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• How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on November 21, 2023.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

• Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Table of contents

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research proposals.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

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Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

• Example research proposal #1: “A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management”
• Example research proposal #2: “Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use”

Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

• The proposed title of your project
• Your supervisor’s name
• Your institution and department

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

• Introduce your topic
• Give necessary background and context
• Outline your  problem statement  and research questions

To guide your introduction , include information about:

• Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
• How much is already known about the topic
• What is missing from this current knowledge
• What new insights your research will contribute
• Why you believe this research is worth doing

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As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review  shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

• Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
• Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
• Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesize prior scholarship

Following the literature review, restate your main  objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

• Improving best practices
• Informing policymaking decisions
• Strengthening a theory or model
• Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
• Creating a basis for future research

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

• Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
• Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
• Source : how did you calculate the amount?

To determine your budget, think about:

• Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
• Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
• Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

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A Guide to Quantitative Research Proposals

In this essay, noted scholar Elizabeth Tipton elaborates on how to best articulate quantitative research design in grant proposals. This essay is a companion piece to our “ A Guide to Writing Successful Field Initiated Research Grant Proposals ,” which provides general information about the elements of grant writing.

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Designing Research Proposal in Quantitative Approach

• First Online: 27 October 2022

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• Md. Rezaul Karim 4  

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This chapter provides a comprehensive guideline for writing a research proposal in quantitative approach. It starts with the definition and purpose of writing a research proposal followed by a description of essential parts of a research proposal and subjects included in each part, organization of a research proposal, and guidelines for writing different parts of a research proposal including practical considerations and aims of a proposal that facilitate the acceptance of the proposal. Finally, an example of a quantitative research proposal has been presented. It is expected that research students and other interested researchers will be able to write their research proposal(s) using the guidelines presented in the chapter.

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Methodology

Writing about Research Design

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Institute of International Studies. (n.d). Dissertation proposal workshop. Institute of International Studies. http://iis.berkeley.edu/node/424 .

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Karim, M.R. (2022). Designing Research Proposal in Quantitative Approach. In: Islam, M.R., Khan, N.A., Baikady, R. (eds) Principles of Social Research Methodology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5441-2_10

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Research Proposal Example/Sample

Detailed Walkthrough + Free Proposal Template

If you’re getting started crafting your research proposal and are looking for a few examples of research proposals , you’ve come to the right place.

In this video, we walk you through two successful (approved) research proposals , one for a Master’s-level project, and one for a PhD-level dissertation. We also start off by unpacking our free research proposal template and discussing the four core sections of a research proposal, so that you have a clear understanding of the basics before diving into the actual proposals.

• Research proposal example/sample – Master’s-level (PDF/Word)
• Research proposal example/sample – PhD-level (PDF/Word)
• Proposal template (Fully editable) 

If you’re working on a research proposal for a dissertation or thesis, you may also find the following useful:

• Research Proposal Bootcamp : Learn how to write a research proposal as efficiently and effectively as possible
• 1:1 Proposal Coaching : Get hands-on help with your research proposal

PS – If you’re working on a dissertation, be sure to also check out our collection of dissertation and thesis examples here .

FAQ: Research Proposal Example

Research proposal example: frequently asked questions, are the sample proposals real.

Yes. The proposals are real and were approved by the respective universities.

Can I copy one of these proposals for my own research?

As we discuss in the video, every research proposal will be slightly different, depending on the university’s unique requirements, as well as the nature of the research itself. Therefore, you’ll need to tailor your research proposal to suit your specific context.

You can learn more about the basics of writing a research proposal here .

How do I get the research proposal template?

You can access our free proposal template here .

Is the proposal template really free?

Yes. There is no cost for the proposal template and you are free to use it as a foundation for your research proposal.

Where can I learn more about proposal writing?

For self-directed learners, our Research Proposal Bootcamp is a great starting point.

For students that want hands-on guidance, our private coaching service is recommended.

Psst… there’s more!

This post is an extract from our bestselling short course, Research Proposal Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .

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Home » How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

Table of Contents

How To Write a Research Proposal

Writing a Research proposal involves several steps to ensure a well-structured and comprehensive document. Here is an explanation of each step:

1. Title and Abstract

• Choose a concise and descriptive title that reflects the essence of your research.
• Write an abstract summarizing your research question, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes. It should provide a brief overview of your proposal.

2. Introduction:

• Provide an introduction to your research topic, highlighting its significance and relevance.
• Clearly state the research problem or question you aim to address.
• Discuss the background and context of the study, including previous research in the field.

3. Research Objectives

• Outline the specific objectives or aims of your research. These objectives should be clear, achievable, and aligned with the research problem.

4. Literature Review:

• Conduct a comprehensive review of relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
• Summarize key findings, identify gaps, and highlight how your research will contribute to the existing knowledge.

5. Methodology:

• Describe the research design and methodology you plan to employ to address your research objectives.
• Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques you will use.
• Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate and suitable for your research.

6. Timeline:

• Create a timeline or schedule that outlines the major milestones and activities of your research project.
• Break down the research process into smaller tasks and estimate the time required for each task.

7. Resources:

• Identify the resources needed for your research, such as access to specific databases, equipment, or funding.
• Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources to carry out your research effectively.

8. Ethical Considerations:

• Discuss any ethical issues that may arise during your research and explain how you plan to address them.
• If your research involves human subjects, explain how you will ensure their informed consent and privacy.

9. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

• Clearly state the expected outcomes or results of your research.
• Highlight the potential impact and significance of your research in advancing knowledge or addressing practical issues.

10. References:

• Provide a list of all the references cited in your proposal, following a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).

11. Appendices:

• Include any additional supporting materials, such as survey questionnaires, interview guides, or data analysis plans.

Research Proposal Format

The format of a research proposal may vary depending on the specific requirements of the institution or funding agency. However, the following is a commonly used format for a research proposal:

1. Title Page:

• Include the title of your research proposal, your name, your affiliation or institution, and the date.

2. Abstract:

• Provide a brief summary of your research proposal, highlighting the research problem, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.

3. Introduction:

• Introduce the research topic and provide background information.
• State the research problem or question you aim to address.
• Explain the significance and relevance of the research.
• Review relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
• Summarize key findings and identify gaps in the existing knowledge.
• Explain how your research will contribute to filling those gaps.

5. Research Objectives:

• Clearly state the specific objectives or aims of your research.
• Ensure that the objectives are clear, focused, and aligned with the research problem.

6. Methodology:

• Describe the research design and methodology you plan to use.
• Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques.
• Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate for your research.

7. Timeline:

8. Resources:

• Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources effectively.

9. Ethical Considerations:

• If applicable, explain how you will ensure informed consent and protect the privacy of research participants.

10. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

11. References:

12. Appendices:

Research Proposal Template

Here’s a template for a research proposal:

1. Introduction:

2. Literature Review:

3. Research Objectives:

4. Methodology:

5. Timeline:

6. Resources:

7. Ethical Considerations:

8. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

9. References:

10. Appendices:

Research Proposal Sample

Title: The Impact of Online Education on Student Learning Outcomes: A Comparative Study

1. Introduction

Online education has gained significant prominence in recent years, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes by comparing them with traditional face-to-face instruction. The study will explore various aspects of online education, such as instructional methods, student engagement, and academic performance, to provide insights into the effectiveness of online learning.

2. Objectives

The main objectives of this research are as follows:

• To compare student learning outcomes between online and traditional face-to-face education.
• To examine the factors influencing student engagement in online learning environments.
• To assess the effectiveness of different instructional methods employed in online education.
• To identify challenges and opportunities associated with online education and suggest recommendations for improvement.

3. Methodology

3.1 Study Design

This research will utilize a mixed-methods approach to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. The study will include the following components:

3.2 Participants

The research will involve undergraduate students from two universities, one offering online education and the other providing face-to-face instruction. A total of 500 students (250 from each university) will be selected randomly to participate in the study.

3.3 Data Collection

The research will employ the following data collection methods:

• Quantitative: Pre- and post-assessments will be conducted to measure students’ learning outcomes. Data on student demographics and academic performance will also be collected from university records.
• Qualitative: Focus group discussions and individual interviews will be conducted with students to gather their perceptions and experiences regarding online education.

3.4 Data Analysis

Quantitative data will be analyzed using statistical software, employing descriptive statistics, t-tests, and regression analysis. Qualitative data will be transcribed, coded, and analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and themes.

4. Ethical Considerations

The study will adhere to ethical guidelines, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of participants. Informed consent will be obtained, and participants will have the right to withdraw from the study at any time.

