You can find some useful tips in our how-to guide.
The maximum length of your abstract should be 250 words in total, including keywords and article classification (see the sections below).
Your submission should include up to 12 appropriate and short keywords that capture the principal topics of the paper. Our how to guide contains some practical guidance on choosing search-engine friendly keywords.
Please note, while we will always try to use the keywords you’ve suggested, the in-house editorial team may replace some of them with matching terms to ensure consistency across publications and improve your article’s visibility.
During the submission process, you will be asked to select a type for your paper; the options are listed below. If you don’t see an exact match, please choose the best fit:
You will also be asked to select a category for your paper. The options for this are listed below. If you don’t see an exact match, please choose the best fit:
Reports on any type of research undertaken by the author(s), including:
Covers any paper where content is dependent on the author's opinion and interpretation. This includes journalistic and magazine-style pieces.
Describes and evaluates technical products, processes or services.
Focuses on developing hypotheses and is usually discursive. Covers philosophical discussions and comparative studies of other authors’ work and thinking.
Describes actual interventions or experiences within organizations. It can be subjective and doesn’t generally report on research. Also covers a description of a legal case or a hypothetical case study used as a teaching exercise.
This category should only be used if the main purpose of the paper is to annotate and/or critique the literature in a particular field. It could be a selective bibliography providing advice on information sources, or the paper may aim to cover the main contributors to the development of a topic and explore their different views.
Provides an overview or historical examination of some concept, technique or phenomenon. Papers are likely to be more descriptive or instructional (‘how to’ papers) than discursive.
Headings must be concise, with a clear indication of the required hierarchy.
The preferred format is for first level headings to be in bold, and subsequent sub-headings to be in medium italics.
Notes or endnotes should only be used if absolutely necessary. They should be identified in the text by consecutive numbers enclosed in square brackets. These numbers should then be listed, and explained, at the end of the article.
All figures (charts, diagrams, line drawings, webpages/screenshots, and photographic images) should be submitted electronically. Both colour and black and white files are accepted.
There are a few other important points to note:
Tables should be typed and submitted in a separate file to the main body of the article. The position of each table should be clearly labelled in the main body of the article with corresponding labels clearly shown in the table file. Tables should be numbered consecutively in Roman numerals (e.g. I, II, etc.).
Give each table a brief title. Ensure that any superscripts or asterisks are shown next to the relevant items and have explanations displayed as footnotes to the table, figure or plate.
Where tables, figures, appendices, and other additional content are supplementary to the article but not critical to the reader’s understanding of it, you can choose to host these supplementary files alongside your article on Insight, Emerald’s content-hosting platform (this is Emerald's recommended option as we are able to ensure the data remain accessible), or on an alternative trusted online repository. All supplementary material must be submitted prior to acceptance.
Emerald recommends that authors use the following two lists when searching for a suitable and trusted repository:
, you must submit these as separate files alongside your article. Files should be clearly labelled in such a way that makes it clear they are supplementary; Emerald recommends that the file name is descriptive and that it follows the format ‘Supplementary_material_appendix_1’ or ‘Supplementary tables’. All supplementary material must be mentioned at the appropriate moment in the main text of the article; there is no need to include the content of the file only the file name. A link to the supplementary material will be added to the article during production, and the material will be made available alongside the main text of the article at the point of EarlyCite publication.
Please note that Emerald will not make any changes to the material; it will not be copy-edited or typeset, and authors will not receive proofs of this content. Emerald therefore strongly recommends that you style all supplementary material ahead of acceptance of the article.
Emerald Insight can host the following file types and extensions:
, you should ensure that the supplementary material is hosted on the repository ahead of submission, and then include a link only to the repository within the article. It is the responsibility of the submitting author to ensure that the material is free to access and that it remains permanently available. Where an alternative trusted online repository is used, the files hosted should always be presented as read-only; please be aware that such usage risks compromising your anonymity during the review process if the repository contains any information that may enable the reviewer to identify you; as such, we recommend that all links to alternative repositories are reviewed carefully prior to submission.
Please note that extensive supplementary material may be subject to peer review; this is at the discretion of the journal Editor and dependent on the content of the material (for example, whether including it would support the reviewer making a decision on the article during the peer review process).
All references in your manuscript must be formatted using one of the recognised Harvard styles. You are welcome to use the Harvard style Emerald has adopted – we’ve provided a detailed guide below. Want to use a different Harvard style? That’s fine, our typesetters will make any necessary changes to your manuscript if it is accepted. Please ensure you check all your citations for completeness, accuracy and consistency.
References to other publications in your text should be written as follows:
, 2006) Please note, ‘ ' should always be written in italics.A few other style points. These apply to both the main body of text and your final list of references.
At the end of your paper, please supply a reference list in alphabetical order using the style guidelines below. Where a DOI is available, this should be included at the end of the reference.
Surname, initials (year), , publisher, place of publication.
e.g. Harrow, R. (2005), , Simon & Schuster, New York, NY.
Surname, initials (year), "chapter title", editor's surname, initials (Ed.), , publisher, place of publication, page numbers.
e.g. Calabrese, F.A. (2005), "The early pathways: theory to practice – a continuum", Stankosky, M. (Ed.), , Elsevier, New York, NY, pp.15-20.
Surname, initials (year), "title of article", , volume issue, page numbers.
e.g. Capizzi, M.T. and Ferguson, R. (2005), "Loyalty trends for the twenty-first century", , Vol. 22 No. 2, pp.72-80.
Surname, initials (year of publication), "title of paper", in editor’s surname, initials (Ed.), , publisher, place of publication, page numbers.
e.g. Wilde, S. and Cox, C. (2008), “Principal factors contributing to the competitiveness of tourism destinations at varying stages of development”, in Richardson, S., Fredline, L., Patiar A., & Ternel, M. (Ed.s), , Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, pp.115-118.
