: How does home country munificence matter? (Journal of World Business)
• Theoretical foundations of emerging economy research (Journal of International Business Studies)

Professor Andreas Schotter is recruiting Ph.D. students wishing to pursue research at the intersections of international business, economic geography, and innovation, with as particular focus on how Industry 4.0 forces shape multinational enterprise (MNE) activities and the future of work in global value chains. The research considers firm level lenses from corporate strategy and the theory of the firm and microfoundations lenses, bringing the manager into the focus, while considering the rapid changes in the external environment, such as the emergence of digital technologies and increasing global connectedness. The emphasis will be on novel configurational theorizing and methods that seek to accommodate the multiplicity of actors—individuals, firms, industries, countries—and multiplexity of interactions among these actors. We aim to develop new and refine existing knowledge that accounts for the new complexities of configuring the MNE. Sample research:

• International connectedness and local disconnectedness: MNE strategies, city regions and disruption (Journal of International Business Studies)
• Configuring knowledge connectivity and strategy conditions for foreign subsidiary innovation (Long Range Planning)
• Boundary Spanning in Global Organizations (Journal of Management Studies) 

PhD Graduates

Dr. cheng li.

Assistant Professor, University of Manitoba

General manager succession in multinational enterprise subsidiaries

Multinationals face growing demands from nonmarket forces, making them increasingly vulnerable to social and political disruptions. This thesis investigates two sets of relationships that are at the core of multinational nonmarket strategy: firm-government and firm-society relationships, and in so doing advances our understanding of global strategies employed to tackle challenges. It comprises…. Read more about this thesis

Dr. Liang (Arthur) Li

Assistant Professor in International Business at Henley Business School, University of Reading

This dissertation, based on interviews with over 40 managers and longitudinal data from over 1,900 foreign subsidiaries, develops new insights regarding subsidiary general manager (GM) changes in multinational enterprises (MNEs)…. Read more about this thesis

Dr. Jianhua (Jenny) Zhu

Investment Motives and Non-Traditional Foreign Direct Investment

This dissertation examines the characteristics and performance of non-traditional investment motives, with a secondary focus on small-employment subsidiaries. It also investigates how firms re-evaluate and change their organizational control after an industry-wide consumer confidence crisis…. Read more about this thesis

Dr. Liang Liang (Lucas) Wang

Associate Professor, University of New Brunswick

Antecedents and consequences of share distribution in equity joint ventures: A pricing-error approach and empirical evidence

This dissertation bridges the identified literature gaps by developing and testing two empirical models based on the pricing-error rule. According to this rule, only when share distribution of an EJV perfectly matches the two pricing errors will profit sharing to each partner fully offset the errors, which helps save the most on transaction costs…. Read more about this thesis

Dr. Maximilian Stallkamp

Assistant Professor, Virginia Tech

Contemporary perspectives on the internationalization of firms

This dissertation contributes new insights to research on the internationalization of firms. Whereas prior research has focused mostly on the country as the main locational unit of analysis, I examine internationalization from both subnational and (supranational) regional perspectives. Moreover, I investigate the impact of digitalization on internationalization, by studying how ‘digital’ firms expand internationally.... Read more about this thesis

Dr. Dwarka Chakravarty

Assistant Professor, San Diego State University

Foreign Direct Investment in Global Cities and Co-Ethnic Clusters: Characteristics, Performance, and Survival

This dissertation examines the characteristics, profitability, and survival of multinational enterprise (MNE) foreign direct investment (FDI) in North American “global” cities (GCs), such as Los Angeles, New York, and Toronto. Across GCs and their metropolitan areas (Metros), MNEs often co-locate with their home country and co-industry peers in “co-ethnic” and “co-ethnic, co-industry” (CECI) clusters. Despite their substantial influence on the world economy GCs are relatively underexplored as location units of analysis in International Business (IB) research. Accordingly, I address three research questions.... Read more about this thesis

Dr. Yamlaksira Getachew

Assistant Professor, Loyola Marymount University

Institutional Voids, Investment Purposes, and Foreign Subsidiaries of Multinational Enterprises

This dissertation is motivated by two sets of research questions: (a) Whether, how, and when host-country market and institutional conditions have implications for the performance of foreign subsidiaries? And (b) Whether, how, and when investment purposes/motives for which foreign subsidiaries are established relate to the extent to which the subsidiaries/their parents overcome the hazards of or capitalize on the opportunities from operating in locations of high institutional voids?.... Read more about this thesis

Discipline Coordinator

Vanessa C. Hasse

Vanessa Hasse is an Assistant Professor of International Business at the Ivey Business School. Her primary research interests focus on exploring firm-level responses to performance signals (including those triggered by crises/rare events) in an international context, as well as the impact cultural and temporal dimensions have on managerial decision-making.   

Her research has been published in outlets such as the Academy of Management Journal, Global Strategy Journal , and more. She has received international recognition for her work, including the 2023 IM Division Best Paper Award in OB/HRM/OT (AOM) and the 2017 IM Division D'Amore-McKim School of Business, Northeastern University, Best Dissertation Award in International Management (AOM).

Dr. Hasse has authored several case studies and has been recognized as a management educator for her innovations in designing transformative learning experiences. She is the recipient of multiple Teaching Excellence Awards (2021/2022/2023) and was named a Finalist for the 2021 Academy of International Business Teaching Innovation Award. Dr. Hasse is a board member at the Academy of International Business-Canada chapter.

Read full profile »

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PhD International Development

By distance learning.

For 2024-25 £4,778 FT (UK) £21,360 FT (International Students) More Fees and funding details.

• Request a prospectus
• Course details
• Entry Requirements
• Teaching and assessment
• Employability

The  International Development Department (IDD)  is committed to encouraging new thinking in the fields of development and public management.

Studying for a degree by research with IDD means being part of an active research and practitioner community that will support you in accomplishing your academic goals.

Our distance learning PhD in International Development offers the opportunity to conduct original research under the guidance of academic supervisors, leading to an 80,000 word thesis, for those unable to live and work on campus on a regular basis. You will take a number of research training modules in your first year and may attend further courses offered by the Department or the University that enhance your personal discipline-specific and transferable skills.

Distance learning does present challenges and applicants need to have a high capacity to work independently and in a disciplined fashion to pursue their research goals. However, supervisory teams are there to support students in acquiring the skills and knowledge to complete a thesis. In addition, you will be able to participate in an active research environment through a range of online and hybrid events.

Distance learning students are usually expected to attend one-week visit to the University (it is possible to request an exemption due to extenuating circumstances such as work commitments of caring responsibilities, for example). This visit will take place at the start of your studies during the College’s induction week (which usually takes place in the last week of September). This is a fantastic opportunity to attend a range of training sessions and networking events and meet your peers and supervisory team in person. The College of Social Sciences will make a generous contribution to your accommodation and travel. Your School will write to you to confirm the arrangements of your visit once you have confirmed your offer. Distance Learning students are not required to attend the University for the remainder of their studies but are welcome to visit at their own expense.

The School of Government offers much more than a degree. As a doctoral student here, you have the opportunity to take part in a wide range of research events with staff and other doctoral students, including a PGR Colloquium and departmental speaker series. In addition, an individual training plan is drawn up to meet the needs of each student, covering coursework and skills development. As such, completing this research degree will cultivate specialist knowledge in your field and professional skills for a range of career settings. 

We are particularly interested in receiving applications on the following themes:

• Conflict and post conflict reconstruction
• Governance and politics of development
• Natural resource governance, management and livelihoods
• Politics of environmental change and sustainable development
• Inequality, poverty, and anti-corruption
• Democracy and authoritarianism
• Public sector management and decentralisation

Applications to study for a research degree on either a full- or part-time basis are welcomed.

Further information

• IDD Doctoral research page
• Guidance on preparing a research proposal
• Doctoral Research Scholarships and funding

Tricia Thomas Doctoral Research Student Administration Tel: +44 (0)121 414 3497, Email:  [email protected]

PhD by Distance Learning 2024-2025

Uk students.

• £4,778

International students (Band D)

• £21,360

For the most up-to-date information on fees, please contact the Department directly. Learn more about fees .

Scholarships and studentships

International students can often gain funding through overseas research scholarships, Commonwealth scholarships or their home government. Information on scholarships and bursaries can be found via International Development Department  and University scholarships  web pages. 

The Postgraduate Student Loan has increased its maximum loan amount to £12,167 (for 2023/2024 entry). For more detailed information visit our Postgraduate funding page .

For more information visit  studenthelp.bham.ac.uk .

How To Apply

When clicking on the Apply Now button you will be directed to an application specifically designed for the programme you wish to apply for where you will create an account with the University application system and submit your application and supporting documents online. Further information regarding how to apply online can be found on the How to apply pages

Our Standard Requirements

Applicants for the distance learning PhD/MPhil must provide evidence of prior research experience and/or training suitable for their intended programme of study. When they apply, they are expected to consult with their supervisor who can assess their skills, background and capacity to undertake independent study at a distance. 

Besides formal qualifications, a key factor determining whether the Department decides to accept a candidate for either degree is the quality of his or her research proposal and its relevance to our own interests. Successful completion of a research thesis demands a high level of self-discipline, motivation and commitment to the subject of research. Great importance is placed on work experience, when relevant. Please contact the Department for more details.

Learn more about entry requirements.

International Requirements

Holders of a Licence, Diplome, Diplome d'Etudes Superieures, Diplome d'Ingenieur or a Diplome d'Architecte from a recognised university in Algeria will be considered for postgraduate study. Holders of one of these qualifications will normally be expected to have achieved a score of 15/20 for 2:1 equivalency or 13/20 for 2:2 equivalency.  

Holders of the Licenciado or an equivalent professional title from a recognised Argentinian university, with a promedio of at least 7.5, may be considered for entry to a postgraduate degree programme. Applicants for PhD degrees will normally have a Maestria or equivalent

A Bachelors (Honours) degree from an accredited Australian higher education institution may be considered for admission to a Masters degree.   Applicants with 3 year Bachelors with distinction from a recognised university, can be considered for admission to a Masters degree.

Holders of a Diplom, a Diplomstudium/Magister or a three-year Bachelors degree from a recognised university with a minimum overall grade of 2.5 for 2:1 equivalency or 3.0 for 2:2 equivalency, or a high-scoring Fachhochschuldiplom (FH) from a recognised Austrian Fachhochschule, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes. 

Students with a good 5-year Specialist Diploma or 4-year Bachelor degree from a recognised higher education institution in Azerbaijan, with a minimum GPA of 4/5 or 80% will be considered for entry to postgraduate taught programmes at the University of Birmingham.

For postgraduate research programmes applicants should have a good 5-year Specialist Diploma (completed after 1991), with a minimum grade point average of 4/5 or 80%, from a recognised higher education institution or a Masters or “Magistr Diplomu” or “Kandidat Nauk” from a recognised higher education institution in Azerbaijan.

 Holders of a bachelors degree of four years duration from a recognised university in Bahrain will be considered for postgraduate study. Holders of bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved a GPA of 3.0/4, 3.75/5 or 75% for 2:1 equivalency or 2.8/4, 3.5/5 or 70% for 2:2 equivalency.  

Holders of a Bachelors (Honours) degree of three years duration, followed by a Masters degree of one or two years duration from a recognised university in Bangladesh will be considered for postgraduate taught study. Students with a Bachelors degree of at least four years duration may also be considered for postgraduate study. Degrees must be from a recognised institution in Bangladesh.

Holders of Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved a GPA of 3.0-3.3/4.0 or 65% or above for 2:1 equivalency, or a GPA of 2.6-3.1/4.0 or 60% or above for 2:2 equivalency depending on the awarding institution.  

Students who hold a Masters degree from the University of Botswana with a minimum GPA of 3.0/4.0 or 3.5/5.0 (70%/B/'very good') will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees.

Please note 4-year bachelor degrees from the University of Botswana are considered equivalent to a Diploma of Higher Education. 5-year bachelor degrees from the University of Botswana are considered equivalent to a British Bachelor (Ordinary) degree.

Students who have completed a Masters degree from a recognised institution will be considered for PhD study.

