india's progress essay

Essay on 75 Years of Indian Independence

Students are often asked to write an essay on 75 Years of Indian Independence in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on 75 Years of Indian Independence

The journey of independence.

India has completed 75 years of independence, a journey that began on 15th August 1947. This period has been marked by significant growth and development, despite various challenges.

Post-Independence Era

Economic progress.

India has made remarkable economic progress. It’s now one of the fastest-growing economies, with advancements in technology, space research, and various industries.

Cultural Preservation

Despite modernization, India has managed to preserve its rich cultural heritage, showcasing its diversity to the world.

Looking Ahead

250 words essay on 75 years of indian independence, introduction.

India, a nation with a rich history, diverse culture, and a promising future, celebrated 75 years of independence in 2021. This milestone marks a journey of resilience, development, and transformation, which is worthy of reflection and celebration.

Post-Independence Struggles

The initial years following independence were marked by the daunting task of nation-building. The partition of India and Pakistan led to large-scale violence, displacement, and socio-economic challenges. The nascent government had to formulate a constitution, establish institutions, and ensure social justice amidst this chaos.

Progressive Developments

Over the years, India has made significant strides in various fields. The Green Revolution transformed the agricultural landscape, making India self-sufficient in food grains. The IT revolution positioned India as a global hub for technology and services. India’s space program, ISRO, has achieved remarkable feats, including the successful Mars Orbiter Mission.

Challenges and the Way Forward

Despite these accomplishments, India still grapples with issues such as poverty, illiteracy, and corruption. The economic disparity is a pressing concern that needs to be addressed. However, with the advent of digital technology and initiatives like Digital India, there is hope for a more inclusive and equitable future.

The 75 years of Indian independence is a saga of triumph, resilience, and constant evolution. The journey has been challenging, but the progress made is commendable. As we look forward to the future, the lessons from the past will guide India towards a prosperous and inclusive society.

500 Words Essay on 75 Years of Indian Independence

The dawn of independence, post-independence challenges.

The immediate aftermath of independence was a period of considerable challenges. The partition of the country into India and Pakistan led to widespread communal violence and a massive refugee crisis. The new nation was also faced with the task of integrating hundreds of princely states into the Indian Union. Despite these adversities, India managed to create a democratic system, which was a remarkable achievement considering the socio-economic conditions of the time.

Building a Democratic Republic

The adoption of the Constitution in 1950 laid the foundation for India as a democratic republic. The Constitution, which is the longest written constitution in the world, enshrines the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. It established a parliamentary system of government, universal adult franchise, and a commitment to social justice and human rights.

Economic Development and Modernization

In the economic sphere, India embarked on a path of planned development with the establishment of the Planning Commission in 1950. The focus was on self-reliance and the development of key industries and infrastructure. Over the years, India has transitioned from an agrarian economy to a diversified one with substantial growth in sectors such as information technology, telecommunications, and services.

India on the Global Stage

The road ahead.

As India celebrates 75 years of independence, it stands at a crucial juncture. While it has made significant strides in various spheres, challenges remain. Issues such as poverty, illiteracy, corruption, and environmental degradation need to be addressed. The vision for the future should be to build an inclusive, sustainable, and resilient India.

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Vision for India in 2047 Essay – 10 Lines, 100, 500, 1000 Words

Entrance Exams
November 6, 2023

India in 2047 Essay in English – As India approaches its centenary of independence in 2047, a vision of an advanced, thriving nation emerges. A harmonious blend of tradition and modernity, the India of 2047 embodies progress and inclusivity.

Here are few sample essays on “ India in 2047 “. Envisioning India’s progress in the next 24 years is an exciting prospect. This article delves into the nation’s envisioned future across different essay lengths: 10 lines, 100 words, 500 words, and 1000 words.

India in 2047 Essay in 10 Lines

In 2047, India stands as a vibrant and progressive nation, celebrating its centenary of independence with immense pride and unity. The country has achieved remarkable economic growth, becoming one of the world’s leading economies. Technological advancements have transformed India into a hub of innovation, with cutting-edge research and development in various fields.

In 2047, India will celebrate its 100 years of independence, marking a century of progress and development.
India aims to achieve a high standard of living and improved nutrition, focusing on the overall well-being of its people.
The nation envisions eradicating poverty, corruption, and social disparities, ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens.
Women’s empowerment and gender equality will be fundamental principles, fostering a society where women are self-reliant and influential. And Equality should prevail regardless of caste, color, gender, or religion.
Every child will have access to quality education, and child labor will be completely eradicated.
India aspires to be a peaceful and harmonious nation, promoting understanding and unity among its diverse religious and cultural communities.
Environmental sustainability is a priority, with a focus on renewable energy and conservation.
The nation aims for self-sufficiency in food production and energy, ensuring stability and security in these crucial sectors.
Technological innovation and scientific advancements will propel India to the forefront of global progress, contributing significantly to various fields.
Ultimately, India’s vision for 2047 is to emerge as a compassionate, inclusive, and prosperous nation, setting an example for the world with its achievements and ideals.

Also See – As One Journey Ends Another Begins Essay in English – 10 Lines & 500 Words

500 Words Essay on My Vision for India in 2047

In 2047, India envisions a future of prosperity and progress on multiple fronts. Technological advancements will have revolutionized the nation, positioning it as a global powerhouse in innovation.

Introduction

India, with its rich history, cultural diversity, and resilience, is poised for a transformative future in 2047, on the centenary of its independence. My vision for India in 2047 is one where the nation stands as a global leader in various aspects, reflecting progress, inclusivity, and sustainable development. This vision encompasses economic prosperity, technological innovation, social harmony, and environmental sustainability.

Economic Prosperity

In 2047, I envision India as an economic powerhouse, with a thriving and inclusive economy. The GDP has surged to unprecedented levels, driven by a robust manufacturing sector, a burgeoning services industry, and a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem. The nation has managed to strike a balance between economic growth and social welfare, ensuring that wealth is distributed equitably.

Shift to Renewable Energy: India in 2047 will lead the world in sustainable energy. A significant focus will be on transitioning to renewable energy sources, reducing pollution, and promoting clean technologies to combat climate change.
Advanced Transportation: In 2047, India will boast an efficient and eco-friendly transportation system. Modern infrastructure, smart cities, and green public transport will alleviate traffic congestion and promote environmental sustainability.
Technology Hub: India envisions itself as a global technology leader by 2047. It will be a hub for innovation, contributing to artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and space exploration, fostering economic growth and global recognition.
Education Hub: India’s education system will undergo a holistic transformation, nurturing creativity and critical thinking. The nation will become a prominent education hub, ensuring quality education for all, fostering a skilled and empowered population.

Technological Innovation

India’s technological landscape in 2047 is marked by innovation and leadership. The country is at the forefront of cutting-edge technologies, such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and space exploration. Indian tech companies rival global giants, and the nation is recognized for its contributions to solving global challenges through innovation.

The digital divide has been eradicated, with every citizen having access to the internet and the latest technologies. Smart cities, advanced healthcare, and efficient transportation systems have become the norm, improving the quality of life for all.

Social Harmony and Inclusivity

My vision for India in 2047 prioritizes social harmony and inclusivity. The country has made significant strides in eradicating poverty and ensuring access to quality education and healthcare for all. The education system has been revamped, with a focus on holistic development, creativity, and critical thinking.

Gender equality is a cornerstone of this vision, with women actively participating in all sectors of society. India is a place where diverse communities coexist harmoniously, respecting each other’s cultures, languages, and traditions. Discrimination based on caste, religion, or gender is a thing of the past.

Environmental Sustainability

Environmental sustainability is a core pillar of my vision for India in 2047. The nation has adopted green technologies and renewable energy sources, significantly reducing pollution and its carbon footprint. Conservation efforts have protected natural habitats, and the country is a global leader in wildlife preservation and sustainable agriculture.

India’s commitment to environmental responsibility is evident in its actions to combat climate change, ensuring that future generations inherit a cleaner and healthier planet.

Global Leadership

In 2047, India has become a key player on the global stage. The nation actively engages in diplomacy to foster strong relationships with countries around the world. As a responsible nuclear power, India plays a significant role in promoting global peace and security.

Moreover, India actively participates in international organizations, addressing pressing global challenges, from climate change to poverty alleviation and healthcare access. It is a beacon of hope and a model of success for countries striving to achieve similar goals.

My vision for India in 2047 is one of progress, inclusivity, and sustainability. India has emerged as a global leader in economics, technology, social harmony, and environmental responsibility. As the nation celebrates its centenary of independence, it stands as an inspiration for the world, demonstrating that a diverse and vibrant country can achieve remarkable growth while prioritizing the well-being of its citizens and the planet. With the dedication of its people and leaders, India’s future is indeed bright and promising.

Short Essay on India@2047 – 100 Words

In 2047, India has emerged as a flourishing nation, marking its 100th year of independence with remarkable achievements. The country has become a global economic powerhouse, harnessing technological innovation and sustainable practices. Significant improvements in education, healthcare, and gender equality have raised the quality of life for its citizens.

In 2047, India stands as a testament to progress and transformation. A century after independence, it thrives in innovation and technology, leading the Fourth Industrial Revolution with a highly educated workforce. India’s economy is a powerhouse, attracting global investments. Its rich culture makes it a top tourist destination. Education and sustainability are priorities, eradicating poverty and discrimination.

India fosters peace, prosperity, and environmental responsibility. Overall, my vision for India in 2047 is one of prosperity, progress, sustainability, and social responsibility. By emphasizing education, innovation, and global cooperation, India can inspire and motivate the world. It is a beacon of hope, inspiring the world with its achievements, setting a path to a brighter future for all.

My Vision for India in 2047 Essay

My vision for India in 2047 is one of prosperity, inclusivity, and progress. In this vision, I see India as a global leader in various fields, from technology and education to environmental sustainability. We envision a nation where every citizen has access to quality education, healthcare, and employment opportunities, regardless of their background.

India, on the occasion of its centenary of independence in 2047, stands at the precipice of transformation and opportunity. It’s a nation that has journeyed through trials and triumphs, and my vision for India in 2047 is one of a thriving, inclusive, and prosperous country. As we look ahead, we envision a India that has overcome its challenges and become a global leader in multiple domains. This essay explores this vision across several key areas.

In 2047, India’s economy has risen to new heights. It is one of the world’s strongest, with a diverse and booming industrial sector, a dynamic services industry, and a robust agricultural foundation. The country is characterized by balanced growth and equitable wealth distribution.

The nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) reflects this robust growth, with innovation and entrepreneurship driving economic success. India has emerged as a global business hub, attracting investments from all corners of the world. Smart economic policies, foreign investments, and a skilled workforce have played pivotal roles in this achievement.

My vision for India in 2047 prioritizes education as a cornerstone of progress. The country has undergone a transformation in its education system, with a focus on holistic development, critical thinking, and creativity. Quality education is now accessible to every child, regardless of their background.

India has become an education hub, with universities and institutions of higher learning that are world-renowned. The youth are empowered with knowledge and skills, making them competitive on the global stage. Continuous learning, research, and innovation are encouraged to foster intellectual growth.

India in 2047 places a high premium on the health and well-being of its citizens. The country has eradicated preventable diseases and improved access to healthcare services for all. A comprehensive healthcare system ensures that every individual, regardless of their socioeconomic status, has access to quality medical care.

Maternal and child health, in particular, have received special attention, resulting in reduced maternal and infant mortality rates. Public health awareness and preventive measures have led to a healthier and longer life expectancy for all Indians.

Caste Discrimination

My vision for India in 2047 is one of an egalitarian society where caste discrimination is relegated to the annals of history. The nation has made significant progress in addressing social inequalities. Strict legal measures and societal awareness have played pivotal roles in reducing discrimination based on caste, color, or creed.

The nation has witnessed increased social mobility and inter-caste marriages, fostering unity and inclusivity. India is a country where every individual has an equal opportunity to succeed, regardless of their background.

The agricultural sector, which has been the backbone of India for centuries, has seen significant changes in my vision for 2047. Farmers are the lifeline of the nation, and they are empowered with the latest farming techniques and technologies. The government has implemented policies that provide farmers with fair prices for their produce and protect their rights.

India’s agriculture is sustainable and environmentally responsible, prioritizing organic farming and reducing the use of harmful chemicals. The nation’s agricultural output is more than sufficient to meet its needs and contribute to global food security.

The Development of Numerous Fields

In 2047, India has witnessed the development of numerous fields that have propelled it to the forefront of global progress. Here are some key areas:

Science and Technology: India is a global leader in science and technology, with significant contributions in artificial intelligence, biotechnology, space exploration, and renewable energy. Indian scientists and researchers are at the forefront of groundbreaking discoveries and innovations, impacting various industries.

Infrastructure: The country’s infrastructure is state-of-the-art, featuring modern transportation systems, smart cities, and advanced healthcare facilities. This not only enhances the quality of life for the citizens but also makes India an attractive destination for foreign investors and tourists.

Culture and Tourism: India’s rich cultural heritage is celebrated and preserved. The nation continues to be a top tourist destination, attracting travelers from around the world. Its cultural diversity is a source of pride and unity among its people.

Green Initiatives: India has embraced sustainability and environmental responsibility. The adoption of green technologies and renewable energy sources has significantly reduced pollution and the nation’s carbon footprint. India is a global leader in wildlife preservation, conservation, and sustainable agriculture.

Social Harmony: India stands as a model of social harmony, where different religions and cultures coexist peacefully. Religious and cultural diversity is celebrated, and the nation’s festivals and traditions are a source of unity and joy.

Science and Technology

Science and technology are integral to my vision for India in 2047. The country has invested heavily in research and development, fostering innovation and scientific breakthroughs. India is a global leader in various scientific fields, contributing to solutions for global challenges.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is in full swing, and India is at its forefront. The nation actively participates in technological advancements such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and space exploration. Indian tech companies rival global giants, and the country is recognized as a hub for innovation and entrepreneurship.

In 2047, India has successfully addressed the issue of unemployment by creating ample job opportunities across various sectors. The economic growth, technological advancements, and a skilled workforce have led to low unemployment rates. The government’s proactive approach to job creation and the promotion of entrepreneurship have fueled this success.