Surname, initials (year), "title of paper", paper presented at [name of conference], [date of conference], [place of conference], available at: URL if freely available on the internet (accessed date).
e.g. Aumueller, D. (2005), "Semantic authoring and retrieval within a wiki", paper presented at the European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), 29 May-1 June, Heraklion, Crete, available at: http://dbs.uni-leipzig.de/file/aumueller05wiksar.pdf (accessed 20 February 2007).
Surname, initials (year), "title of article", working paper [number if available], institution or organization, place of organization, date.
e.g. Moizer, P. (2003), "How published academic research can inform policy decisions: the case of mandatory rotation of audit appointments", working paper, Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, Leeds, 28 March.
(year), "title of entry", volume, edition, title of encyclopaedia, publisher, place of publication, page numbers.
e.g. (1926), "Psychology of culture contact", Vol. 1, 13th ed., Encyclopaedia Britannica, London and New York, NY, pp.765-771.
(for authored entries, please refer to book chapter guidelines above)
Surname, initials (year), "article title", , date, page numbers.
e.g. Smith, A. (2008), "Money for old rope", , 21 January, pp.1, 3-4.
(year), "article title", date, page numbers.
e.g. (2008), "Small change", 2 February, p.7.
Surname, initials (year), "title of document", unpublished manuscript, collection name, inventory record, name of archive, location of archive.
e.g. Litman, S. (1902), "Mechanism & Technique of Commerce", unpublished manuscript, Simon Litman Papers, Record series 9/5/29 Box 3, University of Illinois Archives, Urbana-Champaign, IL.
If available online, the full URL should be supplied at the end of the reference, as well as the date that the resource was accessed.
Surname, initials (year), “title of electronic source”, available at: persistent URL (accessed date month year).
e.g. Weida, S. and Stolley, K. (2013), “Developing strong thesis statements”, available at: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/588/1/ (accessed 20 June 2018)
Standalone URLs, i.e. those without an author or date, should be included either inside parentheses within the main text, or preferably set as a note (Roman numeral within square brackets within text followed by the full URL address at the end of the paper).
Surname, initials (year), , name of data repository, available at: persistent URL, (accessed date month year).
e.g. Campbell, A. and Kahn, R.L. (2015), , ICPSR07218-v4, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor), Ann Arbor, MI, available at: https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR07218.v4 (accessed 20 June 2018)
There are a number of key steps you should follow to ensure a smooth and trouble-free submission.
Before submitting your work, it is your responsibility to check that the manuscript is complete, grammatically correct, and without spelling or typographical errors. A few other important points:
You will find a helpful submission checklist on the website Think.Check.Submit .
All manuscripts should be submitted through our editorial system by the corresponding author.
The only way to submit to the journal is through the journal’s ScholarOne site as accessed via the Emerald website, and not by email or through any third-party agent/company, journal representative, or website. Submissions should be done directly by the author(s) through the ScholarOne site and not via a third-party proxy on their behalf.
A separate author account is required for each journal you submit to. If this is your first time submitting to this journal, please choose the Create an account or Register now option in the editorial system. If you already have an Emerald login, you are welcome to reuse the existing username and password here.
Please note, the next time you log into the system, you will be asked for your username. This will be the email address you entered when you set up your account.
Don't forget to add your ORCiD ID during the submission process. It will be embedded in your published article, along with a link to the ORCiD registry allowing others to easily match you with your work.
Don’t have one yet? It only takes a few moments to register for a free ORCiD identifier .
Visit the ScholarOne support centre for further help and guidance.
You will receive an automated email from the journal editor, confirming your successful submission. It will provide you with a manuscript number, which will be used in all future correspondence about your submission. If you have any reason to suspect the confirmation email you receive might be fraudulent, please contact the journal editor in the first instance.
Review and decision process.
Each submission is checked by the editor. At this stage, they may choose to decline or unsubmit your manuscript if it doesn’t fit the journal aims and scope, or they feel the language/manuscript quality is too low.
If they think it might be suitable for the publication, they will send it to at least two independent referees for double anonymous peer review. Once these reviewers have provided their feedback, the editor may decide to accept your manuscript, request minor or major revisions, or decline your work.
While all journals work to different timescales, the goal is that the editor will inform you of their first decision within 60 days.
During this period, we will send you automated updates on the progress of your manuscript via our submission system, or you can log in to check on the current status of your paper. Each time we contact you, we will quote the manuscript number you were given at the point of submission. If you receive an email that does not match these criteria, it could be fraudulent and we recommend you contact the journal editor in the first instance.
Emerald’s manuscript transfer service takes the pain out of the submission process if your manuscript doesn’t fit your initial journal choice. Our team of expert Editors from participating journals work together to identify alternative journals that better align with your research, ensuring your work finds the ideal publication home it deserves. Our dedicated team is committed to supporting authors like you in finding the right home for your research.
If a journal is participating in the manuscript transfer program, the Editor has the option to recommend your paper for transfer. If a transfer decision is made by the Editor, you will receive an email with the details of the recommended journal and the option to accept or reject the transfer. It’s always down to you as the author to decide if you’d like to accept. If you do accept, your paper and any reviewer reports will automatically be transferred to the recommended journals. Authors will then confirm resubmissions in the new journal’s ScholarOne system.
Our Manuscript Transfer Service page has more information on the process.
Open access.
Once your paper is accepted, you will have the opportunity to indicate whether you would like to publish your paper via the gold open access route.
If you’ve chosen to publish gold open access, this is the point you will be asked to pay the APC (article processing charge). This varies per journal and can be found on our APC price list or on the editorial system at the point of submission. Your article will be published with a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 user licence , which outlines how readers can reuse your work.
For UK journal article authors - if you wish to submit your work accepted by Emerald to REF 2021, you must make a ‘closed deposit’ of your accepted manuscript to your respective institutional repository upon acceptance of your article. Articles accepted for publication after 1st April 2018 should be deposited as soon as possible, but no later than three months after the acceptance date. For further information and guidance, please refer to the REF 2021 website.