A Licenciatura or Bacharelado degree from a recognised Brazilian university:

• A grade of 7.5/10 for entry to programmes with a 2:1 requirement
• A grade of 6.5/10for entry to programmes with a 2:2 requirement

Holders of a good Bachelors degree with honours (4 to 6 years) from a recognised university with a upper second class grade or higher will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.  Holders of a good Masters degree from a recognised university will be considered for entry to postgraduate research programmes.

Holders of a good Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (‘Diploma of Completed Higher Education’), a pre-2001 Masters degree or a post-2001 Bachelors degree from a recognised university with a minimum overall grade of 5 out of 6, mnogo dobur/’very good’ for 2:1 equivalence; or 4 out of 6, dobur/’good’ for 2:2 equivalence; will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.

Students with a minimum average of 14 out of 20 (or 70%) on a 4-year Licence, Bachelor degree or Diplôme d'Etudes Superieures de Commerce (DESC) or Diplôme d'Ingénieur or a Maîtrise will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees.

Holders of a bachelor degree with honours from a recognised Canadian university may be considered for entry to a postgraduate degree programme. A GPA of 3.0/4, 7.0/9 or 75% is usually equivalent to a UK 2.1.

Holders of the Licenciado or equivalent Professional Title from a recognised Chilean university will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees. Applicants for PhD study will preferably hold a Magister degree or equivalent.

Students with a bachelor’s degree (4 years minimum) may be considered for entry to a postgraduate degree programme. However please note that we will only consider students who meet the entry guidance below.  Please note: for the subject areas below we use the Shanghai Ranking 2022 (full table)  ,  Shanghai Ranking 2023 (full table) , and Shanghai Ranking of Chinese Art Universities 2023 .

需要具备学士学位（4年制）的申请人可申请研究生课程。请根据所申请的课程查看相应的入学要求。 请注意，中国院校名单参考 软科中国大学排名2022（总榜） ，  软科中国大学排名2023（总榜） ，以及 软科中国艺术类高校名单2023 。  

Business School    - MSc programmes (excluding MBA)  

商学院硕士课程（MBA除外）入学要求

School of Computer Science – all MSc programmes 计算机学院硕士课程入学要求

College of Social Sciences – courses listed below 社会科学 学院部分硕士课程入学要求 MA Education  (including all pathways) MSc TESOL Education MSc Public Management MA Global Public Policy MA Social Policy MA Sociology Department of Political Science and International Studies  全部硕士课程 International Development Department  全部硕士课程

  All other programmes (including MBA)   所有其他 硕士课程（包括 MBA）入学要求

Please note:

• Borderline cases: We may consider students with lower average score (within 5%) on a case-by-case basis if you have a relevant degree and very excellent grades in relevant subjects and/or relevant work experience. 如申请人均分低于相应录取要求（5%以内），但具有出色学术背景，优异的专业成绩，以及（或）相关的工作经验，部分课程将有可能单独酌情考虑。
• Please contact the China Recruitment Team for any questions on the above entry requirements. 如果您对录取要求有疑问，请联系伯明翰大学中国办公室   [email protected]

Holders of the Licenciado/Professional Title from a recognised Colombian university will be considered for our Postgraduate Diploma and Masters degrees. Applicants for PhD degrees will normally have a Maestria or equivalent.

Holders of a good bachelor degree with honours (4 to 6 years) from a recognised university with a upper second class grade or higher will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.  Holders of a good Masters degree from a recognised university will be considered for entry to postgraduate research programmes.

Holders of a good Diploma Visoko Obrazovanje (Advanced Diploma of Education) or Bacclaureus (Bachelors) from a recognised Croatian higher Education institution with a minimum overall grade of 4.0 out of 5.0, vrlo dobar ‘very good’, for 2:1 equivalence or 3.0 out of 5.0, dobar ‘good’, for 2:2 equivalence, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.  Holders of a good Bacclaureus (Bachelors) from a recognised Croatian Higher Education institution with a minimum overall grade of 4.0 out of 5.0, vrlo dobar ‘very good’, or a Masters degree, will be considered for entry to postgraduate research programmes.

Holders of a Bachelors degree(from the University of the West Indies or the University of Technology) may be considered for entry to a postgraduate degree programme. A Class II Upper Division degree is usually equivalent to a UK 2.1. For further details on particular institutions please refer to the list below.  Applicants for PhD level study will preferably hold a Masters degree or Mphil from the University of the West Indies.

Holders of a good four-year government-accredited Bachelors degree from a recognised Higher Education college with a minimum overall GPA of 3 out of 4 for 2:1 equivalency, or a GPA of 2.75 out of 4 for 2:2 equivalency; or a good four-year Bachelors degree (Ptychio) from a recognised University, with a minimum overall grade of 6.5 out of 10 for 2:1 equivalency, or 5.5 for 2:2 equivalency; will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.

Holders of a good Bakalár, or a good pre-2002 Magistr, from a recognised Czech Higher Education institution with a minimum overall grade of 1.5, B, velmi dobre ‘very good’ (post-2004) or 2, velmi dobre ‘good’ (pre-2004), for 2:1 equivalence, or 2.5, C, dobre ‘good’ (post-2004) or 3, dobre ‘pass’ (pre-2004) for 2:2 equivalence, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes. 

Holders of a good Bachelors degree/Candidatus Philosophiae, Professionbachelor or Eksamensbevis from a recognised Danish university, with a minimum overall grade of 7-10 out of 12 (or 8 out of 13) or higher for 2:1 equivalence, or 4-7 out of 12 (or 7 out of 13) for 2:2 equivalence depending on the awarding institution will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.

Holders of the Licenciado or an equivalent professional title from a recognised Ecuadorian university may be considered for entry to a postgraduate degree programme. Grades of 70% or higher can be considered as UK 2.1 equivalent.  Applicants for PhD level study will preferably hold a Magister/Masterado or equivalent qualification, but holders of the Licenciado with excellent grades can be considered.

Holders of a Bachelors degree from a recognised university in Egypt will be considered for postgraduate study. Holders of Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved a GPA of 3.0/4 for 2:1 equivalency or 2.8 for 2:2 equivalency. Applicants holding a Bachelors degree with alternative grading systems, will normally be expected to have achieved a 75% (Very Good) for 2:1 equivalency or 65% (Good) for 2:2 equivalency. For applicants with a grading system different to those mentioned here, please contact [email protected] for advice on what the requirements will be for you.

Holders of a good Bakalaurusekraad from a recognised university or Applied Higher Education Institution with a minimum overall grade of 4/5 or B for 2:1 equivalency or 3/5 or C for 2:2 equivalency, or a good Rakenduskõrgharidusõppe Diplom (Professional Higher Education Diploma), will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.

Students who hold a Masters degree with very good grades (grade B, 3.5/4 GPA or 85%) will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees. 

Holders of a good Ammattikorkeakoulututkinto (AMK) (new system), an Yrkeshögskoleexamen (YHS) (new system), a Kandidaatti / Kandidat (new system), an Oikeustieteen Notaari or a Rättsnotarie, a good Kandidaatti / Kandidat (old system), a professional title such as Ekonomi, Diplomi-insinööri, Arkkitehti, Lisensiaatti (in Medicine, Dentistry and Vetinary Medicine), or a Maisteri / Magister (new system), Lisensiaatti / Licenciat, Oikeustieteen Kandidaatti / Juris Kandidat (new system) or Proviisori / Provisor from a recognised Finnish Higher Education institution, with a minimum overall grade of 2/3 or 3-4/5 for 2:1 equivalence or 1-2/3 or 2.5-3/5 for 2:2 equivalence, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes. 

Holders of a good three-year Licence, License Professionnelle, Diplôme d'Ingénieur/Architecte Diplômé d'État, Diplôme from an Ecole Superieure de Commerce / Gestion / Politique, or Diplome d'Etat Maitrise of three years duration or a Maîtrise from a recognised French university or Grande École will be considered for postgraduate taught study.

Holders of Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved a minimum overall grade of 13 out of 20, bien, for 2:1 equivalency, or 11 out of 20, assez bien, for 2:2 equivalency depending on the awarding institution.  

Holders of a good three-year Bachelor degree, a Magister Artium, a Diplom or an Erstes Staatsexamen from a recognised university, or a good Fachhochschuldiplom from a Fachhochschule (university of applied sciences), with a minimum overall grade of 2.5 for 2:1 equivalency, or 3.0 for 2:2 equivalency, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.

Students from Germany who have completed three years of the Erstes Staatsexamen qualification with a grade point average (GPA) of 10 from the first six semesters of study within the Juristische Universitätsprüfung programme would be considered for entry onto LLM programmes.  Students from Germany who have completed the five year Erstes Staatsexamen qualification with a grade point average (GPA) of 6.5 would be considered for entry onto LLM programmes. 

Students who hold a Bachelor degree from a recognised institution will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees. Most taught Masters programmes require a minimum of an upper second class degree (2.1) with a minimum GPA of at least 3.0/4.0 or 3.5/5.0 Students who have completed a Masters degree from a recognised institution will be considered for PhD study.

Holders of a good four-year Ptychio (Bachelor degree) from a recognised Greek university (AEI) with a minimum overall grade of 6.5 out of 10 for 2:1 equivalency, or 5.5 out of 10 for 2:2 equivalency, or a good four-year Ptychio from a recognised Technical Higher Education institution (TEI) with a minimum overall grade of 7.5 out of 10 for 2:1 equivalency, or 6.5 out of 10 for 2:2 equivalency, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.

4-year Licenciado is deemed equivalent to a UK bachelors degree. A score of 75 or higher from Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (USAC) can be considered comparable to a UK 2.1, 60 is comparable to a UK 2.2.  Private universities have a higher pass mark, so 80 or higher should be considered comparable to a UK 2.1, 70 is comparable to a UK 2.2

The Hong Kong Bachelor degree is considered comparable to British Bachelor degree standard. Students with bachelor degrees awarded by universities in Hong Kong may be considered for entry to one of our postgraduate degree programmes.

Students with Masters degrees may be considered for PhD study.

Holders of a good Alapfokozat / Alapképzés (Bachelors degree) or Egyetemi Oklevel (university diploma) from a recognised Hungarian university, or a Foiskola Oklevel (college diploma) from a recognised college of Higher Education, with a minimum overall grade of 3.5 for 2:1 equivalency, or 3 for 2:2 equivalency, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes. 

Holders of a Bachelors degree of three or four years in duration from a recognised university in India will be considered for postgraduate taught study. Holders of Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved 55% - 60% or higher for 2:1 equivalency, or 50% - 55% for 2:2 equivalency depending on the awarding institution.  

Either: A four-year Bachelors degree (first class or very good upper second class)

Or: A three-year Bachelors degree (first class) from recognised institutions in India.

For MSc programmes, the Business School will consider holders of three-year degree programmes (first class or very good upper second class) from recognised institutions in India.

For entry to LLM programmes, Birmingham is happy to accept applications from 3 or 5 year LLB holders from India from prestigious institutions.

Holders of the 4 year Sarjana (S1) from a recognised Indonesian institution will be considered for postgraduate study. Entry requirements vary with a minimum requirement of a GPA of 2.8.

Holders of a Bachelors degree from a recognised university in Iran with a minimum of 14/20 or 70% will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate taught programmes.

Holders of a Bachelors degree from a recognised university in Iraq will be considered for postgraduate study. Holders of a Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved a GPA of 3.0/4 or 75% for 2:1 equivalency, or 2.8/4 or 70% for 2:2 equivalency.

Holders of a Bachelors degree from a recognised university in Israel will be considered for postgraduate study. Holders of Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved score of 80% for 2:1 equivalency or 65% for 2:2 equivalency.  

Holders of a good Diploma di Laurea, Licenza di Accademia di Belle Arti, Diploma di Mediatore Linguistico or Diploma Accademico di Primo Livello from a recognised Italian university with a minimum overall grade of 100 out of 110 for 2:1 equivalence, or 92 out of 110 for 2:2 equivalence, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.

Students who hold the Maitrise, Diplome d'Etude Approfondies, Diplome d'Etude Superieures or Diplome d'Etude Superieures Specialisees will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees (14-15/20 or Bien from a well ranked institution is considered comparable to a UK 2.1, while a score of 12-13/20 or Assez Bien is considered comparable to a UK 2.2).