India is a place where every individual has the chance to contribute to the nation’s growth and prosperity. The nation’s youth are empowered with the skills and knowledge to thrive in the job market and pursue their entrepreneurial aspirations.

Corruption-Free

My vision for India in 2047 includes a nation that is corruption-free. India has implemented stringent anti-corruption measures and established a transparent and accountable government. These efforts have significantly reduced corruption at all levels of society, promoting a culture of integrity and honesty.

The elimination of corruption has enhanced the efficiency of government services and improved the overall quality of life for the citizens. It has also made India an attractive destination for business and investment, fostering economic growth and development.

Environmental sustainability is a central theme of my vision for India in 2047. The nation has taken significant steps to reduce pollution and its environmental impact. Green technologies, renewable energy sources, and conservation efforts have significantly lowered pollution levels and carbon emissions.

India is committed to being one of the cleanest countries in the world. Efforts to preserve natural habitats, wildlife, and promote sustainable agriculture have led to a healthier and more ecologically balanced environment.

In 2047, my vision for India is one of a nation that has overcome its challenges and harnessed its potential for transformation. The country has become a global leader in economics, science and technology, education, and environmental sustainability. It prioritizes the well-being of its citizens, with a focus on eradicating poverty, discrimination, and corruption. India celebrates its cultural diversity, fosters social harmony, and sets an example for the world in various fields.

As India celebrates its centenary of independence, it stands as an inspiration to the world, showcasing the power of determination and collective effort in shaping a brighter future for all its citizens. The vision for India in 2047 is a testament to the nation’s potential and a source of hope for generations to come.

Through these efforts and ideas, we hope to create a brighter, more equitable future for all Indians by the year 2047. From our @ Examupdates site students can learn essay on different topics and boost their essay writing skills.

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From 2000 to the start of the pandemic we made strong progress on health and other goals. The pandemic is a huge setback.

20 Years of Growth

In India I saw how aid and spending on health can make a difference.

India’s progress over the past 20 years has been quite phenomenal. It deserves recognition especially now, as rich countries consider whether to continue investing in global development assistance despite all the economic problems they face at home.

India still faces many challenges. More than 400 million Indians live in extreme poverty. The country is home to half of all the world’s malnourished and underweight children and one fourth of the world’s tuberculosis.

But over the past 20 years, India has really emerged as a dynamic, influential country. It’s been one of the world’s fastest growing major economies, and it’s playing an increasingly important role in world affairs, including as a member of the G20 and the BRICS group of newly industrialized nations.

The current situation in India is quite hopeful. The country has a lot of talented people. The universities are improving. Government spending is going up because of the nation’s economic strength. Some reforms are needed, and that’s progressing, gradually. India represents all the challenges you face when you have lots of people living in poverty. And so India can contribute to how we solve problems globally.

A lot of progress has come from the nation’s culture of innovation, which has produced some really original and creative solutions. Yet, aid also has played an important role. Our foundation has invested more than $1 billion USD in programs to fight disease and poverty in India. I’m pleased with the results, and we will invest more in the future.

During my recent visit, I had a chance to see the latest progress on things that matter a lot to us: on eradicating polio and curtailing the spread of infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, for example. And I saw how India is emerging as a model and increasingly a catalyst for improvement in other developing countries. For example, India has become a world leader in the development of high-quality, low-cost vaccines and other bio-pharmaceuticals, which are playing a huge role in improving health not only in south Asia but also in Africa and elsewhere.

Ending Polio

It’s now been more than a year since the last new case of polio was reported in India. In February, India was officially removed from the list of polio-endemic countries.

This is especially great when you look at it in context. Three years ago, India had more polio cases than anywhere else in the world. Its polio problem seemed like the toughest to tackle. Compared with the countries where polio persists, India is bigger by far, with the most kids, and still has regions where sanitation is poor. Within the country there’s lots of movement, which tends to spread infection.

Yet, India really stepped up to the challenge on polio. The government funded its own eradication program. They really educated mothers about why vaccination is good for kids. Twice a year, 2 million volunteers prepare 800,000 vaccination booths around the country—at schools, hospitals, and community centers. They immunize more than 172 million children one by one. Working with partners like Rotary International , WHO , and UNICEF , they have built an impressive infrastructure for delivering health services to some of the most underprivileged children in the world. And they have been very persistent in following up to find kids, even the kids of migrant workers, to get vaccination levels up above 90 percent. And so the disease stopped.

India is very proud of this achievement, and rightly so. It’s a direct result of political will, dedicated resources, and rigorous management and accountability. The commitment of government leaders has been critically important.

And that commitment is helping with other health problems. By extending vaccination into the poorest and most inaccessible places, the drive against polio has helped establish better public-health delivery systems that can improve the well-being of millions of children and families.

India’s experience carries lessons for developing and newly industrialized countries around the world. It proves that success can be achieved – against polio and other diseases, as well – even in the most challenging circumstances.

Curbing HIV/AIDS & Tuberculosis

Another great example of India’s progress is in its work to halt the spread of HIV/AIDS. Our foundation has been helping with this for a long time. With a number of Indian partners, we started the Avahan program. It’s fighting HIV/AIDS in communities and at the street level, helping local groups deploy peer-to-peer counselors, distribute condoms and provide HIV testing, treatment and care.

Important leadership has been provided by the national government, which has increased funding for HIV/AIDS and established a national strategic plan that includes community-led HIV prevention. The National AIDS Control Organization has done great work. NACO and Avahan have contributed to a 50-percent reduction in the incidence of HIV/AIDS over the past six years. That’s saved India something like $100 million USD in health costs averted because of fewer AIDS cases.

Now, NACO is facilitating a smooth transition of Avahan to management by the state governments. This transition is very important and encouraging because it indicates India’s resolve to sustain the fight against HIV/AIDS for the long haul, which is what it will take to really beat this thing. This is a great example of what collaboration between funders and governments can achieve.

Lessons learned from HIV/AIDS work have helped with other critical health efforts, like the Ananya partnership, which is really scaling up programs to improve maternal and child health. India is also a model for other countries on how to scale up HIV prevention efforts.

The country faces many other health challenges. For example, India has the largest tuberculosis epidemic in the world, with nearly one thousand deaths from TB each day. But there’s a solid basic TB control program and a real commitment to getting TB under control. The government has an ambitious strategic plan to provide universal access to good diagnosis and treatment to all TB patients. This plan can prevent the emergence of multidrug resistant TB thru prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

India has begun to execute this strategy by making TB a nationally notifiable disease, which means cases must be reported to authorities. This will help ensure they get the care they need regardless of whether they are being treated by government or private doctors.

India is also using its leadership in information technology, which could be a big help to government and private health providers in monitoring the spread of the disease, improving the efficiency of the TB control program and in treating patients.

Leading on Low-cost Vaccines

Just a few decades ago in India, many basic vaccines were hard to get. They were almost all imported from overseas. But today, Indian manufacturers play a critical role in driving down prices for vaccines and making them available to not only Indians but also millions of poor people worldwide.

One of the leaders in this transformation is the Serum Institute, in Pune. I visited with Serum’s chairman Cyrus Poonawalla and other executives. Their work is absolutely vital to our foundation’s work around the world, because Serum is extremely good at making high-quality vaccines for many different diseases – and doing it at low cost so that poor countries can afford them.

Serum has gradually evolved from making relatively simple vaccines for things like tetanus to making more advanced ones. In response to a request from African leaders for a better weapon against meningitis epidemics, Serum developed a vaccine for meningitis A, the first vaccine created specifically for poor countries. Serum is developing important new vaccines against rotavirus, which causes diarrhea and vomiting that kills hundreds of thousands of children in poor countries every year.

Serum's the world's highest-volume provider of vaccines – does it at very high quality, very low price. It’s a great example of the potential for innovation in developing and newly industrializing countries – innovation that can benefit poor people everywhere.

Achieving Progress through Collaboration

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recently committed to raising government investments in health to 2.5 percent of GDP by 2017, which will really help extend health services to more people and will pay big economic dividends in the long term.

During my recent India trip, I was very glad to see the evolution and strengthening of our partnerships with government. I spoke with many government leaders including the dynamic chief ministers of two states, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, which are among the poorest in the country. I was very impressed with the forward strides they’re making. The chief minister of Uttar Pradesh, Akhilesh Yadav, is under 40, the state’s youngest chief minister ever.

In Bihar, chief minister Nitish Kumar has helped drive remarkable improvements in farm productivity and is taking steps toward big improvements in health. Bihar’s maternal mortality rate is among the highest in India. But good things are happening. Last year our foundation launched a five-year, $80-million USD grant made in partnership with the state government and leading Indian and international non-government organizations. Bihar is becoming one of the nation’s biggest success stories.

As in Bihar, one important reason we invest in India is that we’ve found the government can be a very effective partner. Our government partners there are especially good at scaling up the very best ideas and sustaining them over the long term, as they’ve done with polio and now with HIV/AIDS.

This pattern has been repeated across the country over the past several decades. And as a result, aid has steadily become a smaller and smaller portion of the national economy. This is the good that can happen when aid donors and governments work hand in hand.

Meet some of the heroes who are fighting poverty and saving lives.

Lost crops like fonio could help us fight climate change and malnutrition.

We already know how to save millions of newborn lives.

Here are a few pictures from my latest visit to this amazing country.

This is my personal blog, where I share about the people I meet, the books I'm reading, and what I'm learning. I hope that you'll join the conversation.

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The history of economic development in india since independence, the background.

The task that the democratically elected leaders of newly independent India embarked on in the early 1950s was not for the faint of heart. It was to lift living standards of a people accounting for one-seventh of the world’s population who earned an average income that was one-fifteenth of the average American income of the time. 1 Three-fourths of the Indian people were engaged in agriculture working with primitive tools and techniques, as either destitute landless laborers, highly insecure tenants-at-will, or small-plot holders eking out subsistence living from their meager plots. The literacy rate stood at 14 percent, and the average life expectancy was thirty-two years.

How successful has the country been in fulfilling the task over sixty years later? The charts in this article, using World Bank data, show how some of the country’s development indicators have changed in the last half-century. The country has experienced an increase in per capita income—especially since the 1980s—as well as reductions in poverty and infant mortality rates. These improvements are not insignificant and mark a sharp break from the near stagnation that the country experienced during British rule. But a comparison with the later superior performance of China and South Korea, countries with a comparable level of development in the 1950s, reveals that India’s performance remains below its potential. How did that come about? This essay provides an account of India’s strategy of economic development, its achievements, shortfalls, and future challenges.

The Initial Strategy

The government in the 1950s adopted a very particular strategy of economic development: rapid industrialization by implementing centrally prepared five-year plans that involved raising a massive amount of resources and investing them in the creation of large industrial state-owned enterprises (SOEs). 2 The industries chosen were those producing basic and heavy industrial goods such as steel, chemicals, machines and tools, locomotives, and power. Industrialization was pursued because leaders believed, based in part on the beliefs of some economists, that the industrial sector offers the greatest scope of growth in production. It was not that the Indian agricultural sector offered no scope for growth. Crop yields in India were quite low compared to other countries, and the recent famine in 1943 had underscored the need to increase food production. Still, Indian leaders did not want to make agriculture the mainstay of their strategy. The preeminence of agriculture they believed was characteristic of a backward economy, and growth in agriculture eventually runs up against the problem of insufficient demand. There is only so much, after all, that people are willing to eat.

Investments in the creation of public enterprises were chosen because one goal of the government was to establish a “socialistic pattern of society,” i.e., using democratic methods to bring large swathes of the country’s productive resources under public ownership. Industries producing basic and heavy goods were chosen for investment over consumer goods because the government wanted to reduce the country’s reliance on imports of basic and heavy industrial goods in line with their belief in the goodness of national self-reliance. “To import from abroad is to be slaves of foreign countries,” the first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, once declared. 3 The production of consumer goods such as clothing, furniture, personal care products, and similar goods was left to small privately run cottage industry firms that had the added advantage of being labor-intensive and therefore a potential generator of mass employment.

Chart of Percent of People living on less than $1.25 a day

Another strategy could have been to rely on private enterprise for industrial development while the government focused its resources on investments in infrastructure, public health, and education—sectors that are not served well by the private sector. Though leaders were cognizant of the dynamism of the private sector and the existence of India’s vibrant entrepreneurial class, they rejected the strategy that involved a prominent role for the private sector out of a commitment to establishing the socialistic pattern of society that they believed was morally superior. As things eventually turned out, the country came around in the 1990s to adopting this previously rejected strategy.

In order to assure the success of the government’s chosen strategy in the 1950s, complementary measures were put in place. Most industries were given significant trade protection so that their growth was not hampered by competition from more efficient foreign producers. An industrial licensing system was set up to ensure that private enterprises would not expand beyond the bounds that national planners had set for them. The system required all private firms beyond a certain small size to obtain a license whenever they wanted to expand capacity, produce new products, change their input mix, import inputs, or relocate plants. The system put the activities of the private sector under significant control of the government. Pundits and students of political economy who were not socialists derisively nicknamed this stifling system “the license Raj,” comparing this economic format of oppression to the political control of the imperialist British Raj.

Their strategy of increasing agricultural production was based on plans to reform agrarian institutions. According to the thinking of the planners, the poor performance of Indian agriculture was due to the fact that tillers did not own the land they worked, so they had little incentive to make land improvements that would increase long-term productivity. The government planned to implement legislation to redistribute land from large landlords to actual tillers and improve the terms under which tenant cultivators leased land from the landowners. The government also planned to organize small farmers into cooperative societies so that their resources could be pooled in order to buy modern tools and implements and the strength of their numbers could be used to obtain higher crop prices. In addition to increasing agricultural production, such reforms were also expected to alleviate the poverty of the huge class of peasants.