All accepted authors are sent an email with a link to a licence form. This should be checked for accuracy, for example whether contact and affiliation details are up to date and your name is spelled correctly, and then returned to us electronically. If there is a reason why you can’t assign copyright to us, you should discuss this with your journal content editor. You will find their contact details on the editorial team section above.
Once we have received your completed licence form, the article will pass directly into the production process. We will carry out editorial checks, copyediting, and typesetting and then return proofs to you (if you are the corresponding author) for your review. This is your opportunity to correct any typographical errors, grammatical errors or incorrect author details. We can’t accept requests to rewrite texts at this stage.
When the page proofs are finalised, the fully typeset and proofed version of record is published online. This is referred to as the EarlyCite version. While an EarlyCite article has yet to be assigned to a volume or issue, it does have a digital object identifier (DOI) and is fully citable. It will be compiled into an issue according to the journal’s issue schedule, with papers being added by chronological date of publication.
Visit our author rights page to find out how you can reuse and share your work.
To find tips on increasing the visibility of your published paper, read about how to promote your work .
Sometimes errors are made during the research, writing and publishing processes. When these issues arise, we have the option of withdrawing the paper or introducing a correction notice. Find out more about our article withdrawal and correction policies .
Need to make a change to the author list? See our frequently asked questions (FAQs) below.
| The only time we will ever ask you for money to publish in an Emerald journal is if you have chosen to publish via the gold open access route. You will be asked to pay an APC (article-processing charge) once your paper has been accepted (unless it is a sponsored open access journal), and never at submission.
At no other time will you be asked to contribute financially towards your article’s publication, processing, or review. If you haven’t chosen gold open access and you receive an email that appears to be from Emerald, the journal, or a third party, asking you for payment to publish, please contact our support team via . |
| Please contact the editor for the journal, with a copy of your CV. You will find their contact details on the editorial team tab on this page. |
| Typically, papers are added to an issue according to their date of publication. If you would like to know in advance which issue your paper will appear in, please contact the content editor of the journal. You will find their contact details on the editorial team tab on this page. Once your paper has been published in an issue, you will be notified by email. |
| Please email the journal editor – you will find their contact details on the editorial team tab on this page. If you ever suspect an email you’ve received from Emerald might not be genuine, you are welcome to verify it with the content editor for the journal, whose contact details can be found on the editorial team tab on this page. |
| If you’ve read the aims and scope on the journal landing page and are still unsure whether your paper is suitable for the journal, please email the editor and include your paper's title and structured abstract. They will be able to advise on your manuscript’s suitability. You will find their contact details on the Editorial team tab on this page. |
| Authorship and the order in which the authors are listed on the paper should be agreed prior to submission. We have a right first time policy on this and no changes can be made to the list once submitted. If you have made an error in the submission process, please email the Journal Editorial Office who will look into your request – you will find their contact details on the editorial team tab on this page. |
CiteScore 2023
CiteScore is a simple way of measuring the citation impact of sources, such as journals.
Calculating the CiteScore is based on the number of citations to documents (articles, reviews, conference papers, book chapters, and data papers) by a journal over four years, divided by the number of the same document types indexed in Scopus and published in those same four years.
For more information and methodology visit the Scopus definition
CiteScore Tracker 2024
(updated monthly)
CiteScore Tracker is calculated in the same way as CiteScore, but for the current year rather than previous, complete years.
The CiteScore Tracker calculation is updated every month, as a current indication of a title's performance.
2022 Impact Factor
The Journal Impact Factor is published each year by Clarivate Analytics. It is a measure of the number of times an average paper in a particular journal is cited during the preceding two years.
For more information and methodology see Clarivate Analytics
5-year Impact Factor (2022)
A base of five years may be more appropriate for journals in certain fields because the body of citations may not be large enough to make reasonable comparisons, or it may take longer than two years to publish and distribute leading to a longer period before others cite the work.
Actual value is intentionally only displayed for the most recent year. Earlier values are available in the Journal Citation Reports from Clarivate Analytics .
Time to first decision
Time to first decision , expressed in days, the "first decision" occurs when the journal’s editorial team reviews the peer reviewers’ comments and recommendations. Based on this feedback, they decide whether to accept, reject, or request revisions for the manuscript.
Data is taken from submissions between 1st January 2024 and 30th April 2024
Acceptance rate
The acceptance rate is a measurement of how many manuscripts a journal accepts for publication compared to the total number of manuscripts submitted expressed as a percentage %
Data is taken from submissions between 1st January 2024 and 30th April 2024.
Peer review process.
This journal engages in a double-anonymous peer review process, which strives to match the expertise of a reviewer with the submitted manuscript. Reviews are completed with evidence of thoughtful engagement with the manuscript, provide constructive feedback, and add value to the overall knowledge and information presented in the manuscript.
The mission of the peer review process is to achieve excellence and rigour in scholarly publications and research.
Our vision is to give voice to professionals in the subject area who contribute unique and diverse scholarly perspectives to the field.
The journal values diverse perspectives from the field and reviewers who provide critical, constructive, and respectful feedback to authors. Reviewers come from a variety of organizations, careers, and backgrounds from around the world.
All invitations to review, abstracts, manuscripts, and reviews should be kept confidential. Reviewers must not share their review or information about the review process with anyone without the agreement of the editors and authors involved, even after publication. This also applies to other reviewers’ “comments to author” which are shared with you on decision.
Discover practical tips and guidance on all aspects of peer review in our reviewers' section. See how being a reviewer could benefit your career, and discover what's involved in shaping a review.
More reviewer information
Selling beauty: historical perspectives on the marketing of cosmetics and makeup.
Submit your paper here! Introduction Throughout history, women have been expected to discipline and reshape their bodies in accordance with expec...