Students with a Bachelor degree from a recognised university in Japan will be considered for entry to a postgraduate Masters degree provided they achieve a sufficiently high overall score in their first (Bachelor) degree. A GPA of 3.0/4.0 or a B average from a good Japanese university is usually considered equivalent to a UK 2:1.

Students with a Masters degree from a recognised university in Japan will be considered for PhD study. A high overall grade will be necessary to be considered.

Holders of a Bachelors degree of four years duration from a recognised university in Jordan will be considered for postgraduate study. Holders of Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved a GPA of 3.0/4, 3.75/5 or 75% for 2:1 equivalency or 2.8/4, 3.5/5 or 70% for 2:2 equivalency.  

Students who have completed their Specialist Diploma Мамаң дипломы/Диплом специалиста) or "Magistr" (Магистр дипломы/Диплом магистра) degree (completed after 1991) from a recognised higher education institution, with a minimum GPA of 2.67/4.00 for courses requiring a UK lower second and 3.00/4.00 for courses requiring a UK upper second class degree, will be considered for entry to postgraduate Masters degrees and, occasionally, directly for PhD degrees.  Holders of a Bachelor "Bakalavr" degree (Бакалавр дипломы/Диплом бакалавра) from a recognised higher education institution, with a minimum GPA of  2.67/4.00 for courses requiring a UK lower second and 3.00/4.00 for courses requiring a UK upper second class degree, may also be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.

Students who hold a Bachelor degree from a recognised institution will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees. Most taught Masters programmes require a minimum of an upper second class degree (2.1) with a minimum GPA of at least 3.0/4.0 or 3.5/50

Holders of a Bachelors degree of four years duration from a recognised university in Kuwait will be considered for postgraduate study. Holders of Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved a GPA of 3.0/4, 3.75/5 or 75% for 2:1 equivalency or 2.8/4, 3.5/5 or 70% for 2:2 equivalency.  

Holders of a good pre-2000 Magistrs or post-2000 Bakalaurs from a recognised university, or a good Postgraduate Diploma (professional programme) from a recognised university or institution of Higher Education, with a minimum overall grade of 7.5 out of 10 for 2:1 equivalency, or 6.5 out of 10 for 2:2 equivalency, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.

Holders of a Bachelors degree from a recognised university in Lebanon will be considered for postgraduate study. Holders of a Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved a score of 16/20 or 80% for 2:1 equivalency, or 14/20 or 70% for 2:2 equivalency.

Holders of a Bachelors degree from a recognised university in Libya will be considered for postgraduate study. Holders of a Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved score of 70% for 2:1 equivalency or 65% for 2:2 equivalency. Alternatively students will require a minimum of 3.0/4.0 or BB to be considered.

Holders of a good Bakalauras (post 2001), Profesinis Bakalauras (post 2001) or pre-2001 Magistras from a recognised university with a minimum overall grade of 8 out of 10 for 2:1 equivalency, or 7 out of 10 for 2:2 equivalency, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes. 

Holders of a good Bachelors degree or Diplôme d'Ingénieur Industriel from a recognised Luxembourgish Higher Education institution with a minimum overall grade of 16 out of 20 for 2:1 equivalence, or 14 out of 20 for 2:2 equivalence, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.

Students who hold a Masters degree will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees (70-74% or A or Marginal Distinction from a well ranked institution is considered comparable to a UK 2.1, while a score of 60-69% or B or Bare Distinction/Credit is considered comparable to a UK 2.2).

Holders of a Bachelors degree from a recognised Malaysian institution (usually achieved with the equivalent of a second class upper or a grade point average minimum of 3.0) will be considered for postgraduate study at Diploma or Masters level.

Holders of a good Bachelors degree from a recognised Higher Education Institution with a minimum grade of 2:1 (Hons) for UK 2:1 equivalency, or 2:2 (Hons) for UK 2:2 equivalency, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.

Students who hold a Bachelor degree (Honours) from a recognised institution (including the University of Mauritius) will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees.  Most taught Masters programmes require a minimum of an upper second class degree (2:1).

Students who hold the Licenciado/Professional Titulo from a recognised Mexican university with a promedio of at least 8 will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees.

Students who have completed a Maestria from a recognised institution will be considered for PhD study.

Holders of a Bachelors degree, licence or Maîtrise from a recognised university in Morocco will be considered for postgraduate study. Holders of a Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved a score of 15/20 or 75% for 2:1 equivalency, or 13/20 for 2:2 equivalency.

Students with a good four year honours degree from a recognised university will be considered for postgraduate study at the University of Birmingham. PhD applications will be considered on an individual basis.

Holders of a Bachelors (Honours) degree of four years duration from a recognised university in Nepal will be considered for postgraduate taught study. Students with a Bachelors degree of at least three years duration plus a Masters degree may also be considered for postgraduate study. Degrees must be from a recognised institution in Nepal.

Holders of Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved a GPA of 3.2/4.0 or 65%-79% average or higher for 2:1 equivalency, or a GPA of 3.0/4.0 or 60%-65% for 2:2 equivalency depending on the awarding institution.  

Holders of a Bachelors degree from a recognised Dutch university, or Bachelors degree from a recognised Hogeschool (University of Professional Education), or a good Doctoraal from a recognised Dutch university, with a minimum overall grade of 7 out of 10 for 2:1 equivalence, or 6 out of 10 for 2:2 equivalence, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes. 

Students who hold a Bachelor degree (minimum 4 years and/or level 400) from a recognised institution will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees.  Most taught Masters programmes require a minimum of an upper second class degree (2.1) with a minimum GPA of at least 3.0/4.0 or 3.5/5.0

Holders of a good three-six-year Bachelorgrad, Candidatus Magisterii, Sivilingeniø (siv. Ing. - Engineering), "Siviløkonom" (siv. Øk. - Economics) degree from a recognised Norwegian education institution with a minimum GPA of B/Very Good or 1.6-2.5 for a 2.1 equivalency, or a GPA of C/Good or 2.6-3.2 for a 2.2 equivalency; will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.

Holders of a Bachelors degree of four years duration from a recognised university in Oman will be considered for postgraduate study. Holders of Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved a GPA of 3.0/4, 3.75/5 or 75% for 2:1 equivalency or 2.8/4, 3.5/5 or 70% for 2:2 equivalency.  

Holders of a Bachelors degree of four years in duration from a recognised university in Pakistan will be considered for postgraduate taught study. Students with a Bachelors degree of at least three years duration followed by a Masters degree of one or two years duration, or holders of a two year Bachelors degree and a two year Masters degree in the same subject, may also be considered for postgraduate study.

Holders of Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved a GPA of 2.8-3.0/4.0 or 65% or above for 2:1 equivalency, or a GPA of 2.6/4.0 or 60% or above for 2:2 equivalency depending on the awarding institution.  

A two-year degree followed by a three-year LLB will count as a full Bachelors degree.

All qualifications must be from recognised institutions. For further details on recognised institutions, please refer to Pakistan’s Higher Education Commission

Holders of a Bachelors degree from a recognised university in the Palestinian Territories will be considered for postgraduate study. Holders of Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved a GPA of 3/4 or 80% for 2:1 equivalency or a GPA of 2.5/4 or 70% for 2:2 equivalency.    

Holders of the Título de Licenciado /Título de (4-6 years) or an equivalent professional title from a recognised Paraguayan university may be considered for entry to a postgraduate degree programme. Grades of 4/5 or higher can be considered as UK 2.1 equivalent.  The Título Intermedio is a 2-3 year degree and is equivalent to a HNC, it is not suitable for postgraduate entry but holders of this award could be considered for second year undergraduate entry or pre-Masters.  Applicants for PhD level study will preferably hold a Título de Maestría / Magister or equivalent qualification, but holders of the Título/Grado de Licenciado/a with excellent grades can be considered.

Holders of the Licenciado, with at least 13/20 may be considered as UK 2.1 equivalent. The Grado de Bachiller is equivalent to an ordinary degree, so grades of 15+/20 are required.  Applicants for PhD level study will preferably hold a Título de Maestría or equivalent qualification.

Holders of a good post-2001 Licencjat / Inzynier (Bachelors degree), or a pre-2001 Magister, from a recognised Polish university, with a minimum overall grade of 4.5/4+ out of 5, dobry plus ‘better than good’ for 2:1 equivalence, or 4 out of 5, dobry 'good' for 2:2 equivalence, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes. 

Holders of a good Licenciado from a recognised university, or a Diploma de Estudos Superiores Especializados (DESE) from a recognised Polytechnic Institution, with a minimum overall grade of 16 out of 20, bom com distinção ‘good with distinction’, for 2:1 equivalence, or 14 out of 20, bom ‘good’, for 2:2 equivalence, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes. 

Holders of a Bachelors degree of four years duration from a recognised university in Qatar will be considered for postgraduate study. Holders of a Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved a GPA of 3.0/4, 3.75/5 or 75% for 2:1 equivalency or 2.8/4, 3.5/5 or 70% for 2:2 equivalency.  

Holders of a good Diplomă de Licenţă, Diplomă de Inginer, Diplomă de Urbanist Diplomat, Diplomă de Arhitect, Diplomă de Farmacist or Diplomã de Doctor-Medic Arhitect (Bachelors degree) from a recognised Romanian Higher Education institution with a minimum overall grade of 8 out of 10 for 2:1 equivalence, or 7 out of 10 for 2:2 equivalence, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.

Holders of a good Диплом Бакалавра (Bakalavr) degree with a minimum grade point average (GPA) of 4.0 from recognised universities in Russia may be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes/MPhil degrees. 

Students who hold a 4-year Bachelor degree with at least 16/20 or 70% will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees.   

Holders of a Bachelors degree of four years duration from a recognised university in the Saudi Arabia will be considered for postgraduate study. Holders of Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved a GPA of 3.0/4, 3.75/5 or 75% for 2:1 equivalency or 2.8/4, 3.5/5 or 70% for 2:2 equivalency.  

Students who hold a Maitrise, Diplome d'Etude Approfondies,Diplome d'Etude Superieures or Diplome d'Etude Superieures Specialisees will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees. A score of 14-15/20 or Bien from a well ranked institution is considered comparable to a UK 2.1, while a score of 12-13/20 or Assez Bien is considered comparable to a UK 2.2

Students who hold a Bachelor (Honours) degree from a recognised institution with a minimum GPA of 3.0/4.0 or 3.5/5.0 (or a score of 60-69% or B+) from a well ranked institution will be considered for most our Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees with a 2:1 requirement.

Students holding a good Bachelors Honours degree will be considered for postgraduate study at Diploma or Masters level.

Holders of a good three-year Bakalár or pre-2002 Magister from a recognised Slovakian Higher Education institution with a minimum overall grade of 1.5, B, Vel’mi dobrý ‘very good’ for 2:1 equivalence, or 2, C, Dobrý ‘good’ for 2:2 equivalence, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes. 

Holders of a good Diploma o pridobljeni univerzitetni izobrazbi (Bachelors degree), Diplomant (Professionally oriented first degree), Univerzitetni diplomant (Academically oriented first degree) or Visoko Obrazovanja (until 1999) from a recognised Slovenian Higher Education institution with a minimum overall grade of 8.0 out of 10 for 2:1 equivalence, or 7.0 out of 10 for 2:2 equivalence, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes. 

Students who hold a Bachelor Honours degree (also known as Baccalaureus Honores / Baccalaureus Cum Honoribus) from a recognised institution will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees. Most Masters programmes will require a second class upper (70%) or a distinction (75%).

Holders of a Masters degree will be considered for entry to postgraduate research programmes.

Holders of a Bachelor degree from a recognised South Korean institution (usually with the equivalent of a second class upper or a grade point average 3.0/4.0 or 3.2/4.5) will be considered for Masters programmes.

Holders of a good Masters degree from a recognised institution will be considered for PhD study on an individual basis.

Holders of a good Título de Licenciado / Título Universitario Oficial de Graduado (Grado) /Título de Ingeniero / Título de Arquitecto from a recognised Spanish university with a minimum overall grade of 7 out of 10 for 2:1 equivalence, or 6 out of 10 for 2:2 equivalence, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.

Holders of a Special or Professional Bachelors degree of four years duration from a recognised university in Sri Lanka will be considered for postgraduate taught study.

