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Ageing in Place

The world’s population is ageing, and with ageing comes an increased risk of disability, multimorbidity and dementia, and an increased need for support. Older people are motivated to stay in their own homes as they age as an alternative to intramural care that is cost-beneficial and often provides...

Urban Lifelines and Supply Chains: Enhancing Resilience and Sustainability with Foundational Technologies

An urban community is an intricate network connected by a myriad of functional systems and subsystems, including civil structures, underground spaces, multi-modal transportation, telecom, energy grids, retail facilities, food systems, and healthcare facilities, all operating with unique spatial and...

Photons to Fuels: Recent Progress of Photocatalytic For CO2 Reduction and H2 Production

To address the detrimental effects of climate change, innovative and timely approaches in renewable energy and environmental chemistry are essential. Photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide has garnered significant attention as a viable method for carbon capture and utilization, offering the...

Trending research

Social connection and mortality in UK Biobank: a prospective cohort analysis

From clicks to consequences: a multi-method review of online grocery shopping

Highly efficient flexible structured metasurface by roll-to-roll printing for diurnal radiative cooling

Persistent cognitive slowing in post-covid patients: longitudinal study over 6 months.

Blame it on my youth: the origins of attitudes towards immigration

Creating the ICU of the future: patient-centred design to optimise recovery

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Discover Applied Sciencesis a multi-disciplinary open access journal covering applied life sciences, chemistry, earth and environmental sciences,...

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• Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica
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• Pensar Enfermagem
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Research articles

Multicenter validation study for automated left ventricular ejection fraction assessment using a handheld ultrasound with artificial intelligence

• Nobuyuki Kagiyama
• Hiroyuki Watanabe

Genomic insights into the shared and distinct genetic architecture of cognitive function and schizophrenia

• Olivia Wootton
• Alexey A. Shadrin
• Shareefa Dalvie

Longitudinal association between maternal cardiovascular health in pregnancy and child birth outcomes

• Guangzhuang Jing

Characterization, comparison, and phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast genomes of Euphorbia species

• Soo-Rang Lee
• Dong Chan Son

NF-κB inhibitor alpha controls SARS-CoV-2 infection in ACE2-overexpressing human airway organoids

• Camille R. Simoneau
• Pei-Yi Chen
• Melanie Ott

Mimicking nature to develop halide perovskite semiconductors from proteins and metal carbonates

• Masoud Aminzare
• Yangshixing Li
• Noémie-Manuelle Dorval Courchesne

Early detection of pediatric health risks using maternal and child health data

• Cornelia Ilin

Helminths of the black-headed gull ( Chroicocephalus ridibundus ) from breeding colonies in north-central Poland

• Agata N. Stapf
• Izabella Rząd
• Wojciech Gruszka

NLRC5 promotes tumorigenesis by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in cervical cancer

• Jiahua Chen

Identification of sex-specific biomarkers related to programmed cell death and analysis of immune cells in ankylosing spondylitis

• Tiantian Dong

Role of ultrasound in predicting telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation in follicular thyroid carcinoma

• Myoung Kyoung Kim
• Hyunju Park
• Soo Yeon Hahn

Evaluation of EMLA cream with microneedle patches in palatal anesthesia in children: a randomized controlled clinical trial

• Farah M. Babakurd
• Shadi K. Azzawi
• Zuhair Al-Nerabieah

Design and implementation of multi-band reflectarray metasurface for 5G millimeter wave coverage enhancement

• Bilal Tariq Malik
• Shahid Khan
• Slawomir Koziel

Comparative analysis of F-18 FDG PET/CT images between scrub typhus and systemic lupus erythematosus

• Yeon-Hee Han
• Joo-Hee Hwang
• Chang-Seop Lee

Development and life cycle assessment (LCA) of super-oleophobic (under water) and super-hydrophilic (in-air) mesh membrane for oily water treatment

• M. Mobeen Shaukat
• Nadeem A. Khan

Subfoveal choroidal thickness increases after excimer laser-assisted penetrating keratoplasty but not after excimer laser-assisted deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty

• Wissam Aljundi
• Alaa Din Abdin

A collaborative pharmacist-led intervention to prevent hospital readmissions among elderly patients discharged from the emergency department: a retrospective cohort study

• Susan Tran-Nguyen
• Stephen Edward Asha

Spatial distribution of metabolites in processing Ziziphi Spinosae Semen as revealed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging

• Mengwei Zhao

Advantages of cone beam computed tomography for evaluation of subchondral insufficiency fractures of the knee compared to MRI

• Maximilian M. Delsmann
• Julian Delsmann
• Clemens Spink

Clinical features and treatment outcomes of intraocular and ocular adnexal metastasis

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• Apinya Rattanasuwan
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21 Legit Research Databases for Free Journal Articles in 2024

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Written by  Scribendi

Has this ever happened to you? While looking for websites for research, you come across a research paper site that claims to connect academics to a peer-reviewed article database for free.

Intrigued, you search for keywords related to your topic, only to discover that you must pay a hefty subscription fee to access the service. After the umpteenth time being duped, you begin to wonder if there's even such a thing as free journal articles.

Subscription fees and paywalls are often the bane of students and academics, especially those at small institutions who don't provide access to many free article directories and repositories.

Whether you're working on an undergraduate paper, a PhD dissertation, or a medical research study, we want to help you find tools to locate and access the information you need to produce well-researched, compelling, and innovative work.

Below, we discuss why peer-reviewed articles are superior and list out the best free article databases to use in 2024.

Download Our Free Research Database Roundup PDF

Why peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles are more authoritative.

Determining what sources are reliable can be challenging. Peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles are the gold standard in academic research. Reputable academic journals have a rigorous peer-review process.

The peer review process provides accountability to the academic community, as well as to the content of the article. The peer review process involves qualified experts in a specific (often very specific) field performing a review of an article's methods and findings to determine things like quality and credibility.

Peer-reviewed articles can be found in peer-reviewed article databases and research databases, and if you know that a database of journals is reliable, that can offer reassurances about the reliability of a free article. Peer review is often double blind, meaning that the author removes all identifying information and, likewise, does not know the identity of the reviewers. This helps reviewers maintain objectivity and impartiality so as to judge an article based on its merit.

Where to Find Peer-Reviewed Articles

Peer-reviewed articles can be found in a variety of research databases. Below is a list of some of the major databases you can use to find peer-reviewed articles and other sources in disciplines spanning the humanities, sciences, and social sciences.

What Are Open Access Journals?

An open access (OA) journal is a journal whose content can be accessed without payment. This provides scholars, students, and researchers with free journal articles. OA journals use alternate methods of funding to cover publication costs so that articles can be published without having to pass those publication costs on to the reader.

Some of these funding models include standard funding methods like advertising, public funding, and author payment models, where the author pays a fee in order to publish in the journal. There are OA journals that have non-peer-reviewed academic content, as well as journals that focus on dissertations, theses, and papers from conferences, but the main focus of OA is peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles.

The internet has certainly made it easier to access research articles and other scholarly publications without needing access to a university library, and OA takes another step in that direction by removing financial barriers to academic content.

Choosing Wisely

Features of legitimate oa journals.

 There are things to look out for when trying to decide if a free publication journal is legitimate:

Mission statement —The mission statement for an OA journal should be available on their website.

Publication history —Is the journal well established? How long has it been available?

Editorial board —Who are the members of the editorial board, and what are their credentials?

Indexing —Can the journal be found in a reliable database?

Peer review —What is the peer review process? Does the journal allow enough time in the process for a reliable assessment of quality?

Impact factor —What is the average number of times the journal is cited over a two-year period?

Features of Illegitimate OA Journals

There are predatory publications that take advantage of the OA format, and they are something to be wary of. Here are some things to look out for:

Contact information —Is contact information provided? Can it be verified?

Turnaround —If the journal makes dubious claims about the amount of time from submission to publication, it is likely unreliable.

Editorial board —Much like determining legitimacy, looking at the editorial board and their credentials can help determine illegitimacy.