Submit your paper here! Introduction The modern fashion industry is built on successful marketing and branding, from haute couture houses to high...
The publishing and editorial teams would like to thank the following, for their invaluable service as 2022 reviewers for this journal. We are very grateful for the contributions made. With their help, the journal has been able to publish such high...
The publishing and editorial teams would like to thank the following, for their invaluable service as 2021 reviewers for this journal. We are very grateful for the contributions made. With their help, the journal has been able to publish such high...
We are pleased to announce our 2022 Literati Award winners. Outstanding Paper Commercialising public health...
We are pleased to announce our 2021 Literati Award winners. Outstanding Paper Advertising food to Australia...
We are pleased to announce our 2020 Literati Award winners. Outstanding Paper Selling the consumer: the marketing of advertising sp...
Journal of Historical Research in Marketing is the only quarterly, peer-reviewed journal publishing high quality, original, academic research that focuses entirely on marketing history and the history of marketing thought.
The essence of an historical perspective is a thorough, systematic, critical awareness of the changes (or continuity) in events over time and of the context in which change or continuity occurs.
In addition to regular full-length research articles, the Journal of Historical Research in Marketing (JHRM) occasionally features material under the following sections. Explorations & Insights includes invited commentaries about marketing history and the history of marketing thought. These tend to be shorter (three to six thousand words) than the full articles that run in each issue. Sources of Historical Research in Marketing includes short essays introducing unexplored and novel archives and other primary historical resources, their contents and relevance to marketing history. Archivists or library professionals who believe their collections might be of interest to marketing historians are invited to submit essays to contribute to this section. JHRM also invites historical review essays that focus on historically important marketing books under the section Forgotten Classics.
Marketing history broadly defined including advertising, retailing, channels of distribution, product design and branding, pricing strategies, market research, and consumption behaviour.
History of marketing thought including the histories of marketing ideas, concepts, theories, and schools of marketing thought including the lives and times of marketing thinkers both academic and practitioner.
These are the latest articles published in this journal (Last updated: May 2024)
Declining demand in the antiques market: insights from an online community, marketing via shangbangs (chinese business networks), top downloaded articles.
These are the most downloaded articles over the last 12 months for this journal (Last updated: May 2024)
The role of the state in consumer culture: the case of "operation vin" in sweden., social network sites and competition: a tale of youtube, 2005-2015.
These are the top cited articles for this journal, from the last 12 months according to Crossref (Last updated: May 2024)
Tout casse, tout passe, tout lasse; et tout se remplace: resurrecting declining brands by leveraging brand-pastness, related journals.
This journal is part of our Marketing collection. Explore our Marketing subject area to find out more.
See all related journals
Journal of Consumer Marketing (JCM) is a journal written by scholars and practitioners, and is edited for marketers who...
Journal of Services Marketing addresses a range of services-related issues of interest to marketing scholars and...
The mission of the Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing is to address substantive issues in interactive...
We aim to champion researchers, practitioners, policymakers and organisations who share our goals of contributing to a more ethical, responsible and sustainable way of working.
Özyeğin Social Investments was founded by Hüsnü Özyeğin, one of Turkey's most successful entrepreneurs, with a focus on education, health, gender equality, rural development, and disaster relief in Turkey. The company and the Özyeğin family have spent decades serving and improving communities in need. Their efforts led to the creation of one of Turkey’s top universities, the establishment of schools and rehabilitation centers, post 2023 earthquake humanitarian shelter and facilities, nationwide campaigns, and an internationally recognized educational training initiative for young children, among other achievements. Harvard Business School senior lecturer Christina Wing and Murat Özyeğin discuss how the company is a model for making a significant impact across multiple sectors of society through giving and how that legacy can be sustained in the future, in the case, “Özyeğin Social Investments: A Legacy of Giving."
Many companies build their businesses on open source software, code that would cost firms $8.8 trillion to create from scratch if it weren't freely available. Research by Frank Nagle and colleagues puts a value on an economic necessity that will require investment to meet demand.
Paul English is one of the most imaginative and successful innovators of his generation. He cofounded several companies, including Kayak, before starting Boston Venture Studio, where he is currently a partner. This multimedia case, “Bringing Ideas to Life: The Story of Paul English,” explores his process of creative idea generation, examining how he was able to bring so many ideas to market. In this episode, Harvard Business School professor Frances Frei and English discuss how to tell the difference between a good idea and a bad one, the importance of iteration, and taking a systematic (but fast) approach to developing new ideas. They also explore how his process dovetails with Frei’s “move fast and fix things,” strategy from her recent book.
Which sales candidate is a startup’s ideal first hire? What marketing channels are best to invest in? How aggressively should an executive team align sales with customer success? Senior Lecturer Mark Roberge discusses how early-stage founders, sales leaders, and marketing executives can address these challenges as they grow their ventures in the case, “Entrepreneurial Sales and Marketing Vignettes.”
Entrepreneur Wendy Estrella is attempting to simultaneously scale her law practice, as well as her property management and development company. What strategy will benefit both businesses, and is there a downside to scaling them together, rather than focusing on each one separately? Harvard Business School senior lecturer Jeffrey Bussgang and Estrella discuss her unique founder’s journey – from immigrating to the U.S. to building both of her businesses in Lawrence, Massachusetts despite the specific challenges she faced as a minority entrepreneur. The related case is “Wendy Estrella: Scaling Multiple Businesses.”
mPharma, headquartered in Ghana, is trying to create the largest pan-African health care company. Their mission is to provide primary care and a reliable and fairly priced supply of drugs in the nine African countries where they operate. Co-founder and CEO Gregory Rockson needs to decide which component of strategy to prioritize in the next three years. His options include launching a telemedicine program, expanding his pharmacies across the continent, and creating a new payment program to cover the cost of common medications. Rockson cares deeply about health equity, but his venture capital-financed company also must be profitable. Which option should he focus on expanding? Harvard Business School Professor Regina Herzlinger and case protagonist Gregory Rockson discuss the important role business plays in improving health care in the case, “mPharma: Scaling Access to Affordable Primary Care in Africa.”