Holders of Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved 60-74% or a CGPA 3.30/4.0 or B+ for 2:1 equivalency, or 55-59% or a CGPA 3.0/4.0 or B for 2:2 equivalency depending on the awarding institution.  

Holders of a good Kandidatexamen (Bachelors degree) or Yrkesexamen (Professional Bachelors degree) from a recognised Swedish Higher Education institution with the majority of subjects with a grade of VG (Val godkänd) for 2:1 equivalency, or G (godkänd) for 2:2 equivalency, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes. Holders of a good Kandidatexamen (Bachelors degree) or Yrkesexamen (Professional Bachelors degree) from a recognised Swedish Higher Education institution with the majority of subjects with a grade of VG (Val godkänd), and/or a good Magisterexamen (Masters degree), International Masters degree or Licentiatexamen (comparable to a UK Mphil), will be considered for entry to postgraduate research programmes.

Holders of a good " Baccalauréat universitaire/ Diplom / Diplôme; Lizentiat / Licence; Staatsdiplom / Diplôme d'Etat" degree from a recognised Swiss higher education institution (with a minimum GPA of 5/6 or 8/10 or 2/5 (gut-bien-bene/good) for a 2.1 equivalence) will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.

Holders of a Bachelors degree from a recognised university in Syria will be considered for postgraduate study. Holders of Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved score of 70%, or ‘very good’ for 2:1 equivalency or 60%, or ‘good’ for 2:2 equivalency.  

Holders of a good Bachelor degree (from 75% to 85% depending upon the university in Taiwan) from a recognised institution will be considered for postgraduate Masters study. Holders of a good Masters degree from a recognised institution will be considered for PhD study.

Students who hold a Bachelor degree from a recognised institution will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees.  Most taught Masters programmes require a minimum of an upper second class degree (2.1) Students who have completed a Masters degree from a recognised institution will be considered for PhD study.

Holders of a good Bachelors degree from a recognised institution will be considered for postgraduate study at Diploma or Masters level. Holders of Bachelors degree from prestigious institutions (see list below) will normally be expected to have achieved a GPA of 3.0/4.0 for 2:1 equivalency or 2.7 for 2:2 equivalency. Applicants with grades slightly below these requirements may also be considered for an offer if they have a relevant Bachelors degree, good scores in relevant modules, or relevant work experience.

Holders of a Bachelors degree from all other institutions will normally be expected to have achieved a GPA of 3.2/4.0 for 2:1 equivalency, or 2.8 for 2:2 equivalency.

Prestigious institutions: Assumption University Chiang Mai University Chulalongkorn University Kasetsart University Khon Kaen University King Mongkut University of Technology - Thonburi (known as KMUTT or KMUT) Mahidol University Prince of Songla University Srinakharinwirot University Thammasat University

Holders of a bachelor degree with honours from a recognised Caribbean and West Indies university may be considered for entry to a postgraduate degree programme. 

Students with a Bachelors degree from the following universities may be considered for entry to postgraduate programmes:

• Ateneo de Manila University - Quezon City
• De La Salle University - Manila
• University of Santo Tomas
• University of the Philippines - Diliman

Students from all other institutions with a Bachelors and a Masters degree or relevant work experience may be considered for postgraduate programmes.

Grading Schemes

1-5 where 1 is the highest 2.1 = 1.75 2.2 = 2.25 

Out of 4.0 where 4 is the highest 2.1 = 3.0 2.2 = 2.5

Letter grades and percentages 2.1 = B / 3.00 / 83% 2.2 = C+ / 2.5 / 77%

Holders of a postdoctoral qualification from a recognised institution will be considered for PhD study.  Students may be considered for PhD study if they have a Masters from one of the above listed universities.

Holders of a Lisans Diplomasi with a minimum grade point average (GPA) of 3.0/4.0 from a recognised university will be considered for postgraduate study at Diploma or Masters level.

Holders of a Yuksek Diplomasi from a recognised university will be considered for PhD study.

Holders of a Bachelors degree of four years duration from a recognised university in the UAE will be considered for postgraduate study. Holders of a Bachelors degree will normally be expected to have achieved a GPA of 3.0/4, 3.75/5 or 75% for 2:1 equivalency or 2.8/4, 3.5/5 or 70% for 2:2 equivalency.  

Students who hold a Bachelor degree from a recognised institution will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees. Most Masters programmes will require a second class upper (2.1) or GPA of 3.5/5.0

Holders of a good four-year Bachelors degree/ Диплом бакалавра (Dyplom Bakalavra), Диплом спеціаліста (Specialist Diploma) or a Dyplom Magistra from a recognised institution, with a minimum GPA of 4.0/5.0, 3.5/4, 8/12 or 80% or higher for 2:1 equivalence, or a GPA of 3.5/5.0, 3.0/4, 6/12 or 70% for 2:2 equivalence, depending on the awarding institution, will be considered for entry to taught postgraduate programmes.

The University will consider students who hold an Honours degree from a recognised institution in the USA with a GPA of:

• 2.8 GPA (on a 4.0 scale) for entry to programmes with a 2:2 requirement 
• 3.2 GPA (on a 4.0 scale) for entry to programmes with a 2:1 requirement 

Please note that some subjects which are studied at postgraduate level in the USA, eg. Medicine and Law, are traditionally studied at undergraduate level in the UK.

Holders of the Magistr Diplomi (Master's degree) or Diplomi (Specialist Diploma), awarded by prestigious universities, who have attained high grades in their studies will be considered for postgraduate study.  Holders of the Fanlari Nomzodi (Candidate of Science), where appropriate, will be considered for PhD study.

Holders of the Licenciatura/Título or an equivalent professional title from a recognised Venezuelan university may be considered for entry to a postgraduate degree programme. Scales of 1-5, 1-10 and 1-20 are used, an overall score of 70% or equivalent can be considered equivalent to a UK 2.1.  Applicants for PhD level study will preferably hold a Maestria or equivalent qualification

Holders of a Bachelors degree from a recognised Vietnamese institution (usually achieved with the equivalent of a second class upper or a grade point average minimum GPA of 7.0 and above) will be considered for postgraduate study at Diploma or Masters level.  Holders of a Masters degree (thac si) will be considered for entry to PhD programmes.

Students who hold a Masters degree with a minimum GPA of 3.5/5.0 or a mark of 2.0/2.5 (A) will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees.   

Students who hold a good Bachelor Honours degree will be considered for Postgraduate Diplomas and Masters degrees. 

International Students

You can satisfy our English language requirements in two ways:

• by holding an English language qualification to the right level - IELTS 6.5 with no less than 6.0 in any band
• by taking and successfully completing one of our English courses for international students

Research within the School of Government is aligned to one of three departments and Institutes:

The Department of Political Science and International Studies (POLSIS)

Dr Columba Achilleos-Sarll Feminist and post/decolonial theory; the Women, Peace and Security agenda; civil society and advocacy; visual global politics.

Dr David Bailey Protest, critical political economy and contemporary capitalism

Dr Stephen Bates British politics; Parliamentary Studies (in comparative perspective or focused on the UK Parliament).

Dr Tendayi Bloom Noncitizenship; Statelessness; Migration governance. 

Dr Verena K. Brändle Digital democracy; social media and politics; European politics; border and migration studies; political communication

Dr Sarah Bufkin Racism and racialization; Black Atlantic political thought; Critical Theory; Cultural Studies.

Professor Peter Burnham Restructuring of the state in the global political economy; State theory and radical theories of IPE; Marx and contemporary Marxism; Economic policy and capitalist crisis.

Dr Mwita Chacha Regional integration; International cooperation; Politics of coups d’état; Public opinion.

Dr Licia Cianetti Democracy and institutional change; democratic regression; inclusion and exclusion from policymaking processes; cities and local democracy.

Dr Laurence Cooley Politics of deeply divided societies (especially Northern Ireland and Bosnia and Herzegovina); post-conflict power-sharing; politics of the census and identity categorisation.

Professor David Cutts Political and electoral behaviour; Party campaigning turnout; Civic engagement; Populist parties; Social media and politics. 

Dr May Darwich International Relations Theory and the Middle East; Foreign policies of Middle Eastern states; Identity politics in the Middle East; Security policies in the Middle East.

Professor David Dunn US foreign and security policy; Strategic and security studies, and diplomacy and statecraft.

Dr Rita Floyd Ethics of emergency politics, theories of security (especially securitization theory), the English school and environmental security.

Dr Guiditta Fontana Peace processes and war-to-peace transitions. The design of peace accords, Powersharing and Reform of cultural and educational institutions in conflict-affected societies. Multi-method research designs. Politics of Lebanon, Northern Ireland, North Macedonia.

Dr Emma Foster Environmental politics; gender/sexuality and international relations; gender/sexuality and international relations.

Dr Charlotte Galpin European and national identities; European public sphere and media; Euroscepticism, EU citizenship and social movements; The role of Germany or Britain in Europe; Brexit; Gender and feminist approaches to these topics.

Dr Julie Gilson Japanese foreign policy; East Asian regionalism and institutions; Asia-Europe and Japan-Europe relations; Civil society in Asia; Climate change and environmentalism in Asia.

Dr Ruben Gonzalez-Vicente South-South relations; Global China; the political economy of development, especially in Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean; critical political economy; political geography. 

Dr Tim Haughton Contemporary politics of Central and Eastern Europe; Political campaigning; Party politics; Electoral politics.

Dr Laura Jenkins Feminist political theory; Contemporary political theory and British politics.

Dr Deema Kaneff Resources and Social Change; Postsocialist transformations and global capitalism; Property relations; Markets and moralities; Transnational migration, Social exclusion and inequalities. (Europe, Eastern Europe, Bulgaria and Ukraine)

Dr Peter Kerr British politics; State theory and theories of social and political change; UK party politics and party modernisation; Political leadership and governing strategies in the UK; Citizenship and political participation and political sociology. 

Dr George Kyris International conflict, conflict management and resolution; International organisations, especially the European Union; State recognition; Statehood and sovereignty; Secession; unrecognised/ de facto states.

Professor René Lindstädt American Politics; Political Institutions; Accountability; Representation; Legislative politics and institutions; Elections; Political methodology

Dr Huw Macartney International or Comparative Political Economy; Banking and financial market governance; Globalisation, and historical materialism. 

Dr Cerwyn Moore Political violence; international relations theory; Post-Soviet and post-communist security; Interpretive approaches to global politics and Chechnya.

Dr Richard North Any area of contemporary political philosophy, but particularly on justice and liberal and democratic political philosophy.  

Dr Julian Panke European Union Politics; European Neighbourhood Policy; German foreign policy and Eastern European foreign policies (Poland, Slovakia).

Professor Patrick Porter The interaction of power and ideas in the making of foreign and defence policy in the U.S. and U.K, and in shaping their conflicts, classical realism, strategic thought and great power diplomacy.

Dr Adam Quinn US ‘grand strategy’; American national identity; American foreign and security policy; Ideological contest in American politics (contemporary and historical). 

Dr Robert Ralston International Security; Civil-Military Relations; Grand Strategy.

Dr Richard Shorten Political theory, ideology, and rhetoric; fascism, Marxism and totalitarianism; reactionaries and conservatives; the political thought of Hannah Arendt, Albert Camus and George Orwell; intellectual politics of the Cold War.

Dr Asaf Siniver International mediation and conflict resolution; The politics, diplomacy and history of the Arab-Israeli conflict; The Israeli-Palestinian peace process; Contemporary US foreign policy and Foreign Policy Analysis. 

Dr Nicola Smith Gender and sexuality; Feminist political economy; Queer theory; Biopolitics; Body politics; Sex Work; Obesity; Austerity.

Dr Graham Timmins Areas related to the external relations and foreign policy role of the European Union with specific reference to EU-Russia and German-Russian relations.

Dr Tsering Topgyal Chinese foreign and security policy; Tibet and China’s Nationality Policy; Asia-Pacific security and politics; US-China relations; Sino-Indian relations and Security studies. 

Dr Sevasti-Eleni Vezirgiannidou International Environmental Politics; Climate change politics; Environment and trade negotiations; Environmental Regime effectiveness and compliance and The trade-environment debate.

Dr Marco Vieira Rising powers and global order; South-South political cooperation/identity/institutions, South American/Latin American politics; Brazilian foreign policy and International relations theory. 

