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1 in 3 Filipino students bullied in school – Pisa study

Sherwin Gatchalian —SENATE SOCIAL MEDIA UNIT

Sen. Sherwin Gatchalian (File photo from the Senate Public Relations and Information Bureau)

MANILA, Philippines — The Department of Education (DepEd) assured the public on Saturday that it was implementing programs to address bullying in schools after the 2022 Programme for International Student Assessment (Pisa) study revealed that one in every three Filipino students had experienced being bullied at least once a week.

According to the Pisa study published on Dec. 5, the incidence of bullying in Philippine schools went down between 2018 and 2022. The country first took part in the large-scale international assessment of the academic performance of 15-year-old students in mathematics, science, and reading in 2018.

But Education Undersecretary Gina Gonong said in a forum on the Pisa results organized by DepEd last week that bullying “remained a pervasive problem, more so among boys and those in public schools.” It also affected their academic performance as the study said that those who were bullied at least a few times a month scored 11 to 44 points lower in mathematics.

According to the 2022 Pisa results, 28 percent of the 7,193 Filipino students from 188 schools who took part in the assessment reported that others had “made fun” of them while 19 percent said they were threatened by other students.

Some reported being the subject of “nasty rumors” while others got hit or pushed by other students. There were also those who complained that their things were taken away or destroyed while some said they were “left out of things on purpose.”

To address the problem, DepEd said that antibullying programs were being implemented by its Learner Rights Protection Office (LRPO), which operates the “telesafe” hotline and child protection desks, and the Bureau of Learners Support Services (BLSS), which has various mental health initiatives and counseling projects.

“The BLSS primarily gears more toward bullying prevention and creating a climate of safety in schools [through mental health and counseling on top of capacity building for teaching and nonteaching staff]. On the other hand, the LRPO mainly comes in to address abuse and bullying cases directly [through legal means],” it told reporters through a Viber message.

Other DepEd programs include the creation of a mental health unit in the department that is expected to become operational next year and the ongoing hiring of “mental health coordinators” for every region.

Other programs, measures

A DepEd order specifically tackling mental health will also be released early next year after undergoing vetting as the agency works on creating mental health and anti-bullying content with the National Council for Children’s Television, in collaboration with independent directors.

In partnership with Natasha Goulbourn Foundation, DepEd has likewise launched a capacity-building program for teachers and nonteaching staff to help them “spot red flags” among students who might be being bullied.

In addition, the department has been at the forefront of pushing for the passage of Sen. Sherwin Gatchalian’s Senate Bill No. 2200, or the proposed Education Mental Health and Well-Being Promotion Act, by serving as the primary technical working group for the measure.

“We pushed for the increase in the Salary Grade (SG) of guidance counselors (SG 11 to SG 16) and the creation of a new plantilla position category called mental health associates (nurses, social workers, and psychometricians) to fill the personnel gap,” DepEd said.

Under SB 2200, all guidance counselors and psychologists I to III will be converted to mental health specialists with their monthly pay adjusted to SG 16 (P39,672), SG 18 (46,725), and SG 20 (P57,347).

Gatchalian, the chair of the Senate committee on basic education, said DepEd should work for “stronger interventions” to ensure the safety and welfare of students as “bullying contributes to the victims’ low self-esteem, lack of confidence and difficulty in focusing on their studies.”

“Bullying can also affect [their] emotional state that could result in a lower interest in studying,” he added, citing the Pisa study which showed the Philippines ranked sixth to last in reading and mathematics, and third to last in science among 81 countries.

‘Cyberviolence’

While Gatchalian expressed optimism about the passage of his bill, he said the effective enforcement of Republic Act No. 10627 or the Anti-Bullying Act of 2013 could help protect learners in the meantime.

RA 10627 was enacted on Sept. 2, 2013, to protect students from bullying and other forms of violence but Gatchalian said the law requires a comprehensive analysis and gap review.

Pwersa ng Bayanihang Atleta party-list Rep. Margarita Nograles also filed a similar bill in 2022—House Bill No. 2886 which penalizes people of legal age proven to have been bullying others in school, at work or even on the internet.