Indexing —Can the journal be found in any scholarly databases?

Peer review —Is there a statement about the peer review process? Does it fit what you know about peer review?

How to Find Scholarly Articles

Identify keywords.

Keywords are included in an article by the author. Keywords are an excellent way to find content relevant to your research topic or area of interest. In academic searches, much like you would on a search engine, you can use keywords to navigate through what is available to find exactly what you're looking for.

Authors provide keywords that will help you easily find their article when researching a related topic, often including general terms to accommodate broader searches, as well as some more specific terms for those with a narrower scope. Keywords can be used individually or in combination to refine your scholarly article search.

Narrow Down Results

Sometimes, search results can be overwhelming, and searching for free articles on a journal database is no exception, but there are multiple ways to narrow down your results. A good place to start is discipline.

What category does your topic fall into (psychology, architecture, machine learning, etc.)? You can also narrow down your search with a year range if you're looking for articles that are more recent.

A Boolean search can be incredibly helpful. This entails including terms like AND between two keywords in your search if you need both keywords to be in your results (or, if you are looking to exclude certain keywords, to exclude these words from the results).

Consider Different Avenues

If you're not having luck using keywords in your search for free articles, you may still be able to find what you're looking for by changing your tactics. Casting a wider net sometimes yields positive results, so it may be helpful to try searching by subject if keywords aren't getting you anywhere.

You can search for a specific publisher to see if they have OA publications in the academic journal database. And, if you know more precisely what you're looking for, you can search for the title of the article or the author's name.

Determining the Credibility of Scholarly Sources

Ensuring that sources are both credible and reliable is crucial to academic research. Use these strategies to help evaluate the usefulness of scholarly sources:

• Peer Review : Look for articles that have undergone a rigorous peer-review process. Peer-reviewed articles are typically vetted by experts in the field, ensuring the accuracy of the research findings.

Tip: To determine whether an article has undergone rigorous peer review, review the journal's editorial policies, which are often available on the journal's website. Look for information about the peer-review process, including the criteria for selecting reviewers, the process for handling conflicts of interest, and any transparency measures in place.

• Publisher Reputation : Consider the reputation of the publisher. Established publishers, such as well-known academic journals, are more likely to adhere to high editorial standards and publishing ethics.
• Author Credentials : Evaluate the credentials and expertise of the authors. Check their affiliations, academic credentials, and past publications to assess their authority in the field.
• Citations and References : Examine the citations and references provided in the article. A well-researched article will cite credible sources to support its arguments and findings. Verify the accuracy of the cited sources and ensure they are from reputable sources.
• Publication Date : Consider the publication date of the article. While older articles may still be relevant, particularly in certain fields, it is best to prioritize recent publications for up-to-date research and findings.
• Journal Impact Factor : Assess the journal's impact factor or other metrics that indicate its influence and reputation within the academic community. Higher impact factor journals are generally considered more prestigious and reliable. 

Tip: Journal Citation Reports (JCR), produced by Clarivate Analytics, is a widely used source for impact factor data. You can access JCR through academic libraries or directly from the Clarivate Analytics website if you have a subscription.

• Peer Recommendations : Seek recommendations from peers, mentors, or professors in your field. They can provide valuable insights and guidance on reputable sources and journals within your area of study.
• Cross-Verification : Cross-verify the information presented in the article with other credible sources. Compare findings, methodologies, and conclusions with similar studies to ensure consistency and reliability.

By employing these strategies, researchers can confidently evaluate the credibility and reliability of scholarly sources, ensuring the integrity of their research contributions in an ever-evolving landscape.

The Top 21 Free Online Journal and Research Databases

Navigating OA journals, research article databases, and academic websites trying to find high-quality sources for your research can really make your head spin. What constitutes a reliable database? What is a useful resource for your discipline and research topic? How can you find and access full-text, peer-reviewed articles?

Fortunately, we're here to help. Having covered some of the ins and outs of peer review, OA journals, and how to search for articles, we have compiled a list of the top 21 free online journals and the best research databases. This list of databases is a great resource to help you navigate the wide world of academic research.

These databases provide a variety of free sources, from abstracts and citations to full-text, peer-reviewed OA journals. With databases covering specific areas of research and interdisciplinary databases that provide a variety of material, these are some of our favorite free databases, and they're totally legit!

CORE is a multidisciplinary aggregator of OA research. CORE has the largest collection of OA articles available. It allows users to search more than 219 million OA articles. While most of these link to the full-text article on the original publisher's site, or to a PDF available for download, five million records are hosted directly on CORE.

CORE's mission statement is a simple and straightforward commitment to offering OA articles to anyone, anywhere in the world. They also host communities that are available for researchers to join and an ambassador community to enhance their services globally. In addition to a straightforward keyword search, CORE offers advanced search options to filter results by publication type, year, language, journal, repository, and author.

CORE's user interface is easy to use and navigate. Search results can be sorted based on relevance or recency, and you can search for relevant content directly from the results screen.

Collection : 219,537,133 OA articles

Other Services : Additional services are available from CORE, with extras that are geared toward researchers, repositories, and businesses. There are tools for accessing raw data, including an API that provides direct access to data, datasets that are available for download, and FastSync for syncing data content from the CORE database.

CORE has a recommender plug-in that suggests relevant OA content in the database while conducting a search and a discovery feature that helps you discover OA versions of paywalled articles. Other features include tools for managing content, such as a dashboard for managing repository output and the Repository Edition service to enhance discoverability.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles : Yes

Advanced Search Options : Language, author, journal, publisher, repository, DOI, year

2. ScienceOpen

Functioning as a research and publishing network, ScienceOpen offers OA to more than 74 million articles in all areas of science. Although you do need to register to view the full text of articles, registration is free. The advanced search function is highly detailed, allowing you to find exactly the research you're looking for.

The Berlin- and Boston-based company was founded in 2013 to "facilitate open and public communications between academics and to allow ideas to be judged on their merit, regardless of where they come from." Search results can be exported for easy integration with reference management systems.

You can also bookmark articles for later research. There are extensive networking options, including your Science Open profile, a forum for interacting with other researchers, the ability to track your usage and citations, and an interactive bibliography. Users have the ability to review articles and provide their knowledge and insight within the community.

Collection : 74,560,631

Other Services : None

Advanced Search Options :   Content type, source, author, journal, discipline

3. Directory of Open Access Journals

A multidisciplinary, community-curated directory, the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) gives researchers access to high-quality peer-reviewed journals. It has archived more than two million articles from 17,193 journals, allowing you to either browse by subject or search by keyword.

The site was launched in 2003 with the aim of increasing the visibility of OA scholarly journals online. Content on the site covers subjects from science, to law, to fine arts, and everything in between. DOAJ has a commitment to "increase the visibility, accessibility, reputation, usage and impact of quality, peer-reviewed, OA scholarly research journals globally, regardless of discipline, geography or language."

Information about the journal is available with each search result. Abstracts are also available in a collapsible format directly from the search screen. The scholarly article website is somewhat simple, but it is easy to navigate. There are 16 principles of transparency and best practices in scholarly publishing that clearly outline DOAJ policies and standards.

Collection : 6,817,242

Advanced Search Options :   Subject, journal, year

4. Education Resources Information Center

The Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) of the Institution of Education Sciences allows you to search by topic for material related to the field of education. Links lead to other sites, where you may have to purchase the information, but you can search for full-text articles only. You can also search only peer-reviewed sources.

The service primarily indexes journals, gray literature (such as technical reports, white papers, and government documents), and books. All sources of material on ERIC go through a formal review process prior to being indexed. ERIC's selection policy is available as a PDF on their website.

The ERIC website has an extensive FAQ section to address user questions. This includes categories like general questions, peer review, and ERIC content. There are also tips for advanced searches, as well as general guidance on the best way to search the database. ERIC is an excellent database for content specific to education.

Collection : 1,292,897

Advanced Search Options : Boolean

5. arXiv e-Print Archive

The arXiv e-Print Archive is run by Cornell University Library and curated by volunteer moderators, and it now offers OA to more than one million e-prints.