The Initial Results

Industrialization was a moderate success. The newly created public enterprises, albeit after major cost overruns and several delays, turned out steel, chemicals, and other products that were generally associated with developed countries. A British colonial official in the early twentieth century once scoffed that he would be willing to eat all the steel than the Indians would produce. 4 If alive in 1960, he would have eaten 6,300 tons of steel. 5

Still, by the late 1950s several problems resulting from the planners’ chosen strategy of economic development were coming to the fore, and such problems intensified in the 1960s and the 1970s. Many SOEs were run on political rather than economic considerations, so they produced losses that drained government resources rather than—as the planners had hoped—augmenting them. The SOEs could also not be counted on to generate mass employment due to their capital and skill rather than labor-intensive character. Several enterprises were overstaffed and faced insufficient demand for what they produced, forcing them to render idle some of their capacity. The case of the Haldia fertilizer plant is an extreme but illustrative example. The plant was set up in the 1970s and employed 1,500 people. The workers and managers showed up regularly, kept the machine facilities clean and in working condition, and often received annual bonuses and overtime. They lived in a nearby spanking-new township built specially for them, one that had excellent roads, schools, and homes. There was only one thing missing. Because of numerous problems, the plant never produced even an ounce of fertilizer. Yet the government kept Haldia’s lights on for twenty-one years. 6

One government method for financing expenditures was the creation of new money, which resulted in significant inflation.

The plans for the reform of agrarian institutions did not pan out. The push for land redistribution ran into political opposition and clashed with the requirements of due process, so as little as 5 percent of the land was actually redistributed. The creation of agricultural cooperatives also did not materialize due to difficulties of organization and lack of enthusiasm on the ground. Agricultural production barely kept pace with population growth, and the country’s food security remained precarious. The drawback of prioritizing industry over agriculture for public investments became glaringly apparent when the country experienced a food crisis in the mid-1960s, necessitating urgent large-scale imports of subsidized grain from the United States. The crisis undermined the government’s claim that its strategy of prioritizing industry over agriculture for public investment would increase national self-reliance.

The drawback of prioritizing industry over agriculture for public investments became glaringly apparent when the country experienced a food crisis in the mid-1960s, necessitating urgent large-scale imports of subsidized grain from the United States.

Under the fixed exchange rate regime that existed in the country, high inflation in the 1960s reduced the country’s exports while increasing its imports, resulting in a shortage of foreign exchange. The shortage was exacerbated by the food imports made necessary by a drought and a war with Pakistan. Foreign exchange became one of the items the government had to resort to rationing. The reverberations were felt throughout the economy. Several new factories lay idle for want of foreign exchange to import some necessary inputs, while others hoarded foreign exchange to starve their competitors or earn a premium in the black market. Holding foreign exchange without a license became an offense punishable by jail time. Ultimately, the rupee had to be devalued, which generated further disruptions in the economic lives of most people.

Meanwhile, the industrial licensing system, designed to ensure that the private sector operated according to the five-year plans, became a source of much inefficiency and corruption. The micromanagement of the private sector called for much more knowledge and technical ability than government bureaucrats possessed. The system descended into a mechanism for rewarding political supporters of the rulers, which undermined the confidence of the people in the integrity of their governmental institutions.

Perhaps the most unfortunate legacy of prioritizing industry at the expense of other alternatives for investment was that scarce public resources were diverted away from health and education. The meager resources expended on these in India stand in marked contrast to the plentiful attention paid to them in China and other Asian countries. Seventy years after independence, India has still to catch up on these fronts; one-half of its children are malnourished, one-half of women are illiterate, and twothirds of its people lack basic sanitation. As a result, a large fraction of Indians today are unable to directly take advantage of the opportunities opened up by the country’s recent tilt toward a market economy and globalization.

The Change in Strategies

In response to the food crisis of the mid-1960s, the government changed its agricultural strategy. Rather than holding out for the reform of agrarian institutions, it began to guarantee higher crop prices to farmers and utilize subsidies to promote use of modern inputs such as chemical fertilizers and high-yielding varieties of grain developed in other parts of the world. The resulting surge of production—the so-called “green revolution” of the late 1960s—made the country self-sufficient in food grains. The strategy was controversial because it increased economic disparities among the farmers. For the greatest chance of success, the government had to focus its strategy on the irrigated sections—the very parts of the country that were already doing relatively well. The uptake of subsidized inputs was also the highest among large landowners, owing to their greater education, creditworthiness, and the ability to bear the risk posed by adopting new methods. The strategy did not do much to alleviate the economic condition of the agrarian poor, other than providing the indirect benefit of living in a country with better overall food security that has not since experienced famine. Micronutrient deficiencies (not caloric) such as anemia are today a bigger problem among the poor, and the country’s health indicators lag behind those of other countries with comparable levels of income.

The strategy toward industry, however, turned more interventionist after 1965. Elaboration of all the reasons for this need not detain us here; there is a strong case that the interventionist turn was a cynical ploy by new Prime Minister Indira Gandhi for consolidating her power in response to certain political developments. The new policy stance displayed a suspicion of large firms and a preference for the small. The licensing system imposed additional restrictions on the activities of large firms, curtailing their growth. Under a policy that was one of a kind, consumer goods such as apparel, footwear, furniture, sporting goods, office supplies, leather goods, and kitchen appliances were reserved by law for production by small firms. Foreign firms were asked to dilute their ownership stake in their Indian subsidiaries and in response, multinationals such as IBM and Coca-Cola closed their operations and left the country.

To the extent that the success of the large firms was due to their superior technical or organizational capacity, the curtailment of their growth meant that such capacity remained underutilized. Delays and arbitrariness in the issuing of industrial licenses resulted in supply bottlenecks and shortages of many consumer goods. For example, in the 1970s, there was an eight-year waiting list for people wanting to buy a scooter, the preferred vehicle for middle-class Indians.

Thirty-five years after independence, India’s leadership had yet to achieve, to any significant degree, its pledge of lifting living standards.

The reservation of consumer goods for small enterprises meant that the benefits of economies of scale were forgone, resulting in the production of poor-quality and high-priced goods that foreigners shunned and domestic consumers had no choice but to accept. Meanwhile, countries such as South Korea and Taiwan were growing rich by exporting this very category of goods. It was during this time that Indians developed a craze for foreign products, the imports of which were restricted, and the term “imported” became synonymous with “high-quality.” The result of such policies was economic stagnation. The country’s per capita income grew by an average of less than 1 percent a year between 1966 and 1980, a rate that was too low to make a dent in the country’s massive poverty. Thirty-five years after independence, India’s leadership had yet to achieve, to any significant degree, its pledge of lifting living standards.

Also, years of rhetoric about creating rapid development had heightened people’s expectations for their quality of living. Economic stagnation, combined with high inflation caused by the government’s printing of massive amounts of money, bred political unrest and popular agitation, to which Indira Gandhi responded by declaring a national emergency in 1975. Taking advantage of the suspension of democratic procedures and requirements of due process brought on by the emergency, the Prime Minister attempted strict interventions that included rapid land redistribution and forced sterilization as a part of population control. The programs were poorly administered, contributed to incidents of human rights violations, failed to improve the economic situation, and caused a number of unintended consequences. For example, the government’s attempts to liquidate debts of poor farmers led to the virtual drying up of informal sources of credit and the banks were not up to the task of picking up the slack. The chaos generated by the haphazard and poorly administered interventions generated a popular backlash and tainted in many minds the whole interventionist approach to economic development.

By the 1980s, a substantial number of influential people had come around to the conclusion that the government did not have the political and administrative capacity to successfully run a controlled economy that delivered on economic growth. Gandhi, chastened by the political defeats that followed her earlier attempts to impose strict controls, acquiesced to relaxing some of them. Her Cambridge-educated son, Rajiv Gandhi, who succeeded her as Prime Minister, enacted further liberalization. Certain industries and business activities were exempted from licensing requirements. Such measures helped to cause robust industrial growth in the late 1980s.

The About Turn

When a foreign exchange shortage threatened a crisis again in 1991, the government made a clear break with past policies. By then, the intellectual consensus in favor of state-led, import-substituting development strategies had greatly weakened. The breakup of the Soviet Union had substantially discredited central planning, and the export-led success of East Asian countries had thrown into light the drawbacks of an inward-looking model of development. Also, cultural changes in India, consisting of a deemphasis of asceticism and a greater acceptance of the pursuit of material gain, had made extensive economic controls untenable. 7 At the behest of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which provided rescue during the foreign exchange crisis, but also of its own accord, the government announced major economic reforms. It dismantled the license Raj almost overnight, slashed tax rates and import duties, removed controls on prices and entry of new firms, put up several SOEs for sale, and rolled out the welcome mat for foreign investors. Rather than socialism, the guiding principles of policy now were liberalization, privatization, and globalization.

The country’s share in world trade increased from 0.4 percent on the eve of the reforms to 1.5 percent in 2006, and foreign exchange shortages, once a chronic headache for policymakers, have now been replaced by reserves upward of US $350 billion . . .

The economy responded with a surge in growth, which averaged 6.3 percent annually in the 1990s and the early 2000s, a rate double that of earlier time frames. Shortages disappeared. On the eve of the reforms, the public telecom monopoly had installed five million landlines in the entire country and there was a seven-year waiting list to get a new line. In 2004, private cellular companies were signing up new customers at the rate of five million per month. The number of people who lived below the poverty line decreased between 1993 and 2009 from 50 percent of total population to 34 percent. The exact estimates vary depending on the poverty line used, but even alternative estimates indicate a post-1991 decline of poverty that is more rapid than at any other time since independence. The country’s share in world trade increased from 0.4 percent on the eve of the reforms to 1.5 percent in 2006, and foreign exchange shortages, once a chronic headache for policymakers, have now been replaced by reserves upward of US $350 billion—prompting debates about what to do with the “excess reserves.” 8

Several significant economic challenges remain for India. The economy has polarized into a highly productive, modern, and globally integrated formal sector, employing about 10 percent of the labor force, and a low-productivity sector consisting of agriculture and urban informal activities, engaging 90 percent of the labor force. The sectors that have experienced the most growth are services and capital-intensive manufacturing. It is illustrative that IT and pharmaceuticals are the two sectors of the economy with international renown. Such industries tend to be urban and employ mainly skilled workers. Yet to come India’s way are millions of lowskill manufacturing jobs that have allowed the poor in East Asian countries to climb into the middle class. Companies are loath to set up labor-intensive manufacturing because Indian labor laws are some of the most restrictive in the world. For example, a manufacturing unit hiring more than 100 workers cannot lay off any of them without seeking government permission, which is rarely granted. 9 Liberalization of labor laws tends to run into fierce political opposition. The second reason for the dearth of manufacturing jobs is that the country’s infrastructure is relatively deficient, and so companies increasingly practicing just-in-time inventory management do not find it cost-effective to include India in their global supply chains. 10

The provision of public services in India is appallingly poor. Government schools and clinics are underfunded and inadequately supervised, and their workers display low morale and high absenteeism. Yet such public institutions are rarely held accountable for their performance. 11 The middle class has largely opted out of the system in favor of private health care, schools, and transportation so there is little political pressure from them to improve the system. Most middle-class Indians now even own a power generator to cope with everyday power cuts. The poor take the brunt of the derelict public services. Two million children die in India every year from easily preventable diseases, according to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and immunization rates in India are amongst the lowest in the world. Air pollution levels in urban areas pose a severe public health crisis. According to a survey by the World Health Organization (WHO), thirteen out of the twenty most polluted cities in the world are Indian. 12 The country still relies heavily on inexpensive coal to generate power and has shown very little willingness to move toward alternative energy sources.

Given the current policies and state of governance in India, it is hard to see an obvious path into the middle class for the multitudes still remaining in poverty. Global demand for low-wage, low-skill labor to sew T-shirts or assemble TVs is not what it used to be, because production is now becoming increasingly mechanized and some of it is being “reshored” back to the rich countries. For several hundred million poor people in delicate health and with little education, the country will have to find a way to overcome the technical, institutional, and economic barriers to developing the capabilities necessary for functioning in a twenty-first-century economy. It is not a task for the faint-hearted.

The World Bank In India

With a population of more than 1.4 billion, India is the world’s largest democracy. Over the past decade, the country’s integration into the global economy has been accompanied by economic growth. India has now emerged as a global player.

AT A GLANCE

India is one of the fastest growing economies of the world and is poised to continue on this path, with aspirations to reach high middle income status by 2047, the centenary of Indian independence. It is also committed to ensuring that its continued growth path is equipped to deal with the challenges of climate change, and in line with its goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.

The growth of the past two decades has also led to India making remarkable progress in reducing extreme poverty. Between 2011 and 2019, the country is estimated to have halved the share of the population living in extreme poverty - below $2.15 per person per day (2017 PPP) (World Bank Poverty and Inequality Portal and Macro Poverty Outlook, Spring 2023). In recent years, however, the pace of poverty reduction has slowed especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, but has since moderated in 2021-22.

Certain challenges persist. Inequality in consumption continues, with a Gini index of around 35 over the past two decades. Child malnutrition has remained high, with 35.5 percent of children under the age of 5 years being stunted, with the figure rising to 67 percent for children in the 6-59 months age group. Headline employment indicators have improved since 2020 but concerns remain about the quality of jobs created and the real growth in wages, as well as around the low participation of women in the laborforce.

India’s aspiration to achieve high income status by 2047 will need to be realized through a climate-resilient growth process that delivers broad-based gains to the bottom half of the population. Growth-oriented reforms will need to be accompanied by an expansion in good jobs that keeps pace with the number of labor market entrants. At the same time, gaps in economic participation will need to be addressed, including by bringing more women into the workforce.

The World Bank is partnering with the government in this effort by helping strengthen policies, institutions, and investments to create a better future for the country and its people through green, resilient, and inclusive development.

Economic Outlook

After real GDP contracted in FY20/21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, growth bounced back strongly in FY21/22, supported by accommodative monetary and fiscal policies and wide vaccine coverage. Consequently, in 2022, India emerged as one of the fastest growing economies in the world, despite significant challenges in the global environment – including renewed disruptions of supply lines following the rise in geopolitical tensions, the synchronized tightening of global monetary policies, and inflationary pressures.