5. Significance and Expected Outcomes

This research will contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the impact of online education on student learning outcomes. The findings will help educational institutions and policymakers make informed decisions about incorporating online learning methods and improving the quality of online education. Moreover, the study will identify potential challenges and opportunities related to online education and offer recommendations for enhancing student engagement and overall learning outcomes.

6. Timeline

The proposed research will be conducted over a period of 12 months, including data collection, analysis, and report writing.

The estimated budget for this research includes expenses related to data collection, software licenses, participant compensation, and research assistance. A detailed budget breakdown will be provided in the final research plan.

8. Conclusion

This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes through a comparative study with traditional face-to-face instruction. By exploring various dimensions of online education, this research will provide valuable insights into the effectiveness and challenges associated with online learning. The findings will contribute to the ongoing discourse on educational practices and help shape future strategies for maximizing student learning outcomes in online education settings.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches

Student resources, research proposal tools and sample student proposals.

Sample research proposals written by doctoral students in each of the key areas covered in Research Design --quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods—are provided as a useful reference. A Research Proposal checklist also serves to help guide your own proposal-writing.

›   Morales Proposal_Qualitative Study

›   Kottich Proposal_Quantitative Study

›   Guetterman Proposal_Mixed Methods Study

›   Research Proposal Checklist  

Proposal Template AI

Free proposal templates in word, powerpoint, pdf and more

Quantitative Research Proposal Template: A Comprehensive Guide + Free Template Download + How to Write it

The importance of a quantitative research proposal template.

As a researcher, I understand the importance of a well-structured research proposal when embarking on a quantitative study. A quantitative research proposal template serves as a blueprint, providing a clear outline of the necessary components required to carry out a successful study. Unlike a standard proposal, a quantitative research proposal template is tailored to the specific needs and requirements of a quantitative research study, encompassing key elements such as research questions , methodology, data analysis , and anticipated outcomes .

In this article, I will explore the significance of a quantitative research proposal template and how it differs from a standard proposal. We will delve into the essential components of the template and discuss the benefits it offers to researchers in the planning and execution of quantitative research studies.

Research Title

The Effect of Social Media on Teenage Mental Health: A Quantitative Study

Background and Significance

Previous studies have shown a potential link between excessive use of social media and negative impacts on teenage mental health. However, there is a lack of quantitative research that examines this relationship in depth. This study aims to fill this gap in the literature by conducting a quantitative analysis of the effect of social media usage on teenage mental health.

My advice on this section: Be sure to provide a clear rationale for why your research is important and necessary. Cite relevant literature to support the significance of your proposed study.

Research Questions and Hypotheses

Research Questions : 1. What is the correlation between daily time spent on social media and symptoms of anxiety and depression in teenagers? 2. Does the type of content consumed on social media (e.g. comparison-based, positive affirmations, negative news) contribute to variations in mental health outcomes?

Hypotheses: 1. H1: There will be a positive correlation between daily social media usage and symptoms of anxiety and depression among teenagers. 2. H2: Teenagers exposed to comparison-based and negative news content on social media will exhibit higher levels of anxiety and depression compared to those exposed to positive affirmations.

My advice on this section: Your research questions and hypotheses should be specific and directly related to your research aims. Make sure they are measurable and testable.

Methodology

Participants: – The study will recruit 500 teenagers aged 13-18 from diverse socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. – Informed consent will be obtained from both participants and their legal guardians.

Measures: – Daily social media usage will be assessed using a self-report questionnaire. – Symptoms of anxiety and depression will be measured using the Beck Youth Inventories.

Data Analysis : – Correlational analysis will be utilized to examine the relationship between social media usage and mental health outcomes. – ANOVA will be used to compare the mental health outcomes of teenagers exposed to different types of social media content.

My advice on this section: Provide detailed information about your sample size , sampling method, and data collection tools . Be clear about your data analysis plan and the statistical tests you intend to use.

• Participant recruitment and data collection: 3 months
• Data analysis : 2 months
• Report writing and dissemination of results: 1 month

My advice on this section: Your timeline should be realistic and achievable. Be sure to factor in potential delays and allocate time for unexpected issues that may arise during the research process .

• Participant incentives and compensation: $2,000
• Data collection materials (e.g. questionnaires, electronic devices): $500
• Statistical software and analysis tools: $1,000
• Research staff salaries: $3,000

Total budget: $6,500

My advice on this section: It’s important to provide a thorough and realistic budget that includes all necessary expenses for conducting the research. Be transparent about how the funds will be allocated.

• Smith, A., & Jones, B. (2018). The impact of social media on teenage mental health. Journal of Adolescent Psychology, 25(3), 123-135.
• Brown, C., et al. (2019). Social media use and symptoms of depression in adolescents. Journal of Youth Studies, 12(2), 89-101.

My advice on this section: Make sure to use relevant and recent literature to support your research proposal . It’s important to show that your study is grounded in existing knowledge and contributes to the scholarly conversation.

Download free Quantitative Research Proposal Template in Word DocX, Powerpoint PPTX, and PDF. We included Quantitative Research Proposal Template examples as well.

Download Free Quantitative Research Proposal Template PDF and Examples Download Free Quantitative Research Proposal Template Word Document

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FAQ for Quantitative Research Proposal Template

1. what is a quantitative research proposal.

A quantitative research proposal is a formal document that outlines a research project that uses numerical data to investigate a specific research question or hypothesis.

2. What should be included in a quantitative research proposal?

A quantitative research proposal should include an introduction, literature review , research question or hypothesis, methodology, data analysis plan, timeline, and references.

3. What is the purpose of a literature review in a quantitative research proposal?

The purpose of the literature review is to provide a comprehensive overview of existing research on the topic and to demonstrate the gap in the literature that the proposed study will address.

4. What should the methodology section of a quantitative research proposal include?

The methodology section should outline the specific methods and tools that will be used to collect and analyze the numerical data, as well as the approach to sampling and data collection .

5. How should the data analysis plan be presented in a quantitative research proposal?

The data analysis plan should include the statistical techniques and software that will be used to analyze the data, as well as the specific hypotheses or research questions that will be tested.

6. What is the significance of including a timeline in a quantitative research proposal?

The timeline helps to demonstrate the feasibility of the research project and provides a clear plan for completing the research within a specific time frame.

7. How should the references be formatted in a quantitative research proposal?

The references should be formatted in a consistent citation style, such as APA or MLA, and should include all sources cited in the proposal.

8. Can a quantitative research proposal be modified after it has been submitted for review?

Yes, a quantitative research proposal can be modified based on feedback from reviewers or changes in the research plan . It is important to communicate any modifications to the relevant stakeholders.

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• Indian J Anaesth
• v.60(9); 2016 Sep

How to write a research proposal?

Department of Anaesthesiology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Devika Rani Duggappa

Writing the proposal of a research work in the present era is a challenging task due to the constantly evolving trends in the qualitative research design and the need to incorporate medical advances into the methodology. The proposal is a detailed plan or ‘blueprint’ for the intended study, and once it is completed, the research project should flow smoothly. Even today, many of the proposals at post-graduate evaluation committees and application proposals for funding are substandard. A search was conducted with keywords such as research proposal, writing proposal and qualitative using search engines, namely, PubMed and Google Scholar, and an attempt has been made to provide broad guidelines for writing a scientifically appropriate research proposal.

INTRODUCTION

A clean, well-thought-out proposal forms the backbone for the research itself and hence becomes the most important step in the process of conduct of research.[ 1 ] The objective of preparing a research proposal would be to obtain approvals from various committees including ethics committee [details under ‘Research methodology II’ section [ Table 1 ] in this issue of IJA) and to request for grants. However, there are very few universally accepted guidelines for preparation of a good quality research proposal. A search was performed with keywords such as research proposal, funding, qualitative and writing proposals using search engines, namely, PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus.

Five ‘C’s while writing a literature review

BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

A proposal needs to show how your work fits into what is already known about the topic and what new paradigm will it add to the literature, while specifying the question that the research will answer, establishing its significance, and the implications of the answer.[ 2 ] The proposal must be capable of convincing the evaluation committee about the credibility, achievability, practicality and reproducibility (repeatability) of the research design.[ 3 ] Four categories of audience with different expectations may be present in the evaluation committees, namely academic colleagues, policy-makers, practitioners and lay audiences who evaluate the research proposal. Tips for preparation of a good research proposal include; ‘be practical, be persuasive, make broader links, aim for crystal clarity and plan before you write’. A researcher must be balanced, with a realistic understanding of what can be achieved. Being persuasive implies that researcher must be able to convince other researchers, research funding agencies, educational institutions and supervisors that the research is worth getting approval. The aim of the researcher should be clearly stated in simple language that describes the research in a way that non-specialists can comprehend, without use of jargons. The proposal must not only demonstrate that it is based on an intelligent understanding of the existing literature but also show that the writer has thought about the time needed to conduct each stage of the research.[ 4 , 5 ]

CONTENTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

The contents or formats of a research proposal vary depending on the requirements of evaluation committee and are generally provided by the evaluation committee or the institution.

