frank research group

Franks Research Group

Welcome to franks research group - high roi learning, leadership coaching..

Our Experience & Research

We are unique in that 1) we have experience leading actual organizations and 2) the up-to-date research on what works best.  Broad experience plus the latest research to help you create a healthy, high-performing organization.

Our Approach

No assumptions or cookie cutter solutions.  We 'll understand your unique situation and apply the best targeted approaches to create a healthy culture, an engaged workforce, a compelling strategy, and get bottom-line results.  Our training is different.  We are experts in how to train so that our workshops produce lasting results.  How many times do you invest in training but nothing changes.  With us, people come away knowing what to do and able to apply what they've learned.  If your previous training has not been a good investment, please consider giving us a try.  Like our current and previous clients, you'll be pleased with the return on investment.

Most workshops and consulting are a waste of time and money.  Our unique approach syncs up with the latest neurological research to create long-term behavior change.   We know what it takes for people to effectively learn, apply, and create long-term habit change.  We partner with you to bring about the impact you need. 

The bottom line: We make a difference for every organization we touch.

Humility - learn from the best, share it with others.

Humility is not thinking less of yourself.  It is thinking of yourself less.  ~ C.S. Lewis

Action - nothing happens until we take action.

We are what we repeatedly do.      ~ Aristotle

Value - add it, every day, every time.

The goal isn't to live forever.  The goal is to create something that will.

Priorities - focus on the critical few that matter most.

Direction and focus is so much more important than speed.  Many are going nowhere quickly.

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Frank Research Group

Frank RG is a research company in the field of competitive analysis of the Russian financial services market in Russia . Founded in 2008, Frank Research Group has become an industrial standard in retail banking market analytics. The Company cooperates with Russian banks and provides them with the most up-to-date analytics that allow them to make timely management decisions.

Integrative Modeling of Biomolecules

Professor Aaron Frank, Departments of Biophysics and Chemistry

In order to understand the relationship between molecular structure and dynamics and biological function, the Frank research group seeks to develop and deploy  integrative  modeling tools to elucidate the structure and dynamics of biologically relevant molecules. Our methods will utilize readily accessible experimental observables from a variety of sources to first guide structure prediction efforts and then guide atomistic simulations to map the entire conformational landscape of these molecules. We are primarily interested in using our methods to understand how functional ribonucleic acids — either by themselves or in concert with other molecules — achieve specific cellular functions.

Aaron t. frank, 930 n. university, chem 3000 ann arbor, mi 48109 (734) 615-2053 [email protected].

Wise Research Group

Pavel's last day, group picnic 2015, fiber green, supercontinuum, group bowling, cleo 2018 group dinner, dispersed, visible supercontinuum, group photo - logan's last day, 2024 group dinner, our research.

We are currently focused on nonlinear wave phenomena in optical fibers. In one project, we develop fiber lasers that generate ultrashort light pulses. In another, we investigate nonlinear wave propagation in multimode fibers. See below for our most recent publications.

Yi-Hao_gas-Raman-theory

Unified and vector theory of raman scattering in gas-filled hollow-core fiber across temporal regimes.

Y.-H Chen,  F. Wise, “Unified and vector theory of Raman scattering in gas-filled hollow-core fiber across temporal regimes,” APL Photonics 9, 030902 (2024)

Raman scattering is an important physical phenomenon that enables wavelength conversion beyond what can be achieved with natural materials, nonlocal interactions between pulses for material examinations, and so on. However, it hasn't been well-studied. In particular, there is no a single theory that can cover various temporal regimes for ultrashort pulse applications. Here, we develop a theory to comprehensively study the Raman scattering, which also make connections of several physical phenomena across different regimes that were used to be treated as different phenomena. This theory constitutes a fundamental yet crucial cornerstone of Raman theory.

Henry’s fiber Regen

Single-mode regenerative amplification in multimode fiber.

Henry Haig, Nicholas Bender, Yishai Eisenberg,  Frank Wise, “Single-mode regenerative amplification in multimode fiber,” Optica 10, 1417-1420 (2023)

The peak power performance of ultrafast fiber lasers scales with fiber mode area, but large fibers host multiple modes that are difficult to control. We demonstrate a technique for single-mode operation of highly multimode fiber based on regenerative amplification. This results in a short-pulse fiber source with, to our knowledge, an unprecedented combination of features: high gain (>55 dB) with negligible amplified spontaneous emission, high pulse energy (>50 µJ), good beam quality (𝑀2≤1.3), and transform-limited (300 fs) pulses from a single amplification stage. We discuss peak intensity scaling to much higher levels and other opportunities for short-pulse generation in regenerative fiber amplifiers.

Nick_Optica2023

Spectral speckle customization.

Nicholas Bender, Henry Haig, Demetrios N. Christodoulides, and Frank W. Wise, "Spectral speckle customization," Optica 10, 1260-1268 (2023)

Speckle patterns are used in a broad range of applications including microscopy, imaging, and light–matter interactions. Tailoring speckles’ statistics can dramatically enhance their performance in applications. We present an experimental technique for customizing the spatio-spectral speckled intensity statistics of optical pulses at the output of a complex medium (a disordered multimode fiber) by controlling the spatial profile of the input light. We demonstrate that it is possible to create ensembles of independent speckle patterns with arbitrary statistics at a single wavelength, simultaneously at multiple decorrelated wavelengths, and even tailored statistics across an entire pulse spectrum.

Yi-Hao_LWIR

Femtosecond long-wave-infrared generation in hydrogen-filled hollow-core fiber.

Yi-Hao Chen and Jeffrey Moses and Frank Wise, “Femtosecond long-wave-infrared generation in hydrogen-filled hollow-core fiber,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 40 , 796-806 (2023)

This paper is chosen as Spotlight on Optics .

Generating femtosecond long-wave-infrared (LWIR) pulses is currently restricted to CO 2 lasers and solid-state frequency converters, but waveguide-based Raman red shifting offers a promising alternative. In this study, we used a hydrogen-filled hollow-core fiber to generate LWIR pulses and found that a waveguide structure allows for tailored Raman gain. Using a two-pulse scheme with a two-color source, we achieved a numerical generation of clean 88-fs pulses at 12 μm with 41% total quantum efficiency. Our simulations also shed light on the nonlinear dynamics of the Raman gain, emphasizing the importance of a phonon amplifier for optimal performance.

In this work, especially its supplemental document, we have provided a complete introduction to the gas nonlinearity and its modeling detail. Please read it if you’re interested.

Yuhang Wu_AnomalousBC

Beam self-cleaning of femtosecond pulses in the anomalous dispersion regime.

Wu, H. Pourbeyram, D. N. Christodoulides, and F. W. Wise, “Weak beam self-cleaning of femtosecond pulses in the anomalous dispersion regime,” Opt. Lett. 46, 3312–3315 (2021).

Kerr beam cleaning in graded-index multimode fiber has been investigated in experiments with sub-nanosecond pulses and in experiments with femtosecond pulses at wavelengths where the dispersion is normal.  We report a theoretical and experimental study of this effect with femtosecond pulses and anomalous dispersion.  In this regime, beam-cleaning is observed experimentally.  Beyond the spatial dynamics, with the increase of input pulse energy, there is a strong temporal self-compression of the pulse from 500 fs down to around 30 fs ( a factor of 17 ). Numerical simulations exhibit the qualitative trends of the experiments. Our study provides a way to enhance beam quality and temporal peak power at the same time in graded-index multimode fiber and the anomalous dispersion regime.

Yi-Hao_SSFS

Efficient soliton self-frequency shift in hydrogen-filled hollow-core fiber​.