In FY22/23, India’s real GDP expanded at an estimated 6.9 percent. Growth was underpinned by robust domestic demand, strong investment activity bolstered by the government’s push for investment in infrastructure, and buoyant private consumption, particularly among higher income earners. The composition of domestic demand also changed, with government consumption being lower due to fiscal consolidation.

Since Q3 FY22/23, however, there have been signs of moderation, although the overall growth momentum remains robust. The persisting headwinds – rising borrowing costs, tightening financial conditions and ongoing inflationary pressures – are expected to weigh on India’s growth in FY23/24. Real GDP growth is likely to moderate to 6.3 percent in FY23/24 from the estimated 6.9 percent in FY22/23.

Both the general government fiscal deficit and public debt to GDP ratio increased sharply in FY20/21 and have been declining gradually since then, with the fiscal deficit falling from over 13 percent in FY20/21 to an estimated 9.4 percent in FY22/23. Public debt has fallen from over 87 percent of GDP to around 83 percent over the same period. The consolidation has largely been driven by an increase in revenues and a gradual withdrawal of pandemic-related stimulus measures. At the same time, the government has remained committed to increasing capital spending, particularly on infrastructure, to boost growth and competitiveness.

Last Updated: Sep 27, 2023

THE WORLD BANK GROUP AND INDIA

The World Bank Group’s (WBG) over seven decade-long partnership with India is strong and enduring. Since the first loan to Indian Railways in 1949, the WBG’s financing, analytical work, and advisory services have contributed to the country’s development. International Development Association – the WBG’s soft-lending arm created for developing countries like India - has supported activities that have had a considerable impact on universalizing primary education; empowering rural communities through a series of rural livelihoods projects; revolutionizing agriculture through support of the Green and White (milk) Revolutions; and helping to combat polio, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. In FY18, the relationship reached a major milestone when India became a low middle-income country and graduated from International Development Association financing.

COUNTRY PARTNERSHIP FRAMEWORK

The WBG’s present engagement with India is guided by its Country Partnership Framework for FY18-22 (CPF). The CPF builds on the decades-long partnership and seeks to address the country’s development aspirations and priority needs identified in the Group’s Systematic Country Diagnostic for India . It aims to work with India so that the country’s rapidly growing economy makes much more efficient use of resources; fosters inclusiveness by investing in human capital and generating more quality jobs; and develops strong public sector institutions that are capable of meeting the demands of a rising middle-class economy. The CPF’s approach combines a focus on ‘what’ the WBG will work on and ‘how’ it will engage India in the process. What will the WBG work on?

Promoting resource-efficient growth , including in the rural, urban, and energy sectors as well addressing disaster risk management and air pollution;
Enhancing competitiveness and enabling job creation , including improving the business climate, access to finance, connectivity, logistics, skilling, and increasing female labor force participation;
Investing in human capital through early childhood development, education, health, social protection, and rural water supply and sanitation.

How will the WBG amplify the impact of its work in India?

By leveraging the private sector
By harnessing India’s federalism
By strengthening public institutions
By supporting Lighthouse India to foster knowledge exchanges within the country and between India and the rest of the world.

In all its activities, the WBG will seek to address climate change, gender gaps, and the challenges and opportunities afforded by technology .

WORLD BANK GROUP PROGRAM

The World Bank’s lending program consists of 98 lending operations. Of the $21.4 billion in commitments, $19.3 billion is from IBRD, $2.0 billion is from IDA – the Bank’s soft lending arm - and $0.1 billion is from other sources, primarily grant funding from the Global Environment Fund.

Roughly a little more than one third of these operations and around 40% of commitments are either for central or multi-state operations, while the remainder consists of state-specific operations in 26 of India’s 28 states.

The four largest portfolios are Agriculture (15 operations totaling $3.1 billion in commitments), Energy , (11 projects totaling $4.0 billion in commitments), Health, Nutrition & Population (11 projects totaling $2.8 billion) and Transport and Water (11 projects each totaling $2.5 billion respectively).

In FY23, the Bank approved 15 operations amounting to $4.37 billion. Of this, $ 4.32 billion is lending from IBRD and $0.05 billion from IDA (recommitted from cancelled IDA programs). Around 15-18 projects are expected to be delivered in FY24, with total commitments in the range of $3.5 – 4 billion.

For the IFC, India is the biggest client country, accounting for over 10 percent of its global portfolio with a committed portfolio of US$6.5 billion as of June 30, 2023. IFC has more than 250+ active projects in sectors including infrastructure, health, energy, manufacturing, housing, technology, and finance. Since its first engagement in 1958, IFC has invested more than US$27 billion (including mobilization) in over 500 companies in India. India is the sixth largest shareholder in IFC, owning a 4.01 percent stake.

IBRD and IFC work together in several areas, most notably in energy, transport, water and health. The World Bank partnership has been particularly strong in raising financing for renewable energy initiatives, especially in supporting the Government of Madhya Pradesh in setting up the largest solar park project that provides solar power with a total capacity of 2.25 gigawatts at a record low cost, reducing carbon emissions by 3.8 million metric tons per year and powering 60% of the Delhi metro. Similarly, IFC and IBRD collaborated under the Government of India’s flagship Clean Ganga program, ‘ Namami Gange ,’ helping revamp sewage treatment plants using hybrid annuity-based PPP projects, treating 218 million liters of water per day in three cities, and contributing to the steady rejuvenation of the sacred river for millions. IFC led the PPP mandate, while IBRD loan facilitated payment guarantees to boost private sector participation in the sector.

The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) does not have exposure in India. MIGA has been working closely with the Ministry of Finance to provide credit enhancement solutions at the state-level and state-owned enterprise (SOE) level. This will enable state governments and SOEs to utilize long-term commercial financing, which can complement concessional lending provided by other multilaterals and development finance institutions.

The WBG has a wide-ranging program of Advisory Services & Analytics. The program informs policy debate, provides analytical underpinnings and learnings for operations and strategy, facilitates the scale up of innovative solutions, and helps to improve state capability. As of October 2021, some 18 analytical studies and 15 advisory activities were ongoing. Key areas of focus include poverty and macroeconomic analysis , financial sector reform , enhancing human capital including universal health coverage and gender , air quality management , as well as state capability and governance .

*FY23 means Financial Year from July 2022 - June 2023

WBG financing supported India’s achievement of numerous results over the past five years, highlights of which include:

Education : The World Bank’s approximately $2.7 billion support for education in India covers primary, secondary, and tertiary education, as well as skills development for its young population.

The World Bank’s $250 million Skill India Mission Operation (SIMO) is backing Central and State government initiatives to skill young people—including the disadvantaged and vulnerable—to acquire the skills needed for a wide range of jobs that are in demand in the market. The project has trained almost 6 million young people, 34 percent of whom are women. Some 40 percent of the trainees were employed within six months of completing their course.

The World Bank also supports state government programs for reforms in primary and senior secondary education. School education projects in Andhra Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , Gujarat and Nagaland are helping strengthen foundational learning of the students, provide training and resources for the professional development of teachers, and use data-driven programs to improve learning assessment systems for remedial education.

A new World Bank program - Multidisciplinary Education and Research Improvement in Technical Education Project to be implemented in 14 States and Union Territories will support research and innovation in climate change and sustainable energy. The program is expected to benefit around 350,000 students. In Madhya Pradesh and Odisha , reforms in tertiary education have helped close to 2 million students from disadvantaged groups get access to quality higher education and skills, making them more employable.

Social Protection :

During the COVID-19 pandemic, World Bank support of $1.65 billion through two projects, Accelerating India’s COVID-19 Social Protection Response Program and Creating a Coordinated and Responsive Indian Social Protection System helped protect the poor and vulnerable through transfers in cash and kind. About 320 million vulnerable people received cash transfers into their bank accounts. About 800 million people received additional food rations.

In Jharkhand , a market-driven skills training and secondary education program has helped set up about 13,000 strong community level clubs that provide skills and education to over one million adolescent girls and young women.

In West Bengal , an ongoing program is providing social protection services to poor and vulnerable groups, with a focus on strengthening institutions for delivering care to elderly persons and those with disabilities. The program is also working to increase female labor force participation. Digital transfers through the Jai Bangla Platform reached 3.1 million beneficiaries in the first half of 2023.

The World Bank’s current health portfolio in India of around $2.8 billion includes both national and state-level projects:

A $1 billion COVID-19 Emergency Response Project helped the government strengthen health facilities in states, procure essential medical supplies – such as testing-equipment and kits, personal protective equipment, gloves, masks, and oxygen cylinders. It also helped insure 2.2 million frontline health workers. In addition, it helped expand health facilities dedicated to COVID-19, raising their number from 163 in March 2020 to more than 23,000 in June 2022. Over 926 million COVID-19 tests were supported and 3,362 testing laboratories created.

An additional $1 billion in World Bank support is helping the government strengthen health service delivery . This includes all aspects of pandemic preparedness and response , improving real-time disease surveillance, better One Health coordination and enhancing capacity for biosecurity.

World Bank is also supporting the National Tuberculosis (TB) Elimination Program to improve success rates of treatment, including of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). It is also scaling up direct transfer of cash benefits into the bank accounts of TB patients.

In Andhra Pradesh , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland , Tamil Nadu , and Uttarakhand ongoing programs focus on improving the quality of health care services, and strengthening the management of non-communicable diseases. In Uttarakhand, clusters of public health facilities, using a public private partnership (PPP) model, now have specialists available regularly, resulting in improved service delivery. Digital health strategies for improved service delivery are being implemented in Andhra Pradesh, Nagaland and Tamil Nadu.

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation : Since 2000, World Bank projects have contributed over $2.8 billion in financing for rural water supply and sanitation. About 30 million people from over 30,000 villages—with populations ranging from 150 to 15,000—have gain better access to drinking water. About 167 million rural people have benefitted from improved sanitation. Many of the projects have helped promote women’s participation in discussions around changing age-old sanitation behaviors. Local institutions have been strengthened to improve operations and maintenance of water and sanitation infrastructure and upgrade service delivery.

Agriculture

World Bank-financed projects are promoting climate resilient agriculture in Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra Odisha and Tamil Nadu. The focus is on introducing climate smart technologies, using water more efficiently, adopting crop diversification for better soil health and using climate resilient seeds. World Bank is also focusing on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and using clean energy in post-harvest activities. Since 2016, World Bank-financed projects have brought around 1.7 million hectares of land under climate resilient agriculture. Around 2 million farmers are adopting improved agriculture technologies.

Empowering Rural Women

Since 2003, World Bank has provided $2.2 billion in support of the Women’s Self-Help Group (SHG) movement in India through several state and national projects. Around 32 million rural women have been mobilized into 2.9 million SHGs. Rural women have been trained and now earn their own livelihood as Pashu Sakhis (looking after animals), Bank Sakhis (helping rural people operate Bank accounts), or operating canteens at government hospitals and offices, and as masons building toilets. These empowered women have also been encouraged to become entrepreneurs, running small businesses like poultry and goat farms, grocery shops, and cottage industries, and provided access to markets. These entrepreneurial initiatives have helped the SHGs access commercial finance of over $14.5 billion. These projects were also the genesis of the Government of India’s National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM), which is world’s largest platform for women’s social and economic empowerment. As of April 2023, the NRLM supports over 91 million women through 8.4 million SHGs.

out-of-school children have been brought into elementary school since 2001

India: Commitments by Fiscal Year (in millions of dollars)*

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Science and Technology in India, Progress, Achievements, and Concerns

Science and technology have played a pivotal role in shaping India's modern identity and driving its socio-economic development. Know all Achievements Science and Technology in India.

Table of Contents

Science and technology have played a pivotal role in shaping India’s modern identity and driving its socio-economic development. With a rich history dating back centuries, India has made significant strides in recent years, positioning itself as a global player in the field of science and technology.

Science and Technology in India

Science and technology have significantly influenced India’s development. With a rich historical legacy, India has made remarkable strides in recent times. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has gained global acclaim with missions to the moon and Mars, while the IT and pharmaceutical sectors are thriving. These advancements have driven economic growth, improved healthcare, and strengthened the agricultural sector. However, India must address funding, education, and digital access disparities to maintain this momentum and ensure technology benefits all.

History of science and technology in India

India’s history of science and technology is a tapestry of remarkable accomplishments spanning millennia. Ancient Indian mathematicians blazed a trail with the invention of the decimal system and the concept of zero, while astronomers made precise celestial observations. The “Sushruta Samhita” demonstrated advanced surgical knowledge, and India’s metallurgical expertise was renowned. The medieval period witnessed architectural marvels like the Taj Mahal. British colonialism influenced the growth of modern scientific institutions.

Post-independence, India prioritized education and research, giving rise to institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). Contemporary India excels in space exploration, IT, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy, solidifying its global stature in science and technology. Science and technology have always been integral to Indian culture, with a rich tradition of natural philosophy. The Indian Renaissance, coinciding with the independence struggle, saw significant progress by Indian scientists. Post-independence, the government established robust S&T infrastructure, with the Department of Science and Technology playing a pivotal role.

Role of Science & Technology in India

The role of science and technology in India is pivotal, with significant contributions to the nation’s development and progress. This role can be understood through various dimensions:

Economic Growth

Science and technology play a critical role in driving economic growth. They underpin various industries, including information technology, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and manufacturing. India’s burgeoning software and IT services sector, in particular, has led to substantial foreign exchange earnings and job creation. The advancements in these industries have significantly contributed to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and overall economic development.

Agricultural Transformation

Science and technology have been instrumental in transforming India’s agriculture sector. The Green Revolution, initiated in the mid-20th century, introduced high-yield crop varieties, modern irrigation techniques, and improved agricultural practices. These innovations increased agricultural productivity, ensuring food security for the growing population.

Healthcare Advancements

Technological advancements in the field of medicine have improved healthcare outcomes in India. Advanced medical equipment, telemedicine, and innovative treatment methods have enhanced the quality of healthcare services. India has also become a prominent player in pharmaceuticals, producing a wide range of affordable generic drugs and vaccines.

Education and Research

Science and technology have fostered a culture of innovation and research in India. The establishment of institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs), and world-class research facilities has nurtured a new generation of scientists and engineers. These institutions have not only contributed to cutting-edge research but have also attracted international collaborations.