Launched in 2016, Unilever’s Future of Work initiative aimed to accelerate the speed of change throughout the organization and prepare its workforce for a digitalized and highly automated era. But despite its success over the last three years, the program still faces significant challenges in its implementation. How should Unilever, one of the world's largest consumer goods companies, best prepare and upscale its workforce for the future? How should Unilever adapt and accelerate the speed of change throughout the organization? Is it even possible to lead a systematic, agile workforce transformation across several geographies while accounting for local context? Harvard Business School professor and faculty co-chair of the Managing the Future of Work Project William Kerr and Patrick Hull, Unilever’s vice president of global learning and future of work, discuss how rapid advances in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and automation are changing the nature of work in the case, “Unilever's Response to the Future of Work.”
Silicon Valley Bank's failure in the face of rising interest rates shook founders and funders across the country. Julia Austin, Jeffrey Bussgang, and Rembrand Koning share key insights for rattled entrepreneurs trying to make sense of the financing landscape.
Globally there are too few park rangers to prevent the illegal trade of wildlife across borders, or poaching. In response, Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART) was created by a coalition of conservation organizations to take historical data and create geospatial mapping tools that enable more efficient deployment of rangers. SMART had demonstrated significant improvements in patrol coverage, with some observed reductions in poaching. Then a new predictive analytic tool, the Protection Assistant for Wildlife Security (PAWS), was created to use artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to try to predict where poachers would be likely to strike. Jonathan Palmer, Executive Director of Conservation Technology for the Wildlife Conservation Society, already had a good data analytics tool to help park rangers manage their patrols. Would adding an AI- and ML-based tool improve outcomes or introduce new problems? Harvard Business School senior lecturer Brian Trelstad discusses the importance of focusing on the use case when determining the value of adding a complex technology solution in his case, “SMART: AI and Machine Learning for Wildlife Conservation.”
Quiet quitting. Inflation. The economy. This year could bring challenges for executives and entrepreneurs, but there might also be opportunities for focused leaders to gain advantage, say Harvard Business School faculty members.
So many people shift from one job to the next, with little time to consider how the experience changed them and what they want out of future ventures. Julia Austin recommends that entrepreneurs look within and reflect on these questions before they jump into a new opportunity.
Wordle went from a personal game, created by a developer for his girlfriend, to a global phenomenon with two million users in just a few months. Then The New York Times made an unexpected bid to acquire it. But will Wordle outlast other pandemic pastimes? Harvard Business School senior lecturer Christina Wallace discusses the journey of software engineer and accidental entrepreneur Josh Wardle in the case, “Wordle.”
Influencers aspire to turn "likes" into dollars through brand sponsorships, but these deals can erode their reputations, says research by Shunyuan Zhang. Marketers should seek out authentic voices on YouTube, not necessarily those with the most followers.
Like any other long-term partnership, choosing the right cofounder is a complicated decision with big implications for a venture. Julia Austin offers practical advice for entrepreneurs who are searching for "the one."
In 2020, Kwame Spearman (MBA 2011) made the career-shifting decision to leave a New York City-based consulting job to return to his hometown of Denver, Colorado, and take over an iconic independent bookstore, The Tattered Cover. Spearman saw an opportunity to reinvent the local business to build a sense of community after the pandemic. But he also had to find a way to meet the big challenges facing independent booksellers amid technological change and shifting business models. Professor Ryan Raffaelli and Spearman discuss Spearman’s vision for reinventing The Tattered Cover, as well as larger insights around how local businesses can successfully compete with online and big box retailers in the case, “Kwame Spearman at Tattered Cover: Reinventing Brick-and-Mortar Retail.”
With the specter of recession looming, many worried founders and executives are aggressively shoring up cash. But shrewd entrepreneurs are using these six tactics instead to gain advantage, says Jeffrey Bussgang.
Bombas was started in 2013 with a dual mission: to deliver quality socks and donate much-needed footwear to people living in shelters. By 2021, it had become one of America’s most visible buy-one-give-one companies, with over $250 million in annual revenue and 50 million pairs of socks donated. Later, as Bombas expanded into underwear, t-shirts, and slippers, the company struggled to determine what pace of growth would best allow it to reach new customers while maintaining its social mission. Harvard Business School assistant professor Elizabeth Keenan discusses the case, "Bee-ing Better at Bombas."
A Brooklyn-based ice cream shop was getting buzz, and Disney was pitching a brand partnership. So how did the business wind up filing for bankruptcy? A case study by Thomas Eisenmann and Lindsay N. Hyde examines the rise and fall—and recent rebound—of Ample Hills Creamery.
Working for yourself might bring freedom and autonomy, but it increasingly comes with a major risk: low pay. Research by William Kerr explores the shifting sands of self-employment.
Community Solutions is a nonprofit founded in 2011 by Rosanne Haggerty, with the ambitious goal of ending chronic homelessness in America. Its “Built for Zero” methodology takes a public health approach, helping communities across the US use better data collection and outreach to improve government processes and piecemeal solutions. In 2021, Community Solutions was awarded a $100 million grant from the MacArthur Foundation, and Haggerty and her team had to decide how to prioritize projects and spending to maximize the grant’s impact. Should they continue to focus on unhoused veterans or expand their work to include families and youth in need of housing? Senior Lecturer Brian Trelstad discusses Haggerty’s approach in his case, "Community Solutions."
Join Us Sign up for our feature-packed newsletter today to ensure you get the latest expert help and advice to level up your lab work.
Our journey to understanding that single cells are the fundamental units of life traces back to groundbreaking scientific milestones, such as the invention of the microscope, which revealed individual cells, and advancements like the discovery of fluorescent proteins and electron microscopes that have enriched our insights into the intricate structure and function of cells. Dive into a short history of cell biology.