Y.-H. Chen, P. Sidorenko, E. Antonio-Lopez, R. Amezcua-Correa, and F. Wise, “Efficient soliton self-frequency shift in hydrogen-filled hollow-core fiber,” Opt. Lett. 47, 285–288 (2022)

SSFS has been considered as a good option for fiber sources with tunable wavelengths for a long time. Particularly, nonlinear microscopy, such as three-photon imaging, requires high peak power at 1300 and 1700 nm to overcome the depth limit of two-photon imaging. During the process, the Raman soliton gradually shifts towards the red color as it moves forward. Although several methods have been utilized to achieve these wavelengths, it seems challenging to increase the pulse energy in solid-glass fibers. Here, we have shown that SSFS can occur efficiently and cleanly in a hydrogen-filled anti-resonant hollow-core fiber. By using hydrogen and short input pulses, we have demonstrated continuous tuning of the wavelength between 1080 and 1600 nm. We have obtained pulse energies in the range of 20 to 110 nJ and durations below 50 fs over this spectral range.

Henry_MMMamyshev

Multimode mamyshev oscillator.

Henry Haig, Pavel Sidorenko, Anirban Dhar, Nilotpal Choudhury, Ranjan Sen, Demetrios Christodoulides, and Frank Wise, "Multimode Mamyshev oscillator," Opt. Lett. 47, 46-49 (2022)

Regular mode-locked lasers make short light pulses by synchronization or “locking” of many longitudinal cavity modes. It was recently shown that the transverse modes of a cavity can also be synchronized in a similar— but more general— form of mode-locking known as “spatiotemporal mode-locking” (STML). These lasers make ultrafast pulses that have spatial structure due to the many transverse modes involved. Understanding of this phenomenally complex phenomenon is limited: STML has so far been demonstrated a handful of times in relatively similar types of multimode fiber lasers. In this project, we study STML in a very different type of cavity architecture— the Mamyshev oscillator. The laser supports a vast array of mode-locked states. Learning to control these states in a meaningful way is a long-term goal which might enable gigawatt-class fiber lasers, or fiber lasers that generate purposefully-structured light for applications.

Henry_AllFiberMamyshev

Megawatt pulses from an all-fiber and self-starting femtosecond oscillator.

Henry Haig, Pavel Sidorenko, Robert Thorne, and Frank Wise, "Megawatt pulses from an all-fiber and self-starting femtosecond oscillator," Opt. Lett. 47, 762-765 (2022)

Mamyshev Oscillators are a relatively new type of fiber laser with extraordinary pulse performance— these lasers generate the highest peak-power pulses from femtosecond fiber lasers by over a factor of 10. Mamyshev oscillators should be excellent tools for applications like microscopy and micromachining, but there’s a catch: most Mamyshev oscillators are impractical for applications outside laser labs since they need another mode-locked laser to start and are relatively complicated and expensive. In this project we designed a Mamyshev oscillator that solves these practical problems and comes in a totally fiber-integrated, ready-for-applications format. The laser generates pulses on par with those from much more complex Mamyshev oscillators, and remarkably starts with some simple electronics rather than an additional mode-locked laser. The pulse energy (80 nJ) and duration (40 fs) advances the state-of-the-art for all-fiber, self-starting lasers by 20x , and should be scalable by another factor of 5 with large-mode-area fiber.

Femtosecond optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification in birefringent step-index fiber

Michael L. Buttolph, Pavel Sidorenko, Chris B. Schaffer, and Frank W. Wise. “ Femtosecond optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification in birefringent step-index fiber ” Optics Letters Vol. 47, Issue 3, pp. 545-548 (2022)

While optical fiber is convenient for many applications, generating short pulses outside of the typical gain bandwidth of rare-earth dopants commonly used in fiber amplifiers and oscillators is challenging. There are relatively few dopants that are compatible with the silica glass host, which leads to significant spectral gaps in which it is difficult to generate strong ultrashort pulses. It is sometimes possible to use nonlinear wavelength conversion to generate pulses in these spectral gaps, however. Parametric amplification conveniently generates two sidebands simultaneously, though to this point compressed pulse durations have been limited to ~200 fs and non-standard fiber waveguide geometries have been necessarily employed in order to achieve phase-matching. In this work, we demonstrate optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification in commercially available birefringent step-index optical fiber, delivering tens-of-nanojoule pulses compressible to 60-70 fs at 900 nm and 1270 nm. The key advances in this work were using birefringence rather than dispersion engineering in order to achieve phase-matching, and furthermore realizing that pumping the system with an extremely broadband pulse (from a gain-managed nonlinear amplifier) would allow the generation of energetic pulses compressible to very short duration. In addition, as the amplifier works with chirped pulses, we believe that the pulse energy may further be increased by chirping the pulses to longer duration and/or by employing large-mode area fiber for parametric amplification. We plan to use this system for hyperspectral degenerate and non-degenerate two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy in the near future, enabling studies of complex biological processes in vivo .

Starting Dynamics of Linear Mamyshev Oscillator

Starting dynamics of a linear-cavity femtosecond mamyshev oscillator.

Yi-Hao Chen, Pavel Sidorenko, Robert Thorne, Frank Wise “Starting dynamics of a linear-cavity femtosecond Mamyshev oscillator,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B,  38, 743-748 (2021) 

Mamyshev oscillator is a laser that not only generates strong pulses but is also capable of maintaining environmental stability. However, starting becomes a challenge due to the suppression of noise from continuous-wave (CW) lasing. Solutions to starting are to start with an external seed pulse, overlapped filter passbands to allow CW lasing, or self-seeding with a NPE starting arm described by Pavel et al . Here we proposed another solution to starting with pump modulation. It requires no mechanical flipping such as self-seeding and is demonstrated with full electronic control (Please watch the demonstration video here ). Furthermore, it is demonstrated to reach a higher pulse energy by later increasing the filter separation. The laser is found to start reliably with pump modulation of a high repetition rate (>70 kHz) due to the emergence of a modulated mode-locked state. Besides, we found that damage from SBS constantly occurred in a linear cavity such that adding Faraday rotators is required.

Normal-dispersion fiber optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification

Walter Fu and Frank W. Wise, “Normal-dispersion fiber optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification,” Opt. Lett. 43, 5331-5334 (2018).

An ongoing limitation of fiber lasers is their lack of broad wavelength tunability. Here, we address this problem using fiber optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (FOPCPA), which combines the energy capacity of chirped pulse amplification with the spectral flexibility of optical parametric amplification and the practical benefits of fiber. Notably, this is the first FOPCPA to be pumped in the normally-dispersive regime, which permits phase-matching far from the pump wavelength.

The system operates by coupling a stretched, broadband pump pulse and a continuous-wave signal into a photonic crystal fiber. At each point in time, the monochromatic signal interacts via four-wave-mixing with a different wavelength of the chirped pump, resulting in an idler that is chirped in exactly the same manner as the pump. Scalability follows from the timescale-invariance of this process: stretching the pump at constant peak power likewise stretches the idler at constant peak power, increasing the energy without affecting the dechirped duration. By exploiting this property, we are able to convert pulses from the Yb-band to the important bio-imaging window near 1300 nm, with energies of >100 nJ and femtosecond-scale durations.

Self-seeded, multi-megawatt, Mamyshev oscillator

P. Sidorenko, W. Fu, L. G. Wright, M. Olivier, and F. W. Wise, “Self-seeded, multi-megawatt, Mamyshev oscillator,” Opt. Lett. 43, 2672-2675 (2018).

As was shown by Liu et al. , the pulses from a Mamyshev oscillator can be enhanced by increasing the spectral separation between the two bandpass filters. However, this comes at a cost: the same mechanism that strongly stabilizes the pulse against continuous-wave breakthrough also suppresses the weak electric field fluctuations that are needed to initiate pulse formation. Thus, a Mamyshev oscillator may be constructed that supports very high-energy pulses, but which can be mode-locked only with the aid of an external seed source. In this paper, we address this problem by showing how a simple auxiliary cavity--a "starting arm"--may be embedded into a Mamyshev oscillator, enabling the oscillator to seed itself at the flip of a mirror. A video of this process can be viewed here . We have furthermore scaled part of the cavity to fiber with a 10-micron core diameter. The result is a fiber oscillator with self-starting-like behavior that can deliver 190-nJ, 35-fs pulses without any external amplification, for an unprecedented peak power of 3 MW after dechirping.