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“According to the Unicef, the latest data in the country shows that cyberviolence affects almost half of children aged 13 to 17. This violence experienced by Filipino children are in the form of verbal abuse and most of these are in the form of sexual messages … that can create long-lasting emotional and psychological scars in every child,” Nograles said in her explanatory note.

—WITH REPORTS FROM MELVIN GASCON AND INQUIRER RESEARCH

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Talumpati Tungkol Sa Bully

maikling talumpati tungkol sa bully tagalog

Bullying ang tawag sa hindi magandang asal ng isang tao. Ang pagiging siga, maton, naghahari-harian at pagpipintas sa kapwa ng harap-harapan at walang pakundangan ay ilan lang sa mga haimbawa nito.

Ang bullying ay malimit na nangyayari sa mga kabataan , lalo na sa loob ng paaralan. Mayroong mga uri ng mentalidad na kung saan para sa kanila ang pagiging bully ay sikat kang maituturing.

Ang mga taong ganito ay mapang-alipusta at labis kung manira, manakot at manakit sa pisiskal man o emosyonal na aspeto ng indibidwal. Mahilig silang gumawa ng mga bansag o alyas sa mga taong kanilang kinukutya para ito ay mapahiya.

Ang mga taong nagiging biktima ng bullying ay bumababa ang mga moral at tiwala sa kanilang mga sarili . Ang mga iba naman ay humahantong sa tuluyang depresyon na halos ayaw nang makipagsalamuha sa kapwa.

Mula sa aking personal na karanasan noong aking kabataan , ako rin ay naging biktima ng bullying, dahil sa aking pagiging patpat at maliit ako ay naging tampulan ng tukso at bansag na hindi kaaya-aya.

halimbawa ng mahabang talumpati tungkol sa bully

Ang paghusga nang hindi tama at pagsira sa kapurian ng isang tao, kapag ito ay nasabi mo na at nailathala mo na lalo na sa social media, kailanman ay magiging peklat na ito sa kanilang pagkatao .

humingi ka man ng paumanhin, hinding-hindi mo na ito mabubura pa kailanman lalo na sa mapaghusgang mata ng mga tao sa ating lipunan .

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De La Salle University

  • How Filipino Youth Identify and Act on Social Media Bullying and Harassment
  • Research Centers

How Filipino Youth Identify and Act  on Bullying and Harassment on Social Media

Project Investigators

Cheryll Ruth Soriano, PhD Jason Vincent  Cabañes, PhD Jan Michael Bernadas, PhD Maria Caridad Tarroja, PhD Kimberly Kaye Mata, MS, RPm, RPsy

About the Project and the Report

Young people worldwide are increasingly seeing social media as a favored form of communication as they engage in a range of interactions–from keeping track of friends and expanding social circles, to expressing and creating their identities. Despite its important social and developmental uses, media and scholarly reports have raised concerns on the instances of bullying and harassment on social media, especially for the youth.

This study,  How Filipino Youth Identify and Act on Bullying and Harassment on Social Media , approached the question of bullying and harassment on social media with the premise that these are communicative and socially constructed. It drew from online in-depth interviews with 152 Filipino youth aged 15-24 from four sites across the country: Manila (for National Capital Region), Batangas (for Balance Luzon), Negros Occidental (for Visayas), and Misamis Occidental (for Mindanao) to understand and spotlight what young Filipinos consider as constitutive of bullying and harassment on social media, and how they are impacted by and act on them.

The Report offers data-driven recommendations for platforms, schools, guardians, and the youth in terms of how social media bullying and harassment can be prevented and its impact for victims mitigated.

It includes multimedia materials (in Tagalog, Bisaya, and Hiligaynon) produced for the youth, guardians, and the schools.

The Report should be of interest to a wide audience: the youth, youth organizers, guardians, teachers and guidance counselors, platform companies, technology designers, as well as government agencies and development organizations involved in projects concerning the youth and digital well-being.

The project is administratively supported by DLSU’s Social Development Research Center.

The project is funded under Facebook’s Content Policy Research grant.

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You may access the full report here .