There are advisory committees for all eight subjects available on the database. With a stated commitment to an "emphasis on openness, collaboration, and scholarship," the arXiv e-Print Archive is an excellent STEM resource.

The interface is not as user-friendly as some of the other databases available, and the website hosts a blog to provide news and updates, but it is otherwise a straightforward math and science resource. There are simple and advanced search options, and, in addition to conducting searches for specific topics and articles, users can browse content by subject. The arXiv e-Print Archive clearly states that they do not peer review the e-prints in the database.

Collection : 1,983,891

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles : No

Advanced Search Options :   Subject, date, title, author, abstract, DOI

6. Social Science Research Network

The Social Science Research Network (SSRN) is a collection of papers from the social sciences community. It is a highly interdisciplinary platform used to search for scholarly articles related to 67 social science topics. SSRN has a variety of research networks for the various topics available through the free scholarly database.

The site offers more than 700,000 abstracts and more than 600,000 full-text papers. There is not yet a specific option to search for only full-text articles, but, because most of the papers on the site are free access, it's not often that you encounter a paywall. There is currently no option to search for only peer-reviewed articles.

You must become a member to use the services, but registration is free and enables you to interact with other scholars around the world. SSRN is "passionately committed to increasing inclusion, diversity and equity in scholarly research," and they encourage and discuss the use of inclusive language in scholarship whenever possible.

Collection : 1,058,739 abstracts; 915,452 articles

Advanced Search Options : Term, author, date, network

7. Public Library of Science

Public Library of Science (PLOS) is a big player in the world of OA science. Publishing 12 OA journals, the nonprofit organization is committed to facilitating openness in academic research. According to the site, "all PLOS content is at the highest possible level of OA, meaning that scientific articles are immediately and freely available to anyone, anywhere."

PLOS outlines four fundamental goals that guide the organization: break boundaries, empower researchers, redefine quality, and open science. All PLOS journals are peer-reviewed, and all 12 journals uphold rigorous ethical standards for research, publication, and scientific reporting.

PLOS does not offer advanced search options. Content is organized by topic into research communities that users can browse through, in addition to options to search for both articles and journals. The PLOS website also has resources for peer reviewers, including guidance on becoming a reviewer and on how to best participate in the peer review process.

Collection : 12 journals

Advanced Search Options : None

8. OpenDOAR

OpenDOAR, or the Directory of Open Access Repositories, is a comprehensive resource for finding free OA journals and articles. Using Google Custom Search, OpenDOAR combs through OA repositories around the world and returns relevant research in all disciplines.

The repositories it searches through are assessed and categorized by OpenDOAR staff to ensure they meet quality standards. Inclusion criteria for the database include requirements for OA content, global access, and categorically appropriate content, in addition to various other quality assurance measures. OpenDOAR has metadata, data, content, preservation, and submission policies for repositories, in addition to two OA policy statements regarding minimum and optimum recommendations.

This database allows users to browse and search repositories, which can then be selected, and articles and data can be accessed from the repository directly. As a repository database, much of the content on the site is geared toward the support of repositories and OA standards.

Collection : 5,768 repositories

Other Services : OpenDOAR offers a variety of additional services. Given the nature of the platform, services are primarily aimed at repositories and institutions, and there is a marked focus on OA in general. Sherpa services are OA archiving tools for authors and institutions.

They also offer various resources for OA support and compliance regarding standards and policies. The publication router matches publications and publishers with appropriate repositories.

There are also services and resources from JISC for repositories for cost management, discoverability, research impact, and interoperability, including ORCID consortium membership information. Additionally, a repository self-assessment tool is available for members.

Advanced Search Options :   Name, organization name, repository type, software name, content type, subject, country, region

9. Bielefeld Academic Search Engine

The Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE) is operated by the Bielefeld University Library in Germany, and it offers more than 240 million documents from more than 8,000 sources. Sixty percent of its content is OA, and you can filter your search accordingly.

BASE has rigorous inclusion requirements for content providers regarding quality and relevance, and they maintain a list of content providers for the sake of transparency, which can be easily found on their website. BASE has a fairly elegant interface. Search results can be organized by author, title, or date.

From the search results, items can be selected and exported, added to favorites, emailed, and searched in Google Scholar. There are basic and advanced search features, with the advanced search offering numerous options for refining search criteria. There is also a feature on the website that saves recent searches without additional steps from the user.

Collection : 276,019,066 documents; 9,286 content providers

Advanced Search Options :   Author, subject, year, content provider, language, document type, access, terms of reuse

10. Digital Library of the Commons Repository

Run by Indiana University, the Digital Library of the Commons (DLC) Repository is a multidisciplinary journal repository that allows users to access thousands of free and OA articles from around the world. You can browse by document type, date, author, title, and more or search for keywords relevant to your topic.

DCL also offers the Comprehensive Bibliography of the Commons, an image database, and a keyword thesaurus for enhanced search parameters. The repository includes books, book chapters, conference papers, journal articles, surveys, theses and dissertations, and working papers. DCL advanced search features drop-down menus of search types with built-in Boolean search options.

Searches can be sorted by relevance, title, date, or submission date in ascending or descending order. Abstracts are included in selected search results, with access to full texts available, and citations can be exported from the same page. Additionally, the image database search includes tips for better search results.

Collection : 10,784

Advanced Search Options :   Author, date, title, subject, sector, region, conference

11. CIA World Factbook

The CIA World Factbook is a little different from the other resources on this list in that it is not an online journal directory or repository. It is, however, a useful free online research database for academics in a variety of disciplines.

All the information is free to access, and it provides facts about every country in the world, which are organized by category and include information about history, geography, transportation, and much more. The World Factbook can be searched by country or region, and there is also information about the world's oceans.

This site contains resources related to the CIA as an organization rather than being a scientific journal database specifically. The site has a user interface that is easy to navigate. The site also provides a section for updates regarding changes to what information is available and how it is organized, making it easier to interact with the information you are searching for.

Collection : 266 countries

12. Paperity

Paperity boasts its status as the "first multidisciplinary aggregator of OA journals and papers." Their focus is on helping you avoid paywalls while connecting you to authoritative research. In addition to providing readers with easy access to thousands of journals, Paperity seeks to help authors reach their audiences and help journals increase their exposure to boost readership.

Paperity has journal articles for every discipline, and the database offers more than a dozen advanced search options, including the length of the paper and the number of authors. There is even an option to include, exclude, or exclusively search gray papers.

Paperity is available for mobile, with both a mobile site and the Paperity Reader, an app that is available for both Android and Apple users. The database is also available on social media. You can interact with Paperity via Twitter and Facebook, and links to their social media are available on their homepage, including their Twitter feed.

Collection : 8,837,396

Advanced Search Options : Title, abstract, journal title, journal ISSN, publisher, year of publication, number of characters, number of authors, DOI, author, affiliation, language, country, region, continent, gray papers

13. dblp Computer Science Bibliography

The dblp Computer Science Bibliography is an online index of major computer science publications. dblp was founded in 1993, though until 2010 it was a university-specific database at the University of Trier in Germany. It is currently maintained by the Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz Center for Informatics.

Although it provides access to both OA articles and those behind a paywall, you can limit your search to only OA articles. The site indexes more than three million publications, making it an invaluable resource in the world of computer science. dblp entries are color-coded based on the type of item.

dblp has an extensive FAQ section, so questions that might arise about topics like the database itself, navigating the website, or the data on dblp, in addition to several other topics, are likely to be answered. The website also hosts a blog and has a section devoted to website statistics.

Collection : 5,884,702

14. EconBiz

EconBiz is a great resource for economic and business studies. A service of the Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, it offers access to full texts online, with the option of searching for OA material only. Their literature search is performed across multiple international databases.

EconBiz has an incredibly useful research skills section, with resources such as Guided Walk, a service to help students and researchers navigate searches, evaluate sources, and correctly cite references; the Research Guide EconDesk, a help desk to answer specific questions and provide advice to aid in literature searches; and the Academic Career Kit for what they refer to as Early Career Researchers.