Spatiotemporal mode-locking in multimode fiber lasers

L.G. Wright, D.N. Christodoulides, and F.W. Wise (2017) “Spatiotemporal mode-locking in multimode fiber lasers,” Science 358 (6359), 94-97.

Unlike a conventional single-mode, 'one-dimensional' laser, the frequencies of a multimode, multidimensional laser are ordinarily very complicated (figure below, top left, where different colors correspond to different spatial modes). However, we showed that, for a properly designed laser (bottom), the laser's frequencies would adjust automatically into an organized, synchronized pattern (figure top right), corresponding to the emission of a 3D, multimode laser pulse at regular intervals. Pulses from this laser might eventually allow very sophisticated light-matter interactions, especially with complex molecules (different modes of the laser may interact with different 'modes', specific transitions, of molecules or other matter). We have some moderately crazy ideas to realize PW or even EW (exawatt) lasers with this approach.

Megawatt peak power from a Mamyshev oscillator

Zhanwei Liu, Zachary M. Ziegler, Logan G. Wright, and Frank W. Wise. “Megawatt peak power from a Mamyshev oscillator” Optica, Vol. 4, Issue 6, pp. 649-654 (2017).

Historically, it has been really tough to make an ultrafast fiber laser that is both environmentally stable and that has good performance (i.e., it has similar performance as a Ti:sapphire oscillator). Recently, several groups have realized that a pair of spectral filters, each offset from the center of the laser gain spectrum, can be used as an effective saturable absorber. An intense pulse will experience nonlinear spectral broadening within fiber in between the filters, and can oscillate stably in a ring cavity formed in this way - a laser we call a 'Mamyshev oscillator' (see figure). Low-intensity pulses, or continuous-wave lasing, are meanwhile strongly attenuated. This mechanism, first proposed by Pavel Mamyshev for signal regeneration in telecommunications, is fully compatible with environmentally-stable laser designs. In this paper, we show that the Mamyshev oscillator can, when combined with the self-similar evolution of parabolic pulses, actually support extraordinary performance. Our initial experiments already show 10 times higher peak power than the previous state-of-the-art, and we are optimistic about further improvements.

High-power femtosecond pulses without a modelocked laser

Walter Fu, Logan G. Wright, and Frank W. Wise. “High-power femtosecond pulses without a modelocked laser” Optica, Vol. 4, Issue 7, pp. 831-834 (2017).

Modelocked lasers have long been a mainstay of ultrafast optics. However, they face ongoing challenges regarding long-term reliability, and can only emit pulses at regular intervals. Here, we present an alternative approach by seeding a fiber amplifier with a gain-switched diode. Gain-switched diodes emit pulses that are much longer and less coherent than those from modelocked oscillators. We address these issues using fiber nonlinearities: a Mamyshev regenerator isolates a coherent component of the pulse, and subsequent parabolic amplification allows the pulses to be compressed to 140 fs with 13 MW of peak power. Starting with a gain-switched diode means our system is highly robust and can in principle be electronically triggered in arbitrary pulse patterns. This flexibility may facilitate machining or microscopy sources (where pulses must be synchronized to scanning optics) or enable new types of functional neuroimaging (where specific neurons must be illuminated without saturating an entire sample).

Self-similar pulse evolution in a fiber laser with a comb-like dispersion-decreasing fiber

Yuxing Tang, Zhanwei Liu, Walter Fu, and Frank W. Wise. “Self-similar pulse evolution in a fiber laser with a comb-like dispersion-decreasing fiber” Optics Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 10, pp. 2290-2293 (2016).

We demonstrate an erbium fiber laser with self-similar pulse evolution inside a comb-like dispersion-decreasing fiber (DDF), which has the potential of generating nJ-level few-cycle pulses directly from a fiber oscillator. A passive DDF is formally equivalent to a fiber with constant gain, and can thus support self-similar pulse evolution but without any bandwidth limitation. Considering the challenges to fabrication of DDF, we try to imitate an ideal DDF with a comb-like DDF based on segments of ordinary fibers, which offers major practical advantages. The laser generates 1.3 nJ pulses with parabolic shapes and linear chirps, which can be dechirped to 37 fs. This constitutes a 4-fold increase in pulse energy compared to previous reports of this pulse duration.

Generation of 8  nJ pulses from a normal-dispersion thulium fiber laser

Yuxing Tang, Andy Chong, and Frank W. Wise. “Generation of 8  nJ pulses from a normal-dispersion thulium fiber laser” Optics Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 10, pp. 2361-2364 (2015).

There is great interest in development of better short-pulse lasers in the 2-5 μm region. We show the first thulium-doped fiber laser at 2 μm to reap the performance benefits of pulse propagation at normal dispersion. Ultra-high numerical-aperture fibers provide normal dispersion and are employed to shift the cavity dispersion to the normal regime. A laser that exhibits elements of self-similar pulse evolution generates 8-nJ and 130-fs pulses, which corresponds to 4 times the highest peak power achieved previously by a Tm fiber laser.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of multimode optical solitons

L. G. Wright, W. H. Renninger, D. N. Christodoulides, and F. W. Wise. "Spatiotemporal dynamics of multimode optical solitons". Opt. Express 22, 3492-3506 (2015).

We launch pulses into multimode fiber, exciting multiple spatial modes. We show how nonlinear interactions between the modes give rise to a multimode soliton. A multimode soliton is a non-dispersing wavepacket that contains several distinct spatial mode components, and propagates through the fiber without changing its shape due to a balance between nonlinear and linear effects. We observe spatiotemporal soliton fission - the disintegration of an optical pulse into distinct multimode soliton components with different spatiotemporal properties. Lastly, we observe the effect of stimulated Raman scattering on multimode solitons. This causes them to shift to longer wavelengths, while maintaining their multimode soliton characteristics.

Ultrafast fiber lasers based on self-similar pulse evolution: a review of current progress

A. Chong, L. G. Wright and F. W. Wise "Ultrafast fiber lasers based on self-similar pulse evolution: a review of current progress " Rep. Prog. Phys. 78, 113901 (2015).

We summarize the state of research on lasers based on self-similar pulse evolutions, including passive similariton, amplifier similariton, and others. Self-similar fiber lasers are conceptually different from other kinds of short-pulse lasers. This distinction allows for exciting new laser design options.

Ultrabroadband Dispersive Radiation by Spatiotemporal Oscillation of Multimode Waves

L. G. Wright, S. Wabnitz, D. N. Christodoulides, F. W. Wise "Ultrabroadband Dispersive Radiation by Spatiotemporal Oscillation of Multimode Waves " Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 223902 (2015).

We show that intense pulses in multimode fiber oscillate in space and time, and that this creates resonant radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum. This work provides a route to tunable sources of ultrashort pulses from IR to ultraviolet and beyond. Dreaming, this work could lead to a fiber-format alternative to the free-electron laser.

Opportunity news:

Postdoc hiring

by Yi-Hao Chen | Sep 13, 2023 | Must-show news

We’re looking for a postdoc working on Short-Pulse Fiber Lasers. Please see the Opportunities page for detail.

Honor news:

Yi-Hao’s gas-Raman paper on APP cover

by Yi-Hao Chen | Apr 3, 2024 | Honor news

Congratulations for Yi-Hao’s recent article “Unified and vector theory of Raman scattering in gas-filled hollow-core fiber across temporal regimes” being featured on the  cover  of  APP ‘s March 2024 issue .