In general, a cover page should contain the (i) title of the proposal, (ii) name and affiliation of the researcher (principal investigator) and co-investigators, (iii) institutional affiliation (degree of the investigator and the name of institution where the study will be performed), details of contact such as phone numbers, E-mail id's and lines for signatures of investigators.

The main contents of the proposal may be presented under the following headings: (i) introduction, (ii) review of literature, (iii) aims and objectives, (iv) research design and methods, (v) ethical considerations, (vi) budget, (vii) appendices and (viii) citations.[ 4 ]

Introduction

It is also sometimes termed as ‘need for study’ or ‘abstract’. Introduction is an initial pitch of an idea; it sets the scene and puts the research in context.[ 6 ] The introduction should be designed to create interest in the reader about the topic and proposal. It should convey to the reader, what you want to do, what necessitates the study and your passion for the topic.[ 7 ] Some questions that can be used to assess the significance of the study are: (i) Who has an interest in the domain of inquiry? (ii) What do we already know about the topic? (iii) What has not been answered adequately in previous research and practice? (iv) How will this research add to knowledge, practice and policy in this area? Some of the evaluation committees, expect the last two questions, elaborated under a separate heading of ‘background and significance’.[ 8 ] Introduction should also contain the hypothesis behind the research design. If hypothesis cannot be constructed, the line of inquiry to be used in the research must be indicated.

Review of literature

It refers to all sources of scientific evidence pertaining to the topic in interest. In the present era of digitalisation and easy accessibility, there is an enormous amount of relevant data available, making it a challenge for the researcher to include all of it in his/her review.[ 9 ] It is crucial to structure this section intelligently so that the reader can grasp the argument related to your study in relation to that of other researchers, while still demonstrating to your readers that your work is original and innovative. It is preferable to summarise each article in a paragraph, highlighting the details pertinent to the topic of interest. The progression of review can move from the more general to the more focused studies, or a historical progression can be used to develop the story, without making it exhaustive.[ 1 ] Literature should include supporting data, disagreements and controversies. Five ‘C's may be kept in mind while writing a literature review[ 10 ] [ Table 1 ].

Aims and objectives

The research purpose (or goal or aim) gives a broad indication of what the researcher wishes to achieve in the research. The hypothesis to be tested can be the aim of the study. The objectives related to parameters or tools used to achieve the aim are generally categorised as primary and secondary objectives.

Research design and method

The objective here is to convince the reader that the overall research design and methods of analysis will correctly address the research problem and to impress upon the reader that the methodology/sources chosen are appropriate for the specific topic. It should be unmistakably tied to the specific aims of your study.

In this section, the methods and sources used to conduct the research must be discussed, including specific references to sites, databases, key texts or authors that will be indispensable to the project. There should be specific mention about the methodological approaches to be undertaken to gather information, about the techniques to be used to analyse it and about the tests of external validity to which researcher is committed.[ 10 , 11 ]

The components of this section include the following:[ 4 ]

Population and sample

Population refers to all the elements (individuals, objects or substances) that meet certain criteria for inclusion in a given universe,[ 12 ] and sample refers to subset of population which meets the inclusion criteria for enrolment into the study. The inclusion and exclusion criteria should be clearly defined. The details pertaining to sample size are discussed in the article “Sample size calculation: Basic priniciples” published in this issue of IJA.

Data collection

The researcher is expected to give a detailed account of the methodology adopted for collection of data, which include the time frame required for the research. The methodology should be tested for its validity and ensure that, in pursuit of achieving the results, the participant's life is not jeopardised. The author should anticipate and acknowledge any potential barrier and pitfall in carrying out the research design and explain plans to address them, thereby avoiding lacunae due to incomplete data collection. If the researcher is planning to acquire data through interviews or questionnaires, copy of the questions used for the same should be attached as an annexure with the proposal.

Rigor (soundness of the research)

This addresses the strength of the research with respect to its neutrality, consistency and applicability. Rigor must be reflected throughout the proposal.

It refers to the robustness of a research method against bias. The author should convey the measures taken to avoid bias, viz. blinding and randomisation, in an elaborate way, thus ensuring that the result obtained from the adopted method is purely as chance and not influenced by other confounding variables.

Consistency

Consistency considers whether the findings will be consistent if the inquiry was replicated with the same participants and in a similar context. This can be achieved by adopting standard and universally accepted methods and scales.

Applicability

Applicability refers to the degree to which the findings can be applied to different contexts and groups.[ 13 ]

Data analysis

This section deals with the reduction and reconstruction of data and its analysis including sample size calculation. The researcher is expected to explain the steps adopted for coding and sorting the data obtained. Various tests to be used to analyse the data for its robustness, significance should be clearly stated. Author should also mention the names of statistician and suitable software which will be used in due course of data analysis and their contribution to data analysis and sample calculation.[ 9 ]

Ethical considerations

Medical research introduces special moral and ethical problems that are not usually encountered by other researchers during data collection, and hence, the researcher should take special care in ensuring that ethical standards are met. Ethical considerations refer to the protection of the participants' rights (right to self-determination, right to privacy, right to autonomy and confidentiality, right to fair treatment and right to protection from discomfort and harm), obtaining informed consent and the institutional review process (ethical approval). The researcher needs to provide adequate information on each of these aspects.

Informed consent needs to be obtained from the participants (details discussed in further chapters), as well as the research site and the relevant authorities.

When the researcher prepares a research budget, he/she should predict and cost all aspects of the research and then add an additional allowance for unpredictable disasters, delays and rising costs. All items in the budget should be justified.

Appendices are documents that support the proposal and application. The appendices will be specific for each proposal but documents that are usually required include informed consent form, supporting documents, questionnaires, measurement tools and patient information of the study in layman's language.

As with any scholarly research paper, you must cite the sources you used in composing your proposal. Although the words ‘references and bibliography’ are different, they are used interchangeably. It refers to all references cited in the research proposal.

Successful, qualitative research proposals should communicate the researcher's knowledge of the field and method and convey the emergent nature of the qualitative design. The proposal should follow a discernible logic from the introduction to presentation of the appendices.

Financial support and sponsorship

Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.

• How it works

How to Write a Research Design – Guide with Examples

Published by Alaxendra Bets at August 14th, 2021 , Revised On June 24, 2024

A research design is a structure that combines different components of research. It involves the use of different data collection and data analysis techniques logically to answer the  research questions .

It would be best to make some decisions about addressing the research questions adequately before starting the research process, which is achieved with the help of the research design.

Below are the key aspects of the decision-making process:

• Data type required for research
• Research resources
• Participants required for research
• Hypothesis based upon research question(s)
• Data analysis  methodologies
• Variables (Independent, dependent, and confounding)
• The location and timescale for conducting the data
• The time period required for research

The research design provides the strategy of investigation for your project. Furthermore, it defines the parameters and criteria to compile the data to evaluate results and conclude.

Your project’s validity depends on the data collection and  interpretation techniques.  A strong research design reflects a strong  dissertation , scientific paper, or research proposal .

Step 1: Establish Priorities for Research Design

Before conducting any research study, you must address an important question: “how to create a research design.”

The research design depends on the researcher’s priorities and choices because every research has different priorities. For a complex research study involving multiple methods, you may choose to have more than one research design.

Multimethodology or multimethod research includes using more than one data collection method or research in a research study or set of related studies.

If one research design is weak in one area, then another research design can cover that weakness. For instance, a  dissertation analyzing different situations or cases will have more than one research design.

For example:

• Experimental research involves experimental investigation and laboratory experience, but it does not accurately investigate the real world.
• Quantitative research is good for the  statistical part of the project, but it may not provide an in-depth understanding of the  topic .
• Also, correlational research will not provide experimental results because it is a technique that assesses the statistical relationship between two variables.