Having earned both a PhD and an MBA, Dan is uniquely qualified to understand the medical and financial needs in the insurance industry. He is a successful consultant, connecting clients with the financial products most suited to their needs. He specializes in private health insurance, private life insurance, dental, vision, Medicare supplement, indexed annuities, and international health insurance.
Listen to one of our scientific editorial team members read this article. Click here to access more audio articles or subscribe.
The defining feature of cell theory is that single cells are the fundamental unit of life and can exist alone or combine to form multicellular organisms. The history of cell biology and the formation of cell theory involved several key developments and discoveries, including the invention of the compound microscope in 1595, the visualization of cells in cork by Robert Hooke in 1655, and the visualization of live cells under the microscope by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1674.
In modern cell biology, we know that single cells are the fundamental unit of life and can exist as single cells (unicellular organisms) or combine to form multicellular organisms. But how did we reach this understanding? Let’s dive into a short history of cell biology.
Before we get started on the history of cell biology, let’s have a quick refresher on the basic structure of individual cells.
Cells come in various types, from prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria and archaea, to eukaryotic plant and animal cells. Within these groups, there are further distinct cell types, such as red blood cells, neurons, and epithelial cells.
These distinct cell types vary in their structures, depending on their cell specialization. However, cell membranes are a defining feature of cells. These are required to maintain a fixed environment within the cell. They regulate the movement of chemicals across the membrane both in and out of the cell.
Most cells also contain genetic material in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In eukaryotes, DNA is stored within a subcellular compartment known as the nucleus.
In prokaryotes, there are no intracellular membranes, and the DNA is located in the cytoplasm. Some types of cells with specific functions lack DNA, such as mature red blood cells. Figure 1 shows the general structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The cell theory, or cell doctrine, states that all organisms are composed of similar basic units of organization called cells. The concept was formally articulated in 1839 by Schleiden & Schwann and has remained as the foundation of modern biology. The idea predates other great paradigms of biology, including Darwin’s theory of evolution (1859), Mendel’s laws of inheritance (1865), and the establishment of comparative biochemistry (1940).
While the invention of the telescope made the Cosmos accessible to human observation, the light microscope opened up smaller worlds, showing what living forms were composed of. The cell was first discovered and named by Robert Hooke in 1665. He remarked that it looked strangely similar to cellula or small rooms which monks inhabited, thus deriving the name.
However, what Robert Hooke actually saw was the dead cell walls of plant cells (cork) as they appeared under the microscope. Hooke’s description of these cells was published in Micrographia . The cell walls observed by Hooke did not indicate the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells .
The first man to witness a live cell under a microscope was Anton van Leeuwenhoek , who, in 1674, described the algae Spirogyra. Van Leeuwenhoek probably also saw bacteria.
In 1838, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden were enjoying after-dinner coffee and talking about their studies on cells. It has been suggested that when Schwann heard Matthias Schleiden describe plant cells with nuclei, he was struck by the similarity of these plant cells to animal cells he had observed in tissues.
The two scientists went immediately to Schwann’s lab to look at his slides. Schwann published his book on animal and plant cells (Schwann 1839) the next year, a treatise devoid of acknowledgments of anyone else’s contribution, including that of Schleiden (1838). He summarized his observations into three conclusions about cells:
We know today that the first two tenets are correct, but the third is clearly wrong. The correct interpretation of cell formation by division was finally promoted by others and formally enunciated in Rudolph Virchow’s powerful dictum, Omnis cellula e cellula ,: “All cells only arise from pre-existing cells”.
As with the rapid growth of molecular biology in the mid-20th century , cell biology research exploded in the 1950s. It became possible to maintain, grow, and manipulate cells outside of living organisms .
The first continuous cell line to be so cultured was in 1951 by George Otto Gey and coworkers, derived from cervical cancer cells taken from Henrietta Lacks, who died from her cancer in 1951. The cell line, which was eventually referred to as HeLa cells , has been the watershed in studying cell biology in the way that the structure of DNA was the significant breakthrough of molecular biology.
In an avalanche of progress in the study of cells, the coming decade included the characterization of the minimal media requirements for cells and the development of sterile cell culture techniques. It was also aided by the prior advances in electron microscopy, and later advances such as the development of transfection methods, the discovery of green fluorescent protein in jellyfish, and the discovery of small interfering RNA (siRNA), among others.
The study of the structure and function of cells continues today in a branch of biology known as cytology. Advances in equipment, including cytology microscopes and reagents, have allowed this field to progress, particularly in the clinical setting.
Below is a timeline of some of the key events in the development of cell theory and cell biology.
1595 – Jansen is credited with the first compound microscope. 1655 – Hooke described ‘cells’ in cork. 1674 – Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa. He saw bacteria some nine years later. 1833 – Brown described the cell nucleus in cells of the orchid. 1838 – Schleiden and Schwann proposed cell theory. 1840 – Albrecht von Roelliker realized that sperm cells and egg cells are also cells. 1856 – N. Pringsheim observed how a sperm cell penetrated an egg cell. 1858 – Rudolf Virchow (physician, pathologist, and anthropologist) expounds his famous conclusion: omnis cellula e cellula , that is, cells develop only from existing cells (cells come from preexisting cells). 1857 – Kolliker described mitochondria. 1879 – Flemming described chromosome behavior during mitosis. 1883 – Germ cells are haploid, chromosome theory of heredity. 1898 – Golgi described the Golgi apparatus. 1938 – Behrens used differential centrifugation to separate nuclei from cytoplasm. 1939 – Siemens produced the first commercial transmission electron microscope. 1952 – Gey and coworkers established a continuous human cell line. 1955 – Eagle systematically defined the nutritional needs of animal cells in culture. 1957 – Meselson, Stahl, and Vinograd developed density gradient centrifugation in cesium chloride solutions for separating nucleic acids. 1965 – Ham introduced a defined serum-free medium. Cambridge Instruments produced the first commercial scanning electron microscope. 1976 – Sato and colleagues publish papers showing that different cell lines require different mixtures of hormones and growth factors in serum-free media. 1981 – Transgenic mice and fruit flies are produced. Mouse embryonic stem cell line established. 1995 – Tsien identifies a mutant of GFP with enhanced spectral properties. 1998 – Mice are cloned from somatic cells. 1999 – Hamilton and Baulcombe discovered siRNA as part of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants. 2006 – Factors required to create induced pluripotent stem cells are identified, allowing stem cells to be created from differentiated cells. 2009 – Single-cell sequencing makes its debut, allowing insight into transcriptomics at the resolution of individual cells.