Dr Yi Wang Memory politics; Nationalism and national identity; Contemporary China; International relations of East Asia; Political communication 

Dr Robert Watt Military History, power and networks, Small Wars/Insurgencies; Native American History & Politics.

Professor Mark Webber NATO; transatlantic relations; European security; American, Russian and British foreign policy; Theories and practices of security

Dr Mark Wenman Continental philosophy; Contemporary political theory; The philosophy of the social sciences; The history of political thought.

Professor Nicholas Wheeler Trust-building between adversaries, especially nuclear armed states; Nuclear weapons and proliferation. 

Professor Kataryna Wolczuk Politics of Russia and post-Soviet countries; EU’s Eastern policy, Russia’s policy towards the post-Soviet states; Regional integration in the post-Soviet space; Nationalism and national identities (across Europe and Eurasia).

Professor Stefan Wolff -  Ethnic conflict, civil war, post-conflict state-building; Geopolitics and great-power rivalry; Central Asia, South Caucasus, Eastern Europe, Western Balkans, Middle East & North Africa.

Dr Christalla Yakinthou Conflict transformation, particularly post-settlement; Transitional justice both in theory and practice, and transitions in the MENA region; The relationship between constitutional design and transitional justice; Power sharing, Cypriot, Lebanese, and Tunisian politics and conflicts and the right to truth in international law and practice, and issues around enforced disappearance and missing people during conflict.

Dr Sotirios Zartaloudis European Union politics and policies; Migration in Europe; European politics; Discourse

The International Development Department (IDD)

Dr Sameen A. Mohsin Ali Bureaucratic politics; politics of development, donor engagement, and public sector reform; public health, especially with regard to vaccination; politics of South Asia (especially Pakistan)

Dr Philip Amis Urbanisation; Urban policy; Poverty and housing.

Not currently accepting new PhD supervision applications 

Dr Danielle Beswick UK development policy, including parliamentary scrutiny and public engagement in this; UK Africa relations; The UK Conservative Party and development; Politics, identity and security in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Rwanda; Knowledge exchange between universities and legislatures.

Dr Brock Bersaglio The political ecology of biodiversity conservation, wild meat (including food sovereignty), and zoonotic disease in eastern/southern Africa; anti-, post- and settler colonial development studies

Dr Adrian Campbell Public and local government reform, especially in transitional states. 

Professor Nic Cheeseman  Elections and democratization; The formation of a social contract in new democracies; Power-sharing and the politics of inclusion; Populism and strategies of political mobilization; African political thought. 

Dr David Cobley Disability-inclusive approaches to development, especially in the areas of poverty reduction, livelihood development, inclusive education and disaster risk reduction.

Dr Niheer Dasandi Politics of international development and foreign aid; development and human rights; politics of climate change and health; foreign policy and development  

Dr Jonathan Fisher Authoritarianism and authoritarian rule; (in)security and conflict; international politics of aid and peacekeeping; particular interest in sub-Saharan Africa.

Professor David Hudson Politics of leadership and coalitions; public opinion, survey analysis, and experiments; migration decision making; network analysis.

Professor Paul Jackson Conflict and post-conflict reconstruction; security sector reform and international intervention; combatants, politics and social reintegration; peacebuilding; economic development.

Dr Chris Lyon Politics of development; political theory; democracy, participation, decentralisation; social justice; development ethics

Professor Heather Marquette The politics of development and foreign policy; Corruption, kleptocracy and organised crime; Anti-corruption/counter-organised crime strategies and interventions

Dr Claire McLoughlin State legitimacy; The politics of public service delivery; The role of ideas in development.

Dr Emeka Njoku Critical security studies; Terrorism and counter-terrorism; Nonprofit organisations; conflict-related gender/sexual violence; State-civil society relations; peacebuilding.

Professor Fiona Nunan Renewable natural resource governance, management and livelihoods in low- and middle-income countries, especially fisheries and coastal ecosystems and community-based or collaborative governance.

Dr Martin Ottmann Political economy of civil war and development, including peace processes and negotiated settlements; Power-sharing, resource redistribution, elections, and political trust after war. PhD applications relying on advanced statistical research methods, mixed-methods designs, and modern methods of causal inference are particularly welcome. 

Dr Emily Scott Humanitarianism, health, and migration; international organisation (IOs) and international non-governmental organisations (INGOs); state-society relations, particularly in the Middle East; conflict and security; localization and the international politics of aid.

Dr Merisa Thompson Feminist political economy; food and agrarian studies; the politics of gender and development; histories of colonialism, particularly the Caribbean.

Dr Kailing Xie Contemporary Chinese society, Gender and reproductive politics, the politics of nation-building; Civil Society; governance beyond the state; collective memory and emotions; Chinese diaspora;feminist epistemologies and methodologies.

Department of Public Administration and Policy (DPAP)

Dr Koen Bartels Social innovation; Democratic innovation; Public encounters; Urban governance; Action research; Interpretive policy analysis; Communication; Practice theory; Relational public policy and administration.

Dr Karin Bottom   The role of small parties; Comparative politics; Policy analysis; Elections and quantitative methodologies.

Dr May Chu Risk regulation; Collaborative governance; Food safety and sustainability

Dr Abena Dadze-Arthur Transfer and brokering of knowledge across cultural and institutional boundaries. Decolonizing, transforming, and indigenising approaches to public management and governance. The scientific study of subjectivity (Q Methodology)

Dr Stephen Jeffares Projects that draw on social media data to understand change or controversies in public policy. 

Dr Timea Nochta Networks in governance and policy; Complexity; Smart cities, digitalisation and e-government; Climate change and net zero; Network analysis; Mixed methods

Dr Louise Reardon Multi-level governance; Policy networks; Agenda setting; Policy change; Policy implementation; Transport policy; Wellbeing and quality of life; Smart cities. 

Dr Philip Whiteman Policy implementation studies; Central and local government relations; Regulation of local government; Local authority corporate management scrutiny; Public sector performance, procurement and efficiency; Public consultation and participation; Organisation dynamics. 

You will contact your supervisor approximately monthly (every 2 months for part-time students) over the course of your study. Supervisors are experienced in managing the research process and are chosen to complement your area of interest. You will discuss your research with a panel annually. The panel is chaired by an experienced researcher from the department, and includes your supervisor and another member of staff. It provides an important opportunity to present progress on your research and to have a wider discussion about your work.

Your supervisor will read and comment on drafts of your thesis before it is finally submitted. An external and an internal examiner (who will not be your supervisor) will then examine it, and will meet with you for a viva. They will judge whether your thesis demonstrates:

• Knowledge of the relevant academic literature
• Skill in use of research methods
• Independent investigation
• Clear presentation of information
• Arguments presented in a coherent and appropriate form

MPhil students must show original work of merit that is worthy of publication. The requirement for PhDs is that the work is an original contribution to knowledge that is worthy of publication.

What type of career assistance is available to doctoral researchers in this department?

The College of Social Sciences, to which the International Development Department belongs, has specially designated careers advisors and careers consultants who can provide guidance for doctoral researchers on career paths, CVs, training opportunities, application and interviews. The University’s central Careers’ Service also runs workshops and offers personally tailored advice and guidance including 1-1 careers advice, 1-1 CV advice. The Career’s Service also runs CV writing workshops especially for postgraduates in the College of Social Sciences, giving advice on how to compile CVs for both employment and for academic roles.

The University also has dedicated careers advisors for International students who run workshops and networking opportunities with potential employers. These are especially popular with International postgraduate researchers.

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About the Institute

The World Trade Institute (WTI) is the leading interdisciplinary academic institution dedicated to teaching and research focused on international trade and investment regulation, economic globalisation and sustainability. As a centre of excellence at the University of Bern with an international, interdisciplinary focus, we explore the interconnections between the fields of law, economics and political science.

Brochure “Unlocking Opportunities" WTI Annual Report 2022 Governance structure Sign up for our Quarterly E-Newsletter WTI Rahmenordnung (in German)

The WTI combines graduate-level education , interdisciplinary research and specialised advisory services in a unique and dynamic institution. We recruit students, researchers, faculty and employees from around the world, creating a diverse culture and stimulating environment. The WTI closely cooperates with the Institute of European and International Economic Law , which shares the same premises.

Vision, mission and values

• A world where international trade and investment create a prosperous future for all
• The World Trade Institute is recognised as the world's leading interdisciplinary academic institution for studies, teaching and research in international economic governance
• Our alumni are tomorrow’s leaders in the field of international economic governance
• Shape public policy so that international economic governance yields tangible benefits for society
• Promote sustainable trade and sustainable global governance
• Contribute to a better understanding of the legal, economic and political frameworks governing globalisation and sustainable development
• Provide cutting-edge research and scholarly outputs on frontier topics
• Excel in our teaching, research and outreach activities to remain at the forefront of academic excellence at the University of Bern, in Switzerland and globally
• Attract top graduate students from around the world and give them the knowledge and skills to excel in their career
• Openness: We share knowledge and conduct interdisciplinary research with peers worldwide
• Innovation: We generate original ideas to shape tomorrow
• Equity: We are inclusive, we value merit and do not discriminate on any ground
• Sustainability: We ensure institutional memory, knowledge transfer and public diffusion
• Caring: We care about the mental and physical well-being of our students, researchers and staff

With just under 19,500 students, the University of Bern is one of the largest universities in Switzerland. Discover the University of Bern - Knowledge creates Value!

The institute was founded upon the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of the GATT and the advent of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. It was established in 1999 to train future practitioners and researchers from all over the world and to strengthen research capacities in areas that have an increasing impact on people's lives. The financial crisis in 2008 showed the importance of not only a stable and open multilateral trading system under the auspices of the WTO but also organisations and agreements promoting regional integration.

Quality assurance and development

Quality assurance and development is important to the World Trade Institute. Our efforts are based on the quality strategy of the University of Bern ( Quality Strategy of the University of Bern ). With internal course and related reviews and scientific reporting we aim to meet the university guidelines on quality. Selected courses offered by the World Trade Institute in the context of its Master programmes were subject to course evaluation by the faculties of the University of Bern, and have been very positively assessed. Besides quality in research and education, we are also promoting gender equality and sustainability .

WTI Annual Reports

2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015

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58606 - Topics in International Trade

Academic year 2023/2024.

• Docente: Gaetano Alfredo Minerva
• SSD: SECS-P/02
• Language: English
• Teaching Mode: Traditional lectures
• Campus: Forli
• Corso: Second cycle degree programme (LM) in International Relations and Diplomatic Affairs (cod. 9247) Also valid for Second cycle degree programme (LM) in International Politics and Economics (cod. 5702)

Course Timetable

from Feb 22, 2024 to May 24, 2024

Learning outcomes

The aim of the class is to enable students to go through advanced topics in international economic integration. Mainstream recent theoretical and empirical contributions on trade will be presented. Specific emphasis will be devoted to trade policies, income distribution and welfare effects of trade restrictions, trade and environment, geographic agglomeration. The last section of the lectures will dwell on social choices and/or political economy of trade.

Course contents

Learning outcomes (updated). Trade and Geography in the World Economy:  The first part of the course presents in an advanced yet tractable manner theories of international trade and economic geography that describe the forces shaping the distribution of economic activity across space, and the consequences that agglomeration and dispersion forces have at the world level on economic outcomes such as prices, trade flows, wages, and welfare. Political outcomes such as voting behaviour are also analyzed. The course is centred around models of both perfect and imperfect competition, and considers more recent extensions, such as those assuming production heterogeneity and aiming at an exact quantification of the models’ properties. The second part of the course is devoted to empirical applications, where papers with a structural approach to the estimation of the models’ parameters are presented. The final empirical application is a Lab focusing on the structural estimation of gravity equations of trade, a key tool for trade policy analysis.

Prerequisites: Knowledge of undergraduate International Economics (to the equivalent of 25751 ), and of undergraduate Econometrics (to the equivalent of 93674 ) are strongly recommended. Students are expected to have previous knowledge of some software for statistical computing, such as Stata or R.