While scientific considerations are a fundamental aspect of the research design, It is equally important that the researcher think practically before deciding on its structure. Here are some questions that you should think of;

• Do you have enough time to gather data and complete the write-up?
• Will you be able to collect the necessary data by interviewing a specific person or visiting a specific location?
• Do you have in-depth knowledge about the  different statistical analysis and data collection techniques to address the research questions  or test the  hypothesis ?

If you think that the chosen research design cannot answer the research questions properly, you can refine your research questions to gain better insight.

Step 2: Data Type you Need for Research

Decide on the type of data you need for your research. The type of data you need to collect depends on your research questions or research hypothesis. Two types of research data can be used to answer the research questions:

Primary Data Vs. Secondary Data

Qualitative Vs. Quantitative Data

Also, see; Research methods, design, and analysis .

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• Hire an expert from ResearchProspect today!
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Step 3: Data Collection Techniques

Once you have selected the type of research to answer your research question, you need to decide where and how to collect the data.

It is time to determine your research method to address the  research problem . Research methods involve procedures, techniques, materials, and tools used for the study.

For instance, a dissertation research design includes the different resources and data collection techniques and helps establish your  dissertation’s structure .

The following table shows the characteristics of the most popularly employed research methods.

Research Methods

Step 4: Procedure of Data Analysis

Use of the  correct data and statistical analysis technique is necessary for the validity of your research. Therefore, you need to be certain about the data type that would best address the research problem. Choosing an appropriate analysis method is the final step for the research design. It can be split into two main categories;

Quantitative Data Analysis

The quantitative data analysis technique involves analyzing the numerical data with the help of different applications such as; SPSS, STATA, Excel, origin lab, etc.

This data analysis strategy tests different variables such as spectrum, frequencies, averages, and more. The research question and the hypothesis must be established to identify the variables for testing.

Qualitative Data Analysis

Qualitative data analysis of figures, themes, and words allows for flexibility and the researcher’s subjective opinions. This means that the researcher’s primary focus will be interpreting patterns, tendencies, and accounts and understanding the implications and social framework.

You should be clear about your research objectives before starting to analyze the data. For example, you should ask yourself whether you need to explain respondents’ experiences and insights or do you also need to evaluate their responses with reference to a certain social framework.

Step 5: Write your Research Proposal

The research design is an important component of a research proposal because it plans the project’s execution. You can share it with the supervisor, who would evaluate the feasibility and capacity of the results  and  conclusion .

Read our guidelines to write a research proposal  if you have already formulated your research design. The research proposal is written in the future tense because you are writing your proposal before conducting research.

The  research methodology  or research design, on the other hand, is generally written in the past tense.

How to Write a Research Design – Conclusion

A research design is the plan, structure, strategy of investigation conceived to answer the research question and test the hypothesis. The dissertation research design can be classified based on the type of data and the type of analysis.

Above mentioned five steps are the answer to how to write a research design. So, follow these steps to  formulate the perfect research design for your dissertation .

ResearchProspect writers have years of experience creating research designs that align with the dissertation’s aim and objectives. If you are struggling with your dissertation methodology chapter, you might want to look at our dissertation part-writing service.

Our dissertation writers can also help you with the full dissertation paper . No matter how urgent or complex your need may be, ResearchProspect can help. We also offer PhD level research paper writing services.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is research design.

Research design is a systematic plan that guides the research process, outlining the methodology and procedures for collecting and analysing data. It determines the structure of the study, ensuring the research question is answered effectively, reliably, and validly. It serves as the blueprint for the entire research project.

How to write a research design?

To write a research design, define your research question, identify the research method (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed), choose data collection techniques (e.g., surveys, interviews), determine the sample size and sampling method, outline data analysis procedures, and highlight potential limitations and ethical considerations for the study.

How to write the design section of a research paper?

In the design section of a research paper, describe the research methodology chosen and justify its selection. Outline the data collection methods, participants or samples, instruments used, and procedures followed. Detail any experimental controls, if applicable. Ensure clarity and precision to enable replication of the study by other researchers.

How to write a research design in methodology?

To write a research design in methodology, clearly outline the research strategy (e.g., experimental, survey, case study). Describe the sampling technique, participants, and data collection methods. Detail the procedures for data collection and analysis. Justify choices by linking them to research objectives, addressing reliability and validity.

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Research questions for quantitative research proposals, rachel r.n..

• July 7, 2024
• How to Guides

Hey there, fellow college students! Are you feeling a bit lost when it comes to crafting research questions for your quantitative research proposal? Don’t worry – you’re not alone.

Many students find this part of the research process challenging, but it’s also one of the most important steps in setting up a successful study. In this guide, we’ll break down everything you need to know about creating effective research questions for quantitative research.

We’ll use everyday language and plenty of examples to help you understand the concepts better.

What You'll Learn

What Are Research Questions?

Let’s start with the basics. Research questions are the foundation of any good study. They’re like the GPS coordinates for your research journey – they tell you where you’re going and help you stay on track.

A research question is a clear, focused, and specific inquiry that your study aims to answer. It’s the main thing you want to find out through your research.

Why are research questions so crucial? Well, they:

• Guide your entire research process
• Help you choose the right methods and tools
• Keep you focused on what’s important
• Make it easier to organize and present your findings

Think of your research question as the main character in a movie. Everything else in your study – your methods, data collection, analysis, and conclusions – are supporting actors that help tell your research question’s story.

Characteristics of Good Quantitative Research Questions

Not all research questions are created equal. In quantitative research, where we’re dealing with numbers and measurable data, our questions need to have certain qualities to be effective.

1. Specific and Focused

A good research question zeroes in on a particular aspect of a topic. It’s not trying to solve world hunger in one go but might look at a specific factor related to it.

Example of a vague question: “How does social media affect students?”

Improved, specific question: “What is the relationship between daily Instagram use and academic performance among first-year college students?”

2. Measurable

In quantitative research, we need to be able to measure or quantify our variables. Your question should lead to data that can be analyzed statistically.

Example: “How does the number of hours spent studying per week correlate with GPA among undergraduate biology majors?”

3. Feasible

Can you actually answer this question with the time, resources, and access to data that you have? Be realistic about what you can accomplish.

Example of an unfeasible question: “What are the sleep patterns of every college student in the United States?”

More feasible question: “What are the average sleep duration and quality reported by students at XYZ University during final exam week?”

4. Relevant

Your question should contribute something meaningful to your field of study or address a gap in current knowledge.

Example: “How does the implementation of a mindfulness app affect self-reported stress levels among nursing students during clinical rotations?”

Make sure your research question doesn’t lead to a study that could harm participants or violate ethical guidelines.

Example of an unethical question: “How do different levels of sleep deprivation affect exam performance in college students?”

More ethical alternative: “How do self-reported sleep habits correlate with exam performance in college students?”

Types of Quantitative Research Questions

Now that we know what makes a good research question let’s look at the different types you might encounter in quantitative research. Understanding these types can help you frame your own questions more effectively.

1. Descriptive Questions

Descriptive questions aim to provide a clear picture of a situation, phenomenon, or group. They often start with words like “what,” “who,” “where,” or “when.”

Example: “What is the average number of hours spent on social media per day among college freshmen?”

These questions are great for establishing baseline information or getting a snapshot of current conditions. They’re often used in surveys or observational studies.

2. Comparative Questions

Comparative questions look at differences between two or more groups or conditions. They usually involve words like “compare,” “contrast,” or “differ.”

Example: “How does the average GPA of student-athletes compare to non-athlete students at XYZ University?”

These questions are useful when you want to understand how different groups or conditions stack up against each other. They often lead to studies using t-tests or ANOVAs for analysis.

3. Relationship Questions

Relationship questions explore connections between variables. They typically use words like “relate,” “associate,” or “correlate.”

Example: “What is the relationship between hours of sleep per night and academic performance among college students?”

These questions are perfect for understanding how different factors might influence each other. They often lead to correlational studies or regression analyses.

4. Predictive Questions

Predictive questions try to forecast outcomes based on certain variables. They might use words like “predict,” “influence,” or “affect.”

Example: “To what extent can a student’s high school GPA and SAT scores predict their college GPA?”

These questions are great for understanding cause-and-effect relationships or for developing models to forecast future outcomes. They often involve regression analyses or more advanced statistical techniques.

5. Causal Questions

Causal questions aim to determine if one variable causes changes in another. They often use words like “effect,” “impact,” or “result.”

Example: “What is the effect of a 6-week mindfulness training program on stress levels among college students?”

These questions are the most challenging to address in quantitative research, as they require carefully controlled experimental designs to establish causality.