Other helpful resources include personal literature lists, a calendar of events for relevant calls for papers, conferences, and workshops, and an economics terminology thesaurus to help in finding keywords for searches. To stay up-to-date with EconBiz, you can sign up for their newsletter.

Collection : 1,075,219

Advanced Search Options :   Title, subject, author, institution, ISBN/ISSN, journal, publisher, language, OA only

15. BioMed Central

BioMed Central provides OA research from more than 300 peer-reviewed journals. While originally focused on resources related to the physical sciences, math, and engineering, BioMed Central has branched out to include journals that cover a broader range of disciplines, with the aim of providing a single platform that provides OA articles for a variety of research needs. You can browse these journals by subject or title, or you can search all articles for your required keyword.

BioMed Central has a commitment to peer-reviewed sources and to the peer review process itself, continually seeking to help and improve the peer review process. They're "committed to maintaining high standards through full and stringent peer review."

Additionally, the website includes resources to assist and support editors as part of their commitment to providing high-quality, peer-reviewed OA articles.

Collection : 507,212

Other Services : BMC administers the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) registry. While initially designed for registering clinical trials, since its creation in 2000, the registry has broadened its scope to include other health studies as well.

The registry is recognized by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, as well as the World Health Organization (WHO), and it meets the requirements established by the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform.

The study records included in the registry are all searchable and free to access. The ISRCTN registry "supports transparency in clinical research, helps reduce selective reporting of results and ensures an unbiased and complete evidence base."

Advanced Search Options :   Author, title, journal, list

A multidisciplinary search engine, JURN provides links to various scholarly websites, articles, and journals that are free to access or OA. Covering the fields of the arts, humanities, business, law, nature, science, and medicine, JURN has indexed almost 5,000 repositories to help you find exactly what you're looking for.

Search features are enhanced by Google, but searches are filtered through their index of repositories. JURN seeks to reach a wide audience, with their search engine tailored to researchers from "university lecturers and students seeking a strong search tool for OA content" and "advanced and ambitious students, age 14-18" to "amateur historians and biographers" and "unemployed and retired lecturers."

That being said, JURN is very upfront about its limitations. They admit to not being a good resource for educational studies, social studies, or psychology, and conference archives are generally not included due to frequently unstable URLs.

Collection : 5,064 indexed journals

Other Services : JURN has a browser add-on called UserScript. This add-on allows users to integrate the JURN database directly into Google Search. When performing a search through Google, the add-on creates a link that sends the search directly to JURN CSE. JURN CSE is a search service that is hosted by Google.

Clicking the link from the Google Search bar will run your search through the JURN database from the Google homepage. There is also an interface for a DuckDuckGo search box; while this search engine has an emphasis on user privacy, for smaller sites that may be indexed by JURN, DuckDuckGo may not provide the same depth of results.

Advanced Search Options :   Google search modifiers

Dryad is a digital repository of curated, OA scientific research data. Launched in 2009, it is run by a not-for-profit membership organization, with a community of institutional and publisher members for whom their services have been designed. Members include institutions such as Stanford, UCLA, and Yale, as well as publishers like Oxford University Press and Wiley.

Dryad aims to "promote a world where research data is openly available, integrated with the scholarly literature, and routinely reused to create knowledge." It is free to access for the search and discovery of data. Their user experience is geared toward easy self-depositing, supports Creative Commons licensing, and provides DOIs for all their content.

Note that there is a publishing charge associated if you wish to publish your data in Dryad.  When searching datasets, they are accompanied by author information and abstracts for the associated studies, and citation information is provided for easy attribution.

Collection : 44,458

Advanced Search Options : No

Run by the British Library, the E-Theses Online Service (EThOS) allows you to search over 500,000 doctoral theses in a variety of disciplines. All of the doctoral theses available on EThOS have been awarded by higher education institutions in the United Kingdom.

Although some full texts are behind paywalls, you can limit your search to items available for immediate download, either directly through EThOS or through an institution's website. More than half of the records in the database provide access to full-text theses.

EThOS notes that they do not hold all records for all institutions, but they strive to index as many doctoral theses as possible, and the database is constantly expanding, with approximately 3,000 new records added and 2,000 new full-text theses available every month. The availability of full-text theses is dependent on multiple factors, including their availability in the institutional repository and the level of repository development.

Collection : 500,000+

Advanced Search Options : Abstract, author's first name, author's last name, awarding body, current institution, EThOS ID, year, language, qualifications, research supervisor, sponsor/funder, keyword, title

PubMed is a research platform well-known in the fields of science and medicine. It was created and developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM). It has been available since 1996 and offers access to "more than 33 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books."

While PubMed does not provide full-text articles directly, and many full-text articles may be behind paywalls or require subscriptions to access them, when articles are available from free sources, such as through PubMed Central (PMC), those links are provided with the citations and abstracts that PubMed does provide.

PMC, which was established in 2000 by the NLM, is a free full-text archive that includes more than 6,000,000 records. PubMed records link directly to corresponding PMC results. PMC content is provided by publishers and other content owners, digitization projects, and authors directly.

Collection : 33,000,000+

Advanced Search Options : Author's first name, author's last name, identifier, corporation, date completed, date created, date entered, date modified, date published, MeSH, book, conflict of interest statement, EC/RN number, editor, filter, grant number, page number, pharmacological action, volume, publication type, publisher, secondary source ID, text, title, abstract, transliterated title

20. Semantic Scholar

A unique and easy-to-use resource, Semantic Scholar defines itself not just as a research database but also as a "search and discovery tool." Semantic Scholar harnesses the power of artificial intelligence to efficiently sort through millions of science-related papers based on your search terms.

Through this singular application of machine learning, Semantic Scholar expands search results to include topic overviews based on your search terms, with the option to create an alert for or further explore the topic. It also provides links to related topics.

In addition, search results produce "TLDR" summaries in order to provide concise overviews of articles and enhance your research by helping you to navigate quickly and easily through the available literature to find the most relevant information. According to the site, although some articles are behind paywalls, "the data [they] have for those articles is limited," so you can expect to receive mostly full-text results.

Collection : 203,379,033

Other Services : Semantic Scholar supports multiple popular browsers. Content can be accessed through both mobile and desktop versions of Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Apple Safari, and Opera.

Additionally, Semantic Scholar provides browser extensions for both Chrome and Firefox, so AI-powered scholarly search results are never more than a click away. The mobile interface includes an option for Semantic Swipe, a new way of interacting with your research results.

There are also beta features that can be accessed as part of the Beta Program, which will provide you with features that are being actively developed and require user feedback for further improvement.

Advanced Search Options : Field of study, date range, publication type, author, journal, conference, PDF

Zenodo, powered by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), was launched in 2013. Taking its name from Zenodotus, the first librarian of the ancient library of Alexandria, Zenodo is a tool "built and developed by researchers, to ensure that everyone can join in open science." Zenodo accepts all research from every discipline in any file format.

However, Zenodo also curates uploads and promotes peer-reviewed material that is available through OA. A DOI is assigned to everything that is uploaded to Zenodo, making research easily findable and citable. You can sort by keyword, title, journal, and more and download OA documents directly from the site.

While there are closed access and restricted access items in the database, the vast majority of research is OA material. Search results can be filtered by access type, making it easy to view the free articles available in the database.

Collection : 2,220,000+

Advanced Search Options : Access, file type, keywords

Check out our roundup of free research databases as a handy one-page PDF.

How to find peer-reviewed articles.

There are a lot of free scholarly articles available from various sources. The internet is a big place. So how do you go about finding peer-reviewed articles when conducting your research? It's important to make sure you are using reputable sources.

The first source of the article is the person or people who wrote it. Checking out the author can give you some initial insight into how much you can trust what you’re reading. Looking into the publication information of your sources can also indicate whether the article is reliable.

Aspects of the article, such as subject and audience, tone, and format, are other things you can look at when evaluating whether the article you're using is valid, reputable, peer-reviewed material. So, let's break that down into various components so you can assess your research to ensure that you're using quality articles and conducting solid research.