Space Exploration

The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has achieved significant milestones in space exploration. India’s Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) in 2013 marked its entry into interplanetary space exploration. ISRO’s missions have contributed to advancements in communication, remote sensing, and global positioning systems, benefiting a wide range of sectors, including agriculture, disaster management, and urban planning.

Global Contributions

India has become a global contributor in science and technology. Its space missions and pharmaceutical industry have not only served domestic needs but have also had a global impact. India’s information technology sector provides crucial services to businesses and organizations around the world. The nation’s scientists and engineers are increasingly engaged in collaborative research projects with international partners, contributing to global scientific advancements.

Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Science and technology have fostered innovation and entrepreneurship. Start-ups in the technology, biotechnology, and clean energy sectors have gained prominence, attracting investments and generating job opportunities. India’s government and private sector actively support the growth of a vibrant start-up ecosystem.

Recent Developments of science and technology in India

India has a rich history of remarkable achievements in the field of science and technology, spanning from ancient innovations to modern breakthroughs. Here are some notable contributions:

Revolutionizing Agriculture

India’s Green Revolution, a monumental achievement, transformed the country’s agricultural landscape. Agro-scientists introduced high-yielding seeds, modern farming techniques, and improved irrigation practices. As a result, India became self-sufficient in food production, reducing reliance on foreign grain imports and ensuring food security.

Pioneering Satellite Communication

Under the visionary leadership of Vikram Sarabhai, India ventured into space technology. The successful launch of the Space Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) and the INSAT system in 1983 established India as a significant player in satellite communication. This achievement has had a profound impact on telecommunications, broadcasting, and weather forecasting.

Global Pharmaceutical Hub

India has earned its reputation as “the pharmacy of the world.” Government initiatives, including the establishment of Hindustan Antibiotics Limited and Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited, along with private sector contributions, have led to the production of affordable and effective drugs and vaccines with a global impact.

Indigenous Defence Advancements

The Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) has been pivotal in developing indigenous defence systems, including advanced aircraft, weaponry, tanks, electronic warfare technologies, and missile systems. India’s successful nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998 have reinforced national security and sovereignty.

Space Exploration Excellence

The establishment of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1969 marked a significant milestone. ISRO’s missions, including Chandrayaan (2008) and Mangalyaan (2014), have propelled India to the forefront of space exploration. India became the first nation to reach the orbit of Mars on its maiden attempt, expanding our knowledge of celestial bodies.

Global IT Dominance

The establishment of the Department of Electronics in 1970, coupled with the emergence of public sector companies like ECIL and CMC, challenged the dominance of global IT giants. Today, India stands as the world’s largest exporter of IT services, with companies like Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) ranking among the top 10 IT firms globally, contributing significantly to the nation’s economic growth and technological prowess.

Achievements of India in Science and Technology

In the realm of space exploration, India has achieved notable milestones through the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). ISRO has successfully launched numerous satellites for communication, Earth observation, and navigation. The Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), launched in 2013, marked a historic achievement, making India the fourth country in the world to reach Mars on its maiden attempt. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-2 mission was launched to explore the Moon, comprising an orbiter, lander, and rover.

Nuclear Technology

India has made significant strides in nuclear technology, developing capabilities for both civilian and military purposes. The Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998 demonstrated India’s nuclear capabilities to the world. The Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) have played pivotal roles in advancing nuclear science within the country.

Information Technology

India has established itself as a global IT hub, with companies like Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Infosys, and Wipro leading the industry. These companies have contributed to Silicon Valley and the global tech industry, while Indian engineers and entrepreneurs have made substantial contributions in the field of information technology.

Pharmaceutical and Healthcare

India is a major player in the pharmaceutical industry, producing a significant portion of the world’s generic drugs. Indian pharmaceutical companies have played a crucial role in the global fight against diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. This contribution to healthcare has had a global impact.

Renewable Energy

India has made significant progress in the field of renewable energy, setting ambitious goals for solar and wind energy generation. The International Solar Alliance (ISA), initiated by India, promotes cooperation among countries in harnessing solar energy, contributing to sustainable development.

Biotechnology

In the field of biotechnology, India has made advancements through research institutions and companies. These advancements encompass genetic engineering, vaccine development, and crop improvement, making significant contributions to the global biotech sector.

Supercomputing

India’s indigenous supercomputer, Param, has been a valuable tool for scientific research and weather forecasting. It showcases India’s capabilities in high-performance computing.

Agriculture and Green Revolution

The Green Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s, led by scientists like Norman Borlaug, transformed agricultural practices in India. It significantly increased food production and played a crucial role in improving food security.

Space Research and Navigation

India’s space research extends to navigation with the launch of its regional satellite navigation system called NavIC. NavIC provides accurate positioning information services to users in India and neighboring regions, enhancing navigation capabilities.

Science and Innovation

Indian scientists and researchers have made substantial contributions to various scientific fields, including physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics. Their work has elevated India’s standing in the global scientific community and contributed to scientific knowledge worldwide.

Concerns in Science and Technology in India

India’s science and technology landscape faces several concerns that impact its growth and competitiveness:

Funding Challenges: The level of investment in research and development in India is often insufficient to support cutting-edge scientific endeavors and technological innovations. Inadequate funding hampers the country’s ability to tackle critical challenges and compete globally.
Educational Variability: Disparities in the quality of science and technology education across the country hinder the development of a skilled workforce. Education reform is needed to make curriculum more relevant and equip students with practical skills.
Brain Drain: The emigration of highly skilled researchers and scientists to foreign countries in pursuit of better opportunities results in a substantial loss of expertise and innovation within India.
Innovation Ecosystem: Establishing a thriving innovation ecosystem with support for startups and entrepreneurship remains a challenge. Translating research into commercially viable products or services can be difficult.
Infrastructure Gaps: Inadequate infrastructure, including state-of-the-art research facilities, hinders scientific progress and innovation.

Way Forward

To bolster India’s science and technology sector, key measures are vital. Firstly, an increase in research and development funding is imperative, with a greater budget allocation to support innovative projects and cutting-edge scientific endeavors. Concurrently, a focus on education reform is essential, enhancing the quality of science and technology education with modernized curricula and practical skill development.

Mitigating the brain drain necessitates incentives to retain talented researchers and scientists while nurturing an innovation ecosystem through support for startups and streamlined regulations promotes the commercialization of research. Infrastructure development, including state-of-the-art research facilities, will facilitate scientific progress. These measures collectively position India to contribute significantly to global scientific advancements and ensure socio-economic development.

Science and Technology in India UPSC

Science and Technology is a significant subject within the Civil Services Examination. It’s evident from the numerous questions related to this subject that appear in both the UPSC Prelims and Mains. To assist IAS aspirants in their exam preparations, this article offers downloadable PDFs of UPSC notes on Science and Technology. In the UPSC Mains, Science and Technology form part of the GS III syllabus. Additionally, science subjects such as Botany, Chemistry, and Biology are among the optional subject choices for the IAS Mains exam. These scientific subjects offer the potential for high scores, but often, aspirants face challenges in balancing static and dynamic aspects while making notes, especially when dealing with contemporary issues from the news.

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Science and Technology in India FAQs

What is the role of science and technology in modern india.

Science and technology in modern India drive economic growth, healthcare advancements, and agricultural transformation while fostering innovation, global contributions, and socio-economic development.

What is the future of science and technology in India?

India aspires for advancements in experimental physics, astrophysics, drug development, diagnostics, and biotechnology, aiming to push scientific frontiers.

How does science and technology contribute to economic growth in India?

Science and technology underpin various industries, such as information technology, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology, contributing to GDP and job creation.

Greetings! I'm Piyush, a content writer at StudyIQ. I specialize in creating enlightening content focused on UPSC and State PSC exams. Let's embark on a journey of discovery, where we unravel the intricacies of these exams and transform aspirations into triumphant achievements together!

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Development in India After Independence

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India, which has now turned into a significant nation internationally has grown a ton since it got its freedom from the British East India Company rule. Yet, very much like all the other things, various individuals have various sentiments about it. While some think that it has seen huge development, others are of the view that the development is delayed when contrasted with what it ought to be. Regardless of these differentiating sees, the way that remains is that the India we see today is unique in relation to what it was during autonomy.

It has created regarding the foundation, schooling, medical care, science and innovation, and in practically any remaining areas. Yet, it is viewed as a non-industrial country. This infers that the nation is requiring some investment to find the created world. Allow us now to take a gander at the improvements that India has made in various areas in the beyond seventy years.

Indian Development After Independence

Table of Content

India after independence- achievements, significant developments in india after independence, two phases of economy, administration sector growth, development of the agriculture sector, foundation development, the first independence day of india, logical achievements.

After independence, Indian citizens have the right to vote for choosing the government into power. Important leaders who helped to secure independence was Mahatma Gandhi, who began the fight for independence since 1914. Mangal Pandey was the first freedom fighter from India who fought against British in 1857.

Some important developments in India after independence have been as follows:

Indian Railways operate with about 7000 stations and was formed in 1951.
First general elections in India was held in 1951 with Congress winning over majority.
India developed Asia’s first nuclear reactor. Apsara nuclear reactor was developed in 1956.
Chandrayan 1 came to be launched in 2008 to the moon.

A free India was granted a broke economy, broad ignorance, and stunning destitution. Contemporary financial specialists partition the historical backdrop of India’s monetary development into two stages – the initial 45 years after autonomy and very nearly thirty years of the unrestricted economy. The years going before the financial progression were predominantly set apart by cases wherein monetary improvement got deteriorated because of an absence of significant strategies.

The financial changes acted as the hero with the start of a strategy of progression and privatization. An adaptable modern permitting strategy and a casual FDI strategy began getting positive reactions from worldwide financial backers. Among the main considerations that drove India’s economic development following the financial changes of 1991 were expanded FDI, reception of data innovation, and expanded homegrown utilization.

A significant improvement in the country’s administration area has been noticeable in the telecom and data innovation areas. A pattern that began exactly twenty years back is currently well thriving. A few worldwide firms keep on re-appropriating their tele administrations and IT administrations to India, bringing about the development of ITES, BPO, and KPO organizations. The securing of mastery in data innovation has prompted the age of thousands of new positions, which thus expanded homegrown utilization, and normally, more unfamiliar direct speculations ended up satisfying the needs.

As of now, the administration area utilizes over 30% of the Indian labor force and this course of improvement began, thinking back in the 1980s. During the 60s, the area utilized just 4.5% of the functioning populace. As per the Economic Survey 2021-22, the administration area represented over half of the Indian GDP, and the figures are supposed to fill from now on.

Since the 1950s, the advancement in agribusiness has been fairly consistent. The area developed at around 1% per annum in the main portion of the twentieth hundred years. During the post-Independence time, the development rate bumped around 2.6 percent per annum. The central point of development in agrarian creation was the extension of cultivating regions and the presentation of high-yielding assortments of harvests. The area could figure out how to end its reliance on imported food grains. It has advanced both concerning yield and underlying changes.

Reliable interest in research, land changes, development of degrees for credit offices, and improvement in the provincial foundation were some other deciding variables that achieved an agrarian upset in the country. The nation has likewise developed further in the agri-biotech area. The Rabobank report uncovers that the agri-biotech area has been developing at 30% in a couple of years. The nation is likewise liable to turn into a significant maker of hereditarily changed/designed crops.

The Indian street network has become one of the biggest on the planet with the all-out street length expanding from 0.399 million km in 1951 to 4.70 million km starting around 2015. Also, the complete length of the country’s public thruways has expanded from 24,000 km (1947-69) to 1,37,625 km (2021). Legislative endeavors have prompted the extension of the organization of State parkways and significant local streets, which thus has straightforwardly added to modern development.

As India needs the ability to drive its development motor, it has set off a critical improvement in the accessibility of energy by embracing a multi-pronged methodology. After just about seventy years of Independence, India has arisen as the third biggest maker of power in Asia. It has expanded its power age limit from 1,362 MW in 1947 to 3,95,600 MW starting around 2022. By and large, the power age in India has expanded from 301 billion units (BUs) during 1992-93 to 400990.23 MW in 2022. With regards to provincial jolt, the Indian government has figured out how to carry lights to each of the 18,452 towns by April 28, 2018, when contrasted with 3061 every 1950.

Progress in Education Sector

Hauling itself out from far and wide ignorance, India has figured out how to carry its school system at standard with the worldwide norm. The number of schools saw a sensational increment during the post-freedom period. The Parliament made rudimentary training a major ideal for youngsters in the age gathering of 6-14 years by passing the 86th amendment to the Constitution in 2002. At freedom, India’s education rate was a miserable 12.2 % which expanded to 74.04% according to the 2011 evaluation.

Accomplishments in the Field of Healthcare

A reduction in death rates is viewed as one of the significant accomplishments that came in India’s direction in this area. While the future was close to 37 years in 1951, it nearly multiplied to 65 years by 2011. In 2022, it was expanded to 70.19 years. Comparative improvement was seen in the maternal death rate too. India’s maternal death rate likewise declined from 212 passings for every 100,000 live births in 2007 to 103 passings in 2017-19, according to a report by The Hindu.

First Independence Day in India took place in 1947. Jawahar Lal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, unfurled the tri-colour flag of India. Prime Minister of India hoists the tri-colour flag in Red Fort and first Independence Day of India is dedicated to brave men and women who laid their lives to free their motherland.

Autonomous India has taken certain steps on its street to logical turn of events. Its ability is being appeared in a steady increase of aggressive ventures. India invests wholeheartedly in its space programs, which started with the send-off of its most memorable satellite Aryabhatta in 1975. From that point forward, India has arisen as a space power that has effectively sent off unfamiliar satellites. Through Chandrayaan-1, India turned into the fourth country on the planet to establish its banner on the lunar surface in 2008. Its most memorable mission to Mars was sent off in November 2013 which effectively arrived at the planet’s circle on 24 September 2014. In June 2015, ISRO sent off 104 satellites (most noteworthy on the planet) from a solitary rocket through PSLV-C37.