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  Identifying Multiple Forms of Online Bullying and Harassment

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Home » Blog » Bullying and Violence in School

Bullying and Violence in School

essay about bullying filipino

March 30, 2023

Writers: Christopher Jan R. Dumaguin, Rafael Reyes, Richardson dR Mojica Researcher: Christopher Jan R. Dumaguin, Rafael Reyes Editor:  K Ballesteros Graphics: Jacklyn Moral

“Normalized” Culture of Bullying and Violence in the Philippines 

While no one can deny the importance of parenting, school, counseling, and other efforts to take action against bullying, sometimes the government must step in. Where power and class struggle become major factors in instances of bullying, the government is charged with the protection of vulnerable individuals and communities [1]. 

The Civil Society Network for Education Reforms (E-Net Philippines), in a statement, expressed concern about the alleged culture of bullying, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and violence happening at the Philippine High School for the Arts (PHSA). E-Net also noted a letter addressed to PHSA administrators signed by 89 current students and 79 alumni in January 2022. The said letter demanded school leadership to investigate the alleged abuses and ensure “safe spaces” at the resumption of physical classes post-lockdown in August [2].

The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) reported that one in three young people in 30 countries said they had been a victim of online bullying, with one in five saying they skipped school due to cyberbullying and violence. Social media is a huge influence on children’s lives and being constantly connected to the Internet also comes with many risks, including online sexual exploitation of children and adolescents [3].

In the Philippines, recent national data has shown that cyberviolence affects almost half of the children aged 13-17. One-third of cyberviolence experienced by Filipino children is in the form of verbal abuse over the internet or mobile phone, while a fourth is through receiving sexual messages. Young girls receive messages of sexual nature or content more than their male peers. However, twice as many males than females reported having their nude body or sexual activities, whether real or falsified, shown on the internet or mobile phone [3].

Violence against children, in all forms including online bullying or cyberbullying, has devastating effects on the physical and emotional wellbeing of young people. This can create lasting emotional and psychological scars, even physical harm. It is particularly challenging to address since children are vulnerable and have easy access to the internet, making them easy targets of online violence [3].

A Sociocultural Perspective of Bullying 

When bullying comes to mind, the most-often model imagined is between two people: the bully and the bullied. In reality, factors like other community members and culture also enable bullying.  [4].

To get to the root causes of bullying, it is best to examine what risk factors become causes for concern [4]:

  • At the individual level, one’s biological and personal history can increase the likelihood of being bullies or victims of bullying.
  • At the interpersonal level, one’s relationship among families, peers, and what are socially accepted behaviors—such as normalized aggression within one’s circles—can predispose one to becoming part of bullying.
  • At the community level, the members of the school and neighborhood can influence the likelihood of bullying in the environment. In schools, the organization’s core values, the presence of gangs, and the rate of unemployment are some risk factors to keep in mind.
  • At the larger, societal level, social and cultural norms take center stage. For example, when aggression is normalized instead of compassion, bullying becomes more prevalent.

To effectively reduce bullying, the systems in place require change, especially at the larger social and school levels [4]. When the environment we belong in fosters compassion and care, it’s easier and “feels right” to choose peace.

What Works in Anti-Bullying Programs? 

If change is necessary at the societal and school levels, then it makes sense to see what have been deemed effective programs and policies for preventing bullying at those levels.

There are two expected outcomes when it comes to anti-bullying programs: reducing perpetration (or becoming bullies) and victimization (or becoming the bullied). A meta-analysis of effective intervention components shows that some components work better in reducing bullies than bullied, and only two components have a significant effect in reducing both instances: Informal peer involvement and information for parents [5].

Informal peer involvement refers to interventions that involve interactions with peers and discussing bullying experiences and attitudes without calling out the bullies or victims [5]. By not isolating the bullies and victims and allowing them to participate in the group discussions, there can be room for them—and bystanders—to do the right thing and uphold the values which promote harmonious relationships.

Parents and guardians may play a role in preventing bullying in both bullies and victims. They should be involved by the school faculty and administration in collaborative dialogue rather than only information meetings [5]. Communicating key information through letters and leaflets directly provided is one way to allow parents and guardians to be well-informed and involved in anti-bullying programs [5].

While there are many other components to anti-bullying programs, there is no significant difference between programs varying in the number of involved components [5]. Thus, even a simple anti-bullying program in place has proven to reduce around 19% to 20% of bullying perpetrations [6]. In an ideal world, most institutions would have comprehensive programs laid out to effectively address a wide range of situations. In practice, it is costly to develop and implement such comprehensive programs. It is reassuring resource-strapped schools to know that anti-bullying initiatives can be as simple as educating their communities of the problem and what the right thing to do is.