A) Introduction: The economic and political consequences of international trade shocks

The China trade shock in the US

Electoral consequences of rising trade exposure (Autor et al.) [Slides]

B) Space, trade and agglomeration

Some stylized facts  [Slides]

The Dixit-Stiglitz model of monopolistic competition [Slides]

Trade, agglomeration and market size [Slides]

The Core-Periphery model (Krugman) [Slides]

The gravity equations of trade.  Trade flows in a generalized CES Armington model. The fixed effect gravity estimator. The ratio gravity estimator. [Slides]

Economic geography and international inequality (Redding-Venables) [Slides]

The costs of remoteness: Evidence from German division and reunification (Redding-Sturm) [Slides]

C) Trade models under production heterogeneity

Trade and gravity with production heterogeneity. Perfect competition (Eaton-Kortum). [Slides]

D) International trade Lab

Lab on the estimation of gravity equations. The CEPII BACI database. The CEPII Gravity database. [ Material on Virtuale ]

Readings/Bibliography

Bibliographic references

Allen T., Arkolakis C. (2016) Elements of Advanced International Trade, Yale University. Online manuscript .

Combes P.-P., Mayer T., Thisse J.-F. (2008) Economic Geography: The Integration of Regions and Nations, Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0-691-13942-5. Three copies of this textbook are available at the Central Library Roberto Ruffilli (two copies are available for borrowing, the other is not).

Another useful textbook is: Fujita M., Krugman P., Venables A.J. (1999) The spatial economy: cities, regions and international trade, MIT Press. ISBN: 978-0-262-56147-1. A copy of this textbook is available at the Central Library Roberto Ruffilli.

Compulsory papers readings

Autor D., Dorn D., Hanson G., Majlesi K. (2020) Importing Political Polarization? The Electoral Consequences of Rising Trade Exposure. American Economic Review, 110, 3139-3183.

Eaton J., Kortum S. (2002) Technology, Geography, and Trade, Econometrica, 70, 1741-1779.

Fontagné L., Guimbard H., Orefice G. (2022) Tariff-based product-level trade elasticities, Journal of International Economics, 137, article number: 103593.

Redding S., Sturm D. (2008) The Costs of Remoteness: Evidence from German Division and Reunification, American Economic Review, 98, 1766-1797.

Redding S., Venables A.J. (2004) Economic Geography and International Inequality, Journal of International Economics, 62, 53-82.

Supplementary readings

Economic Sciences Nobel Prize Committee (2008) Trade and Geography - Economies of Scale, Differentiated Products and Transport Costs, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Online scientific background .

Bacchetta M. et al. (2012) A Practical Guide to Trade Policy Analysis, World Trade Organization. Online guide .

Yotov Y.V., Piermartini R., Monteiro J.-A., Larch M. (2016) An Advanced Guide to Trade Policy Analysis: The Structural Gravity Model, World Trade Organization. Online guide .

Teaching methods

On-campus teaching with full set of video recorded lectures  available on the Panopto platform. Please visit the dedicated website .

Assessment methods

The exam consists of two sections, A (theory) and B (empirics). Students need to answer to two out of three questions from section A, and to the question in section B. The exam consists of commenting and explaining the analytical relations and econometric output tables that were presented during the class. The exam does not involve the derivation of any analytical result, but it requires only to comment and explain.

Old exam questions are available for students at this link .

In case of a positive final mark the student has the right to renege on the mark only once.

Teaching tools

Lecture Notes are created with Microsoft OneNote and are immediately shared with students.

Video recorded lectures are available on the Panopto platform. Please visit the dedicated website .

Office hours

See the website of Gaetano Alfredo Minerva

• Programmes on offer

PhD (Doctor Philosophiae) programme

With a PhD in Economics, International Trade or Agricultural Economics from the North-West University, you will be highly regarded as a specialist in your field and should be a sought-after candidate for senior positions in various professional fields.

Either one of our three PhD degree options will enable you to embark on cutting edge research which will test and challenge you but also give you the opportunity to make a meaningful contribution to your particular discipline. The members of our faculty, which includes NRF-rated researchers, all have impressive academic and research credentials, and are experienced in supervising and nurturing the special interests and talents of PhD students.

Pursuing a PhD at the NWU will involve your aligning your research work with that of the members of the faculty. Therefore, before you decide to embark on a PhD, you should consider  the  current research  being carried out by our staff, as well as their  recent research outputs ,  to determine if there is sufficient synergy with your own research vision.

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PhD programme structure

The PhD programme is entirely research based. You will be expected to carry out the necessary research work and write a comprehensive thesis with a view to making a new contribution to the discipline of economic development or international trade. In line with this approach, you will be expected to do your own empirical data analysis, and work diligently without direct supervision.

Generally, PhDs are completed within a period of three years, with many people being able to do their Doctoral studies while working part-time.

ECON 971:  Thesis (Economics) - 360 credits

EKIP 971:  Thesis (International Trade) - 360 credits

AECM 971:  Thesis (Agricultural Economics) - 360 credits

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Field Courses

Please note that not all field courses are offered every year.

ECON-603 Microeconomics II I

One of the courses in the PhD microeconomic theory field. Time permitting we will study:

• Repeated Games

• Bargaining

• Mechanism Design

• Information

ECON-604 Microeconomics IV

This is the second part of the Theory Field of the PhD program in Economics. Econ 601 and Econ 602 are prerequisites for the course. Econ 603 is highly recommended, but because of scheduling problems it is not a formal prerequisite for the class. The material covered will be a combination of topics in Bounded Rationality and Contract Theory broadly construed.

ECON-607 Macroeconomics III

This course is designed for graduate students who plan to concentrate in one of the areas of macroeconomics. It develops further some of the techniques that were introduced in Macroeconomics I and II, and it discusses some of the areas of current macroeconomic research. Topics covered will vary from year to year.

ECON-608 Macroeconomics IV

This course is designed for graduate students who plan to concentrate in one of the areas of macroeconomics. It develops further some of the techniques that were introduced in Macroeconomics I and II, and it discusses some of the areas of current macroeconomic research. Topics covered will vary from year to year, but likely topics include: new Keynesian models, theories of price determination, real business cycle model techniques, endogenous growth, monetary transmission mechanisms, asset pricing models, and models of banking and finance. 

ECON-609 Computation of Dynamic Models with Applications

ECON-612 Econometrics I

Methods of estimation and inference are developed for the classical regression model, the generalized regression model, basic time-series models, and simultaneous equations systems.

ECON-615 Micro-Econometrics

Econometric methods for analysis of microeconomic behavior are developed. Topics include panel data analysis and models with discrete or limited dependent variables.

ECON-616 Macro-Econometrics

The course is an introduction to univariate and multivariate time series models. Time domain methods, including VAR’s, structural VAR’s, Bayesian VAR’s for linear models and GMM for non-linear stationary models are covered. An introduction to non-stationary time series models is given. Frequency domain methods and their applications to business cycle inference is also covered.  The course starts by introducing basic concepts and progresses to more complicated models. The course intends to meet two goals.  It provides tools for empirical work with time series data, mostly for macroeconomic applications and provides a heuristic introduction into the theoretical foundation of time series models. 

ECON 617 – Computational Economics

ECON 618 – Advanced Theory

The course covers advanced and current research topics. The focus is on presentation and research.

ECON 619 – Structural Economics

This course will focus on the empirical estimation of dynamic programming (DP) and equilibrium models. It will present state of the art methods for solving and simulating DP models and estimating them econometrically. The course will also provide many empirical applications to illustrate how these tools and methods are used in practice. In addition, the course will examine the formulation and solution of dynamic equilibrium models and dynamic games and provide state of the art algorithms for finding equilibria and simulating and estimating such models. It will also discuss a growing line of research on behavioural models and ways to deal with some of the limitations of models of “full rationality”. These include the curse of dimensionality, the identification problem, and the problem of multiplicity of equilibria.

ECON-621 Economics of Poverty and Inequality

Concerns about “poverty” and “inequality” have long been central to economics and policy. The course will begin with a brief historical overview of past thinking in philosophy and economic back to the 17th century. We will then study the concepts found in current literature and policy debates in more formal terms, critically reviewing prevailing measurement theories. Using these concepts, the course will then review the debates, theories and the evidence on the causes of poverty and on the role and effectiveness of specific policy interventions.

The lectures will embrace some key questions about economic development:  Why does poverty fall faster in some economies than others? Is a rise in inequality inevitable as poor countries grow? Does poverty necessarily fall with economic growth? How does the initial inequality influence the growth process and subsequent distributional changes? Can poor countries or poor areas within countries get stuck with persistently high poverty despite sound macroeconomic policies? What types of policy interventions can help in effectively fighting poverty?

The lectures will draw on both economic theory and a wide range of evidence, including both econometric studies and lessons from more qualitative work. Emphasis will be given throughout on understanding and evaluating policy interventions from a distributional perspective, ranging from macro policies to micro-sectoral policies. The course will primarily, but not exclusively, focus on developing countries.

ECON-622 Developmental Economics

This course will focus primarily on macroeconomic problems and issues in developing countries. The course will begin with a selective review of growth models and empirics, before moving on to macroeconomic questions that are of particular interest in developing countries. Inflation dynamics and anti-inflation programs will be analyzed. The macroeconomic effects of exchange rate policy will be studied in detail, including the potentially contractionary effects of devaluation and issues of the credibility of fixed exchange rate commitments. Models of speculative attacks or balance of payments crises will be covered, as will issues of the sustainability of current account and fiscal deficits. the bulk of the course will follow the structure of the book Development Macroeconomics by Pierre-Richard Agenor and Peter Montiel.

ECON-631 Industrial Organization I

The course studies theoretical models of industrial organization that are used to address competition policy and monopoly regulation. Topics covered will include some of the following: monopoly behavior and welfare losses; strategic interaction in oligopoly–prices, outputs, investments; welfare tradeoffs due to fixed costs, asymmetric costs, and product differentiation; collusion and horizontal mergers; price discrimination; vertical control–incentives and methods, including integration versus contracting, and vertical control for exclusionary purposes; promoting competition in traditionally regulated network industries; innovation and intellectual property rights.  

ECON 632 Industrial Organization II

ECON-633 Macroeconomics Labor and Trade

ECON-651 International Trade I

This is the introductory graduate course in international trade theory and is intended to give a broad coverage of the field. Topics include: gains from trade and comparative advantage; the Heckscher-Ohlin model and its higher  dimensional extensions; trade and wages; increasing returns and imperfect competition; the Gravity Model; trade policy and political economy.

ECON-661 Labor Economics I

This course will cover a selection of the major topics in labor economics that are microeconomic in nature. Emphasis is placed on analyzing both the theoretical models in the area and the methods and results in empirical labor market analysis. Topics include: labor demand, labor supply, human capital analysis, equalizing differentials and the analysis of unionized labor markets.

ECON-662 Labor Economics II

This course will survey search, matching, and related models of the labor market. These models are designed to explain the existence of unemployment and of wage dispersion across similar workers. Several policy issues can be addressed using these models, e.g., the design of unemployment insurance systems, the impact of hiring and firing costs, etc. The course will include both theoretical and empirical literature, and it is intended for PhD students interested in research in macro labor economics.

ECON-680 Topics in Political Economy

Political Economy is a relatively new field in economics that combines tools and methods of economics to study political mechanisms for allocating resources. The course is designed to introduce students to tools of formal modeling in political economy and to expose the students to important issues at the frontier of the field. Particular attention is paid to the strategic incentives of political actors, particularly under imperfect information and/or when facing inter-temporal trade offs. Micro III is highly recommended but not required. Among the topics covered include (1) social choice and mechanism design, (2) models of voting incentives, lobbying, campaign contributions, voluntarism, and other forms of political participation, (3) political competition between/among candidates, parties, and interest groups, (4) the role of expertise, pivotal events, ideology, and the media, in electoral aggregation of dispersed information, (5) the dynamic evolution of policies, including provision of public goods, debt, and redistribution, within political institutions, (6) the dynamic evolution of the institutions themselves, (7) comparative performance of political institutions.

ECON-682 Public Economics

This course is designed for 2nd year Ph.D. students in economics. It has two goals: (1) introduce some of the core theoretical and empirical public finance/economics techniques and literature, (2) help students identify thesis topics. Towards those goals, we will read two types of papers: (1) “classics” that every well-trained public finance economist should know, (2) and new papers that represent new trends and ideas in the field. Topics will include, but not be limited to, the following: excess burden, optimal tax theory, tax incidence, behavioral responses to taxes, federalism, and externalities. Prerequisites: ECON-606

Workshops meet once a week throughout the academic year. Each student enrolled in a workshop is required to attend all sessions and to participate in the discussion of the papers presented.