Steps to Develop Effective Research Questions

Alright, now that we’ve covered the types of questions, let’s walk through the process of creating your own killer research questions. Don’t worry – we’ll take it step by step!

1. Choose a Broad Topic

Start with a general area that interests you. It could be something like “student mental health,” “online learning,” or “campus sustainability.”

2. Do Some Background Reading

Dive into some books, articles, or reputable websites about your topic. This will help you understand what’s already known and what gaps might exist in the current research.

3. Narrow Down Your Focus

Based on your reading, choose a more specific aspect of your broad topic. For example, if you started with “student mental health,” you might narrow it down to “stress management techniques for college students.”

4. Identify Variables

What specific things do you want to measure or compare? In our stress management example, variables might include different relaxation techniques, stress levels, and academic performance.

5. Consider Your Research Design

Think about how you might go about studying this topic. Will you survey students? Conduct an experiment? Analyze existing data? Your research design will influence how you frame your question.

6. Draft Your Question

Using what you’ve learned about the characteristics and types of research questions, write a draft of your question. Don’t worry about getting it perfect – we’ll refine it later.

7. Get Feedback

Show your draft question to your professor, classmates, or a writing center tutor. They might spot issues you’ve missed or suggest improvements.

8. Refine and Finalize

Based on the feedback you receive, polish your question until it meets all the criteria for a good quantitative research question.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Even the best researchers sometimes stumble when crafting research questions. Here are some common pitfalls to watch out for:

1. Being Too Broad

A question like “How does technology affect learning?” is way too broad for a single study. Narrow it down to something more specific, like “How does the use of educational apps impact math test scores among 10th-grade students?”

2. Using Vague Terms

Avoid words that are open to interpretation. Instead of “How do students feel about online classes?” try “What are the self-reported satisfaction levels of undergraduate students regarding synchronous online classes?”

3. Asking Yes/No Questions

Questions that can be answered with a simple yes or no don’t give you much to work with. Instead of “Do college students experience stress?” ask “What are the primary sources of academic stress reported by college students, and how do stress levels vary across different majors?”

4. Including Too Many Variables

While it’s tempting to try to cover everything, too many variables can make your study unwieldy. Focus on a manageable number of key variables.

5. Forgetting About Feasibility

Make sure you can actually answer your question with the resources and time you have available. A question requiring data from every university in the country might be exciting but probably isn’t feasible for a college research project.

6. Neglecting Ethical Considerations

Always consider the ethical implications of your research question. Avoid questions that could lead to harm or discomfort for participants.

Examples of Strong Quantitative Research Questions

Let’s look at some examples of well-crafted quantitative research questions across different fields of study. We’ll break down why each one works well.

“What is the relationship between daily social media use and self-reported anxiety levels among college students aged 18-22?”

Why it works: This question is specific (focuses on a particular age group and platform), measurable (daily use and anxiety levels can be quantified), and relevant to current issues in psychology.

“How does the implementation of a flipped classroom model affect test scores in introductory biology courses compared to traditional lecture-based instruction?”

Why it works: This question is comparative, measurable (test scores), and addresses a current trend in education (flipped classrooms).

“To what extent do employee satisfaction scores predict customer satisfaction ratings in retail businesses with over 500 employees?”

Why it works: This question is predictive, specific to a particular business size, and deals with measurable variables (satisfaction scores and ratings).

Health Sciences

“What is the correlation between weekly exercise duration and blood pressure levels among adults aged 40-60 with sedentary jobs?”

Why it works: This question looks at a relationship between specific variables (exercise and blood pressure), focuses on a particular population, and is relevant to public health concerns.

Environmental Science

“How does the implementation of a campus-wide recycling program affect the volume of waste sent to landfills from universities with over 10,000 students?”

Why it works: This question is causal, specific to a particular type of institution, and deals with a measurable outcome (waste volume).

Aligning Research Questions with Quantitative Methods

Once you’ve crafted your research question, you need to make sure it aligns with appropriate quantitative methods. Different types of questions lend themselves to different research designs and statistical analyses.

Surveys and Questionnaires

Best for: Descriptive and some relationship questions Example question: “What are the most common stress-coping mechanisms reported by first-year college students?” Analysis methods: Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, correlation analyses

Experiments

Best for: Causal and comparative questions Example question: “What is the effect of a 8-week mindfulness program on test anxiety levels among high school seniors compared to a control group?” Analysis methods: T-tests, ANOVA, ANCOVA

Correlational Studies

Best for: Relationship and some predictive questions Example question: “What is the relationship between hours spent studying and final exam scores in online vs. in-person classes?” Analysis methods: Correlation coefficients, regression analyses

Longitudinal Studies

Best for: Trend analysis and some causal questions Example question: “How do career aspirations change over the four years of college for students in STEM majors?” Analysis methods: Repeated measures ANOVA, growth curve modeling

Secondary Data Analysis

Best for: Descriptive, comparative, and some relationship questions using existing datasets Example question: “How does the graduation rate of first-generation college students compare to that of students with college-educated parents across public universities in the United States?” Analysis methods: Various, depending on the nature of the data (e.g., t-tests, regression, multilevel modeling)

Turning Your Research Question into Hypotheses

In quantitative research, your research question often leads to one or more hypotheses. A hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between variables.

Steps to Create Hypotheses:

• Identify the variables in your research question
• Determine the expected relationship between these variables
• State this relationship in a clear, testable format

Research Question: “What is the relationship between hours of sleep per night and academic performance among college students?”

Hypothesis: “There is a positive correlation between average hours of sleep per night and GPA among college students.”

Research Question: “How does a 12-week exercise program affect depression scores in adults aged 30-50 compared to a control group?”

Hypotheses:

• “Participants in the exercise program will show a greater decrease in depression scores compared to the control group.”
• “The effect of the exercise program on depression scores will be moderated by initial fitness levels.”

Evaluating and Refining Your Research Questions

Even after you’ve crafted what you think is a solid research question, it’s important to step back and evaluate it critically. Here are some questions to ask yourself:

• Is my question clear and specific enough?
• Can I measure or quantify the variables involved?
• Is it feasible to answer this question with the resources and time I have?
• Does this question add something valuable to the existing knowledge in my field?
• Are there any ethical concerns with pursuing this question?
• Does my question align well with quantitative research methods?
• Can I form clear hypotheses based on this question?
• Is the scope of the question appropriate for my research project?

If you answer “no” to any of these, it might be time to refine your question. Don’t be discouraged – it’s normal to go through several iterations before landing on the perfect research question.

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How to Write Quantitative Research Questions: Types With Examples

Quantitative research questions: Types, tips & examples

Crafting effective research questions for quantitative research proposals is a skill that takes practice. Remember, a good research question is your north star – it guides your entire study and helps ensure that your research is focused, feasible, and meaningful.

As you work on your own research questions, keep these key points in mind:

• Be specific and focused
• Ensure your variables are measurable
• Consider feasibility and ethics
• Align your question with appropriate quantitative methods
• Be prepared to refine and revise your question as you delve deeper into your research

Remember, the goal is not to find the “perfect” question, but rather a question that is clear, answerable, and contributes to our understanding of the world around us. Happy researching!

To wrap up, let’s address some frequently asked questions about research questions in quantitative research proposals:

• Q: How many research questions should I have in my proposal? A: It depends on the scope of your study, but typically 1-3 main research questions are sufficient for most college-level projects. It’s better to deeply explore a few questions than to superficially address many.
• Q: Can I change my research question once I’ve started my study? A: While it’s best to have a solid question before you begin, it’s not uncommon for questions to evolve slightly as you delve into your research. However, significant changes midway through a study can be problematic.
• Q: How do I know if my research question is too broad or too narrow? A: If your question could be the topic of an entire book, it’s probably too broad. If you can fully answer it in a paragraph, it might be too narrow. Aim for a question that can be thoroughly explored in the context of your research project.
• Q: Should my research question always be novel, or can I replicate previous studies? A: While novelty is valued in research, replication studies are also important in science. You could replicate a study in a different context or population, or extend previous findings in a new direction.
• Q: How do I handle it if my results don’t answer my research question? A: This is a normal part of the research process! Negative or inconclusive results are still valuable. Report your findings honestly and discuss potential reasons why your results might differ from expectations.