Precautionary Measures on Bullying and Violence in School: If not now, then when? 

Critical to alleviating the immediate consequences of bullying and violence are comprehensive and effective approaches that address its social determinants, such as social change, rapid demographic, and low levels of social protection. Educating students to be empathic paves the way towards accommodating political differences and empowering students, faculty, diverse communities, and the Philippine nation altogether.

To emphasize the urgent need is to make everyone aware of the apt strategies and commitment for supporting and protecting students in rules and practices that can yield a sustainable, safe and positive school climate. Campaigns must communicate that bullying, sexual harassment, and violence should never be tolerated, and any person who engages in these unlawful behaviors will be held accountable. By implementing enabling laws such as R.A. No. 11313, otherwise known as The Safe Spaces Act which covers all forms of gender-based sexual harassment (GBSH) committed in public spaces, educational or training institutions, workplaces, and online spaces, we can live in a judgement-free zone where we can safely let our guard down, just be truly ourselves, and maintain our good mental health.

Session Questions

1. How may we encourage bullied individuals to speak out?  

2. What anti-bullying programs do you know? What makes them effective?  

3. What is your message to bullies to help them take accountability?

  • Haider, A et al. (2023). Violence and Bullying in Educational Institutions. Retrieved at https://academiamag.com/save/2023/01/violence-and-bullying-in-educational-institutions/
  • Hernando-Malipot, M. (2022). Normalization of Bullying , Abuse in PHSA condemned; authorities urged to act. Retrieved at https://mb.com.ph/2022/7/8/normalization-of-bullying-abuse-in-phsa-condemned-authorities-urged-to-act
  • Gimeno, J. (2019). Online Bullying remains Prevalent in the Philippines. Retrieved at https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/online-bullying-remains-prevalent-philippines-other-countries
  • Maunder, R. E., & Crafter, S. (2018). School bullying from a sociocultural perspective. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 38 , 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.10.010
  • Gaffney, H., Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2021). What works in anti-bullying programs? Analysis of effective intervention components. Journal of School Psychology, 85 , 37–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.12.002
  • Gaffney, H., Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2019). Evaluating the effectiveness of school-bullying prevention programs: An updated meta-analytical review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45 , 111–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.07.001

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Philippine E-Journals

Home ⇛ philippine journal of counseling psychology ⇛ vol. 18 no. 1 (2016), understanding bullying experiences among filipino high school students from a socio-cultural perspective.

Nerissa R. Buot | Yayetta C. de la Peña

Using a socio-cultural perspective, the study developed a 48-item assessment tool that reflected the context-specific bullying experiences of Filipino high school students. Scale items were generated from the one-on-one interview results conducted among bullied high school students and from existing literature and studies on bullying. Exploratory Factor Analysis yielded a 3-factor structure of bullying experience, namely, physical, verbal-social, and indirect-emotional bullying. To validate the identified factor structures, the revised scale consisting of 48 items was administered to another set of public and private high school students. Confirmatory Factor Analysis results confirmed the dimensions, and the items in each factor showed high internal consistency. Further examination of the prevalence of bullying experience of high school students and whether the incidence differs between students from public and private high schools revealed no significant difference. Results suggest that bullying exists in both public and private high schools.

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New DLSU study sheds light on how Filipino youth experience cyberbullying

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CYBER BULLYING AMONG FILIPINO ADOLESCENTS

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Bullying has been experienced by generation after generation, but a recent form of this phenomenon is particular to the Internet age and the arrival of mobile telecommunications devices. Cyberbullying involves harmful or harassing communications that are made using cell phones, computers, or other similar devices, and which have the potential to be repeated through sharing messages with others who also use this technology. This study explored the effects of cyberbullying on the youth in Lahore. The study used the theoretical frameworks of the social cognitive approach from media studies. The main objective of the study was to examine the possible effects of cyberbullying on the youth and also examine the comparison between online bullying and text message bullying. Data was collected through a survey comprising 200 young adults (aged 18 to 25) in Lahore. Quantitative analysis of the data revealed that there is a strong relationship between cyberbullying and the youth. Continuous use of mobile phones and social networking websites negatively affect the youth and distort the relationship with their families; it also badly affects their health, education, and their psychological and emotional behaviour. The study found that there were no gender differences in the effect of cyberbullying through online and text messages by young people.

