chapter 2 case study quizlet

Review Questions

Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable.

________ are defined as observable realities.

Scientific knowledge is ________.

A major criticism of Freud’s early theories involves the fact that his theories ________.

• were too limited in scope
• were too outrageous
• were too broad
• were not testable

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________.

• archival research
• naturalistic observation

________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments.

The major limitation of case studies is ________.

• the superficial nature of the information collected in this approach
• the lack of control that the researcher has in this approach
• the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population
• the absence of inter-rater reliability

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________.

• the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting
• how quick and easy these studies are to perform
• the researcher’s capacity to make sure that data is collected as efficiently as possible
• the ability to determine cause and effect in this particular approach

Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________.

• survey research
• longitudinal research

________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time.

• cross-sectional research

A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form.

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________.

• observation
• generalization

Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that:

• There is no relationship between height and weight.
• Usually, the taller someone is, the thinner they are.
• Usually, the shorter someone is, the heavier they are.
• As height increases, typically weight increases.

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?

Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam?

• Watching too much television leads to poor exam performance.
• Smart students watch less television.
• Viewing television interferes with a student’s ability to prepare for the upcoming exam.
• Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.

The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________.

• it is closest to 0
• it is closest to -1
• it is positive
• it is negative

________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study.

• operationalizing
• placebo effect
• random assignment
• random sampling

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter.

• dependent variable; independent variable
• independent variable; dependent variable
• placebo effect; experimenter bias
• experiment bias; placebo effect

Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.

• randomly assign
• randomly select
• operationalize

Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment.

• dependent variable
• independent variable
• statistical analysis

________ is to animal research as ________ is to human research.

• informed consent; deception
• deception; debriefing

Researchers might use ________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses.

• informed consent

A person’s participation in a research project must be ________.

Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form.

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• Study Notes
• College Essays

AP Psychology Notes

• Chapter Outlines
• Chapter 2: Methods
• Upon hearing research findings, the tendency to believe that you knew it all along
• Has clear, practical applications
• Explores questions that are of interest to psychologists
• Not intended to have immediate real world applications
• Expresses a relationship between two variables
• The dependent variable depends on the independent variable
• Things that can vary among the participants in the research
• Aims to explain some phenomenon
• Allows researchers to generate testable hypotheses with the hope of collecting data that support the theory
• Explanations of how variables will be measured
• it measures what the researcher set out to measure
• it is accurate
• it can be replicated
• it is consistent
• The individuals on which the research will be conducted
• The process by which participants are selected
• ​The group of participants
• ​Includes anyone or anything that could possibly be selected in the sample
• ​Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
• ​​Increases the likelihood of a representative sample
• Allows researchers to generalize about their results
• ​Allows a researcher to ensure that the sample represents the population on some criteria (ex. race)
• Sample size uses proportions equal to that of the population
• ​​​Conducted in a lab
• Advantage- highly controlled
• ​Conducted out in the world
• Advantage- more realistic
• ​Only way to show a cause-effect relationship
• Preferred research method
• ​(other than the independent variable)
• ​The process by which participants are put into the experimental or control group
• ​Each participant has an equal chance of being placed into any group
• ​​Limits the effect of participant-relevant confounding principles
• ​Divide the sample into groups based on some criterion and assign half of each group to each condition
• ​​ex: gender
• ​Ex: time of day, weather, presence of others
• Each condition has to be equivalent with the exception of the independent variable
• ​​​A situation-relevant confounding variable
• The unconscious tendency for research members to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming the hypothesis
• ​Neither the participants nor the researcher are able to affect the outcome of the research
• ​​Eliminates experimenter and subject bias
• ​Only the subjects don’t know to which group they’ve been assigned
• Minimizes demand characteristics and participant bias
• ​cues about the purpose of a study that affect the participants’ responses
• ​the tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways
• ​the tendency to try to give politically correct answers
• ​Gets the treatment operationalized in the independent variable
• ​Gets none of the independent variable
• ​​Without it, knowing the effects of the experimental treatment is impossible
• ​Selecting a group of people on whom to experiment affects the performance of that group, regardless of what is done to them
• ​giving the control group an inert drug
• ​Using participants as their own control group
• ​To eliminate order effects, have half do one order, the other half the other, then switch
• ​Express a relationship between two variables
• ​the presence of one predicts the presence of the other
• ​the presence of one predicts the absence of the other
• ​Do not imply causation
• ​Cause and effect cannot be determined
• ​​The assignment of the independent variable is predetermined
• Controls all other aspects of the research process
• ​Asking people to fill out surveys
• Investigates relationships, but not causation
• No independent or dependent variables
• Participant-relevant confounding variables can’t be controlled for
• ​bring all participants to one place at one time to complete the survey
• ​people who send the survey back
• ​Observe participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them
• Control is sacrificed
• ​to get a realistic and rich picture of the participants’ behavior
• ​manipulate independent variable
• ​​attempt to eliminate all confounding variables
• Used to get a full, detailed picture of one participant or a small group of participants
• Findings can’t be generalized to a larger population
• Often used to research clinical disorders
• ​frequency polygons
• ​Y-axis represents frequency
• X-axis represents what you’re graphing
• ​Mean, median, mode
• ​​Mean most common, but most affected by outliers/extreme scores
• ​has high outliers
• contains more low scores
• ​the mean is higher than the median
• ​low outliers
• the mean is less than the median
• ​Depict the diversity of a distribution
• highest score minus lowest score
• ​relate the average distance of any score in the distribution from the mean
• the higher they are, the more spread out the distribution
• the square root of the variance is the standard deviation
• ​measure the distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviation
• scores above the mean have a positive z-score
• 600 on SAT: z-score of +1
• ​one standard deviation from the mean- 68% of scores
• two standard deviations- 95%
• three standard deviations- 99.7%
• indicate the distance of a score from zero
• 50 th  percentile = z-score of 0
• ​Range from -1 to +1
• -1 = perfect negative correlation
• +1 = perfect positive correlation
• 0 = weakest possible correlation
• ​Correlations can be graphed using a scatter plot
• ​drawn through it
• ​To determine whether findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected
• ​The extent to which the sample differs from the population
• ​ANOVAs, MANOVAs, t-tests
• Consider the magnitude of difference and size of sample
• ​the smaller, the more significant the results
• ​5% chance that results occurred by chance
• ​Any type of academic research must first propose the study to this ethics board
• ​animals chosen must be best suited to answer it
• ​​Must care for and house animals in a humane way
• ​purchased from accredited companies
• trapped in a humane way
• ​Must design experimental procedures that employ the least amount of suffering feasible
• ​participation must be voluntary
• ​participants must know that they are involved in research and give consent
• ​no extreme deception about the nature of the study
• ​identity and actions of participants can’t be revealed
• can’t identify participants as the source of any of the data
• ​participants can’t be placed at significant mental/physical risk
• ​participants must be told the purpose of the study and provided with ways to contact the researchers about study results