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• How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on 30 October 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on 13 June 2023.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

• Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organised and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Table of contents

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, frequently asked questions.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

• Example research proposal #1: ‘A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management’
• Example research proposal #2: ‘ Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use’

Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

• The proposed title of your project
• Your supervisor’s name
• Your institution and department

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

• Introduce your topic
• Give necessary background and context
• Outline your  problem statement  and research questions

To guide your introduction , include information about:

• Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
• How much is already known about the topic
• What is missing from this current knowledge
• What new insights your research will contribute
• Why you believe this research is worth doing

As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review  shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

• Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
• Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
• Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesise prior scholarship

Following the literature review, restate your main  objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasise again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

• Improving best practices
• Informing policymaking decisions
• Strengthening a theory or model
• Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
• Creating a basis for future research

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

• Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
• Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
• Source : how did you calculate the amount?

To determine your budget, think about:

• Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
• Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
• Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement.

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

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Science & Quantitative Reasoning Education

Yale undergraduate research, how to write a proposal.

The abstract should summarize your proposal. Include one sentence to introduce the problem you are investigating, why this problem is significant, the hypothesis to be tested, a brief summary of experiments that you wish to conduct and a single concluding sentence. (250 word limit)

Introduction

The introduction discusses the background and significance of the problem you are investigating. Lead the reader from the general to the specific. For example, if you want to write about the role that Brca1 mutations play in breast cancer pathogenesis, talk first about the significance of breast cancer as a disease in the US/world population, then about familial breast cancer as a small subset of breast cancers in general, then about discovery of Brca1 mutations in familial breast cancer, then Brca1’s normal functions in DNA repair, then about how Brca1 mutations result in damaged DNA and onset of familial breast cancer, etc. Definitely include figures with properly labeled text boxes (designated as Figure 1, Figure 2, etc) here to better illustrate your points and help your reader wade through unfamiliar science. (3 pages max)

Formulate a hypothesis that will be tested in your grant proposal. Remember, you are doing hypothesis-driven research so there should be a hypothesis to be tested! The hypothesis should be focused, concise and flow logically from the introduction. For example, your hypothesis could be “I hypothesize that overexpressing wild type Brca1 in Brca1 null tumor cells will prevent metastatic spread in a mouse xenograph model.” Based on your hypothesis, your Specific Aims section should be geared to support it. The hypothesis is stated in one sentence in the proposal. 

Specific Aims (listed as Specific Aim 1, Specific Aim 2)

This is where you will want to work with your mentor to craft the experimental portion of your proposal. Propose two original specific aims to test your hypothesis. Don’t propose more than two aims-you will NOT have enough time to do more. In the example presented, Specific Aim 1 might be “To determine the oncogenic potential of Brca1 null cell lines expressing wild type Brca1 cDNA”. Specific aim 2 might be “To determine the metastatic potential of Brca1 null cells that express WT Brca1”. You do not have to go into extensive technical details, just enough for the reader to understand what you propose to do. The best aims yield mechanistic insights-that is, experiments proposed address some mechanisms of biology. A less desirable aim proposes correlative experiments that does not address mechanistically how BRCA1 mutations generate cancer. It is also very important that the two aims are related but NOT interdependent. What this means is that if Aim 1 doesn’t work, Aim 2 is not automatically dead. For example, say you propose in Aim 1 to generate a BRCA1 knockout mouse model, and in Aim 2 you will take tissues from this mouse to do experiments. If knocking out BRCA1 results in early embryonic death, you will never get a mouse that yields tissues for Aim 2. You can include some of your mentor’s data here as “Preliminary data”. Remember to carefully cite all your sources. (4 pages max; 2 pages per Aim)

Potential pitfalls and alternative strategies

This is a very important part of any proposal. This is where you want to discuss the experiments you propose in Aims 1 and 2. Remember, no experiment is perfect. Are there any reasons why experiments you proposed might not work? Why? What will you do to resolve this? What are other possible strategies you might use if your experiments don’t work? If a reviewer spots these deficiencies and you don’t propose methods to correct them, your proposal will not get funded. You will want to work with your mentor to write this section. (1/2 page per Aim)

Cite all references, including unpublished data from your mentor. Last, First, (year), Title, Journal, volume, pages.

*8 page proposal limit (not including References), 1.5 spacing, 12pt Times New Roman font

• View an example of a research proposal submitted for the Yale College First-Year Summer Research Fellowship (PDF).  
• View an example of a research proposal submitted for the Yale College Dean’s Research Fellowship and the Rosenfeld Science Scholars Program (PDF) .

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research Design: Understanding the Differences

As a future professional in the social and education landscape, research design is one of the most critical strategies that you will master to identify challenges, ask questions and form data-driven solutions to address problems specific to your industry. 

Many approaches to research design exist, and not all work in every circumstance. While all data-focused research methods are valid in their own right, certain research design methods are more appropriate for specific study objectives.

Unlock our resource to learn more about jump starting a career in research design — Research Design and Data Analysis for the Social Good .

We will discuss the differences between quantitative (numerical and statistics-focused) and qualitative (non-numerical and human-focused) research design methods so that you can determine which approach is most strategic given your specific area of graduate-level study. 

Understanding Social Phenomena: Qualitative Research Design

Qualitative research focuses on understanding a phenomenon based on human experience and individual perception. It is a non-numerical methodology relying on interpreting a process or result. Qualitative research also paves the way for uncovering other hypotheses related to social phenomena. 

In its most basic form, qualitative research is exploratory in nature and seeks to understand the subjective experience of individuals based on social reality.

Qualitative data is…

• often used in fields related to education, sociology and anthropology; 
• designed to arrive at conclusions regarding social phenomena; 
• focused on data-gathering techniques like interviews, focus groups or case studies; 
• dedicated to perpetuating a flexible, adaptive approach to data gathering;
• known to lead professionals to deeper insights within the overall research study.

You want to use qualitative data research design if:

• you work in a field concerned with enhancing humankind through the lens of social change;
• your research focuses on understanding complex social trends and individual perceptions of those trends;
• you have interests related to human development and interpersonal relationships.

Examples of Qualitative Research Design in Education

Here are just a few examples of how qualitative research design methods can impact education:

Example 1: Former educators participate in in-depth interviews to help determine why a specific school is experiencing a higher-than-average turnover rate compared to other schools in the region. These interviews help determine the types of resources that will make a difference in teacher retention. 

Example 2: Focus group discussions occur to understand the challenges that neurodivergent students experience in the classroom daily. These discussions prepare administrators, staff, teachers and parents to understand the kinds of support that will augment and improve student outcomes.

Example 3: Case studies examine the impacts of a new education policy that limits the number of teacher aids required in a special needs classroom. These findings help policymakers determine whether the new policy affects the learning outcomes of a particular class of students.

Interpreting the Numbers: Quantitative Research Design

Quantitative research tests hypotheses and measures connections between variables. It relies on insights derived from numbers — countable, measurable and statistically sound data. Quantitative research is a strategic research design used when basing critical decisions on statistical conclusions and quantifiable data.

Quantitative research provides numerical-backed quantifiable data that may approve or discount a theory or hypothesis.

Quantitative data is…

• often used in fields related to education, data analysis and healthcare; 
• designed to arrive at numerical, statistical conclusions based on objective facts;
• focused on data-gathering techniques like experiments, surveys or observations;
• dedicated to using mathematical principles to arrive at conclusions;
• known to lead professionals to indisputable observations within the overall research study.

You want to use quantitative data research design if:

• you work in a field concerned with analyzing data to inform decisions;
• your research focuses on studying relationships between variables to form data-driven conclusions;
• you have interests related to mathematics, statistical analysis and data science.

Examples of Quantitative Research Design in Education

Here are just a few examples of how quantitative research design methods may impact education:

Example 1: Researchers compile data to understand the connection between class sizes and standardized test scores. Researchers can determine if and what the relationship is between smaller, intimate class sizes and higher test scores for grade-school children using statistical and data analysis.

Example 2: Professionals conduct an experiment in which a group of high school students must complete a certain number of community service hours before graduation. Researchers compare those students to another group of students who did not complete service hours — using statistical analysis to determine if the requirement increased college acceptance rates.

Example 3: Teachers take a survey to examine an education policy that restricts the number of extracurricular activities offered at a particular academic institution. The findings help better understand the far-reaching impacts of extracurricular opportunities on academic performance.

Making the Most of Research Design Methods for Good: Vanderbilt University’s Peabody College

Vanderbilt University's Peabody College of Education and Human Development offers a variety of respected, nationally-recognized graduate programs designed with future agents of social change in mind. We foster a culture of excellence and compassion and guide you to become the best you can be — both in the classroom and beyond.

At Peabody College, you will experience

• an inclusive, welcoming community of like-minded professionals;
• the guidance of expert faculty with real-world industry experience;
• opportunities for valuable, hands-on learning experiences,
• the option of specializing depending on your specific area of interest.