2009 – First paper published using organoids derived from a single adult stem cell. 2012 – CRISPR gene editing is developed, allowing precise RNA-targetted genome engineering.
In the history of cell biology, there have been many individual scientific discoveries and technological developments, from the invention of the microscope, allowing us to see individual cells, to the discovery of fluorescent proteins and the invention of powerful electron microscopes, allowing us to study the function and structure of cells in greater detail.
Nowadays, the availability of microscopes means that most people can now see cells for themselves. Read our article on how to turn a mobile phone into a simple microscope to appreciate how accessible the cellular world is.
Originally published November 2007. Reviewed and updated October 2023.
Share this article:
At a meeting recently, I asked two PhD molecular biologists about the last time they used a Southern blot. After nearly a minute of unrestrained laughter, they asked “Who on earth still does that?” “Maybe for a very, very specific use,” conjectured one of the scientists. When I asked the scientist who taught me the…
The humble plasmid. We now know it so well, but as little as 60 years ago the field of extra-chromosomal heredity was decidedly murky. Not only was it the subject of great debate, conflict and friction within the scientific community, it was even used as a politico-religious tool during the Cold War! The origin of…
Having bundle of informations ……plzzzz carry on this type of articles are very precious to us
You must be logged in to post a comment.
This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed .
Sign up for our feature-packed newsletter today to ensure you get the latest expert help and advice to level up your lab work.
You’ll stay up-to-date with our podcasts, webinars, workshops, downloadables, and more, delivered to your inbox every fortnight.
Don’t delay! Sign up now
Newsletters
All emails contain an unsubscribe link. You can review our privacy policy , cookie policy and terms and conditions online.
Find out why customers see up to 24x ROI* using the Standard plan. Cancel or downgrade to our Essentials or basic Free plans at any time.
Send up to {numOfSends} emails each month.
Free Trial available for large list sizes
$20.00 /month*
Starts at $20 per month for {contacts} contacts
* Overages apply if contact or email send limit is exceeded.
Get our most comprehensive tools to engage your audience and increase sales, with the dedicated support of experts to migrate your data, provide strategic guidance, and more—exclusive to the Premium plan.
Free trial available for large list sizes. Call +1 (800) 330-4838 or contact sales .
$350 /month*
Starts at $350 per month for {contacts} contacts
Customers on Standard see up to 24x ROI.* Start scaling faster with advanced automations and data-driven optimization.
Included | Included | |||
Not included | ||||
Beta | Not included | Not included | ||
Included | Included | Not included | Not included | |
Not included | ||||
Included | Included | Included | Included | |
Included | Included | Included | Not included | |
Included | Included | Included | Not included | |
Included | Included | Not included | Not included | |
Included | Included | Not included | Not included | |
Included | Included | Not included | Not included |
Get started with limited features with 50% off for 12 months on our Essentials plan. If your business has fewer than 500 contacts, try our basic Free plan.
Minimize downtime and data gaps, import your audience, and connect your integrations. Our exclusive migration service is tailored to meet the needs of customers on our Premium plan.
An onboarding specialist is here to help you get started with confidence—it’s included with Standard and Premium plans.*
Let us do the hard work so that you can focus on the stuff that matters most. It will only take a couple minutes.
Mailchimp offers a 15% discount to nonprofits and charities. To request the discount, sign up for a free account, and contact our Billing team with your username and a link to your organization’s website.
Instead of paying a monthly recurring charge, you can buy email credits as needed through our Pay As You Go plan. It's best for infrequent senders.
*Disclaimers
Household finance.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
The Evolution Of Marketing. Marketing has come a long way since its early days, but its basic concept remains- to promote a business's products or services. In the past, marketers relied heavily on impersonal, broad campaigns such as print ads, TV commercials, and billboards. Now, marketing is a game of building authentic relationships ...
The term 'marketing' comes from the Latin, 'mercatus', meaning a marketplace. Pictured: La Boqueria, Barcelona, Spain Scholars have found evidence of marketing practices in the marketplaces of antiquity. Pictured: The Moorish Bazaar, painting by Edwin Lord Weeks, 1873. The study of the history of marketing, as a discipline, is meaningful because it helps to define the baselines upon which ...
The History of Marketing: An Exhaustive Timeline [INFOGRAPHIC] Ever since people have had something to sell, we've been marketing. But the effectiveness of those marketing methods have waxed and waned over thousands of years, and as consumers and their technologies advanced at a more and more rapid pace, marketers have had to change their ...
History of Marketing. Around 2.6 million years ago, humans started using tools, but all we could do was point and grunt if we wanted to tell others. Then after what must have been a frustrating 2.5 million years, we invented speech, and word of mouth marketing was born. This is the oldest and still the most influential form of marketing ...
Journal of Marketing Management. Abstract This paper reviews 30 years of interdisciplinary scholarship that deals with marketing history or the history of marketing thought. We have ranged across the humanities and social sciences to review the very best scholarship that these domains have produced which speaks to issues likely to concern the ...