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While forms of traditional bullying have been declining over the past two decades, cyber bullying has emerged as a modern form of bullying in recent times. Previous research studies have not been developed much on the issue of cyber bullying. The current study reviews the relevant research studies as the excessive usage of social media and by young people and different themes have been carried out from the help of the existing literature. The present study has synthesised current literature on: i) prevalence of cyber bullying among adolescents ii) huge level of cyber bullying occurrences in educational institutions iii) people who are more prone to be the victims and perpetrators iv) effects of cyber bullying on adolescence v) preventive measures for the wellbeing of Pakistani adolescents. In this article, the researcher reviews the literature related to cyber bullying conducted between the years from 2000 to 2019.

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Most of the research on cyber bullying available on the internet is of foreign origin. Research studies on this constant on Indian population are required. Thus calls for a narrative review of the available literature in foreign as well as Indian context. This present study tried to meet this requirement by presenting a narrative review on cyber bullying construct literature. Electronic data bases like Eric, Proquest, google scholar, J-gate, Eric were used as the data sources. Literature in the form of research articles and reviews articles were searched the words with the exact key words “cyber bullying” and “Indian” in the title was selected for study and literature on related key words was strictly ignored. The literature included research articles citing the first recorded case of bullying to certain latest finding in this subject in recent times. The study found that the use of technology is in rise in Indian, with the Indian youth spending at least an hour or two on the social networking sites being venerable to cyber bullying and suffering in due course owing to poor awareness and bad implementation ofcyber laws.

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Bullying Tagalog: English-Tagalog Translation Of “Bullying”

What is “bullying” in tagalog (answers).

BULLYING IN TAGALOG – There are several English words that do not have a direct translation in Tagalog, that’s why we need context to fully translate them.

Bullying Tagalog: English-Tagalog Translation Of "Bullying"

In this article, we are going to take a look at the word “Bullying” and its translation in Tagalog.

Bullying is a problem that needs to be addressed especially in the early developmental stages of a child. Victims, as well as bullies themselves, need to be taken care of and focused on.

In Tagalog, bullying could be translated as “ pang-aapi” , “ pang-aabuso “, “ pang-aasar ” or “ pambu-bully “. Bullying could also be verbal as opposed to physical abuse, in this case, it could be called “ panunukso ” or “ insulto “.

Here are some example sentences:

  • We teach our children that bullying is bad.
  • Bullying is a major problem in our society.
  • Even as adults, people get bullied .
  • We should focus on helping both bullies and the bullied.
  • Bullies often have their own problems that caused them to bully others.
  • Palagi siyang tinutkso ng kanyang mga classmate.

In Tagalog, the sentences could be translated as:

  • Dapat tinuturuan natin ang mga kabataan na ang “ pambu-bully ” ay masama.
  • Ang panunukso ay isang malaking problema sa ating komyunidad.
  • Kahit na malaki na ang isang tao, may pambu-bully pa rin na nangyayari.
  • Dapat tulungan natin ang mga bully at ang mga binu-bully
  • Kadalasan, ang mga mang aasar ay mayroong kanilang problema na nag dulat nito.
  • He always gets teased/bullied by his classmates.

Thanks for reading. We aim to provide our readers with the freshest and most in-demand content. Come back next time for the latest news here on Philnews.

Like this article? READ ALSO: NOPE IN TAGALOG: English To Tagalog Translations

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Are you a victim of bullying or shaming? Contact a hotline in Philippines for support.

Bullying affects children and adults at home, school, work and online, making victims feel trapped, isolated and alone. If you’ve ever been the victim of bullying, you need not suffer in silence. There are 3 helplines in Philippines where you can get the support and understanding you deserve. These are some common experiences of people being bullied:

  • A popular or forceful person has told others not to be friends with you.
  • You have been taunted, teased, threatened or harmed by others.
  • You have been threatened or physically tripped, pushed, hit, kicked or spat at by someone.
  • You have been repeatedly threatened or harmed by others.
  • You have been trolled, insulted or humiliated on social media.
  • Someone has made repeated negative comments about your appearance, culture, family, lifestyle or behaviour.
  • Have you been publicly laughed at, taunted or purposely left out of groups and activities
  • One or more people has repeatedly called you names and teased or humiliated you.