Explore our monthly publication — Ideas in Action — for an inside look at how Peabody College translates discoveries into action.

Please click below to explore a few of the graduate degrees offered at Peabody College:

• Child Studies M.Ed. — a rigorous Master of Education degree that prepares students to examine the developmental, learning and social issues concerning children and that allows students to choose from one of two tracks (the Clinical and Developmental Research Track or the Applied Professional Track).
• Cognitive Psychology in Context M.S. — an impactful Master of Science program that emphasizes research design and statistical analysis to understand cognitive processes and real-world applications best, making it perfect for those interested in pursuing doctoral studies in cognitive science.
• Education Policy M.P.P — an analysis-focused Master of Public Policy program designed for future leaders in education policy and practice, allowing students to specialize in either K-12 Education Policy, Higher Education Policy or Quantitative Methods in Education Policy. 
• Quantitative Methods M.Ed. — a data-driven Master of Education degree that teaches the theory and application of quantitative analysis in behavioral, social and educational sciences.

Connect with the Community of Professionals Seeking to Enhance Humankind at Peabody College

At Peabody College, we equip you with the marketable, transferable skills needed to secure a valuable career in education and beyond. You will emerge from the graduate program of your choice ready to enhance humankind in more meaningful ways than you could have imagined.

If you want to develop the sought-after skills needed to be a force for change in the social and educational spaces, you are in the right place .

We invite you to request more information ; we will connect you with an admissions professional who can answer all your questions about choosing one of these transformative graduate degrees at Peabody College. You may also take this opportunity to review our admissions requirements and start your online application today. 

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12 min read You may be already using quantitative research and want to check your understanding, or you may be starting from the beginning. Here’s an exploration of this research method and how you can best use it for maximum effect for your business.

You may be already using quantitative research and want to check your understanding, or you may be starting from the beginning. Here’s an exploration of this research method and how you can best use it for maximum effect for your business.

What is quantitative research?

Quantitative is the research method of collecting quantitative data – this is data that can be converted into numbers or numerical data, which can be easily quantified, compared, and analysed.

Quantitative research deals with primary and secondary sources where data is represented in numerical form. This can include closed-question poll results, statistics, and census information or demographic data .

Quantitative data tends to be used when researchers are interested in understanding a particular moment in time and examining data sets over time to find trends and patterns.

To collect numerical data, surveys are often employed as one of the main research methods to source first-hand information in primary research . Qualitative research can also come from third-party research studies .

Quantitative research is widely used in the realms of social sciences, such as biology, chemistry, psychology, economics, sociology, and marketing .

Research teams collect data that is significant to proving or disproving a hypothesis research question – known as the research objective. When they collect quantitative data, researchers will aim to use a sample size that is representative of the total population of the target market they’re interested in.

Then the data collected will be manually or automatically stored and compared for insights.

Free Download:  Improve your market research with our Ultimate Guide to Market Research eBook

Qualitative vs quantitative research

While the quantitative research definition focuses on numerical data, qualitative research is defined as data that supplies non-numerical information.

Quantitative research focuses on the thoughts, feelings, and values of a participant , to understand why people act in the way they do . They result in data types like quotes, symbols, images, and written testimonials.

These data types tell researchers subjective information, which can help us assign people into categories, such as a participant’s religion, gender , social class, political alignment, likely favoured products to buy, or their preferred training learning style.

For this reason, qualitative research is often used in social research, as this gives a window into the behaviour and actions of people.

In general, if you’re interested in measuring something or testing a hypothesis, use quantitative methods. If you want to explore ideas, thoughts, and meanings, use qualitative methods.

However, quantitative and qualitative research methods are both recommended when you’re looking to understand a point in time, while also finding out the reason behind the facts.

Quantitative research data collection methods

Quantitative research methods can use structured research instruments like:

• Surveys : A survey is a simple-to-create and easy-to-distribute research method , which helps gather information from large groups of participants quickly. Traditionally, paper-based surveys can now be made online, so costs can stay quite low.

Quantitative questions tend to be closed questions that ask for a numerical result, based on a range of options, or a yes/no answer that can be tallied quickly.

• Face-to-face or phone interviews: Interviews are a great way to connect with participants , though they require time from the research team to set up and conduct.

Researchers may also have issues connecting with participants in different geographical regions . The researcher uses a set of predefined close-ended questions, which ask for yes/no or numerical values.

• Polls: Polls can be a shorter version of surveys , used to get a ‘flavour’ of what the current situation is with participants. Online polls can be shared easily, though polls are best used with simple questions that request a range or a yes/no answer.

Quantitative data is the opposite of qualitative research, another dominant framework for research in the social sciences, explored further below.

Quantitative data types

Quantitative research methods often deliver the following data types:

• Test Scores
• Percent of training course completed
• Performance score out of 100
• Number of support calls active
• Customer Net Promoter Score (NPS)

When gathering numerical data, the emphasis is on how specific the data is, and whether they can provide an indication of what ‘is’ at the time of collection. Pre-existing statistical data can tell us what ‘was’ for the date and time range that it represented

Quantitative research design methods (with examples)

Quantitative research has a number of quantitative research designs you can choose from:

Descriptive

This design type describes the state of a data type is telling researchers, in its native environment. There won’t normally be a clearly defined research question to start with. Instead, data analysis will suggest a conclusion , which can become the hypothesis to investigate further.

Examples of descriptive quantitative design include:

• A description of child’s Christmas gifts they received that year
• A description of what businesses sell the most of during Black Friday
• A description of a product issue being experienced by a customer

Correlational

This design type looks at two or more data types, the relationship between them, and the extent that they differ or align. This does not look at the causal links deeper – instead statistical analysis methods looks at the variables in a natural environment.

Examples of correlational quantitative design include:

• The relationship between a child’s Christmas gifts and their perceived happiness level
• The relationship between a business’ sales during Black Friday and the total revenue generated over the year
• The relationship between a customer’s product issue and the reputation of the product

Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental

This design type looks at two or more data types and tries to explain any relationship and differences between them, using a cause-effect analysis. The research is carried out in a near-natural environment, where information is gathered from two groups – a naturally occurring group that matches the original natural environment, and one that is not naturally present.

This allows for causal links to be made, though they might not be correct, as other variables may have an impact on results.

Examples of causal-comparative/quasi-experimental quantitative design include:

• The effect of children’s Christmas gifts on happiness
• The effect of Black Friday sales figures on the productivity of company yearly sales
• The effect of product issues on the public perception of a product

Experimental Research

This design type looks to make a controlled environment in which two or more variables are observed to understand the exact cause and effect they have. This becomes a quantitative research study, where data types are manipulated to assess the effect they have. The participants are not naturally occurring groups, as the setting is no longer natural. A quantitative research study can help pinpoint the exact conditions in which variables impact one another.

Examples of experimental quantitative design include:

• The effect of children’s Christmas gifts on a child’s dopamine (happiness) levels
• The effect of Black Friday sales on the success of the company
• The effect of product issues on the perceived reliability of the product

Quantitative research methods need to be carefully considered, as your data collection of a data type can be used to different effects. For example, statistics can be descriptive or correlational (or inferential). Descriptive statistics help us to summarise our data, while inferential statistics help infer conclusions about significant differences.

Advantages of quantitative research

• Easy to do : Doing quantitative research is more straightforward, as the results come in numerical format, which can be more easily interpreted.
• Less interpretation : Due to the factual nature of the results, you will be able to accept or reject your hypothesis based on the numerical data collected.
• Less bias : There are higher levels of control that can be applied to the research, so bias can be reduced , making your data more reliable and precise.

Disadvantages of quantitative research

• Can’t understand reasons: Quantitative research doesn’t always tell you the full story, meaning you won’t understand the context – or the why, of the data you see, why do you see the results you have uncovered?
• Useful for simpler situations: Quantitative research on its own is not great when dealing with complex issues. In these cases, quantitative research may not be enough.

How to use quantitative research to your business’s advantage

Quantitative research methods may help in areas such as:

• Identifying which advert or landing page performs better
• Identifying how satisfied your customers are
• How many customers are likely to recommend you
• Tracking how your brand ranks in awareness and customer purchase intent
• Learn what consumers are likely to buy from your brand.