India is additionally forcefully seeking both atomic and rocket programs. That has all the while expanded the country’s safeguard strength also. BrahMos drafted into the safeguarding framework is the world’s quickest voyage rocket that has been together evolved by India and Russia. After over sixty years of autonomy, India has now drawn nearer to being a free power to deal with in the field of atomic and rocket innovation.

A significant contribution to the economy and technological advancements and Indians are known for their hard work, dedication, and resilience in their contribution to the country. Indians have excelled in different fields since independence. In different fields like technology, sports, and others Indians have excelled.

Frequently Asked Questions

How india has developed in 75 years.

Infrastructural development drastically improved in 75 years. There was advancement in the road network, rail lines, airports, and many other important types of developments in various other sectors, contributing to the economy of India.

What are the major developments in India?

The major developments in India are as follows: Historic Tax Reform Digitization Drive Institutional Reforms

How has India developed in the last 10 years?

India’s GDP Growth rate has increased in the last 10 years by an average growth rate of 6-7 percent.

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In Depth- India's Sustainable Development Goals

05 Jan 2019
GS Paper - 2
Inclusive Growth
Growth & Development
Government Policies & Interventions

In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 193 member countries, including India, got committed to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals that require efforts to end all forms of poverty, fight inequalities and tackle climate change while ensuring that no one was left behind.

India played a significant role in making the declaration and its progress in achieving these goals are crucial for the world as it is home to about 17% of the world population. The SDG India index, released by the NITI Aayog and the United Nations, shows that the nation has a score of 58, a little beyond halfway mark in meeting the target set for 2030.

What are SDG goals?

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were born at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro in 2012.
The objective was to produce a set of universal goals that meet the urgent environmental, political and economic challenges facing the world.
The SDGs are a bold commitment to finish what the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) started, and tackle some of the more pressing challenges.
All 17 Goals interconnect, success in one-goal motivates for the success of others.
For example, dealing with the threat of climate change impacts how we manage our fragile natural resources, achieving gender equality or better health helps eradicate poverty, and fostering peace and inclusive societies will reduce inequalities and help economies prosper.

Why focus on Sustainable Development?

"Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.
The focus of sustainable development is far broader than just the environment. It's also about ensuring a strong, healthy and just society.
This means meeting the diverse needs of all people in existing and future communities, promoting personal wellbeing, social cohesion, and inclusion, and creating equal opportunity.
The rampant growth of industry had adversely affected the environment and is also against the ethos of sustainable development.
In 2018 itself we are 1.1 degrees above the pre-industrial temperature already. And if the greenhouse emissions are not drastically cut then by the end of the century the rise of the temperature could be 3—3.5 degree. Such an increase would have an irreversible and catastrophic impact across the world.

SDG India Index - Baseline Report 2018

NITI Aayog undertook the extensive exercise of measuring India and its States’ progress towards the SDGs for 2030, culminating in the development of the first SDG India Index - Baseline Report 2018.
The SDG India Index is intended to provide a holistic view of the social, economic and environmental status of the country and its States and UTs.
It has been designed to provide an aggregate assessment of the performance of all Indian States and UTs and to help leaders and change makers evaluate their performance on social, economic and environmental parameters.
The Index has been constructed spanning across 13 out of 17 SDGs (leaving out Goals 12, 13, 14 and 17).
It tracks the progress of all the States and Union Territories ( UTs ) on a set of 62 National Indicators, measuring their progress on the outcomes of interventions and schemes of the Government of India.
The SDG Index Score for Sustainable Development Goals 2030 ranges between 42 and 69 for States and between 57 and 68 for UTs .

Performance of States

Among the States, Kerala and Himachal Pradesh are the front runners with an SDG India Index score of 69. Among the UTs, Chandigarh is a front-runner with a score of 68.
Kerala’s top rank is attributed to its superior performance in providing good health, reducing hunger, achieving gender equality and providing quality education.
Himachal Pradesh ranks high in providing clean water and sanitation, in reducing inequalities and preserving mountain ecosystem.
Among the UTs, Chandigarh takes the lead because of its exemplary performance in providing clean water and sanitation to its people.
On the other hand states like Assam, Bihar and UP have featured badly in the index as their score was below 49.
The Index can be useful to States/UTs in assessing their starting point on the SDGs in the following ways, by
Supporting States/UTs to benchmark their progress against national targets and performance of their peers to understand the reasons for differential performance and devise better strategies to achieve the SDGs by 2030
Supporting States/UTs to identify priority areas in which they need to invest and improve by enabling them to measure incremental progress.
Highlighting data gaps related across SDGs for India to develop its statistical systems at the national and State levels.

SDGs and India’s Commitment

India introduces BS-VI petrol and diesel.
Delhi will be the first city to leapfrog from BS-IV to BS-VI.
13 major cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Bengaluru, etc. will make the shift from 1st Jan 2019.
The rest of the country will make the change from April 2020 next year.
India has pledged to eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.
ISA is a group of 121 solar rich countries which are situated either on or between the tropics.
Aims to deploy over 1000 GW of solar energy and mobilize more than $1000 billion into solar power by 2030.
To reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35 percent by 2030 from 2005 level.
To achieve about 40 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030, with the help of transfer of technology and low-cost international finance, including from Green Climate Fund.
To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.

How India Has Changed Since Independence

How India Has Changed Since Independence – In this blog article, the author discusses the progress India has made since independence , including things like economic development and social progress .

Write an article on “India’s Progress Since Independence”

Ans. India’s Progress Since Independence

India has paced with the times. It has made herculean efforts to change its old and discredited image. Till the 1970s, India was considered to be a land of famines, droughts, beggars and snake charmers. But in the last three or four decades, it has made tremendous progress. India’s economic and industrial might has been universally recognised. Now India is being counted as one of the fastest emerging economies of the world. In the 1960s, we had to depend on the mercy of the Western countries to survive. But now we are self-sufficient in food. India has emerged as the second-largest paddy producer in the world. It is the second-largest sugar producer as well. Mechanization of agriculture and the Green Revolution has led to the self-sufficiency despite the rapid increase in population. With an emphasis on Horticulture, India has emerged as the largest producer of fruits and the second-largest producer of vegetables. The White Revolution has made India the largest producer of milk. The Indian pharma industry ranks 4th in the world. India has made rapid strides in defence preparedness. India’s progress in the industry is really breathtaking. India’s progress in space technology only matches with the advanced nations of the world. India is on the move. It will attain new heights in future. Disaster management programmes have not proved up to the mark and up to the task. The Government and the concerned agencies should provide comprehensive aids and help to the survivors, particularly the children. They must provide nutritious food, clothes, shelters and medical aids to them. All efforts should be made to wipe out the scars left by these disasters.

Download the above article in PDF (Printable)

Progress of india essay .

Since independence in 1947, India has made significant progress in terms of economic development, social welfare, and international stature. The country has emerged as one of the world’s fastest-growing economies, with an annual growth rate of 7.5% in 2016. This remarkable progress is the result of a concerted effort by the Indian government and people to promote innovation and entrepreneurship, expand education and healthcare services, build infrastructure, and strengthen relations with regional and global partners. The years since independence have seen dramatic changes in India’s economy, society, and politics. In the early years after Independence, the country faced immense challenges in rebuilding its shattered infrastructure and restoring economic stability. However, through hard work and determination, the Indian government was able to achieve rapid growth and transform India into one of the world’s leading economies. Since 1991, India has been a member of the United Nations (UN), serving on numerous committees and expert bodies. The country has also played a leading role in several international organizations such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). India has also been a vocal advocate for democracy and human rights around the world, playing a crucial role in promoting dialogues between different cultures and civil societies. Overall, India has made significant progress in terms of both economic development and social welfare since independence. The country’s impressive growth rate shows no signs of slowing down any time soon, which is testament to the hard work and determination

India’s Progress since Independence Article

Since independence, India has made tremendous progress in terms of economic development and social welfare. The country has made great strides in the areas of education, healthcare, agriculture, industry, and infrastructure. Despite various challenges faced by the country, India has remained one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. The country’s GDP grew at an annual rate of 7.5% between FY 2006 and FY 2012 and is expected to grow at a rate of 7.8% in FY 2013. The country’s growth is driven by strong domestic consumption and investment as well as exports. In 2012, India became the world’s second-largest economy after the United States. In terms of social welfare, India has made significant progress in providing healthcare to its citizens. As of 2010, 93% of the population had access to sanitation facilities and 68% had access to safe drinking water. The country also has a robust social safety net that aids low-income families. In 2013, India ranked first in the world in terms of health spending as a percentage of GDP (5.3%). In terms of education, India has made significant progress since independence. As of 2011, there were more than 1.2 billion students enrolled in schools across the country. This is an increase from 854 million students enrolled in school in 1951. In terms of literacy rates, Indian children have surpassed their peers from other countries in terms of reading skills and are now ranked fourth globally behind China, Brazil

Short Essay on India after Independence

After India gained its independence from the British Empire in 1947, the country was faced with an immense task of rebuilding itself. While there were many challenges, such as poverty, illiteracy and a lack of infrastructure, the country ultimately managed to overcome these difficulties and become a thriving democracy. Today, India is one of the world’s most populous countries and is a major player in both the economic and political arenas. It has also achieved notable successes in fields such as science and technology, education and health care. In spite of these successes, there are still some areas of concern for India, such as poverty and inequality. Additionally, there are concerns about the country’s increasingly fragile environment. However, despite these challenges, India is continuing to make progress and is poised for even greater achievements in the future.

India after Independence Essay

India is one of the world’s largest and most diverse countries. It has a longstanding history and culture, as well as a rich tradition of art, literature, and music. The country is home to a variety of languages and religions. Independence from Britain was achieved in 1947. At the time, India was divided into two parts: the Muslim-dominated East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and the Hindu-dominated West Pakistan. In 1971, East Pakistan became independent as Bangladesh, while West Pakistan became part of present-day Pakistan. Since independence, India has undergone numerous changes. The economy has grown rapidly, and the country has become a major player on the global stage. India is also considered to be a rising power in the world economy. Despite these successes, there are also areas of concern in India today. Poverty remains widespread, and life for many people is still difficult. There are also concerns about the country’s growing religious intolerance and violence against minorities. Overall, however, India is an exciting place to live and visit. Its culture is rich and varied, its people are friendly and welcoming, and its economy is expanding rapidly.

Short Essay on India

India is a country with a rich history, culture, and heritage. It has a population of over 1.3 billion people and is the world’s second most populous country. India has been through many phases of development, from the traditional rural society to the modern industrialized economy. The development of India is due to its unique geographical location as well as its cultural heritage and traditions. India’s location on the subcontinent provides it with natural resources such as coal, oil, and gas, which have helped fuel its growth. The country’s early development was also aided by British colonialism, which promoted education and infrastructure development. Despite these successes, India still faces many challenges in terms of development. Some of the major issues include poverty, inequality, and corruption. However, there are also signs that India is making progress towards achieving greater economic stability and social justice.

Development of India Essay

After India gained independence from the British Empire in 1947, the country experienced a period of rapid economic and social growth. This development was due in part to the efforts of the Indian National Congress, which led the struggle for independence. The Congress was a coalition of numerous political parties and organizations that had emerged in the late 19th century to fight for Indian independence. The party was able to achieve its goals after years of negotiations with the British government. After independence, India faced many challenges, including poverty, illiteracy, and social disparities. However, the country also experienced significant progress in many areas, such as education, health care, agriculture, and industrialization. Despite these successes, there are still many challenges facing India today. One of the most pressing is the issue of poverty and inequality. Despite high rates of economic growth and increased access to education and healthcare, large portions of India remain impoverished. This is primarily due to socio-economic factors such as poor job opportunities and lack of social security. Another major challenge is environmental degradation. India has been struggling with increasing levels of pollution and climate change since the early 2000s. This problem is exacerbated by a lack of infrastructure and insufficient government policies to address environmental issues. Despite these challenges, India continues to make significant progress in many areas. The country has achieved impressive rates of economic growth, increased literacy rates, and reduced poverty levels over the past few decades.

1.How India is progressing? Answers: India is progressing rapidly and has a lot to offer in terms of growth, stability, and opportunities. The country is undergoing many changes that are both positive and negative, but overall, the trend is positive. There are many challenges that India faces, but with the right leadership and concerted effort these can be overcome.

2. How has India progressed after Independence? Answers: India has made tremendous progress since independence in 1947. Economic growth, social progress and political stability have all been impressive. The country now has a strong democracy and is a key global player. However, there is still much to be done and many challenges remain. India is now a land of opportunity for everyone who wants to make the most of their potential.

3. In what way do you think India has developed since Independence essay? Answers: Since Independence, India has undergone a lot of changes. The country has seen rapid growth in terms of its economy, as well as its social and political landscape. There has been a gradual shift from a centrally planned economy to a market-driven one, which has had a considerable impact on the way Indians live and work. Overall, I believe that India has developed significantly since Independence, and I think its future looks bright too.

4. How can India be a developed country? Answers: India is a developing country because it is not developed. Development means that a country moves from a state in which most people are poor to one in which most people are middle class or above. India has not yet reached that stage, and as a result, it is a developing country.

5. How does a nation progress? Answers: A nation progresses by trying to understand and learn from its past. By doing so, it can build a better future for itself. Historical events are important to learn from, as they provide lessons that can be used in the present. Examining the rise and fall of different nations can also help people understand how to succeed or fail in their own lives.

6. How India Got progress compared to other countries? Answers: When we compare India’s progress to other countries, it is evident that India has made the most progress in terms of the economic and social spheres. There have been remarkable advancements in education, health care, women’s empowerment, and other fields.

7. What is the status of India in the world? Answers: India is a country in the world. It is the 7th largest country in the world with a population of over 1.3 billion people. India has a diverse culture, and its economy is growing rapidly. India is important because it is a major player in the world, and it can make a difference in the world.

8. What is the future of India? Answers: The future of India is very bright. With a population of over 1.3 billion people and the fastest growing economy in the world, India has a lot to offer. The country is still young and has a lot of opportunities for growth. If you are interested in learning more about the future of India, be sure to check out our blog!