There are countless ways in which bullies can victimise others. Some are public and overt, while others are private and covert. Although you might feel rejected, self-conscious and afraid, you are not alone. Bullying is never a true reflection of who you are, how you look, or your life’s potential.

The victims of bullying are always innocent, and bullying is never deserved. Although you may feel trapped, alone or incapable, there are people in Philippines who care and can provide you support. Helpline volunteers and counselors will offer you a listening ear and will work through difficult emotions with you.

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New Deal Establishes a Hotline Chinese and Philippine Presidents Can Use to Stop Clashes at Sea

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China and the Philippines have created such emergency telephone hotlines at lower levels in the past to better manage disputes.

New Deal Establishes a Hotline Chinese and Philippine Presidents Can Use to Stop Clashes at Sea

A recently signed agreement will open a direct line of communication between the presidential offices of China and the Philippines to help prevent any new confrontation in the disputed South China Sea from spiraling out of control, according to highlights of the accord seen by The Associated Press on Tuesday.

China and the Philippines have created such emergency telephone hotlines at lower levels in the past to better manage disputes, particularly in two fiercely disputed shoals where the Philippines has accused Chinese forces of increasingly hostile actions and China says Philippine ships have encroached despite repeated warnings.

The territorial disputes, however, have persisted since last year, sparking fears of a larger armed conflict that could involve the United States, which has repeatedly warned that it’s obligated to defend the Philippines, a key Asian treaty ally, if Filipino forces come under attack in the disputed waters.

U.S. General Charles Brown Jr., chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, met Philippine military chief General Romeo Brawner in Manila on Tuesday and discussed ways to further boost defense ties, enhance the militaries’ ability to operate jointly, and ensure regional ability, the Philippine military said.

During a confrontation between Chinese and Philippine forces at the Philippines-occupied Second Thomas Shoal in August 2023, the Philippine government said it was unable to reach Chinese officials through an established “maritime communication mechanism” for several hours. That emergency telephone hotline was arranged after Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. met Chinese President Xi Jinping in Beijing in January 2023.

Chinese and Philippine officials dealing with the territorial disputes held talks in Manila on July 2, following a violent confrontation at the Second Thomas Shoal in which Chinese coast guard personnel reportedly wielded knives, an ax, and improvised spears and Philippine navy personnel were injured. The Chinese forces also seized seven Philippine navy rifles, said Brawner, who demanded China return the firearms and pay for damages.

Both sides “recognized the need to strengthen the bilateral maritime communication mechanism on the South China Sea” and signed an arrangement “on improving Philippines-China maritime communication mechanisms,” the Department of Foreign Affairs in Manila said in a statement after the talks in Manila, but did not provide a copy or details of the agreement.

A copy of the agreement’s highlights, seen by the AP, said it “provides several channels for communication between the Philippines and China, specifically on maritime issues, through the representatives to be designated by their leaders.”

The hotline talks could also be done “through the Department of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Foreign Affairs counterparts, including at the foreign minister and vice foreign minister levels or through their designated representatives,” it said. The document added without elaborating that Philippine officials were “in discussions with the Chinese side on the guidelines that will govern the implementation of this arrangement.”

There was also a plan to set up a new communication channel between the Chinese and Philippine coast guards “once the corresponding memorandum of understanding” between them is concluded, according to the agreement.

During the talks in Manila, China and the Philippines agreed on two other confidence-boosting steps to intensify “cooperation between their respective coast guard authorities” and the possible convening of a maritime forum between Chinese and Philippine scientists and academic leaders.

“Both sides recognized that there is a need to restore trust, rebuild confidence, and create conditions conducive to productive dialogue and interaction,” the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs statement said. It added that China and the Philippines “affirmed their commitment to de-escalate tensions without prejudice to their respective positions.”

It said that “there was substantial progress on developing measures to manage the situation at sea,” but acknowledged that “significant differences remain.”

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