Parloa's New Cookbook and Marketing Guide which was published around 1880, 'marketing' related to buying and selling activities. This was not the only book using the term at this time or previously. Shaw says that if we look at dictionaries prior to the Bartels statement the intellectual history of the term 'marketing' can be extended
Learning Outcomes. By the end of this section, you will be able to: 1 Describe the production concept.; 2 Define the product concept.; 3 Discuss the selling concept.; 4 Explain the marketing concept.; 5 Summarize the societal marketing concept and its features.; The Evolution of Marketing. So now you've gotten the bird's-eye view of marketing as a practice, and you now know what marketing is.
Mark Tadajewski is Professor of Marketing at Durham University. He is the co-editor of the Journal of Marketing Management, an Associate Editor of the Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, the co-editor of the Routledge Studies in Critical Marketing monograph series, co-editor of the Routledge Studies in the History of Marketing, and author of numerous books and many articles.
This chapter summarizes the history of marketing, synthesizing some of the key literature. ... and other stakeholders. Unlike some papers on the history of marketing, this chapter does not attempt to box off distinct "eras of the economy." Readers wishing for such a temporal framework should see, for example, the papers by Keith ...
It reviews the literature on marketing history and thought, and includes suggestions for additional research on that topic., - The research relies heavily on previously published articles and on databank searches., - A more complete time line of the history of marketing thought is presented. ... - The essay offers a brief but succinct ...
The concept of marketing that we now see has more to do with expansion during the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries. This was a period of rapid social change motivated by technological and scientific innovation (BBC history). One result was that for the first time the production of goods was separated from their consumption.
Materials and methods: The observations contained in the article were formulated on the basis of a review, analysis, synthesis and critical evaluation of the literature in the field of marketing. Results: The article highlights the ahistorical attitude of marketing discipline also with reference to research in the area of marketing.
The Evolution of Marketing: A 120-Year History. While there are different schools of marketing thought in terms of the origin of the discipline and its various phases, the dawn of the 20th century is a good starting point for our purposes. Over the past 12 decades, marketing has gone from the simple act of informing potential consumers about ...
Radio spots were quickly transformed into TV advertising ads by 1941. The first TV commercial aired on July 1 st, 1941 - the ad spot was for Bulova Watch Co, which cost the company a whopping $9 in total. Compared to today's average airing slot cost of $8000, this was quite the deal! Bear in mind, that $8,000 price tag does not include the ...
Taking up the marketing practice gauntlet in the late 19th century, Stefan Schwarzkopf engages with a key conduit in the development, extension and proliferation of marketing practice namely the market research industry. This industry became especially vital with the growth of the national market in the United States.
The sass's to sass's, "Paradigm Shift" or Marketing Era was a turning point for marketing in which modern marketing emerged. The 1 ass's represented a watershed for marketing as the mainstream debate became steeped In science (Egan 201 1), built on the mass marketing dominance and high growth In the US.
Better Essays. 1783 Words. 8 Pages. Open Document. The History of Marketing. Marketing appeared with the first human beings, a good example for that Eve's trial to convince Adam to eat the forbidden apple (Kotler marketing Group, 2015). Since ancient times, people were meeting together at a specific time in a specific market which was known ...
The Evolution of Modern Marketing Essay. In order to understand marketing one must first analyze the history of production and sales as it advanced into a marketing based approach to customer satisfaction. By definition according to rdi, "marketing is a business philosophy, the process responsible for anticipating, identifying and satisfying ...
Advantages and Disadvantages of Marketing; 250 Words Essay on Marketing Understanding the Power of Marketing. Marketing: a concept that shapes the modern world. It's more than just ads and promotions; it's the engine driving business success. Let's explore its significance.
Good Essays. 1071 Words. 5 Pages. Open Document. The History Of Marketing. As of today, we understand marketing to be a process where the goal is to know the needs of the costumer, and match these with the organizations ability to fulfill these expectations. For this to happen successfully, it is important that the organizations understands ...
JHRM also invites historical review essays that focus on historically important marketing books under the section Forgotten Classics. Coverage. Marketing history broadly defined including advertising, retailing, channels of distribution, product design and branding, pricing strategies, market research, and consumption behaviour.
INTRODUCTION Marketing in an essence deals with the meeting and the satisfaction of the needs of people. The American Marketing Association termed it as an activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating a platform where value is exchanged between customers, organizations, clients, and the society at large [ CITATION Ame13 \l 1033 ]. The rate of growth of the marketing discipline is ...
Introduction and History of Sainsburys. John James and Mary Ann Sainsbury established Sainsbury's in 1869 which grew rapidly and become the largest grocery retailer in 1922 and also become the first self-service retailing in the UK and had its most successful time during the 1980s. Its Britain's longest standing major food retailing chain.
by Rachel Layne. Many companies build their businesses on open source software, code that would cost firms $8.8 trillion to create from scratch if it weren't freely available. Research by Frank Nagle and colleagues puts a value on an economic necessity that will require investment to meet demand. 12 Mar 2024.
The History of Cell Biology Timeline. Below is a timeline of some of the key events in the development of cell theory and cell biology. 1595 - Jansen is credited with the first compound microscope. 1655 - Hooke described 'cells' in cork. 1674 - Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa.
SMS marketing is available to Mailchimp users in the United States with a paid marketing plan, and credit packages start at $20/mo. After you agree to the terms, submit an SMS Marketing application , and get approved, you can purchase SMS credits from the SMS overview page, the SMS settings page, the SMS editor, or through an email link sent to ...
The paradox of thrift: Understanding economic behavior in recessions. Individually great; collectively painful. Find all you need to know about retirement, investing, and household finance, without the jargon or agenda. Get guidance, insight, and easy-to-understand explanations, verified to Britannica's standards.
Customer relationship management (CRM) is a system for managing all of your company's interactions with current and potential customers. The goal is simple: improve relationships to grow your business. CRM technology helps companies stay connected to customers, streamline processes, and improve profitability. When people talk about CRM, they ...