India’s Economic and Social Progress

Introduction.

India is the second-most populous country in the world. Its population is over 1.3 billion people, which makes the state the biggest democracy in the world. 1 According to the United Nations, India will have the largest population in the world by 2028. 2 Its area is 1.2 million square miles, and major religions are Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, and Buddhism. 3 As it is a nuclear-powered state, and the economy of the country is rapidly developing, India has become one of the most significant powers in the region. 4 Even though the economic its indicators are still considerably lower than in developed countries, India is a country of the increased interest of economist around the world.

India is a country of controversies since it is the home of the oldest tradition and the most recent innovations. It is home to one of the world’s oldest religions that are based on the Sanskrit scripts. India still has the caste system, which is one of the world’s oldest social stratifications, which was shaped approximately 3,000 years ago. 5 At the same time, Bangalore, one of the largest cities in India, has become a hub for the global software business, and developers from around the globe often choose India as the country in which they want to live. 6 The controversies influence the economic development of the country, making it unstable. The present paper offers an overview of the country’s characteristics and describes factors that facilitate and obstruct economic and social progress during the last three decades.

Characteristics

Population structure.

The population in India is one of the fastest-growing in the world. Figure 1 represents the historical and projected population change in India for the period between 1950 and 2100. According to this graph, the population is expected to reach a peak of 1.6 billion in 2060. However, the growth of the population is attributed to having a historically large population due to the fertility of the lands. Additionally, the population is growing due to child marriages, lack of education in women, the presence of 60% of the younger population, and migration. 7 These characteristics are attributed to the social structure of the country.

As mentioned above, India has preserved a 3,000-year-old caste system that can be both advantageous and dysfunctional for the country. A caste is a hereditary class of Hindu society that determines the occupation of a person in India. There are castes in the Indian culture, which are brahmins (teachers, priests, and scientists), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), vaishyas (farmers, traders, and merchants), and Shudras (laborers). 8 There are also Dalits, or untouchables, which are outcasts of the Indian social system, and they work as street sweepers or latrine cleaners. The social system welcomes arranged marriages and resists the education of women, which facilitates the growth of the population.

Income Growth

India is one of the world’s most rapidly developing economies in the world. According to the India Times, the country has the second-fastest growing economy at the rate of 6%. 10 GDP is also growing exponentially; in 2018, it was estimated to be $2.726 trillion, while it was $468.395 billion and $1.676 trillion in 2000 and 2010 correspondingly. 11 In 2018, Gross National Income (GNI) per capita was $2,020, meaning that it has more than doubled since 2008. 12 However, despite the optimistic statistics, economic growth is considerably slower than in 2018, which was 8.1%. 13 Therefore, other indexes may also fall in 2019.

Changes in Development Indicators

In recent years, India has shown considerable progress in terms of human development indicators (HDI). According to Shandra and Bera, the country has climbed one rank in HDI in 2018, and now it is ranked 130 with a value of 0.640. 14 HDI is a composite index assessing progress in three basic dimensions of human development: mean years of education, life expectancy, and per capita gross national income. India has demonstrated improvement in all the spheres if compared to numbers 30 years ago. Since 1990, India’s life expectancy has grown by 11 years, and it is now 68.8 years. 15 There are more significant changes in education levels since the expected years of schooling have increased from 7.6 in 1990, to 12.3 in 2018. 16 GNI has also increased by 266% percent in 30 years, demonstrating a steady improvement in the sphere. In short, India’s HDI is steadily growing.

The primary strategy of improving the index is through the unification of a reformation of education and healthcare systems. Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, holds a vision of development for all and the fundamental principles of the Sustainable Development Goals, which aims at leaving no one behind and providing. 17 However, there are considerable limitations to the growth of the index. In particular, women remain significantly less politically, economically, and socially empowered than men. According to Shandra and Bera, “Female participation in the labour market is 27.2 % compared to 78.8% for men.” 18 Moreover, only 39% of females in India reached at least a secondary level of education in comparison to 64% of males. 19 In other words, inequality remains a major concern for India’s performance measured by HDI.

Social Indicators

Despite the positive changes in HDI, India is still lagging in major social indicators. One of the major concerns is the healthcare system in India. The reports show that maternal mortality rates and infant mortality rates, which are the primary ways to measure the performance of healthcare, are lower than in Sri Lanka, Maldives, Iran, Bhutan, and Nepal. 20 On the one hand, it may be argued that the country does not have enough money to provide universal healthcare. On the other hand, the cost of labor in the country is considerably lower than in the developed countries, and the rapid growth of GDP and GDI shows that the company seems to be able to afford a better healthcare system. Additionally, some Indian states, including Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Himachal Pradesh, are very close to providing universal healthcare. 21 Therefore, the reasons for healthcare issues in India remain debatable.

The education system is also a matter of concern for India. Even though it has improved considerably in the last 30 years, it is still underperforming. For instance, the literacy rate among children under 15 is as low as 62.8%, while Iran has 84.3%, the Maldives have 98.4%, and Sri Lanka has 91.2%. 22 The problem is primarily due to inequality between males and females since girls usually do not receive a formal education.

Inequality can also be considered a major issue for the country. The labor force participation rate in India is 53.8%, which may be regarded as rather low since the majority of the population is of a younger age. 23 The low percentage is connected with the low labor force participation rate among women 27.2% 24 Additionally, India offers low-quality jobs since the majority of them (77.5%) are considered vulnerable employment, and 42.7% of the workforce is employed in agriculture. 25 Moreover, only 24.1% of the older population are pension recipients. In short, it may be stated that social indicators are considerably below the world average.

Poverty and Inequality Trends

The situation with poverty in India has improved considerably in the past 30 years. The number of working poor at purchasing power parity (PPP) of $3.1 a day is twice as low in comparison with 1990. 26 However, the working poor index is still high at 42.9% with more than 364 million people living in multidimensional poverty. 27 At the same time, 19.1% of the Indian population is considered vulnerable to multidimensional poverty. 28 However, despite the poor statistics introduced above, the situation with poverty in India is improving at all levels.

Inequality is one of the central problems that Indian society faces. As has been described above, women are severely underrepresented in the workforce, and they are less likely to receive an education. Moreover, the United Nations Development Programme reports that women’s share of employment in non-agriculture is 18.6%. 29 The situation is even worse in parliament, where only 11.6% of seats are taken by females. 30 Therefore, it may be stated that India is a country of severe gender inequality.

Economic Progress

The primary factor that drives the economy of the country forward is a fast-growing working-age population. Figure 2 demonstrates that more than 60% of the people are below 35, which is associated with the rise of a flexible workforce that can help to develop the economy of the country. According to Riley, “India is experiencing demographic transition that has increased the share of the working-age population from 58 percent to 64 percent over the last two decades.” 31 However, as the population will become older, it may become a burden to the economy due to the problems with retirement.

Wage costs are low in India, which has helped to close some of the productivity gaps between India and other countries in later stages of development. A cheap workforce can help to improve the situation in any economic sector without considerable investments in human resources from the government. Additionally, low wages attract in combination with increased numbers of English speakers allowed more investments from companies that wish to outsource some of their functions. For instance, it has become a home for many call centers and IT departments of western countries. 33 Without the prevalence of a younger population who can speak English who can be hired for moderate pay, such investments would be impossible. Due to these factors, India has successfully developed highly advanced and attractive clusters of businesses in the technology space. 34 Bangalore is a vivid example of the situation, as it has become one of the most attractive places for software engineers around the globe. In other words, India has followed the path of development of many other countries, as it went from the agricultural industry to service provision.

There several factors that limit the economic growth of the country. First, the poor performance of the education system leads to low productivity and weak human capital. The problem is that even though the workforce is large, it primarily consists of low-skilled workers. Second, India’s infrastructure is poorly developed, which makes it less attractive to large-scale industries. According to Riley, the cost of energy in India is very high, and supplies are regular, which can lead to power blackouts and loss of productivity. 35 Additionally, poor infrastructure may negatively affect the tourism business in the country.

Third, the majority of the population lives in rural areas, which, in combination with poor infrastructure, interferes with the ability of enterprises to get access to the needed workforce. However, since India has not yet seen the rapid urbanization experienced in other nations, it can become one of the events that may positively affect India’s economy in the future. Despite the substantial prevalence of agriculture, India failed to reach productivity growth in the sector, which prevented people from moving to big cities. 36 According to Financial Times, “India’s failure to adopt enough of the large-scale, labour-intensive manufacturing that has propelled the successful development of China and other east Asian countries is now regarded as one of the greatest weaknesses of the Indian economy.” 37 In short, India needs to invest in the agricultural sector, infrastructure, and manufacturing to stabilize economic growth.

Social Progress

The economic growth has also been slowed by the social structure, which is more than 3000 years old. While the system is not as influential in the cities, rural communities have long been arranged based on castes. Outside the cities, the upper class usually lives in segregated colonies, the water wells are not shared, and everyone could marry only inside one’s caste. 38 Even though the system is considered unjust by many people around the globe, it has remained unchanged, preventing people from getting the position they deserve. In 1950, discrimination based on castes had become illegal, and quotas in governmental and educational jobs for different castes were introduced. 39 However, there is an opinion that the caste system would have disappeared; however, politicians often use it to gather votes. 40 In brief, the caste system is one of the reasons for slow social progress in the country.

Another matter that influences the social processes in India is the strong institution of the family. It can be seen as both an advantage and a disadvantage. On the one hand, Indian families are a source of emotional and financial support for all the members, including extended family. 41 Therefore, the misfortunes suffered by people living below the poverty line may be diminished by the support of relatives. Families also care for the elderly, and thus the government is not pressured to pay pensions. Even though it is a poor social index, the saved money can be invested in the development of other spheres. Additionally, healthy families usually mean high birth rates, which is considered as one of the advantages of the Indian economy.

On the other hand, patriarchal families usually support gender roles and limit the gender diversification of the workforce. In traditional Indian families, women typically do not work or receive an education. 42 Females are seen as mothers and homemakers, who are to bring up the children, cook, and clean the house. Due to this tradition, India’s progress in fighting inequality has been a failure so far. As a result, women are underrepresented in the workforce and government. Urbanization and globalization influence the traditional views on the institution of the family, and young adults begin to restructure society in accordance with western values. However, it is unclear if the situation will change in the nearest future.

India is a country of controversy in both economic and social structures. It is a home of the oldest tradition and latest innovation at the same time. India has a large young workforce that is of high interest to western investors due to low wages and the knowledge of English. However, this workforce is low-skilled and sometimes cannot get too big cities due to poor infrastructure. Economic growth is the second highest in the world, and GDI has doubled during the previous five years. At the same time, there are hundreds of millions of people living below the poverty line. Due to the reformation of the education system, more people have access to high-quality education. Yet, less than a third of women have an education higher than secondary. The process of urbanization has led to the emergence of young specialists with advanced thought. Still, the caste system and strong family bonds interfere with the progress of society. All these controversies can explain the inconsistency and unsteadiness of Indian economic and social progress.

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Shandra, Netu Chandra, and Bera, Sayantan. “India Moves One Rank Up in HDI, Inequality Stays a Major Concern.” LiveMint.

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India – Progress in Science & Technology

The tradition of Science and Technology (S&T) in India dates back over 5,000 years. In the early 20th century, there was a revival in this domain. The S&T infrastructure has witnessed substantial growth, increasing from approximately Rs. 10 million in 1947 to Rs. 30 billion. Noteworthy progress has been achieved in nuclear and space science, electronics, and defense industries. The government is dedicated to incorporating S&T into the nation’s socio-economic advancement.

India is home to the world’s third largest scientific and technical workforce, with 162 universities granting 4,000 doctorates and 35,000 postgraduate degrees. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research oversees 40 research laboratories which have achieved notable accomplishments. Additionally, India ranks among the top five nations in Missile Launch Technology. Science and technology play crucial roles in driving growth and facilitating change, as they are integrated into the economic planning of agriculture, industry, and services sectors.

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The country’s resources are utilized to maximize output, benefiting society and enhancing the quality of life. Approximately 85% of the funds for S originate from the Government, whether directly or indirectly. The S infrastructure in the nation constitutes more than 1% of the GNP. In India, S is venturing into new territory. Atomic Energy holds a central position within India’s nuclear energy program, aiming to harness nuclear power for peaceful objectives encompassing electricity generation, applications in agriculture, medicine, industry, research, and various other domains.

India has emerged as a dominant player in nuclear technology, encompassing the manufacturing of source materials. The country is self-reliant and skilled in all aspects of the nuclear cycle – from exploration and mining to power generation and waste management. Furthermore, India has successfully created its own accelerators, research reactors, and power reactors. The nation also takes pride in its remarkable scientific research facilities such as Kolkata’s advanced variable energy cyclotron and Mumbai’s recently established medium-energy heavy ion accelerator ‘pelletron’.

India is employing atomic energy for peaceful objectives, such as the production of nuclear power. Presently, there are eight operational nuclear stations that collectively generate a total of eight billion kilowatts of electricity. India also has plans to construct four additional power stations in the future. Furthermore, India is actively engaged in the design of new nuclear reactors. This peaceful nuclear program also encompasses the production of radioisotopes utilized in sectors such as agriculture, medicine, industry, and research.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is responsible for research, development, and operation of various space systems. These systems encompass satellite communications, remote sensing for resource surveying, environmental monitoring, meteorological services, and more. ISRO falls under the Department of Space (DOS), which also oversees the Physical Research Laboratory and the National Remote Sensing Agency.

India has successfully developed its own remote-sensing satellite, making it the only Third World Country to do so. On October 15, 1994, India used the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) to launch the IRS-P2 satellite weighing 800 Kg into orbit. This achievement allowed India to join a group of six nations. In May of that same year, the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) placed the SROSS-C2 scientific satellite weighing 113 Kg into a near-earth orbit as part of its mission. Furthermore, India’s progress in developing a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), which has the capability to launch 2000 Kg satellites into space, is truly remarkable.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is presently engaged in the development of a domestic cryogenic engine for GSLV. Tests on a model of GSLV have already been carried out in wind tunnels. The INSAT series of satellites, previously launched, have effectively rendered essential services like telecommunications, television, meteorology, disaster warning, and distress detection. The latest INSAT series includes new features such as Ku-band transponders and mobile satellite services transponders. The remote-sensing satellites that were launched in 1988 and 1991 now play a vital role in the natural resource management system of the country.