Check the Author

Peer-reviewed articles are written by experts or scholars with experience in the field or discipline they're writing about. The research in a peer-reviewed article has to pass a rigorous evaluation process, so it's a foregone conclusion that the author(s) of a peer-reviewed article should have experience or training related to that research.

When evaluating an article, take a look at the author's information. What credentials does the author have to indicate that their research has scholarly weight behind it? Finding out what type of degree the author has—and what that degree is in—can provide insight into what kind of authority the author is on the subject.

Something else that might lend credence to the author's scholarly role is their professional affiliation. A look at what organization or institution they are affiliated with can tell you a lot about their experience or expertise. Where were they trained, and who is verifying their research?

Identify Subject and Audience

The ultimate goal of a study is to answer a question. Scholarly articles are also written for scholarly audiences, especially articles that have gone through the peer review process. This means that the author is trying to reach experts, researchers, academics, and students in the field or topic the research is based on.

Think about the question the author is trying to answer by conducting this research, why, and for whom. What is the subject of the article? What question has it set out to answer? What is the purpose of finding the information? Is the purpose of the article of importance to other scholars? Is it original content?

Research should also be approached analytically. Is the methodology sound? Is the author using an analytical approach to evaluate the data that they have obtained? Are the conclusions they've reached substantiated by their data and analysis? Answering these questions can reveal a lot about the article's validity.

Format Matters

Reliable articles from peer-reviewed sources have certain format elements to be aware of. The first is an abstract. An abstract is a short summary or overview of the article. Does the article have an abstract? It's unlikely that you're reading a peer-reviewed article if it doesn't. Peer-reviewed journals will also have a word count range. If an article seems far too short or incredibly long, that may be reason to doubt it.

Another feature of reliable articles is the sections the information is divided into. Peer-reviewed research articles will have clear, concise sections that appropriately organize the information. This might include a literature review, methodology, results (in the case of research articles), and a conclusion.

One of the most important sections is the references or bibliography. This is where the researcher lists all the sources of their information. A peer-reviewed source will have a comprehensive reference section.

An article that has been written to reach an academic community will have an academic tone. The language that is used, and the way this language is used, is important to consider. If the article is riddled with grammatical errors, confusing syntax, and casual language, it almost definitely didn't make it through the peer review process.

Also consider the use of terminology. Every discipline is going to have standard terminology or jargon that can be used and understood by other academics in the discipline. The language in a peer-reviewed article is going to reflect that.

If the author is going out of their way to explain simple terms, or terms that are standard to the field or discipline, it's unlikely that the article has been peer reviewed, as this is something that the author would be asked to address during the review process.

Publication

The source of the article will be a very good indicator of the likelihood that it was peer reviewed. Where was the article published? Was it published alongside other academic articles in the same discipline? Is it a legitimate and reputable scholarly publication?

A trade publication or newspaper might be legitimate or reputable, but it is not a scholarly source, and it will not have been subject to the peer review process. Scholarly journals are the best resource for peer-reviewed articles, but it's important to remember that not all scholarly journals are peer reviewed.

It's helpful to look at a scholarly source's website, as peer-reviewed journals will have a clear indication of the peer review process. University libraries, institutional repositories, and reliable databases (and now you have a list of legit ones) can also help provide insight into whether an article comes from a peer-reviewed journal.

Common Research Mistakes to Avoid

Research is a lot of work. Even with high standards and good intentions, it's easy to make mistakes. Perhaps you searched for access to scientific journals for free and found the perfect peer-reviewed sources, but you forgot to document everything, and your references are a mess. Or, you only searched for free online articles and missed out on a ground-breaking study that was behind a paywall.

Whether your research is for a degree or to get published or to satisfy your own inquisitive nature, or all of the above, you want all that work to produce quality results. You want your research to be thorough and accurate.

To have any hope of contributing to the literature on your research topic, your results need to be high quality. You might not be able to avoid every potential mistake, but here are some that are both common and easy to avoid.

Sticking to One Source

One of the hallmarks of good research is a healthy reference section. Using a variety of sources gives you a better answer to your question. Even if all of the literature is in agreement, looking at various aspects of the topic may provide you with an entirely different picture than you would have if you looked at your research question from only one angle.

Not Documenting Every Fact

As you conduct your research, do yourself a favor and write everything down. Everything you include in your paper or article that you got from another source is going to need to be added to your references and cited.

It's important, especially if your aim is to conduct ethical, high-quality research, that all of your research has proper attribution. If you don't document as you go, you could end up making a lot of work for yourself if the information you don't write down is something that later, as you write your paper, you really need.

Using Outdated Materials

Academia is an ever-changing landscape. What was true in your academic discipline or area of research ten years ago may have since been disproven. If fifteen studies have come out since the article that you're using was published, it's more than a little likely that you're going to be basing your research on flawed or dated information.

If the information you're basing your research on isn't as up-to-date as possible, your research won't be of quality or able to stand up to any amount of scrutiny. You don't want all of your hard work to be for naught.

Relying Solely on Open Access Journals

OA is a great resource for conducting academic research. There are high-quality journal articles available through OA, and that can be very helpful for your research. But, just because you have access to free articles, that doesn't mean that there's nothing to be found behind a paywall.

Just as dismissing high-quality peer-reviewed articles because they are OA would be limiting, not exploring any paid content at all is equally short-sighted. If you're seeking to conduct thorough and comprehensive research, exploring all of your options for quality sources is going to be to your benefit.

Digging Too Deep or Not Deep Enough

Research is an art form, and it involves a delicate balance of information. If you conduct your research using only broad search terms, you won't be able to answer your research question well, or you'll find that your research provides information that is closely related to your topic but, ultimately, your findings are vague and unsubstantiated.

On the other hand, if you delve deeply into your research topic with specific searches and turn up too many sources, you might have a lot of information that is adjacent to your topic but without focus and perhaps not entirely relevant. It's important to answer your research question concisely but thoroughly.

Different Types of Scholarly Articles

Different types of scholarly articles have different purposes. An original research article, also called an empirical article, is the product of a study or an experiment. This type of article seeks to answer a question or fill a gap in the existing literature.

Research articles will have a methodology, results, and a discussion of the findings of the experiment or research and typically a conclusion.

Review articles overview the current literature and research and provide a summary of what the existing research indicates or has concluded. This type of study will have a section for the literature review, as well as a discussion of the findings of that review. Review articles will have a particularly extensive reference or bibliography section.

Theoretical articles draw on existing literature to create new theories or conclusions, or look at current theories from a different perspective, to contribute to the foundational knowledge of the field of study.

10 Tips for Navigating Journal Databases

Use the right academic journal database for your search, be that interdisciplinary or specific to your field. Or both!

If it's an option, set the search results to return only peer-reviewed sources.

Start by using search terms that are relevant to your topic without being overly specific.

Try synonyms, especially if your keywords aren't returning the desired results.

Even if you've found some good articles, try searching using different terms.

Explore the advanced search features of the database(s).

Learn to use Booleans (AND, OR, NOT) to expand or narrow your results.

Once you've gotten some good results from a more general search, try narrowing your search.

Read through abstracts when trying to find articles relevant to your research.

Keep track of your research and use citation tools. It'll make life easier when it comes time to compile your references.

7 Frequently Asked Questions

1. how do i get articles for free.

Free articles can be found through free online academic journals, OA databases, or other databases that include OA journals and articles. These resources allow you to access free papers online so you can conduct your research without getting stuck behind a paywall.

Academics don't receive payment for the articles they contribute to journals. There are often, in fact, publication fees that scholars pay in order to publish. This is one of the funding structures that allows OA journals to provide free content so that you don't have to pay fees or subscription costs to access journal articles.

2. How Do I Find Journal Articles?

Journal articles can be found in databases and institutional repositories that can be accessed at university libraries. However, online research databases that contain OA articles are the best resource for getting free access to journal articles that are available online.