ECON-711 &712 – Workshop in Macroeconomics

ECON-721 & 722 – Workshop in Microeconomics

ECON-731 & 732 – Workshop in International Trade

ECON-741 & 742 & 744 – Workshop in Empirical Econometrics

ECON-751 & 752 Workshop in Development Economics

The guide Seminar Series is a weekly seminar hosted jointly by the McCourt School of Public Policy and the Economics Department. It features guest speakers presenting cutting edge research in development economics.

ECON-999 Thesis Research-Economics

Thesis research and completion.

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35 Universities offering Postgraduate International Trade (Overview) courses abroad

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Are you looking for Postgraduate courses in International Trade (Overview)? Here you can find course providers offering full-time, part-time, online or distance learning options for courses abroad.

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University of Sussex

THE World Ranking: 201

Victoria University of Wellington

THE World Ranking: 401

University of East Anglia UEA

THE World Ranking: 251

Swansea University

Oxford Brookes University

THE World Ranking: 601

Macquarie University

THE World Ranking: 180

University of Aberdeen

University of Warwick

THE World Ranking: 106

University of Leeds

THE World Ranking: 129

The University of Arizona

THE World Ranking: 155

Lincoln University

Leeds Beckett University

THE World Ranking: 801

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How to Get a PhD or DBA in International Business

Globalization has made nearly all business international. In today’s economy, enterprises of all sizes operate on an international scope, maintaining offices abroad and cultivating relationships with foreign partners and customers.

Doctorate programs in international business prepare graduates to address the unique challenges of conducting business on a global scale. Whether you pursue an academic PhD or a professional Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), you’ll develop the knowledge and research expertise to advance the practice of global business. Doctorate degrees in international business lead to careers in academic teaching and research, public policy, or business management.

A Guide to PhD and DBA Programs in International Business

International business as an academic discipline has steadily gained prominence in the past two decades, reflecting the globalization trend. In 1988, the U.S. Department of Education established an initiative to boost international business scholarship at the college and graduate level. The program’s mandate is “to advance the study and teaching of international business and to support applied research on United States competitiveness in the global marketplace.”

Globalizing Advanced Business Education

Many colleges and universities have responded by “internationalizing” their business curriculum to reflect the new rules of today’s global economy. Changes include adding international courses and degree concentrations, hiring international business faculty, and expanding advanced degree programs in the field. Some institutions host Centers for International Business Education and Research (CIBERs) to serve as a resource and forge relationships between the professional business community and academic scholars.

Exploring Online and Campus Doctoral Degrees in International Business

Today’s doctoral degree programs offer a broader array of options than ever before. You’ll find programs to suit every career goal and research interest. Before you embark on the application process, take a moment to consider the landscape of advanced international business degrees. A basic sense of direction can help you choose a program and prepare for graduate study.

Degree Type: PhD or DBA?

Business doctorates originated at the turn of the twentieth century in the tradition of social science PhDs. These academic degrees were designed to advance theoretical research and scholarship in the field. Since then, doctoral programs have expanded their scope to include professional practice degrees that focus on educating international business executives and consultants.

• The PhD in International Business still favors the traditional mandate of academic training, with an emphasis on close faculty mentorship and original research. PhD candidates undertake research and teaching assistantships to apprentice for careers as university scholars and professors.
• The Doctor of Business Administration in International Business emerged in the mid twentieth century as the professional answer to the PhD. DBA candidates keep one foot firmly planted in professional practice, with research projects emphasizing the application of existing theory to real-world global business problems.

As these programs grow in popularity, the distinctions between them are becoming blurry. DBAs may take faculty positions and PhDs may go into industry. That said, PhD programs generally offer more support for the academic career track, which DBA programs feature more opportunities to engage with private and public sector employers.

Specializations

International business exists at the intersection of management and economic geography, with influences in sociology, psychology, and public policy. You may choose to focus on macro-level issues, studying finance, resource allocation, organizational behavior, or policy–“the macro phenomenon of global flows of expertise and capital,” as one program puts it. Or you may prefer to investigate micro-level phenomena relating to the strategies and practices of individual businesses–“the micro-level mechanisms used by firms in their internationalization.”

Specializations vary widely, as programs invent innovative new approaches to the study of global business. Broadly speaking, international business doctoral students may focus on a standard business function in a global context:

• International Marketing
• International Accounting
• International Corporate Finance
• Risk Management
• Business Development
• Information Systems

Or they may define their specialization in terms of a particular global business issue:

• Global Business Sustainability . This relatively new specialization addresses some of the concerns related to globalization, such as the environmental and social impact along industry supply chains.
• International Strategic Alliances and Management . This concentration focuses on multinational business alliances and issues related to managing a global workforce.
• Emerging Markets . This specialization focuses on developing economies in Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe (such as the BRIC– Brazil, Russia, India, and China–economies) and their impact on global business development.

These are just a few specializations available to doctoral students in international business. Learn more about the field and the options available to you by researching online degrees in international business. Even if you have your heart set on a campus program, a little research online can go a long way.

Career Options

Understanding the international business career track can help you zero in on the right doctoral degree and specialization. Some of the careers available to PhD and DBA in international business include:

• Undergraduate or Graduate Business School Professor
• Economic Researcher
• Senior Risk Management Consultant
• Business Development Manager
• Operations Consultant
• Financial Economist

A BusinessWeek feature estimated that about two out of three PhDs go on to careers as professors and academic researchers. The remaining third pursue careers in business and government. International business PhD and DBA graduates can go on to non-academic careers as senior researchers, global operations consultants, or leaders of multinational businesses. Some doctoral candidates seek positions as researchers at United Nations agencies or international organizations such as the World Bank or International Monetary Fund.

Before you commit to a DBA or PhD program, find three or four career pathways that you feel fit your educational interests. Having a clear vision of where you’d like to be in five years can facilitate the selection of a doctoral program significantly. And if you’re not exactly sure which path you’d like to take, career planning and assessment tools can help you narrow things down.

How to Apply for PhD and DBA Programs in International Business

Armed with a vision of your intellectual interests and career goals, you’re ready to take the first step to realizing your ambitions: applying to doctoral programs. Doctoral programs take commitment and planning. These advanced degrees typically take three to five years to complete–you’ll want to make sure you invest your time, energy, and tuition dollars in the right PhD or DBA program.

The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) accredits nearly 600 business schools. Many offer the PhD and DBA in international business. Some programs emphasize matching your career interests. A select few match your specifications perfectly.

To find the right schools, follow these five steps.

Step 1: Find Accredited PhD and DBA Programs in International Business

The first step in your quest for the perfect graduate international business program is to obtain a list of accredited campus and online PhD and DBA programs.

Accreditation by an independent authority such as the AACSB should be a baseline requirement of any program you consider. Accreditation ensures the value of your degree and can help you qualify for financial aid programs. The U.S. Department of Education authorizes a number of international and regional agencies to evaluate business schools and verify their academic quality. You can find a list of all authorized accreditation agencies at the Department of Education Web site. Consult online resources for more information about the accreditation process. The AACSB also publicizes a list of accreditation standards.

Find Accredited PhD and DBA Programs using the following Internet resources:

• WorldWideLearn.com maintains an online directory of accredited PhD and DBA programs. Search for online PhD programs in international business, campus international business programs, or find a list schools in your area through the degrees by location function.
• AACSB International is the largest and most trusted authority in business school accreditation. The organization maintains an online database of accredited business schools, searchable by degree level, field of study, location, and campus or online format.

Step 2: Choose a Program Format

Once you have a list of accredited PhD and DBA programs in international business, consider which program delivery format best suits your circumstances and career goals–online, campus, or a hybrid of the two.

• Online programs are a popular choice among business graduate students, many of whom are working adults seeking a doctorate to advance their professional careers. The online format permits self-paced work, allowing students to complete the online doctoral degree alongside work and family obligations. The online DBA in international business allows students to take advantage of this coordinated work-study schedule by developing research projects that apply international business scholarship directly in the workplace. Also, since online programs attract industry professionals from around the world, they offer a valuable networking resource for business careers.
• Campus programs generally attract students interested in an academic career. The campus PhD in international business affords both immersion in an academic community and access to campus resources. A faculty mentorship is a crucial element of the campus PhD program, and faculty are often instrumental in facilitating the academic job search. You can also count on access to library collections, technology labs, and other research facilities.
• Hybrid programs offer a good option if you have your sights set on an academic career but need the flexibility of an online doctoral degree. These programs combine temporary residency requirements with online courses and communication media.

Choosing the program that best meets your circumstances and goals can ensure that you get the most out of your PhD or DBA in international business. Learn more about online degree programs at WorldWideLearn.com.

Step 3: Explore Academic Programs

Finding a match between your academic interests and the available doctorate programs in international business is a daunting process–you’ll find that each program features its own slant on the standard business specializations. The following strategies and resources can help you research individual academic programs that meet your initial criteria.

Take into account the following factors as you collect information about programs:

• Specializations or Areas of Concentration
• Faculty Research
• Special Programs (internships, study abroad and international exchange programs, “clinics,” assistantships, etc.)

Gather the information you need using these resources:

• WorldWideLearn.com features an automated system that matches you with schools that meet your specifications. Simply fill out a form indicating your preferences, and you’ll be contacted by representatives of the schools that fit the bill. These counselors will either answer your questions about the program, or put you in touch with an academic counselor or faculty member who can.
• School Web sites offer a wealth of information. Look for faculty bios and curriculum vitae to get a sense of faculty research interests. Find course requirements and reading lists.

Step 4: Evaluate Schools

Once you have a sense of which campus or online PhD and DBA in International Business programs meet your needs, it’s time to weigh the relative merits of each school. Take into consideration the following factors:

• Reputation and selectivity
• Graduation Rate
• Job Placement
• Student/Alumni Support Resources
• Student Body Profile

One of the best ways to acquire this data is through notable magazines and journals. Resources such as U.S. News and World Report release college and university data periodically, both in print and online. The most notable sources of college and university information include:

• Financial Times
• The Wall Street Journal
• BusinessWeek
• EIU Economist Intelligence Unit

Becoming Part of the Academic Community

Prepare for your PhD or DBA in international business by networking with other academics. The following strategies can help you become part of the academic community–even before you start your doctoral degree.

Subscribe to international business journals . There are a number of academic and professional journals focusing on different global business issues, including:

• Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS) is the most prominent academic journal, and the official publication of the Academy of International Business
• Critical Perspectives on International Business
• Cross Cultural Management
• European Business Review
• Global Finance Journal
• International Journal of Emerging Markets
• Journal of Global Marketing
• Journal of World Trade
• World Trade Review

For more titles, consult the following list of scholarly journals in international business .

Join Professional Associations. Joining international business associations can help you develop relationships with other academics and industry insiders. Check out the Academy of International Business and the Centers for International Business Education and Research (CIBER) to get started.

Applying for an online PhD or DBA in international business is the beginning of an exciting journey. Whether you choose to advance scholarship, educate the next generation of business leaders, or become a global executive yourself, the doctoral degree can open doors to a world of opportunity in international business.

• AACSB International–The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, 2008-2009 U.S. Salary Report
• AACSB International–The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, AACSB Accredited Business Schools Database
• Academy of International Business
• AACSB International–The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, Becoming a Business Professor
• Brandeis University, Careers in Research, Teaching, and Policy, International Business School
• Centers for International Business Education and Research
• BusinessWeek, Business PhD Applications on the Rise , by Alison Damasat
• U.S. Department of Education, Database of Accredited Postsecondary Institutions and Programs
• Rutgers University, Global Business PhD
• Journal of Teaching in International Business, The Development of International Business as an Academic Discipline , by David Laughton
• StateMaster.com, List of Scholarly Journals in International Business
• Fisher School of Business, Ohio State University, PhD in International Business
• University of South Carolina Press, International business: institutions and the dissemination of knowledge , by Brian Toyne and Douglas William Nigh
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The sources for school statistics and data is the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics and the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System unless otherwise noted.