The launch of cutting-edge remote sensing satellites will not only broaden their usage possibilities but also offer commercial services to other nations. Thanks to India’s advancements in space-based remote sensing technology, an American company has formed a partnership with them to globally market data obtained from their satellites. This development has garnered international recognition and generated demand, leading to leasing agreements for marketing Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) data as well as the provision of space hardware and services.India has been selected by a respected UN team to establish a UN Centre for Space Science and Technology Education, showcasing its commitment to collaborating with international space agencies. India is close to attaining self-reliance in its launching capabilities, which would be a fitting homage to Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, regarded as the pioneer of India’s space program, on his 80th birthday in August 1996. The Department of Electronics actively promotes the progress and utilization of electronics for socio-economic development.

Efforts have been made to promote the growth of the electronics industry through various measures, such as revising the licensing policy to prioritize promotion over regulation and aiming for a more streamlined process. Additionally, cost efficiency has been sought by utilizing modern technology on a large scale.

A comprehensive approach has been adopted for research and development, with particular emphasis on microelectronics, telematics, high-performance computing, and software development. Furthermore, considerable attention has been given to applying electronics in sectors like agriculture, healthcare, and services.

India has set up test and development centers, regional laboratories, and numerous R projects to enhance the quality of domestically manufactured products. These centers primarily aid small and medium electronics units in electronic design and technology. In addition, India’s coastline spans 7,600 km with 1,250 islands incorporated within it. The country’s Exclusive Economic Zone encompasses over 2 million sq. km and includes a continental shelf that stretches up to 350 nautical miles.

The Department of Ocean Development was established in 1981 with the goal of effectively utilizing living resources, exploiting non-living resources like hydrocarbons and minerals, and harnessing ocean energy. ORV Sagar Kanya and FROV Sagar Sampada, two research vessels, are currently evaluating and assessing the resource potential. Efforts have been made to survey and explore seabed topography, as well as determine the concentration and quality of mineral nodules. In August 1987, India obtained a mine site of 150,000 sq. km in the central Indian Ocean for further resource development and exploration.

India is the sole developing nation that obtained Pioneer Status from the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1982. Additionally, it holds the distinction of being the primary country to successfully register a mine site. From 1981 onwards, India has launched 13 scientific research expeditions to Antarctica and has set up Dakshin Gangotri, a permanently inhabited base. Through the eighth expedition, India accomplished the construction of a second permanent station entirely through its own resources. The primary aim is to investigate the ozone layer and other significant elements, such as optical aurora, geomagnetic pulsation, and associated phenomena.

India has actively participated in scientific research, leading to its Consultative Membership of the Antarctic Treaty in 1983 and involvement in the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources since July 1985. India is also a member of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research and played a crucial role in establishing a Minerals Regime for Antarctica in June 1988. To further advance ocean-related technologies and utilize coastal area and island resources, India established the National Institute of Ocean Technology, with special emphasis on biotechnology.

India has been at the forefront of promoting interdisciplinary endeavors in different sectors such as agriculture, industry, and human and animal life within developing nations. The National Biotechnology Board, founded in 1982, acts as a central hub for research in this field. In 1986, the Department of Biotechnology was established to facilitate progress. More recently, the formation of Biotechnology Consortium India Ltd. aims to encourage collaboration among research institutions, development organizations, and industrial and financial institutions.

New initiatives have been implemented in various fields. These include techniques for gene mapping, biodiversity conservation, and bio-indicators research. There are also special biotechnology programs specifically designed for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Additionally, there are ongoing activities related to plantation crops. Some areas of focus include improving the cattle herd through embryo transfer technology, propagating disease-resistant plant varieties through in vitro propagation, and developing vaccines for different diseases.

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Lydia Polgreen

India Keeps Its Glorious, Messy Tradition Alive

A photograph of several women in bright clothing standing in line in front of a yellow building.

By Lydia Polgreen

Opinion Columnist

Back in January, when Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India looked all but unstoppable, he visited the small city of Ayodhya for the unofficial start of his campaign to win a third term. The location was freighted with symbolism. For decades, Hindu nationalists had sought to build a temple in Ayodhya, at a spot they believe to be the birthplace of the Hindu god Ram. The only problem was that there was already a house of worship on the spot, a mosque built by a Mughal emperor in 1528. A Hindu mob had dismantled the mosque in 1992, setting off riots that killed 2,000 people, most of them Muslims. The ruins were a flashpoint of religious tensions in India for decades.

Modi and his Bharatiya Janata Party promised to build the temple, and the lavish event at which Modi officially opened it was a showcase for that achievement. At the time it seemed like strong election-year messaging for a politician who built his career on the twin planks of Hindu nationalism and building a muscular new India. Unlike other politicians, the event implied, Modi made promises and kept them.

“It is the beginning of a new era,” he declared .

Feeling supremely confident, Modi had boldly asked the Indian electorate for something akin to a blank check to remake the country — control of 400 seats in Parliament in elections that began in April and concluded on June 1. And why shouldn’t he have been confident? India’s economy was the fastest-growing in the world. India had overtaken China as the world’s most-populous country. World leaders sought Modi’s support on issues ranging from the war in Ukraine to the climate crisis, cementing India’s ascent in global affairs.

But the ever unpredictable electorate of the world’s largest democracy responded to Modi’s demand for still more power resolutely: No thanks.

In a stunning rebuke, election results released on Tuesday showed that India’s voters have reduced the parliamentary share of Modi’s party by more than 60 seats , not enough for an outright majority, never mind the supermajority he had sought.

It struck me as particularly apt that despite all the fanfare about the glorious new temple in Ayodhya, Modi’s party lost the city’s parliamentary seat to a political opposition that had been all but left for dead.

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February 14, 2024 by Prasanna

Indian Space Program Essay: All Indian Space Programs are conducted under the authority of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). With the glorious motto of ‘Space technology in the service of humankind,’ ISRO was established on 15th August 1969.

The legacy of ISRO began from the year 1975 when they launched the satellite Aryabhata that is named after the famous Indian astronomer and inventor of zero. ISRO is one of the six government space organizations in the world that possess full launch capabilities, operate large fleets of artificial satellites, deploy cryogenic engines, and launch extraterrestrial missions.

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Long and Short Essays on Indian Space Program for Students and Kids in English

We are providing students with a long essay of 500 words and a short essay of 150 words on the topic Indian Space Program for reference.

Long Essay on Indian Space Program 500 Words in English

Long Essay on Indian Space Program is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.

The dawn of the Indian Space Program began in 1962 with the establishment of INCOSPAR (Indian National Committee for Space Research). In 1972, the space program was formalized with the constitution of DOS (Department of Space) and the Space Commission. This was done to formulate and implement the policies related to space research and space technology in the country.

The nodal agency for coordinating Research and Development activities related to space science and technology is the Space Commission. And DOS is the executive wing of this Space Commission that operates through major national organizations like ISRO, NRSA, PRL, NMRF, NE-SAC, etc. DOS also helps educational institutions by sponsoring projects related to space research.

In 1969, the government of India, for the purpose of rapid development in the department of space technology and its application, established ISRO. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was set up by Dr.Vikram Sarabhai at Ahmadabad as him in the chairman position, and the organization was headquartered in Bengaluru (then called Bangalore).

Dr.Vikram Sarabhai, as the chairman of the apex body, helped in forming guidelines, formulated policies, and monitored the implementation of all national space policies. ISRO has an objective directed towards the self-reliant use of space technology and data for the development of India.

ISRO has helped the nation in the fields of mass communication and education after successful satellite launches. ISRO also aims at monitoring the survey and management of national natural resources by using remote sensing technology, meteorological forecasting, and environmental monitoring. The Indian Space Programs included the development and launches of several indigenous satellites, launch vehicles, space orbiters, and rockets.

Other than ISRO, some Indian space research organizations are the following:

Space Applications Centre: SAC is the organization located in Ahmedabad that engages in the development of payloads for satellite communication, remote sensing, and meteorology. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre: VSSC is the head organization for the development and launch of various satellite and satellite vehicles and similarly related space technology. VSSC is located at Thiruvananthapuram of India. Liquid Propulsion System Centre: The lead organization in India for developing liquid and cryogenic propulsion for satellites and launch vehicles is the LPSC.

Besides the research and development sectors of the Indian Space Program, the company that looks over the commercial marketing of space-related products and services is called the Antrix Corporation. The Antrix Corporation is an entirely government-owned company that was established in 1992.

Some of the major achievements of Indian Space Programs are the successful launch and operation of several satellites and satellite vehicles, like the AstroSat, Mangalyaan, Chandrayaan 1 & 2, PSLV, GSLV, etc. It is good to see that the government has invested a lot in Indian Space Programs in the past two decades. The Indian Space Program has come a long way, and there are miles to go before it can establish India as the best in space science and technology in the whole world.

Short Essay on Indian Space Program 150 Words in English

Short Essay on Indian Space Program is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

India has emerged to become a big name in the world regarding the fast progress in the fields of space-related research and development. The Indian Space Program encompasses research and development in astrophysics, atmospheric sciences, astronomy, theoretical physics, planetary and earth sciences, etc.

It can be said that the Indian Space program started its legacy with the launch of its first space satellite named Aryabhatta on 19th April 1975. Soon after the first satellite launch, India didn’t delay launching its second satellite named Bhaskara on 7th June of 1979. India has also left a landmark in the history of space science and technology by launching Chandrayaan for its moon mission.

All this progress in the field of space research began with the great visionary scientist Dr.Vikram Sarabhai. And this is why Dr.Sarabhai is called the Father of the Indian Space Program. Indian Space Programs aim to promote the development of space science applications and technology for the benefit of the country’s socio-economical conditions.

10 Lines on Indian Space Program in English

Under the Department of Space Government of India, the space agency is the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).
ISRO has headquarters in the city of Bengaluru in Karnataka, India.
Jawaharlal Nehru established the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) in 1972 under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
ISRO has a vision of harnessing space technology for the development of the country and pursuing space science research and planetary explorations.
The founding Father of the Indian Space Program was Dr.Vikram Sarabhai, under who the space research activities were initiated during the 1960s.
Under the leadership of Dr.Ramnathan and Dr.Sarabhai, the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was initiated.
The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) System, established in 1983, along with the commission of INSAT-1B, is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the region of Asia-Pacific.
The first lunar orbiter sent by ISRO on 22nd October of 2008 was the Chandrayaan-1.
ISRO set a world record on 15th February of 2017, when they launched one hundred and four satellites in a single rocket named PSLV-C37.
Future plans of the Indian Space Program include the development of a unified launch vehicle, reusable launch vehicle, small satellite launch vehicle, human spaceflight, solar spacecraft mission, etc.

FAQ’s on Indian Space Program Essay

Question 1. Does ISRO have a marketing arm?

Answer: The marketing arm of ISRO is the Antrix Corporation Limited (ACL) that is responsible for the promotion, transfer of technology, and commercial exploitation of space products and services.

Question 2. What are the three distinct elements of the Indian Space Program?

Answer: The Indian Space Program had three distinct elements since its inception, such as the space transportation system, satellites for communication and remote sensing, and application programs.

Question 3. How do the data from the satellites launched by the ISRO helpful for the country?

Answer: The data collected by the satellites help several sectors of the country like agriculture, disaster management, urban planning, rural development, water resources, mineral prospecting, etc.

Question 4. What is some recent news regarding upcoming ISRO missions?

Answer: The Indian government in 2018 had announced an allocation of 100 billion rupees for the first human-crewed space mission set to be launched by the year 2022. However, a test launch was scheduled to take place in December of 2020, which now may be delayed because of the global pandemic.

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Essay on “India's Progress in Science

essay on “india's progress in science.

Progress in science has no limits. It is always on going process. If we look back thousands of years back human only needed food. shelter and clothing. His knowledge about every- thing around was very primitive.

But man has a very intelligent brain. It kept man always curious to know more and more. And this resulted in an unending chain of scientists all over the world including India. Since ancient time India has been showcasing progress in science.

The concept of zero was introduced by Bhaskaracharya. It is an honour for India to have scientists of international repute like, Mr. C. Raman, Mr. Chandrashekar, Mr. Vishweshwar Ayya, Mr. Homi Bhaba and many others.

India also took advantage of scientific progress around the world and changed itself accordingly in many fields. Right from weaving machines to superfine cloth, there is a revolution. Even writing pens have changed.

Roads, vehicles, communication devices have shown amazing progress. Railways, buses, aeroplane and total transport system present unbelievable progress. India has sometimes taken help from other scientifically progressed nations to maintain pace with the progress.

Dams, roads, bridges , everything show massive changes during the recent past. We have even launched satellites in the space and astronaut Rakesh Sharma was the first Indian to go in space. This proves beyond doubt that India is not lagging much behind. Even in space science, which is supposed to be the cream of progress we are much ahead.

Computer, mobiles, Internet and all such facilities common Indian can handle with confidence. We have also progressed in generating new energy sources. We have discovered many diesel, petrol and crude oil sources.

It requires skilled technique which we have adopted. India is also equipped with atomic power and we rank fifth in the list. Eight years earlier we carried out successful explosion of atom bomb. Our army is well equipped with all modern weapons.

We have developed the t echnique of missiles. All modern aeroplanes, submarines, radar, rockets, etc. are manufactured in India. Many day to day activities we carry out with the help of different types of machines.

Similar progress we have achieved in medical field also. On the international horizon India has name in medical field. Many new inventions and equipments are available for the treatment of patients. Finer medical investigations and treatment can be offered in India at a comparatively lower price. All major and complicated surgeries are handled successfully in India.

We have a veteran team of medical personnels. This shows the progressive India in medical field. Thus, science has made our life easy, convenient and comfortable. However, its misuse and abuse are bound to make life a nightmare. So, man must set priorities, programmes and policies in the light of this bare fact.

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