Peer-reviewed journal articles are the best to use for academic research, and there are a number of databases where you can find peer-reviewed OA journal articles. Once you've found a useful article, you can look through the references for the articles the author used to conduct their research, and you can then search online databases for those articles, too.

3. How Do I Find Peer-Reviewed Articles?

Peer-reviewed articles can be found in reputable scholarly peer-reviewed journals. High-quality journals and journal articles can be found online using academic search engines and free research databases. These resources are excellent for finding OA articles, including peer-reviewed articles.

OA articles are articles that can be accessed for free. While some scholarly search engines and databases include articles that aren't peer reviewed, there are also some that provide only peer-reviewed articles, and databases that include non-peer-reviewed articles often have advanced search features that enable you to select "peer review only." The database will return results that are exclusively peer-reviewed content.

4. What Are Research Databases?

A research database is a list of journals, articles, datasets, and/or abstracts that allows you to easily search for scholarly and academic resources and conduct research online. There are databases that are interdisciplinary and cover a variety of topics.

For example, Paperity might be a great resource for a chemist as well as a linguist, and there are databases that are more specific to a certain field. So, while ERIC might be one of the best educational databases available for OA content, it's not going to be one of the best databases for finding research in the field of microbiology.

5. How Do I Find Scholarly Articles for Specific Fields?

There are interdisciplinary research databases that provide articles in a variety of fields, as well as research databases that provide articles that cater to specific disciplines. Additionally, a journal repository or index can be a helpful resource for finding articles in a specific field.

When searching an interdisciplinary database, there are frequently advanced search features that allow you to narrow the search results down so that they are specific to your field. Selecting "psychology" in the advanced search features will return psychology journal articles in your search results. You can also try databases that are specific to your field.

If you're searching for law journal articles, many law reviews are OA. If you don't know of any databases specific to history, visiting a journal repository or index and searching "history academic journals" can return a list of journals specific to history and provide you with a place to begin your research.

6. Are Peer-Reviewed Articles Really More Legitimate?

The short answer is yes, peer-reviewed articles are more legitimate resources for academic research. The peer review process provides legitimacy, as it is a rigorous review of the content of an article that is performed by scholars and academics who are experts in their field of study. The review provides an evaluation of the quality and credibility of the article.

Non-peer-reviewed articles are not subject to a review process and do not undergo the same level of scrutiny. This means that non-peer-reviewed articles are unlikely, or at least not as likely, to meet the same standards that peer-reviewed articles do.

7. Are Free Article Directories Legitimate?

Yes! As with anything, some databases are going to be better for certain requirements than others. But, a scholarly article database being free is not a reason in itself to question its legitimacy.

Free scholarly article databases can provide access to abstracts, scholarly article websites, journal repositories, and high-quality peer-reviewed journal articles. The internet has a lot of information, and it's often challenging to figure out what information is reliable. 

Research databases and article directories are great resources to help you conduct your research. Our list of the best research paper websites is sure to provide you with sources that are totally legit.

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In the media

An official website of the United States government

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Environmental Factor

Your online source for niehs news, papers of the month.

Intramural By Janelle Weaver and Shruti Somai

How personal care products may affect health of Black young adult women

Young adult Black women who are more frequent users of a combination of personal care products (PCPs) are more likely to have higher socio-economic status (SES), and lifestyle and health behaviors with positive health implications, according to researchers from the Division of Translational Toxicology and the Division of Intramural Research.

Compared to White women, Black women in the United States are exposed to higher and more hazardous concentrations of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, which are found in PCPs. This may contribute to differential health outcomes in Black women, such as increased risk of breast cancer, cardiometabolic outcomes, adverse birth outcomes, and uterine fibroids. However, previous smaller studies lacked a comprehensive assessment of PCP use among a large cohort of Black women.

To address this gap, the researchers focused solely on Black women, grouped individuals together based on their complex patterns of PCP use, and examined differences in socio-demographic characteristics across these distinct groups. The participants for this study included 1,562 reproductive-aged Black women living in Detroit, Michigan. Researchers identified six distinct subgroups of PCP use which included: (1) lower overall PCP use, (2) lower overall PCP use except for higher use of nailcare products, (3) lower overall PCP use except for higher use of skin creams, (4) overall moderate PCP use, (5) higher use of makeup, hair care, and skin creams, and (6) higher overall PCP use. Participants with less frequent use of all PCPs, and those with only high use of nailcare products, were more likely to report lower SES, be current smokers, have a body mass index of more than 35 kg/m2, and have given birth to three or more children.

In comparison, participants with average and more frequent use of PCPs were more likely to report higher SES and ever use of oral contraceptives, be nonsmokers, and never have given birth to a child. According to the authors, this work demonstrates the importance of considering PCP exposures concurrently with other socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and health behaviors when modeling health risks. ( JW )

Citation : Taylor KW, Co CA, Gaston SA, Jackson CL, Harmon Q, Baird DD. 2024. Frequency of personal care product use among reproductive-aged Black individuals and associations with socio-demographic characteristics . J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol [Online 29 May 2024].

Genital talc use may be associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer

Using talcum powder as an intimate care product may be associated with an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer, according to NIEHS researchers and their collaborators.

Douching and the use of talc in the genital area are two common intimate care practices that may adversely affect reproductive health. Both may contain chemicals such as phthalates, parabens, and bisphenols, which have been reported to disrupt natural hormone levels. And talcum powder may additionally contain asbestos, a known carcinogen. Exposure to these chemicals could potentially increase the risk of developing hormone-related diseases such as breast, ovarian, or uterine cancer. Previous studies examining the relationship between genital talc use and ovarian cancer have been limited by potential reporting biases.

To overcome this limitation, the researchers incorporated a statistical method known as quantitative bias analysis to correct potential biases that might have affected the results reported in previous studies. Their study involved 50,884 women from the Sister Study, all of whom had a sister diagnosed with breast cancer. The findings showed a strong and consistent association between genital talc use and ovarian cancer, especially for frequent users and for use during the reproductive years. Douching was also associated with ovarian cancer. No significant associations were found between either intimate care product and breast or uterine cancer.

Together, these findings provide valuable insights into current discussions concerning the safety of intimate care products. According to the authors, further research is needed to identify specific chemicals in intimate care products that may affect cancer risk. [Read related article .] ( SS )

Citation : O'Brien KM, Wentzensen N, Ogunsina K, Weinberg CR, D'Aloisio AA, Edwards JK, Sandler DP. 2024. Intimate care products and incidence of hormone-related cancers: a quantitative bias analysis . J Clin Oncol JCO2302037.

Measuring environmental phenols in infants

Some infants may be exposed to higher levels of parabens than older children, according to NIEHS researchers and their collaborators. Higher levels of exposure were observed in a diverse U.S. cohort of healthy infants compared to those reported in national biomonitoring data of children ages 3 to 11 years old.

Parabens and other phenols are potentially endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are used in personal care and consumer products. Data on infant exposures are limited despite heightened sensitivity to endocrine disruption during this developmental period.

The researchers examined the distributions and predictors of urinary phenol concentrations among healthy U.S. infants. They measured concentrations of seven phenols in urine samples collected from 199 infants who were aged 6-12 weeks and were enrolled from 2010-2013 in the Philadelphia region.

The results revealed widespread exposure to measured environmental phenols among this population, including much higher paraben concentrations compared to those reported for U.S. children. This finding supports the importance of expanding population-based biomonitoring programs to infants and toddlers. According to the authors, studies are needed to identify products and behaviors contributing to infant exposures to environmental phenols in the U.S., where there are few restrictions on use.

In addition, the results showed differences in most urinary phenol concentrations by race. These differences may inform the design of future studies of infant exposure sources and aid in developing targeted interventions to reduce the burden of chemical exposures in vulnerable populations. ( JW)

Citation : Goldberg M, Adgent MA, Stevens DR, Chin HB, Ferguson KK, Calafat AM, Travlos G, Ford EG, Stallings VA, Rogan WJ, Umbach DM, Baird DD, Sandler DP. 2024. Environmental phenol exposures in 6- to 12-week-old infants: The Infant Feeding and Early Development (IFED) study . Environ Res 252(Pt 4):119075.