Disclosure: EducationDynamics receives compensation for many of the featured schools on our websites (see “Sponsored School(s)” or “Sponsored Listings” or “Sponsored Results” or “Featured Graduate School(s)”. So what does this mean for you? Compensation may impact where the Sponsored Schools appear on our websites, including whether they appear as a match through our education matching services tool, the order in which they appear in a listing, and/or their ranking. Our websites do not provide, nor are they intended to provide, a comprehensive list of all schools (a) in the United States (b) located in a specific geographic area or (c) that offer a particular program of study. By providing information or agreeing to be contacted by a Sponsored School, you are in no way obligated to apply to or enroll with the school.

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• 2020-2021  
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James Brand                             Microsoft Research, Economist

Alexandra Charbi                    Charles River Associates, Senior Associate

Sangwoo Choi                          Luohan Academy (Alibaba Group), Economist

Nir Eilam                                   UNC Greensboro, Assistant Professor

Carlos Esparza                         Saint Louis University, Assistant Professor

Vasudha Jain                            Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Assistant Professor

Ivan Larsen                              Department of Justice (Antitrust Division), Economist

Jiwon Park                                Korea Institute for International Economic Policy

Jan Schlupp                             Amazon, Economist

Pablo I. Varas                         Economists Incorporated, Economist

Mark Whitmeyer                   Arizona State University, Assistant Professor (following post-doc)

Shenshen Yang                     Tianjin University, Assistant Professor

David Beheshti                      UT San Antonio, Assistant Professor

Scott Delhommer                 Amazon, Economist Eleanor Golightly Wayfair, Applied Economist

Cooper Howes                      Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Research Economist

Alina Kovalenko                    Brattle Group, Associate

Yeonjoon Lee                        Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Financial Economist

Xue Li                                      Happy Elements, Data Scientist

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Daniel Osuna Gomez           Central Bank of Mexico, Economist

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Jaemin So                               Amazon, Economist Xuanye

Wang Dongbei                      University of Finance and Economics, Assistant Professor

Mark Whitmeyer                  University of Bonn, Post-Doc

Choongryul Yang                 Federal Reserve Board, Economist

Chan Yu                                University of International Business and Economics, Assistant Professor

Jiangang Zeng                      Louisiana State University, Assistant Professor

2018-2019   

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Pablo I. Varas Placement: Economists Incorporated, Economist Dissertation: Essays on New-Product Industries with Uninformed Consumers Advisor(s): Daniel Ackerberg, Eugenio Miravete

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Placement Director:  Dr. Thomas Wiseman

David Beheshti Placement: UT San Antonio, Assistant Professor Dissertation Title: Essays on Health and Public Policy Advisor(s): Marika Cabral

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Eleanor Golightly Placement: Wayfair, Applied Economist Dissertation: Essays on Policy, Fertility, and Education Advisor(s): Sandra Black and Richard Murphy

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Xue Li Placement: Happy Elements, Data Scientist Dissertation Title: Three Essays in Microeconomics Advisor(s): V. Bhaskar

Andres Mendez Ruiz Placement: Universidad Javeriana, Assistant Professor Dissertation Title: Essays on Inter-Firm Cooperation in the Oil and Gas Industry Advisor(s): Daniel Ackerberg and Eugenio MiraveteUniversidad Javeriana, Assistant Professor

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Yiman Sun  Placement: Toulouse School of Economics, 2-year postdoc Dissertation Title: Essays on Experimentation in Agency Models Advisor(s): V. Bhaskar and Caroline Thomas

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Fan Liu Dissertation Title: Three Essays on Pricing Strategies  Advisor(s): David Sibley

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Luke Rodgers Dissertation Title: Essays in Public Economics Advisor(s): Jason Abrevaya

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Can Cui Dissertation Title: Essays on Public Finance and Health Economics Advisor(s): Marika Cabral

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Anna Klis Dissertation Title: Essays on Externalities and International Cooperation: A Game Theoretic Approach Advisor(s): Maxwell Stinchcombe

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Jonathan Lhost Dissertation Title: Essays on Competition, Cooperation, and Market Structures Advisor(s): David Sibley and Dale Stahl

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Thomas Roderick Dissertation Title: Essays on Regulatory Impact in Electricity and Internt Markets Advisor(s): Stephen Ryan

George Shoukry Dissertation Title: Essays on Mechanism Design, Safety, and Crime Advisor(s): Jason Abrevaya and Maxwell Stinchcombe

Ina Taneva Dissertation Title: Essays on Information and Mechanicsm Design Advisor(s): Laurent Mathevet and Thomas Wiseman

Piin-hueih Chiang Dissertation Title: Essays on Timing and Identification in a Duopoloy Advisor(s): Svetlana Boyarchenko

Mohammad Dehghani Firouzabadi Dissertation Title: Essays on Real Options and Strategic Interactions Advisor(s): Svetlana Boyarchenko

Marcus Dillender Dissertation Title: Essays on Health Insurance and the Family Advisor(s): Sandra Black

Umut Dur Dissertation Title: Essays on Real Life Allocation Problems Advisor(s): Thomas Wiseman

Ayse Kabukcuoglu Dissertation Title: Essays on Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Open Economics Advisor(s):  Andrew Glover

Mohammad Rahmati Dissertation Title: Three Essays on Industrial Organization and International Finance Advisor(s): David Sibley and Dean Corbae

Oliver Roeder Dissertation Title: Essays on Political Competition Advisor(s): Thomas Wiseman

Yaroslav Rosokha Dissertation Title: Three Experiments on Decision-Making Under Uncertainty in Dynamic Environments Advisor(s): Dale Stahl

Zhan Shi Dissertation Title: Three Essays on Adoption in Social Networks Advisor(s): Andrew Whinston

Ahmet Taskin Dissertation Title: Essays on Housing and Family Economics Advisor(s): Jason Abrevaya and Andrew Glover

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The rules of the game

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At the core of Raymond Wang’s work lies a seemingly simple question: Can’t we just get along?

Wang, a fifth-year political science graduate student, is a native of Hong Kong who witnessed firsthand the shakeup and conflict engendered by China’s takeover of the former British colony. “That type of experience makes you wonder why things are so complicated,” he says. “Why is it so hard to live with your neighbors?”

Today, Wang is focused on ways of managing a rapidly intensifying U.S.-China competition, and more broadly, on identifying how China — and other emerging global powers — bend, break, or creatively accommodate international rules in trade, finance, maritime, and arms control matters to achieve their ends.

The current game for global dominance between the United States and China continually threatens to erupt into dangerous confrontation. Wang’s research aims to construct a more nuanced take on China’s behaviors in this game.

“U.S. policy towards China should be informed by a better understanding of China’s behaviors if we are to avoid the worst-case scenario,” Wang believes.

“Selective and smart”

One of Wang’s major research thrusts is the ongoing trade war between the two nations. “The U.S. views China as rewriting the rules, creating an alternative world order — and accuses China of violating World Trade Organization (WTO) rules,” says Wang. “But in fact, China has been very selective and smart about responding to these rules.”

One critical, and controversial, WTO matter involves determining whether state-owned enterprises are, in the arcane vocabulary of the group, “public bodies,” which are subject to sometimes punitive WTO rules. The United States asserts that if a government owns 51 percent of a company, it is a public body. This means that many essential Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) — manufacturers of electric vehicles, steel, or chemicals, for example — would fall under WTO provisions, and potentially face punitive discipline.

But China isn’t the only nation with SOEs. Many European countries, including stalwart U.S. partners France and Norway, subsidize companies that qualify as public bodies according to the U.S. definition. They, too, could be subject to tough WTO regulations.

“This could harm a swathe of the E.U. economy,” says Wang. “So China intelligently made the case to the international community that the U.S. position is extreme, and has pushed for a more favorable interpretation through litigation at the WTO.”

For Wang, this example highlights a key insight of his research: “Rising powers such as China exhibit cautious opportunism,” he says. “China will try to work with the existing rules as much as possible, including bending them in creative ways.”

But when it comes down to it, Wang argues, China would rather avoid the costs of building something completely new.

“If you can repurpose an old tool, why would you buy a new one?” he asks. “The vast majority of actions China is taking involves reshaping the existing order, not introducing new rules or blowing up institutions and building new ones.”

Interviewing key players

To bolster his theory of “cautious opportunism,” Wang’s doctoral project sets out a suite of rule-shaping strategies adopted by rising powers in international organizations. His analysis is driven by case studies of disputes recently concluded, or ongoing, in the WTO, the World Bank, and other bodies responsible for defining and policing rules that govern all manner of international relations and commerce.

Gathering evidence for his argument, Wang has been interviewing people critical to the disputes on all sides.

“My approach is to figure out who was in the room when certain decisions were made and talk to every single person there,” he says. “For the WTO and World Bank, I’ve interviewed close to 50 relevant personnel, including front-line lawyers, senior leadership, and former government officials.” These interviews took place in Geneva, Singapore, Tokyo, and Washington.

But writing about disputes that involve China poses a unique set of problems. “It’s difficult to talk to actively serving Chinese officials, and in general, nobody wants to go on the record because all the content is sensitive.”  As Wang moves on to cases in maritime governance, he will be reaching out to the key players involved in managing sensitive conflicts in the South China Sea, an Indo-Pacific region dotted with shoals and offering desirable fisheries as well as oil and gas resources.

Even here, Wang suggests, China may find reason to be cautious rather than opportunistic, preferring to carve out exemptions for itself or shift interpretations, rather than overturning the existing rules wholesale.

Indeed, Wang believes China and other rising powers introduce new rules only when conditions open up a window of opportunity: “It may be worth doing so when using traditional tools doesn’t get you what you want, if your competitors are unable or unwilling to counter mobilize against you, and you see that the costs of establishing these new rules are worth it,” he says.

Beyond Wang’s dissertation, he has also been part of a research team led by M. Taylor Fravel, Arthur and Ruth Sloan Professor of Political Science, that has published papers on China’s Belt and Road Initiative.

From friends to enemies

Wang left Hong Kong and its political ferment behind at age 15, but the challenge of dealing with a powerful neighbor and the potential crisis it represented stayed with him. In Italy, he attended a United World College — part of a network of schools bringing together young people from different nations and cultures for the purpose of training leaders and peacemakers.

“It’s a utopian idea, where you force teenagers from all around the world to live and study together and get along for two years,” says Wang. “There were people from countries in the Balkans that were actively at war with each other, who grew up with the memory of air raid sirens and family members who fought each other, but these kids would just hang out together.”  

Coexistence was possible on the individual level, Wang realized, but he wondered, “What systemic thing happens that makes people do messed-up stuff to each other when they are in a group?”

With this question in mind, he went to the University of St. Andrews for his undergraduate and master’s degrees in international relations and modern history. As China continued its economic and military march onto the world stage, and Iran generated international tensions over its nuclear ambitions, Wang became interested in nuclear disarmament. He drilled down into the subject at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey, where he earned a second master’s degree in nonproliferation and terrorism studies.

Leaning into a career revolving around policy, he applied to MIT’s security studies doctoral program, hoping to focus on the impact of emerging technologies on strategic nuclear stability. But events in the world led him to pivot. “When I started in the fall of 2019, the U.S.-China relationship was going off the rails with the trade war,” he says. “It was clear that managing the relationship would be one of the biggest foreign policy challenges for the foreseeable future, and I wanted to do research that would help ensure that the relationship wouldn’t tip into a nuclear war.”

Cooling tensions

Wang has no illusions about the difficulty of containing tensions between a superpower eager to assert its role in the world order, and one determined to hold onto its primacy. His goal is to make the competition more transparent, and if possible, less overtly threatening. He is preparing a paper, “Guns and Butter: Measuring Spillover and Implications for Technological Competition,” that outlines the different paths taken by the United States and China in developing defense-related technology that also benefits the civilian economy.

As he wades into the final phase of his thesis and contemplates his next steps, Wang hopes that his research insights might inform policymakers, especially in the United States, in their approach to China. While there is a fiercely competitive relationship, “there is still room for diplomacy,” he believes. “If you accept my theory that a rising power will try and use, or even abuse,  existing rules as much as possible, then you need non-military — State Department — boots on the ground to monitor what is going on at all the international institutions,” he says. The more information and understanding the United States has of China’s behavior, the more likely it will be able “to cool down some of the tensions,” says Wang. “We need to develop a strategic empathy.”  

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