Multimode-soliton_on_APP_cover

by Yi-Hao Chen | Nov 7, 2023 | Honor news

Congratulations for Yuhang and Nick’s recent article “Highly multimode solitons in step-index optical fiber” being featured on the cover  of  APP ‘s September 2023 issue .

Yi-Hao Chen_JOSAB award

by Yuhang Wu | Mar 25, 2022 | Honor news

3/23/2022 – Congratulations to Yi-Hao Chen on being selected as the winner of the 2021 JOSA B Emerging Researcher Best Paper Prize!

Student news:

Yi-Hao and Yuhang’s graduation

by Yi-Hao Chen | Nov 18, 2023 | People's news

Congratulations to Dr. Yi-Hao Chen and Yuhang Wu’s graduation.

Michael_Graduate

by Yuhang Wu | Jun 2, 2022 | People's news

6/2/2022 – Congratulations to Dr. Michael Buttolph on completing his B Exam! Wish him a bright future!

Walter and Zimu’s graduation

by Zimu Zhu | Jun 6, 2019 | People's news

6/4/2019 – Congrats to Dr. Walter Fu on completing his B Exam! Best to luck to him and all his future endeavors. Check out Walter, Zimu and Frank at the May commencement ceremony:

Würthner Group: Organic Materials and Nanosystems Chemistry

Prof. Dr. Frank Würthner

Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg, Germany

Phone: +49 931 31-85340 Fax:      +49 931 31-84756 [email protected]

CV of Frank Würthner

Frank Würthner was born in 1964 in Villingen-Schwenningen/Germany. He studied Chemistry at the University of Stuttgart where he obtained his PhD degree in 1993 working with Prof. Franz Effenberger on donor-acceptor substituted oligothiophenes and their use in molecular electronics. After a postdoctoral year as an AvH-Feodor-Lynen fellow in the laboratories of Julius Rebek, Jr. at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge/USA he joined BASF Dye Stuff Research in Ludwigshafen/Germany to work on functional dyes for speciality applications like non-impact printing, electroluminescence and nonlinear optics. In 1997 he moved to University of Ulm to start his habilitation with projects on organic materials for photonics and supramolecular dye chemistry. Since October 2002 he is full professor in Würzburg (Chair of Organic Chemistry II).

Weblink to complete CV of Frank Würthner

Weblink to Angewandte Chemie author profile of Frank Würthner

Research synopsis

Supramolecular Synthesis : Exploration of physico-chemical principles for the construction of highly defined dye assemblies and elucidation of structure-property relationships by means of structural (NMR, MS, AFM, STM, REM, XRD) and electronic/optical (UV/Vis/NIR absorption, CD, fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry) characterization techniques.

Photofunctional Dye Assemblies : Construction of molecular assemblies composed of dyes and metal centers and investigation of their light harvesting and photocatalytic properties.

Nano and Solid State Chemistry : Engineering of functional nanostructures and complex solid state and thin film materials, including thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals.

Organic Electronics & Photovoltaics: Synthesis of new organic semiconductor molecules and preparation and characterization of organic transistor devices and solar cells based on such molecular semiconductors.

Nanosystems for Biomedicine : Preparation of functional nanosystems and investigation of their interactions with biomacromolecules and biological surfaces.

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Leibfarth Research Group

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Frank Leibfarth

2013 Ph.D. in Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara

2008 B.A. in Chemistry & Physics, University of South Dakota

Professional Experience

2022 – Present Co-director of NC PURE

2022 – Present Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

2016 – 2022 Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

2013 – 2016 NSF Postdoctoral Fellow with Professor Timothy F. Jamison, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

2008 – 2013 Graduate student researcher with Professor Craig J. Hawker, University of California Santa Barbara

Honors & Awards

University of South Dakota Spring Commencement Speaker ( 2022 )

Journal of Polymer Science Innovation Award ( 2022 )

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Winter Commencement Speaker ( 2021 )

Popular Science Brilliant 10 ( 2021 )

ACS POLY Division Fellow ( 2021 )

UNC Tanner Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching ( 2021 )

Camille Dreyfus Teach–Scholar Award ( 2020 )

Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow ( 2020 )

Cottrell Scholar ( 2020 )

Herman F. Mark Young Scholar Award, ACS POLY Division ( 2020 )

Selected as one of the Chemical & Engineering News Talented 12 ( 2019 )

Beckman Young Investigator ( 2019 )

NSF CAREER Award ( 2019 )

Army Research Office Young Investigator Program ( 2019 )

PMSE Young Investigator Award ( 2019 )

Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Program ( 2018 )

3M Non-Tenured Faculty Award ( 2017 )

Emerging Leader Award; University of South Dakota Alumni Association ( 2017 )

TEDx speaker at University of South Dakota TEDx event ( 2015 )

NSF Science, Engineering & Education for Sustainability (SEES) Fellowship ( 2013-2016 )

NIH Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA Postdoctoral Fellowship (deferred) ( 2013-2016 )

DSM/ACS Graduate Polymer Technology Award ( 2012 )

NSF Graduate Research Fellowship ( 2008-2013 )

DoD National Defense Science & Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship ( 2008-2013 )

UCSB Chancellors Graduate Fellowship ( 2008-2013 )

MRL Outstanding Service to Education Programs Award ( 2012 )

Gordon Conference (Polymers) “Frontiers of Graduate Polymer Science” Lecture ( 2011 )

Undergraduate Thesis with high distinction ( 2008 )

Pardee Prize (top senior chemistry major at USD) ( 2007 )

USA Today College Academic All-Star Team (20 nationally) ( 2007 )

ESPN the Magazine Academic All-American Football Team (first team, twice selected) ( 2006 & 2007 )

Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship ( 2006 )

American Chemical Society Organic Chemistry Achievement Award ( 2005 )

Eagle Scout ( 2003 )

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We are a team of highly motivated young chemists trying to make a difference: CATALYSIS is a green key technology and the FUNCTIONAL MOLECULES we make have an impact in diverse areas of science and society. Our research is driven by the desire to save valuable natural resources as well as by the need for compounds with high levels of (enantio)selectivity and purity. Our research should facilitate and make significant contributions to the synthesis of important organic molecules like heterocyclic and natural products and to make these processes more environmentally benign. Rational design, serendipitous findings and smart screening strategies, but also data-driven modelling are characteristic for our work. In addition, we believe that Germany and Europe need AUFBRUCHSTIMMUNG and OPTIMISM! Let's go for it!

Screening Methods

Here we show and provide the templates for our sensitivity screening and our robustness screening methods. Please feel free to download and use them. Simply click on the pictures!

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Learning beyond the classroom – bringing science teaching into the real world

Frank Täufer, a scientific assistant at Campus Wiesengut – the University of Bonn’s ecological teaching and research farm – asked a group of visiting 8-year-olds to speculate on why the rye plants in his field were all different heights. He was surprised by their insightful range of responses. 

Some of the children suggested that the tall plants at the farm received more sunlight. Others thought there could be different types of rye in the field, or that insects may be blighting the crop. One student, after digging up a plant to inspect its roots, thought that the soil must be different across the field. 

‘They really asked questions and thought of ideas that I wouldn’t have myself,’ said Täufer. ‘I regularly ask these questions to my university students, and they don’t have as many ideas. And none of them has ever dug up a plant to look at the roots.’ 

Taking children outside the classroom 

Täufer’s work is part of the three-year MULTIPLIERS project, which received funding from the EU to explore ways of making science more appealing to young people. 

They are doing this through the creation of what they call Open Science Communities, or OSCs. The idea is to create collaborative networks among schools, universities, informal education providers, museums, local associations, and industry and civil society in order to expand the opportunities for students to learn about science in real-world settings – like the farm.