Quantifying mixture effects of environmental exposures

New findings may guide researchers on carefully choosing methods for environmental mixtures analysis to accommodate exposure measurements that lie below the limit of detection (LOD), according to NIEHS researchers and their collaborators.

Identifying the impact of environmental mixtures on human health is an important topic. However, there are challenges when exposure measurements lie below the LOD. Several statistical approaches have been used to accommodate values below LOD for a single exposure. But the impact of these approaches on downstream mixture analysis results when multiple correlated exposures are subject to LOD has not been thoroughly investigated.

To fill this knowledge gap, the researchers examined the performance of five popular LOD accommodation approaches for three mixture analysis methods. Extensive simulations favored the use of truncated multiple imputation (MI) and censored accelerated failure time (AFT) models to accommodate values below LOD for the stability of downstream mixtures analysis. By contrast, certain methods that are frequently used in environmental health studies due to their easy implementation, such as excluding incomplete measurements and substituting missing data with LOD divided by the square root of 2, can have quite unstable performance.

According to the authors, quantifying the impact of mixtures of environmental exposures is becoming increasingly important for identifying disease risk factors and developing targeted public health interventions. Their study provides insight into various LOD accommodation approaches in downstream mixture analyses, enhancing the quality and reliability of environmental health studies. ( JW )

Citation : Lee M, Saha A, Sundaram R, Albert PS, Zhao S. 2024. Accommodating detection limits of multiple exposures in environmental mixture analyses: An overview of statistical approaches . Environ Health 23(1):48.

How inhibiting inflammation affects response to SARS-CoV-2 infection

The cytokine storm is primarily responsible for morbidity and mortality in mice infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), according to NIEHS researchers and their collaborators.

SARS-CoV-2 infection involves an initial viral infection phase followed by a host-response phase. The latter phase includes an eicosanoid and cytokine storm — an uncontrolled and excessive release of these cell signaling molecules — lung inflammation and respiratory failure. Although vaccination and early antiviral therapies are effective in preventing or limiting the initial viral phase, the latter phase is poorly understood with no highly effective treatment options.

To address this problem, the researchers used a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection to investigate the effect of inhibiting soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to increase levels of anti-inflammatory molecules. Within days, SARS-CoV-2 induced weight loss, clinical signs, an eicosanoid and cytokine storm, and severe lung inflammation with ~50% mortality. Treatment with the sEH inhibitor delayed weight loss but did not alter clinical signs, lung inflammation, or overall survival of infected mice. The sEH inhibitor significantly reversed the eicosanoid storm but had no effect on the cytokine storm.

Others have proposed inhibition of eicosanoid pathways to attenuate severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. According to the authors, the suppression of the eicosanoid storm by the sEH inhibitor without corresponding changes in lung cytokines, lung inflammation, morbidity, or mortality suggests that the cytokine storm is primarily responsible for morbidity and mortality in this animal model. ( JW )

Citation : Edin ML, Gruzdev A, Graves JP, Lih FB, Morisseau C, Ward JM, Hammock BD, Bosio CM, Zeldin DC. 2024. Effects of sEH inhibition on the eicosanoid and cytokine storms in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice . FASEB J 38(10):e23692.

(Janelle Weaver, Ph.D., is a contract writer for the NIEHS Office of Communications and Public Liaison. Shruti Somai, Ph.D., is a visiting fellow in the Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory.)

More From Forbes

New guidance on student loan forgiveness, repayment, and consolidation issued in wake of court rulings.

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WASHINGTON, DC - JULY 1: U.S. President Joe Biden speaks following a Supreme Court's ruling at the ... [+] White House on July 1, 2024 in Washington, DC. One of Biden's central student loan forgiveness and repayment programs is facing significant legal challenges. (Photo by Andrew Harnik/Getty Images)

The Education Department released new guidance this week providing borrowers with key updates on student loan forgiveness, income-driven repayment plans, and Direct loan consolidation. The new information follows multiple court rulings that threatened to throw the entire federal student loan system into disarray.

Two federal courts blocked aspects of President Joe Biden’s SAVE program last week, a new income-driven repayment plan that lowers payments and provides loan forgiveness in 10 to 25 years, depending on the borrower’s specific circumstances. The injunctions halted plans to implement a more favorable repayment formula under SAVE, which would have reduced monthly payments for an estimated three million borrowers, and blocked student loan forgiveness.

Only a few days later, the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals halted one of those injunctions, allowing lower payments under SAVE to proceed, for now. The Education Department is in the process of appealing the second injunction blocking student loan forgiveness.

In the midst of these rapid developments, the administration released updates for borrowers. Here’s a breakdown.

Reduced Student Loan Payments Under SAVE Are A Go — For Now

“The courts have allowed Federal Student Aid to continue implementing the majority of the provisions of SAVE,” says the new Education Department guidance following the 10th Circuit’s ruling on Sunday staying the Kansas injunction. “Many of the cost-savings provisions of the SAVE Plan remain in effect.”

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Borrowers who are already enrolled in SAVE and were set to have their monthly payments recalculated should be able to start paying either later this month or in August. Any associated administrative forbearance should end by next month, as well.

“If you are already on the SAVE Plan, no action is needed,” says the guidance.

Limited Information On Student Loan Forgiveness Updates

While lower monthly payments under SAVE can proceed following the 10th Circuit’s stay, the situation remains murkier on the status of student loan forgiveness under the program. The Missouri injunction blocks the Education Department from implementing loan forgiveness under SAVE, but the scope of that order remains unclear.

“If you can’t afford your loans, take a look at the information on loan forgiveness and other options on our Repaying Student Loans 101 page,” says the department’s guidance, the only reference to student loan forgiveness on the new website.

This is likely because the status of student loan forgiveness under SAVE remains very much in flux. Education Department officials believe that the Missouri injunction only pertains to early student loan forgiveness (sooner than 20 or 25 years), a unique feature of SAVE designed to benefit borrowers who took out relatively small amounts of debt. But the wording in the Missouri court order could be interpreted to block any student loan forgiveness under the plan.

The department is seeking clarification on the Missouri court order, and ultimately plans on appealing the injunction to the 8th Circuit Court of Appeals.

“We will update this page with new information as it becomes available,” says the department website.

Student Loan Consolidation And IDR Applications Should Go Back Up For Online Submissions

Following last week’s court orders, the Education Department took down online applications for IDR plans and Direct loan consolidation. Officials anticipated needing to revamp these online applications in order to comply with court orders, which could take weeks. However, following the 10th Circuit ruling, the department is working to restore online access to these applications.

“You can still enroll in the SAVE Plan or another IDR plan and/or request a Direct Consolidation Loan by submitting a PDF application to your servicer” while the online applications are unavailable, says the department in its guidance. That PDF application can then be sent to the borrower’s loan servicer by mail, fax, email, or online upload.

As of this writing, the online applications for IDR and Direct loan consolidation remain down. “The courts have allowed Federal Student Aid to continue implementing the majority of the provisions of SAVE,” says a notice on both application websites. “Borrowers can continue to enroll in SAVE, other IDR plans, and/or consolidate loans. We will keep you notified of any other updates.”

For PDF submissions, “Processing times may be longer than normal,” warns the department. “Please allow at least 30 days for your servicer to process your electronically uploaded application (longer for mail or fax) before contacting them for any updates. We appreciate your patience.”

Student Loan Forgiveness And Repayment Situation Remains Uncertain

While the Education Department’s issuance of the new guidance is indicative of attempts to keep borrowers informed, the situation remains very much in flux. The SAVE legal challenges are ongoing, and the existing injunctions could change as appeals continue. The status of student loan forgiveness under SAVE has not yet been confirmed. And the ultimate fate of SAVE remains uncertain, as parallel lawsuits continue in two separate courts, putting the program in potential jeopardy.

Borrowers can sign up for Education Department updates to stay informed of any new developments.