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How to cite this note (MLA)

More ap psych chapter outlines.

• Chapter 1: History and Approaches
• Chapter 3: Biological Bases of Behavior
• Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
• Chapter 5: States of Consciousness
• Chapter 6: Learning
• Chapter 7: Cognition
• Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion
• Chapter 9: Developmental Psychology
• Chapter 10: Personality
• Chapter 11: Testing and Individual Differences
• Chapter 12: Abnormal Psychology
• Chapter 13: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
• Chapter 14: Social Psychology
• 280,557 views (71 views per day)
• Posted 11 years ago

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• > Case Study Research
• > What Is a Case Study?

Book contents

• Frontmatter
• Acknowledgments
• Case Study Research
• 1 The Conundrum of the Case Study
• PART I THINKING ABOUT CASE STUDIES
• 2 What Is a Case Study?
• 3 What Is a Case Study Good For?
• PART II DOING CASE STUDIES
• Subject Index

2 - What Is a Case Study?

The Problem of Definition

from PART I - THINKING ABOUT CASE STUDIES

The key term of this book is, admittedly, a definitional morass. To refer to a work as a “case study” might mean: (a) that its method is qualitative, small-N, (b) that the research is holistic, thick (a more or less comprehensive examination of a phenomenon), (c) that it utilizes a particular type of evidence (e.g., ethnographic, clinical, nonexperimental, non-survey-based, participant-observation, process-tracing, historical, textual, or field research), (d) that its method of evidence gathering is naturalistic (a “real-life context”), (e) that the topic is diffuse (case and context are difficult to distinguish), (f) that it employs triangulation (“multiple sources of evidence”), (g) that the research investigates the properties of a single observation, or (h) that the research investigates the properties of a single phenomenon, instance, or example.

Evidently, researchers have many things in mind when they talk about case study research. Confusion is compounded by the existence of a large number of near-synonyms – single unit, single subject, single case, N=1, case-based, case-control, case history, case method, case record, case work, within-case, clinical research, and so forth. As a result of this profusion of terms and meanings, proponents and opponents of the case study marshal a wide range of arguments but do not seem any closer to agreement than when this debate was first broached several decades ago. Jennifer Platt notes that “much case study theorizing has been conceptually confused, because too many different themes have been packed into the idea ‘case study.’”

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• What Is a Case Study?
• John Gerring , Boston University
• Book: Case Study Research
• Online publication: 05 June 2012
• Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803123.004

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