“ I think it’s very important to bring students outside the classroom. Annette Scheersoi, MULTIPLIERS

‘I think it’s very important to bring students outside the classroom in order to have authentic themes to work on and to make learning about science relevant to everyday life,’ said Professor Annette Scheersoi, a specialist in sustainability science education from the University of Bonn and coordinator of MULTIPLIERS.

‘When you are interested, you remember better, but you also connect more and feel the value and relevance,’ she said.

Connecting science and real life

OSCs have so far been set up in six European countries: Cyprus, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden. Students in all six countries were given the opportunity to interact with science experts from a wide range of backgrounds to explore science-based solutions for modern-day problems. 

The idea is to help young people relate to the real-life science challenges we face every day, ranging from antimicrobial resistance to clean water and sanitation.

In Barcelona, for example, secondary school students were invited to apply what they learned in chemistry classes to measure air pollution in the school playground and at home. Then they presented the results. 

In Germany, Slovenia and Sweden, students took to the forest to learn about sustainable forestry and biodiversity. With the guidance of local foresters and scientists, students studied different trees up close and made decisions on whether they should be felled or not. 

‘The approach was to consider forestry as a complex dilemma with trade-offs between the ecosystem and wood production,’ Scheersoi said. 

Multiplying the impact 

Crucial also for Scheersoi has been the multiplier effect – turning the students into teachers and giving them the chance to share their newfound knowledge with others.

Schoolchildren on the ecological farm invited their parents to a tasting session where they discussed the benefits of organic produce. In the forest, parents were invited to a Forest Day under the trees, where the children shared what they had learned.

Students have also been encouraged to share their knowledge by creating podcasts, science blogs, or organising science fairs for families. Now the hope is to build on this work and further embed the approach beyond the project. 

‘Across MULTIPLIERS we have seen how students, teachers and outside science experts have engaged in these lessons. We want these networks to not only stay, but to grow, bringing in more people and bringing forward this new way of learning for students,’ said Scheersoi. 

Science for sustainability 

As part of its  open science policy, the EU is supporting open schooling for science education, recognising that Europe needs more scientists, including citizen scientists. 

This is something that is also important to Jelena Kajganović, a sustainability expert at Geonardo, a Hungarian innovation and technology company active in the energy, environment and sustainable development fields.

Kajganović led a three-year EU-funded project called  OTTER which, like MULTIPLIERS, aimed to inspire a different approach to science learning and connect students to real-world challenges outside the classroom. They call this approach education outside the classroom (EOC).

“ I would really like to see our approach to science education changing. Jelena Kajganović, OTTER

Taking learning out of the school setting through things like outdoor activities and fieldtrips, has proven positive effects, says Kajganovic. OTTER investigated how EOC could also help improve the acquisition of new knowledge and skills, specifically in the field of environmental sustainability. 

‘The core ideas behind OTTER are how to make science education more attractive, how to encourage students to learn and apply their knowledge,’ she said. 

Although Kajganović observes a general apathy towards science in many classrooms, she sees this as untapped potential to do more to connect learning with pressing sustainability challenges. 

Working with partners in Finland, Hungary, Ireland and Spain, OTTER sought to connect science lessons in the classroom with local issues. Very quickly students in OTTER schools began to link theory and practice. 

In one school, near Barcelona, a group of 14-year-olds took samples from the local river to test water quality and were alarmed by the results. Based on their findings, the students organised an online petition calling for the river to be cleaned up. 

‘By testing the water, they could see the problem and they could see the connection with their own lives. It really clicked in their heads,’ said Kajganović. 

Sharing knowledge across Europe 

To spread the impact of their work further, the OTTER team created an online  learning platform with a range of interactive teaching materials that educators can use to help them carry out education outside the classroom activities. 

Looking ahead, OTTER now hopes to get teachers across Europe to use the platform to explore ways to get involved in outdoor science learning. Longer term, Kajganović believes it could spark a new way of thinking about science and inspire the next generation. 

‘I would really like to see our approach to science education changing by giving young people more space to think about science and its application in their lives,’ she said. ‘In terms of sustainability, if we don’t solve our problems, no one will, and it was amazing to see young people taking the lead.’ 

Research in this article was funded by the EU’s Horizon Programme. The views of the interviewees don’t necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. If you liked this article, please consider sharing it on social media.

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Land use changes in the environs of Moscow

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The Unique Burial of a Child of Early Scythian Time at the Cemetery of Saryg-Bulun (Tuva)

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Pages:  379-406

In 1988, the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition (led by M. E. Kilunovskaya and V. A. Semenov) discovered a unique burial of the early Iron Age at Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva. There are two burial mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture dated by 7th century BC. Within the barrows, which adjoined one another, forming a figure-of-eight, there were discovered 7 burials, from which a representative collection of artifacts was recovered. Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather headdress painted with red pigment and a coat, sewn from jerboa fur. The coat was belted with a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles. Besides that, a leather quiver with arrows with the shafts decorated with painted ornaments, fully preserved battle pick and a bow were buried in the coffin. Unexpectedly, the full-genomic analysis, showed that the individual was female. This fact opens a new aspect in the study of the social history of the Scythian society and perhaps brings us back to the myth of the Amazons, discussed by Herodotus. Of course, this discovery is unique in its preservation for the Scythian culture of Tuva and requires careful study and conservation.

Keywords: Tuva, Early Iron Age, early Scythian period, Aldy-Bel culture, barrow, burial in the coffin, mummy, full genome sequencing, aDNA

Information about authors: Marina Kilunovskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Semenov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Varvara Busova  (Moscow, Russian Federation).  (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Kharis Mustafin  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Irina Alborova  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Alina Matzvai  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected]

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Uneven Progress for U.S. Offshore Wind Power

A high-profile blade collapse, the launch of a big new york project and research on planned wind farm sites in new jersey show the mixed state of wind power in the northeast..

Three events Wednesday highlighted the uneven progress of the offshore wind industry in the Northeast, including the start of a major project in New York, research aimed at preventing environmental damage in New Jersey, and a temporary shutdown of a wind farm in Massachusetts after a broken turbine blade washed ashore on a famous beach.

The federal government ordered a wind farm operator off the coast of Nantucket in Massachusetts to suspend operations while cleanup continues after a wind turbine blade fell into the water, broke apart, and washed up on beaches at the popular vacation spot.

Vineyard Wind said Wednesday that it has removed 17 cubic yards of debris, enough to fill more than six truckloads, along with several larger pieces that washed ashore. The debris was mostly non-toxic fiberglass fragments ranging in size from small pieces to larger sections, typically green or white.

Vineyard Wind, a joint venture between Avangrid and Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners, bolstered its beach patrols to 35 people looking for and removing debris.

"We're making progress in the debris recovery efforts and mobilizing even more resources on the island to hasten the cleanup as quickly as possible," the company's CEO Klaus Moeller said in a statement. "The public can have confidence that we will be here as long as it takes to get the job done."

Also on Wednesday, a groundbreaking ceremony was held to start construction of New York's largest offshore wind project, Sunrise Wind, a 924-megawatt project by the Danish wind developer Orsted. Once completed, the project will provide enough clean energy to power approximately 600,000 New York homes.

It will be located approximately 30 miles east of Montauk, New York.

"We look forward to building New York's largest offshore wind project, helping the state meet its clean energy targets while strengthening the local offshore wind workforce and supply chain," said David Hardy, executive vice president and CEO Americas for Orsted.

Orsted was far along in the approval process to build two offshore wind farms in New Jersey when it scrapped both projects last October, saying they were no longer financially feasible.

And New Jersey officials on Wednesday said they would make nearly $5 million available for scientific research projects to document current environmental conditions in areas where wind farms are planned, as well as to predict and prevent potential harm to the environment or wildlife.