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• Frank Cerabino
• Nation & World
• Fort Lauderdale

Jeffrey Epstein secret transcripts: Victim was asked, Do you know 'you committed a crime?'

The Jeffrey Epstein saga began — and could have ended — in Palm Beach County in 2006. The Palm Beach Post sued in 2019 to find out why it didn't. Now, secret documents detailing what happened 18 years ago when Epstein was indicted on only a single prostitution charge are public.

When presenting her case against Jeffrey Epstein to a 2006 grand jury, a Palm Beach County prosecutor asked one of two teenage victims testifying whether she was aware she "committed a crime,” according to secret transcripts published Monday in a Palm Beach Post lawsuit.

Members of the grand jury echoed the accusatory tones of assistant state attorneys Lanna Belohlavek and Mary Ann Duggan, posing questions that sounded more like condemnation.

One juror asked the girl: “Do you have any idea, deep down inside of you, that you — what you’re doing is wrong?”Victim: “Yeah. I did.”

Juror: “Have you set the goals to not do it anymore?”

Victim: “Yes.”

Juror: “And you’re well aware that — what you’re doing to your own reputation?”

Victim: “Yes. I do.”

Belohlavek: “You’re aware that you committed a crime?”

Victim: “Now I am.”

The Post sued for the release of the materials after it found in its 2019 investigation that then-Palm Beach County State Attorney Barry Krischer undermined his own case against Epstein in 2006. His office never spoke with any of the victims, according to state attorney documents, and once Epstein's famous defense attorneys came to town, his office quit communicating regularly with police.

No longer secret: Jeffrey Epstein 2006 grand jury documents are public. Read for yourself what happened

Read The Post's 2019 investigation: How Jeffrey Epstein's first prosecutors failed his victims, seeing them as prostitutes

In a highly unusual move, Krischer convened a grand jury to consider criminal charges against Epstein. During the proceeding, sources told The Post , prosecutor Belohlavek questioned only two victims. Belohlavek then undermined her own witnesses.

Those victims, one a 14-year-old girl, stood up to a man who hobnobbed with the likes of former Presidents Donald Trump and Bill Clinton.

POST EXCLUSIVE: Never-before-seen Jeffrey Epstein biography surfaces

The grand jury indicted Epstein on only one charge — felony solicitation of prostitution, what a "john" would face propositioning an adult sex worker. The mysterious outcome did not address the fact that police say they found multiple incidents of sexual abuse of about two dozen young women and underage girls.

Palm Beach police thought the crimes were more extensive. They'd found five minors who were victims and whose accusations could prompt criminal charges, according to the law at the time. Seventeen witnesses, many of whom were 16 or 17 when Epstein abused them, could have backed up their stories, which were strikingly similar.

This survivor wanted documents released: Jeffrey Epstein victim goes public: ’I want to know why’

Charges recommended by police could have put Epstein in prison for decades. He ended up spending 13 months in jail and left six days a week, 12 hours a day, on work release.

The outcome of the grand jury proceeding and another prostitution charge that Epstein pleaded guilty to allowed him to traffic, rape and molest underage girls for 11 more years after he pleaded guilty. One victim's attorney estimates Epstein abused at least 500 victims.

Hear Palm Beach Post Investigations Editor Holly Baltz discuss what the transcripts reveal (at 8:10):

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Japan faces shortage of almost a million foreign workers in 2040, think tank says

Japan faces a shortage of almost one million foreign workers in 2040 if the government wants to achieve its economic growth goals as the population dwindles, an estimate from a state-backed think tank showed on Thursday.

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• Nation / World

St. Peter-Immanuel Lutheran School sued for $20M in 2016 sex case involving student

Josiah Strong didn't get to be a child for very long.

At 14, he showed a lot of promise. He had big, bold dreams of playing football and going to college, then coaching the next generation of athletes.

Strong, instead, says he found himself on a path that he argues in court papers was paved with untreated mental illness and self-medicating with drugs and alcohol.

To hear him tell the story eight years later, it was Elizabeth Dillett who derailed everything for him. And the school she worked for didn't step in and protect him from her.

On Tuesday, Strong filed a lawsuit in federal court in Milwaukee against Dillett and Lutheran Urban Mission Initiative, Inc., the organization that runs St. Peter-Immanuel Lutheran School, where he once studied. He's seeking $20 million in damages.

Dillett was St. Peter-Immanuel's athletic director and an instructor at the school.

She was charged in 2016 with sexual assault of a child by a person who works with children and sexual intercourse with a child age 16 or older. Dillett pleaded guilty later that year to two counts of assault by someone who works with children.

"I lost my childhood," said Strong, 24, his voice cracking and his eyes welling with tears. "I've lost friendships, a lot of relationships that I've tarnished. I'd never wish this experience on anybody. Nobody deserves this."

Court papers allege Dillett had sexual intercourse with Strong 15 to 20 times in 2015 while he was a minor. Some of the encounters occurred in a classroom.

"She groomed him," Milwaukee attorney B'Ivory LaMarr, who filed the lawsuit on Strong's behalf. "The failures by the school administration were egregious. They had a direct result in profound impacts on Mr. Strong's life. He may need therapy for the rest of his life."

Speaking at a news conference outside the school, LaMarr said Strong is eligible to seek damages under Wisconsin Statute 893.587. That provision allows victims to bring a claim until they reach the age of 35.

The lawsuit also alleges Title IX constitutional claims against LUMIN for failing to prevent future occurrences; a concerned parent allegedly reported inappropriate conduct she witnessed between Dillett and the 14-year-old boy, but the school did nothing about it.

Attempts to reach Dillett on Tuesday were unsuccessful.

St. Peter-Immanuel Lutheran School became part of LUMIN Schools in 2020, and began to operate under the oversight and management of LUMIN's board and administration at that point. Before that, the school was a separate, stand-alone entity unaffiliated with LUMIN.

LUMIN issued a statement Tuesday, saying the principal at the time was replaced before the school became affiliated with the LUMIN network.

"As a faith-based, Christ-centered network, LUMIN Schools strives to be a network of schools that are Christian in every sense of the word, caring deeply for the physical, emotional and spiritual growth and safety of each student," LUMIN's statement reads. "We have deep compassion for Josiah and are working with our legal counsel to review the recent filings. We cannot provide additional details on ongoing legal matters at this time."

Dillett, 39, was sentenced in 2016 to two years in prison and three years of extended supervision after her release. Prosecutors dismissed six other counts from an amended complaint, including a more serious felony, second-degree sexual assault of a child as part of the plea arrangement.

She is on Wisconsin's sex offender registry.

Other teachers also were charged with sex-related crimes involving students around the time Dillett's legal troubles unfolded:

In December 2015,  April M. Novak , 30, of Sussex, a former Menomonee Falls School District teacher, was charged with 12 counts of sexually assaulting a 16-year-old student. A Waukesha County jury convicted her, and she was sentenced to a two-year prison term. She also was ordered to serve three years on supervised release.

Sara M. Domres, a former New Berlin West High School, pleaded guilty in August 2016 to two counts of sexual assault of a student by school staff for incidents that occurred in 2015. She was sentenced to two years in prison.

The National Center for Victims of Crime estimates that one in 20 boys is a victim of child sexual abuse, and that 28% of U.S. youth ages 14 to 17 have been sexually victimized over the course of their lifetime.

Strong said he lost friends and that other treated him differently while he was being abused.

"As a kid, being young, you don't know what it is you're getting yourself into," he recalled.

Strong tried to kill himself – five times.

He said he attempted suicide because he was so despondent and so unable to cope with the abuse and the shame he said came with it.

A sister walked in on him pointing a gun, cocked and loaded, to his temple. She talked him out of pulling the trigger.

Strong said adults saw he was being groomed, but did nothing about it. He said he hoped his coming forward would encourage other boys in similar situations to report it if they are being sexual assaulted.

"In these last eight years, I've been trying to get my voice back," Strong said. "It just really getting to the point of understanding it's OK to speak, and that even when you struggle speaking, that's when you want to speak the most."