6 steps to conducting good quantitative research

Businesses can benefit from quantitative research by using it to evaluate the impact of data types. There are several steps to this:

• Define your problem or interest area : What do you observe is happening and is it frequent? Identify the data type/s you’re observing.
• Create a hypothesis : Ask yourself what could be the causes for the situation with those data types.
• Plan your quantitative research : Use structured research instruments like surveys or polls to ask questions that test your hypothesis.
• Data Collection : Collect quantitative data and understand what your data types are telling you. Using data collected on different types over long time periods can give you information on patterns.
• Data analysis : Does your information support your hypothesis? (You may need to redo the research with other variables to see if the results improve)
• Effectively present data : Communicate the results in a clear and concise way to help other people understand the findings.

How Qualtrics products can enhance & simplify the quantitative research process

The Qualtrics XM system gives you an all-in-one, integrated solution to help you all the way through conducting quantitative research. From survey creation and data collection to statistical analysis methods and data reporting, it can help all your internal teams gain insights from your numerical data.

Quantitative methods are catered to your business through templates or advanced survey designs. While you can manually collect data and conduct data analysis in a spreadsheet program, this solution helps you automate the process of quantitative research, saving you time and administration work.

Using computational techniques helps you to avoid human errors, and participant results come in are already incorporated into the analysis in real-time.

Our key tools, Stats IQ™ and Driver IQ™ make analysing numerical data easy and simple. Choose to highlight key findings based on variables or highlight statistically insignificant findings. The choice is yours.

Some examples of your workspace in action, using drag and drop to create fast data visualisations quickly:

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Research Funding Basics: What Should a Grant Proposal Include?

A grant proposal for research is like a formal request sent to an organization, asking for money to support a research project. It is a document or a group of papers that explains what the research is about and why it is important. Writing a grant proposal can be tough, especially for someone new to research. Because many funding agencies have less money to give out, and lots of researchers are asking for it, it’s crucial to write a perfect grant proposal to stand out and increase the chances of getting the needed funding.[1][2]  

Elements of a grant proposal    

A grant proposal has several essential elements or sections. These may go by different names depending on the guidelines of varying grant agencies, but they serve similar purposes. The cover letter acts as a polite introduction, while the executive summary provides a quick overview of the project. Organizational qualifications focus on why the applying group is suitable for the project, and a short overview offers a summary.    

The statement of need explains why the project is vital by outlining the problem it addresses. The project narrative is the main part, detailing the project’s plans and methods. Finally, the budget section breaks down the requested funds, demonstrating how they will be used for the project.[1][2]   

Let us examine how to write a grant proposal by taking up each of these elements.   

How to Write a Grant Proposal for Research[ 1][4][7]  

• Cover Letter: In a grant proposal, a cover letter is like a friendly introduction before the main request. It introduces you and your organization and aims to show that you are serious and professional about your project. The cover letter briefly talks about your project and expresses your excitement for it and gratitude for the people considering your funding request.  
• Executive Summary: The executive summary is a brief, condensed overview of your proposal, addressing critical questions about the project’s purpose, need, expected outcomes, methods, success measurement, and significance. It’s usually written last, serving as a concise introduction.   
• Problem Statement: The significance of your project lies in addressing a notable gap in resources, knowledge, or opportunities that genuinely requires attention. To establish the value of your project, it is crucial to define the need or problem it seeks to resolve clearly. Early in your proposal, provide background information to set the context of this problem. Importantly, emphasize how your project will have a broader, positive impact beyond simply answering an academic question. 
• Project Goals and Objectives: Once you have highlighted the need for your project, it is time to detail the project itself by answering critical questions. Clearly define the goals or research questions, articulate the outcomes your project aims for, and explain the methods to achieve these objectives. Emphasize how you will measure and recognize project achievements, ensuring they align with the identified need. Establishing a realistic timeline is essential. Focusing on the impact your project will have is critical, as funders want to see clear benefits and a robust plan for verifying and assessing the project’s success.  
• Budget: When seeking funding or support, it is crucial to specify exactly what you are requesting for and why you are asking for specific amounts. Budgets are often presented in tables and figures, clearly labelling each amount. Following the budget, you may need a justification statement explaining why each cost, material, and equipment is valid, reasonable, and essential for your project.  
• Organizational Information: This section focuses on the organization or individual requesting the grant. When an individual is seeking a grant, all relevant personal details can be included here. This part provides essential information about the key people involved in the project, including their names, backgrounds, and positions. Additionally, it offers a comprehensive history of the organization, detailing its mission and highlighting previous projects. This section helps the grant provider understand who is behind the proposal, their qualifications, and the organization’s track record, fostering trust and confidence in the project’s potential success.
• Supporting Documents: At the end of your grant proposal, you should include various supporting materials, often in the form of appendices. These could consist of extra records, endorsements, tax status information, bios of personnel in your organization, and letters of support from allied organizations or groups involved in your project. All these documents should directly relate to your proposal and may be requested explicitly by the granting institution. Including relevant and explicit supporting materials enhances the credibility and completeness of your proposal.   

References:    

• Grant Proposals (or Give me the money!) – University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   
• How to write a grant proposal – PubMed Central    
• Grant Writing – Purdue University   
• Planning and Writing a Grant Proposal: The Basics – University of Wisconsin – Madison   
• How to Begin Developing a Statement of Need – Funding for Good – Funding for Good   
• What are the critical elements of a successful grant proposal, and how do you write one? – LinkedIn   
• Writing a Research Grant Proposal – University of Winnipeg   

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Fed's Powell says new proposal for Basel III endgame is "essential"

other Washington regulators feel the same.

a path forward . 

Powell declined to discuss specific changes to the proposal, but said an additional round of public commentary is "essential," given the degree of modification.

"My view, the strongly held view of the board, is that we do need to put a revised proposal out for comment for some period, and the reason is when there are broad and material changes, that has been our practice," he said. "We don't see a reason to deviate from that practice, it seems to be consistent with past practice and with the Administrative Procedure Act, so that's very much what we think."

Powell said Fed Vice Chair for Supervision Michael Barr, the central bank's top regulatory official, is engaged with his counterparts at the FDIC and the OCC, but the three agencies have yet to make any final decisions.

The OCC declined to comment on Powell's remarks and the FDIC did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

FDIC board member Jonathan McKernan — a Republican and frequent dissenter to the agency's regulatory policies — expressed support for opening the amended proposal to another round of public commentary.

"Count me in agreement with the strongly held view of others that we need to repropose the Endgame proposal with broad and material changes," McKernan posted on X, the social network formerly known as Twitter, on Tuesday afternoon. 

impacted by the new capital framework . He noted that the new proposal would likely come with a comment window of 60 days or so, significantly shorter than the 120-day period for the initial proposal.

Powell said there is "quite a bit of work" to be done before a revised proposal can be issued. He added that it also takes several months for comments to be absorbed and incorporated into the final rule. He noted that the final rule likely would not come together before the end of 2024. 

"It's hard to be precise," Powell said. "You write this stuff up, then you put it out for comments, then you read the comments, then you write the final rule. The beginning part of next year is a good guesstimate."

Powell declined to say whether he thought the changes being considered would constitute a "logical outgrowth" from the original proposal. If they were, regulators could legally move to finalize the rule directly, whereas if they were not, a new notice and comment process would be required under the Administrative Procedure Act.

Proponents of the capital reform have argued that the broad set of questions asked by regulators when they issued the proposal last summer gives them ample room to modify the rule and move straight to finalization. 

Supporters of the proposal took issue with Powell's comments. Jeremy Kress, a law professor at the University of Michigan and a former Fed attorney, said the Fed chair is effectively "exercising a unilateral veto" on a direct finalization. 

In a post on X, Kress also said it was a breach of etiquette for one bank regulator to openly discuss divergent policy views of other agencies.

"Setting aside Powell's personal views on Endgame, it's unusual for a Fed official to expose an interagency rift to Congress without the other agencies there to make their case," Kress wrote.

top administrative lawyers in the country to handle the case. 

Following the hearing, Greg Baer, president and CEO of the Bank Policy Institute, said Powell's comments were encouraging, but he noted that the banking trade groups are not ready to stand down just yet. 

"We are heartened that the proposal has been rethought and that the public will have a chance to comment on the rethinking; however, the details here are crucial, so obviously we will need to see the scope and details," Baer said in a written statement. "And of course there remains the question of how the Basel proposal fits with the Federal Reserve's stress test, the GSIB surcharge and other regulatory requirements."

A document from the Heritage Foundation, written by some of former President Donald Trump's top economic advisors, could have a large impact on bank oversight, should Trump win the presidential election this year.

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Elizabeth Warren was among those who criticized Dimon for saying that the bank is going to move away from "commitments" toward "aspirations" on climate.

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