Shawn LaTourette, New Jersey's environmental protection commissioner, said his state "is committed to advancing science that will ensure that offshore wind, a necessary component of our work to address the impact of climate change, is developed responsibly and in a manner that minimizes impacts to our precious coastal environment."

The state is seeking proposals for surveying wildlife and habitats before wind farm construction starts; making technical innovations in data collection and analysis; studying fishery sustainability and socio-economic impacts of offshore wind; identifying and reducing the impact of offshore wind noise on marine life, and studies of bird and bat abundance, among other things.

Concerns about potential damage to the environment, marine life and birds have been among the reasons cited by opponents of offshore wind for trying to halt the nascent industry in the U.S. On Wednesday, one of the most vocal groups, Protect Our Coast-NJ used the Nantucket accident to renew its call to end the offshore wind industry, calling the incident "simply unacceptable."

Jason Ryan, a spokesman for the American Clean Power Association, said the wind industry is committed to safe and reliable operations, adding it follows "rigorous and regulated standards and strict environmental protocols."

Referring to the Nantucket incident, he said, "Wind power is one of the safest forms of energy generation, and millions of people around the world live and work near wind farms without issue. This type of incident is extremely rare and there were no injuries. We are working closely with our member companies and are confident the situation will be resolved expeditiously."

Copyright 2024. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

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Europe's housebuilding conundrum and Portugal's proposed tax incentive

Housebuilding

Poor affordability, a cost-of-living crisis, escalating build costs, and labour shortages have made housebuilding a critical issue for governments across advanced economies.

In its first week in power, the UK Labour Party prioritized housebuilding . Rachel Reeves, the Chancellor of the Exchequer , announced plans to “get Britain building again” just three days after her arrival at No. 11 Downing Street.

However, England, and the wider UK, is not alone in missing housebuilding targets. Much of Europe has seen a decline in housing numbers post-pandemic, with few countries even publishing formal targets.

Higher build costs, rising debt levels, and increased red tape have put pressure on developers, both SMEs and larger firms, since the pandemic. According to the IFO Institute in Munich, 13% of construction companies in Germany were forced to scrap projects in July 2024.

Improving supply will take time, and in the interim, rising demand due to aging populations, more single-person households, and immigration will push prices higher, even as new supply initiatives are set in motion.

With the dust settling on President Macron’s misjudged election, the outlook isn’t looking quite as destabilising as some feared.

The poll saw a three-way split emerge between the left, right and centrist parties. What does this mean for the French economy and its housing market?

The New Popular Front, which won the most seats, 188 in total, and incorporates the Socialist, Green and the France Unbowed parties, had previously outlined higher taxes and to “abolish the privileges of billionaires.”

This included reinstating a wider wealth tax, reviving an exit levy, raising the top marginal rate of income tax to 90% and overhauling succession rules to include a cap on inheritance. Yet, without a majority, and crucially vast public debt which overseas investment will be critical to assuaging, its unlikely such policies will materialise.

The almost nonchalant reaction of financial markets supports this view.

The French stock market, the CAC 40, fell 2.2% the day after the election and then recovered and as the threat of a surge in fiscal spending receded the euro dipped 0.2% against the dollar but rebounded.

The most pressing question for the French president is how to pick a prime minister capable of forming a functioning government.

Once appointed, their focus will be on finding more than €15 billion in additional revenue or savings each year to comply with EU budget rules, deterring foreign investment will do little to assist this cause.

The Portuguese Government is proposing a 20% flat tax for salaried professionals under the new Talent Attraction Regime.

Targeting senior professionals and startup directors, this initiative mirrors the Non-Habitual Resident (NHR) scheme, which ended in 2023, but with a broader scope.

By establishing tax residency and staying for at least 183 days annually, professionals can enjoy a 20% income tax rate for ten years. Unlike NHR, this plan excludes dividends, capital gains, and pensions, thus excluding retirees. Portuguese citizens who have lived abroad remain eligible.

Finance Minister Joaquim Miranda Sarmento presented the plan to the Council of Ministers, aiming to reduce Portugal’s deficit.

The proposal includes 60 measures, such as reducing corporate tax from 21% to 15% by 2027 and introducing a mandatory minimum tax of 15% for multinationals and large companies. The Portuguese Chamber of Commerce calls this the most ambitious package in 20 years.

The proposals face a parliamentary vote, and approval is uncertain. The Government confirmed it has no plans to reintroduce golden visas for property investment.

In other news…

Rich Americans are flex-working on the French Riviera ( Bloomberg ), how the family office became one of the world’s wealth generators ( FT ), Barcelona plans to ban all short-term rentals ( Bloomberg ) and European household loans rise for the first time in two years ( Financial Times ).

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Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The preeminent biblical role of the father: a qualitative action research project.

Frank Wilhelm Heilmeier , Liberty University Follow

Rawlings School of Divinity

Doctor of Ministry (DMin)

absentee father, biblical role of fathers, children, commandments, father's duty, God's Law, teach children

Disciplines

Ethics in Religion | Religion

Recommended Citation

Heilmeier, Frank Wilhelm, "The Preeminent Biblical Role of the Father: A Qualitative Action Research Project" (2024). Doctoral Dissertations and Projects . 5777. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/5777

Fathers have a biblical role to teach their children commandments, statutes, judgments, and God's Law. The father's duty to teach his children should be handed down from generation to generation. The assumption is that fathers do not teach their children as God commanded. When fathers do not teach their children, they risk becoming an absentee father which leads to fatherlessness, ultimately ending in a broken home. To address this issue and offset this risk, a qualitative action research project was conducted. This intervention implemented two small group training sessions for fathers with children ages six and under. The sessions were applied in two six-week courses. Using a triangulation method, data was collected in six questionnaires, two surveys, and two interviews. A follow-up interview was completed one month after the course. Questionnaires discovered who, what, when, where, why, and how fathers taught. Surveys gathered background information on each participant's spiritual formation status. The triangulation method cross-checked and confirmed that prior to the course, fathers had not taught their children. The purpose educated fathers in their preeminent biblical role to teach their children God's Law. The goal for teaching fathers their role, duty, and responsibility helped them avoid the pitfalls of becoming an absentee father, fatherlessness, and a broken home. In fulfilling the thesis, children gained in spiritual formation, fathers became more spiritually mature, and families were strengthened in God's Law. This project is duplicable. Other churches or groups can follow this model to strengthen families in Christ.

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Microsoft Research Asia – Vancouver

Microsoft Research Asia’s Hub in Vancouver, BC

Microsoft Research Asia – Vancouver lab, located in Vancouver, BC, Canada, is an expansion of Microsoft Research Asia into the Asia-Pacific region. Our mission is to bridge the gap between general artificial intelligence and its real-world applications that require specialized expertise. We aim for deep integration of specialized intelligence across various layers of a practical computing infrastructure, including the system and the physical environment, to address real-world constraints and customer requirements with precision and cost-efficiency. Such a tailored approach is realized through a co-evolutionary process that includes interactions between computer systems & infrastructure, humans, and the physical environment.

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Frank Research Group

Utilizing Spin for Renewable Energy Technologies

Molecular Magnetism in North America Workshop (MAGNA-2023)

Controlling spin dynamics in paramagnetic systems for applications in quantum information science, materials science and biology The workshop brings together researchers in chemistry, physics and biology towards gaining an understanding of controlling the structure and environment of spin-systems. Research focused on spin systems for quantum information science, electronic materials, catalytic processes, and excited-state processes in…

Welcome Chinedu Osunkwo and Victor Achulonu to the group!

They will be working on the inorganic aspects of the QIS project.

Congratulations to Gilbert Ganschow for receiving the Mentor of the Year Graduate Student Award and to Harini Wimalasekera for receiving an Excellence in Teaching Award from the Department of Chemistry!

We welcome postdoctoral fellow subrata gosh..

He will be working on optically switchable spin systems for quantum information.

Welcome Harini Wimalasekera!

She will further our exploration on optically switchable spin systems.

Prakash Rimal and Kinglsey Onyenwe join to advance our research in organic radical batteries. Devon Adecer joins to work on optically switchable spin systems. Welcome!

Doe announces $73 million for materials and chemical sciences research to advance quantum science and technology..

Dr. Frank (PI) and co-PIs ( Dr. King, Dr. Varganov, Dr. Tucker, and Dr. Lee) are among 29 projects chosen https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-announces-73-million-materials-and- chemical-sciences-research-advance-quantum-science

Welcome Anitha Alanthadka, a postdoctoral fellow in our group who will be exploring the breadth of optically switchable spin systems for quantum information science!

Gilbert ganschow joins our group to work on organic battery materials..

Welcome Gilbert!

Our coauthored perspective on the role of chemistry in quantum information science is published in Nature Reviews Chemistry.

Thank you to all the coauthors, and to Mike Wasielewski for organizing! Greatdiscussions! https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-020-0200-5

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635th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment

635-й зенитно-ракетный полк

Military Unit: 86646

Activated 1953 in Stepanshchino, Moscow Oblast - initially as the 1945th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment for Special Use and from 1955 as the 635th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment for Special Use.

1953 to 1984 equipped with 60 S-25 (SA-1) launchers:

• Launch area: 55 15 43N, 38 32 13E (US designation: Moscow SAM site E14-1)
• Support area: 55 16 50N, 38 32 28E
• Guidance area: 55 16 31N, 38 30 38E

1984 converted to the S-300PT (SA-10) with three independent battalions:

• 1st independent Anti-Aircraft Missile Battalion (Bessonovo, Moscow Oblast) - 55 09 34N, 38 22 26E
• 2nd independent Anti-Aircraft Missile Battalion and HQ (Stepanshchino, Moscow Oblast) - 55 15 31N, 38 32 23E
• 3rd independent Anti-Aircraft Missile Battalion (Shcherbovo, Moscow Oblast) - 55 22 32N, 38 43 33E

Disbanded 1.5.98.

Subordination:

• 1st Special Air Defence Corps , 1953 - 1.6.88
• 86th Air Defence Division , 1.6.88 - 1.10.94
• 86th Air Defence Brigade , 1.10.94 - 1.10.95
• 86th Air Defence Division , 1.10.95 - 1.5.98

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New BugSleep Backdoor Deployed in Recent MuddyWater Campaigns

Key findings.

• MuddyWater, an Iranian threat group affiliated with the Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS), has significantly  increased  its activities in Israel since the beginning of the Israel-Hamas war in October 2023. This parallels with activities against targets in Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, India and Portugal.
• The threat actors consistently use phishing campaigns sent from compromised organizational email accounts. The phishing campaigns typically lead to the deployment of legitimate Remote Management Tools (RMM) such as Atera Agent and Screen Connect.
• Recently, Muddy Water campaigns also led to the deployment of a new, previously undocumented tailor-made backdoor we dubbed BugSleep, that is used to target organizations in Israel.
• BugSleep is a backdoor designed to execute the threat actors’ commands and transfer files between the compromised machine and the C&C server. The backdoor is currently in development, with the threat actors continuously improving its functionality and addressing bugs.

Introduction

MuddyWater, an Iranian threat group  affiliated  with the Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS), is known to be active since at least 2017. During the last year, MuddyWater engaged in widespread phishing campaigns targeting the Middle East, with a particular focus on Israel. Since October 2023, the actors’ activities have increased significantly. Their methods remain consistent, utilizing phishing campaigns sent from compromised email accounts targeting a wide array of organizations in countries of interest. These campaigns typically lead to the deployment of legitimate Remote Management Tools (RMM) such as Atera Agent or Screen Connect. Recently, however, they have deployed a custom backdoor we track as BugSleep.

In this report, we discuss the details of the most recent phishing campaigns and how they reflect the group’s interests. In addition, we provide an analysis of MuddyWater’s most recent techniques, tactics, and procedures (TTPs) including the BugSleep custom backdoor and the abuse of Egnyte, a legitimate file-sharing service.

Emails and Lures

MuddyWater campaigns usually consist of sending large numbers of emails to a wide range of targets from a compromised email account. Although their lures are aimed at a large and varied set of organizations or individuals, they often focus on specific industries or sectors, highlighting the group’s points of interest. Among those are notable phishing campaigns aimed at Israeli municipalities as well as a broader group of airlines, travel agencies, and journalists. Overall, since February 2024 we identified over 50 spear phishing emails targeting more than 10 sectors that were sent to hundreds of recipients.

In each of these campaigns, the actors used a tailored lure that was sent to dozens of targets in the same sector. For example, lures aimed at municipalities contained a suggestion to download a new app created just for municipalities:

Translated email: Subject: Special Offer: New App for Municipalities – Limited Time Only! Dear Customer, in celebration of International Mother’s Day, we are excited to announce the launch of our latest municipal app. This innovative tool is meticulously designed to automate tasks, enhance efficiency, and ensure maximum safety in operations. For today only, we are offering this app as a free download. Empower your municipality to streamline workflows and securely prepare for future tasks. Download Now Take advantage of this opportunity to revolutionize your municipality’s operations with our innovative solution. Don’t miss out! Best regards, [Redacted]

In more recent campaigns, the group shifted to more generic-themed, yet well-crafted phishing lures, such as invitations to webinars and online courses. This approach allows them to reuse the same lure across different targets and regions. Additionally, while they primarily used the locally spoken languages of their targets, they now use the English language more frequently.

This shift is exemplified in two different emails that use the same exact lure: one sent to targets in Saudi Arabia and the other to Israel. The main differences were the email addresses used to send them, and the final payload. In Saudi Arabia it was an RMM, and in Israel, the custom backdoor BugSleep.

Comparison of two emails about online courses using the same lure:

The only differences in the content between the two emails are the company name and the last two lines with the link that can be found in the PDF attachment.

Attribution of these campaigns to MuddyWater is supported by the distinct patterns of behavior and RMM tools they employ, which have been consistently observed in their operations over the past few years.

BugSleep Infection Chain

The typical infection chain that delivers the BugSleep backdoor is as follows:

Egnyte Abuse

Egnyte is a secure file-sharing platform that allows employees and companies to easily share files via a web browser. Recently, MuddyWater has frequently used Egnyte subdomains, aligning them with the company names used in their phishing emails. Upon opening the shared link, recipients can see the name of the purported sender, which often appears legitimate, and matches the naming conventions of the targeted country.

In a link sent to a transportation company in Saudi Arabia, the displayed name of the owner was Khaled Mashal, the former head of Hamas and one of its prominent leaders.

BugSleep Technical Analysis

BugSleep is a new tailor-made malware used in MuddyWater phishing lures since May 2024, partially replacing their use of legitimate RMM tools. We discovered several versions of the malware being distributed, with differences between each version showing improvements and bug fixes (and sometimes creating new bugs). These updates, occurring within short intervals between samples, suggest a trial-and-error approach.

BugSleep main logic is similar in all versions, starting with many calls to the  Sleep  API to evade sandboxes and then it loads the APIs it needs to run properly. It then creates a mutex (we observed  “PackageManager”  and  “DocumentUpdater”  in our samples) and decrypts its configuration which includes the C&C IP address and port. All the configurations and strings are encrypted in the same way, where every byte is subtracted with the same hardcoded value.

In most BugSleep samples, the malware then creates a scheduled task with the same name as the mutex and adds the comment  "sample comment”  to it. The scheduled task, which ensures persistence for BugSleep, runs the malware and is triggered every 30 minutes on a daily basis.

The malware communication is also encrypted the same way as its strings, adding 3 to every byte modulo 256. Every message exchanged between BugSleep and its C&C domain follows this format:  [size_of_data][data] .

BugSleep starts by sending the ID of the victim, consisting of the computer name followed by the username, formatted as  [computer_name][username] .

The malware has several commands it can perform based on the data sent from the C&C:

In one of the malware versions, the developers implemented a couple of evasion methods from EDR solutions. First, the malware enables the  MicrosoftSignedOnly  flag of the  ProcessSignaturePolicy  structure to prevent the process from loading images that are not signed by Microsoft. This prevents other processes from injecting DLLs into the  process .

Next, it enables the  ProhibitDynamicCode  flag of the  ProcessDynamicCodePolicy  structure to prevent the process from generating dynamic code or modifying existing executable code. Enabling  ProcessDynamicCodePolicy may be useful for protecting it from EDR solutions that hook userland API functions to inspect programs’  intents .

BugSleep Loader

One of the samples we analyzed came with a custom loader. The loader injects a shellcode that loads BugSleep in-memory into one of the following processes, based on whether they are already running:

• anydesk.exe
• Ondedrive.exe
• powershell.exe

The shellcode in this case is also encrypted with the same algorithm as the strings in BugSleep but with a different shift: every byte is subtracted with a hardcoded value of 6. After the decryption, the loader writes the shellcode inside the process with the  WriteProcessMemory  API and invokes the shellcode with the  CreateRemoteThread  API.

Bugs and Unused Code

Some of the samples contained several bugs, and parts of the code appear poorly written, with questionable omissions or additions that seem to be mistakes.

• One of the samples checks if the file  “C:\users\public\a.txt”  exists and if it doesn’t, it creates the file which it later deletes. The purpose of this code is not entirely clear and may be unfinished code inserted by the authors or borrowed from other places without fully understanding what the code does.
• In one sample, some of the API names were not encrypted like the others, probably due to lack of attention.
• In some samples, instead of properly encrypting (adding 3 to each byte), the malware runs the decryption algorithm (subtracting each byte by 3), which is probably by mistake. In a newer sample, the malware authors fixed that bug but did not do the same for all of the commands. Another questionable action is that the malware decrypts the data after it’s sent. We assume that their intent was to encrypt the strings again so they would not be seen in memory, but in this case, it does the opposite.

According to our telemetry, these MuddyWater campaigns target a diverse array of sectors, ranging from government entities and municipalities to media outlets and travel agencies. While the majority of the emails was directed at companies in Israel, others were aimed at entities in Turkey, Saudi Arabia, India and Portugal.

In addition, files associated with the latest campaign were uploaded to VirusTotal from various IP locations, including Azerbaijan and Jordan. Notably, in the case of Azerbaijan, we can establish correlation with the target due to the Azerbaijani language used in the PDF lure.

Translated PDF document: Dear friends and colleagues International company CASPEL organizes an online webinar on information technologies and network solutions. The purpose of this international webinar is to prevent any cyber vandalism and build deep relationship with information technology companies in Africa and the Middle East. Many reputable companies of the region will participate in this seminar, and any experts in this field will discuss and exchange ideas. To participate in the webinar, visit the link below and download the webinar software. [Link] Thank you.

The increased activity of MuddyWater in the Middle East, particularly in Israel, highlights the persistent nature of these threat actors, who continue to operate against a wide variety of targets in the region. Their consistent use of phishing campaigns, now incorporating a custom backdoor, BugSleep, marks a notable development in their techniques, tactics and procedures (TTPs).

The campaigns reflect the group’s interests, focusing on specific sectors such as municipalities, airlines, travel agencies, and media outlets. Although they are aimed at specific sectors, the nature of the lures themselves have become much simpler over time. The shift from highly customized lures to more generic themes such as webinars and online courses, combined with the increased use of the English language, allows the group to focus on higher volume rather than specific targets.

Check Point Customers Remain Protected Against the Threats Described in this Report .

Harmony Email and Collaboration  provides comprehensive inline protection at the highest security level.

Threat Emulation signatures:

APT.Wins.MuddyWater.ta.X

APT.Wins.MuddyWater.ta.Y

APT.Win.MuddyWater.X

Harmony Endpoint signatures:

APT.Win.MuddyWater.U

APT.Win.MuddyWater.V

APT.Win.MuddyWater.W

IP addresses:

IP address used for sending emails:

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MuddyWater Threat Group Deploys New BugSleep Backdoor

Check Point Research (CPR) warns that Iranian threat group MuddyWater has significantly increased its activities against Israel and is deploying a new, previously undocumented backdoor campaign.

Key Findings

• MuddyWater, an Iranian threat group affiliated with the Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS), has significantly increased its activities in Israel since the beginning of the Israel-Hamas war in October 2023. This parallels with activities against targets in Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, India and Portugal
• The threat actors consistently use phishing campaigns sent from compromised organizational email accounts, leading to the deployment of legitimate Remote Management Tools such as Atera Agent and Screen Connect
• Recently, MuddyWater campaigns also led to the deployment of a new, previously undocumented tailor-made backdoor dubbed BugSleep, that is used to target organizations in Israel
• BugSleep is a backdoor designed to execute the threat actors’ commands and transfer files between the compromised machine and the C&C server. The backdoor is currently in development, with the threat actors continuously improving its functionality and addressing bugs

CPR has been tracking MuddyWater , the Iranian threat group affiliated with the country’s Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS), since 2019. Now, the group has significantly increased its activities in Israel since the beginning of the Israel-Hamas war in October 2023.

In addition to their usual phishing campaigns, with malicious deployment of legitimate Remote Management Tools, MuddyWater has begun deploying a new, previously undocumented backdoor. This backdoor, which Check Point Research has named BugSleep, is being specifically used to target organizations in Israel.

BugSleep is a new malware used in phishing lures since May 2024. Check Point Research discovered several versions of this malware being distributed. The backdoor updates are typically around improvements and bug fixes within the malware itself.

For a deep dive analysis on the malware, and the latest malicious campaigns of MuddyWater visit the Check Point Research blog .

Campaign Targets

These campaigns are targeting a number of different sectors, from governments to travel agencies and journalists. Most of these emails are targeted at Israeli companies, although others were aimed toward organizations in Turkey, Saudi Arabia, India and Portugal.

Figure 1 – Notable sectors targeted by MuddyWater phishing campaigns.

The usage of BugSleep marks a notable development in MuddyWater’s techniques, tactics and procedures (TTPs). Beginning in October 2023, the threat actors have been using phishing campaigns sent from compromised email accounts, leading to the deployment of legitimate Remote Management Tools (RMM) such as Atera Agent and Screen Connect. Since February 2024, CPR has identified over 50 spear phishing emails, targeting more than 10 sectors, including municipalities, journalists and healthcare.

MuddyWater continues to push the deployment of these tools. In fact, a recent phishing email was sent to a Saudi Arabian company and an Israeli company. The payload for the Saudi Arabian company was an RMM; for the Israeli company it was BugSleep.

Figure 2 – Targeted countries for MuddyWater

These campaigns reflect MuddyWater’s interests, focusing on specific sectors like airlines and media outlets. The nature of the lures has become simpler over time, and have evolved to introduce custom malware like BugSleep. Additionally, with a shift to generic lures and the increased use of English, the group can focus on higher volumes as opposed to specific targets.

Check Point Customers Remain Protected Against the Threats Described in this Report .

Harmony Email and Collaboration provides comprehensive inline protection at the highest security level.

ThreatCloud AI ’s Threat Emulation engine offers these protections:

APT.Wins.MuddyWater.ta.X

APT.Wins.MuddyWater.ta.Y

Harmony Endpoint protections: APT.Win.MuddyWater.U

APT.Win.MuddyWater.V

APT.Win.MuddyWater.W

Check Point Research will continue to monitor this group’s activities to ensure customers remain protected from their exploits.

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