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Sports betting in the US: A research roundup and explainer

We look at the landscape of legal sports betting in America, explain what the research says about how legalization affects tax revenues, and provide a brief history of the activity.

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by Clark Merrefield, The Journalist's Resource October 25, 2022

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On Nov. 8, Californians will vote on two ballot measures that would allow for different forms of sports betting in the state.

Proposition 26 would allow sports betting at licensed casinos and horse tracks on tribal lands and run by federally recognized Native American tribes.

Prop. 27 would allow tribes licensed to offer gambling and major gaming companies to offer online sports betting. These companies include FanDuel and DraftKings, which together make up roughly two-thirds of the U.S. online sports betting market.

“If both pass, they might both go into effect or the result could be decided in court, depending on which one gets more yes votes,” writes CalMatters economics reporter Grace Gedye in an article from June.

Although California is the only state with sports betting on the midterm ballot , it’s not the only state where sports betting is a topic of political discussion — and relevant for journalists across beats to understand. For example, Georgia gubernatorial candidate Stacey Abrams recently expressed support for legalized sports betting in her state. Abrams’ opponent, Gov. Brian Kemp, is opposed.

In Missouri, state lawmakers from both parties support legalizing sports betting , but Gov. Mike Parson is hesitant. Vermont lawmakers are considering taking up a sports betting bill during the next legislative session. Gubernatorial candidates in South Carolina and Texas support legal sports betting. In Florida, there is an ongoing lawsuit over whether the state should be allowed to give the Seminole Tribe the exclusive right to run online sports betting there.

Legal sports wagering in the U.S. has grown vertically in recent years — from less than $5 billion worth of bets placed in 2018 to $57 billion in 2021 — despite sports betting remaining illegal in nearly half of states. Sportsbooks, the entities that take sports bets, bring in about $4 billion yearly after wagers are settled.

The reason for this growth: a May 2018 Supreme Court ruling. Justice Samuel Alito, in delivering the 6-3 decision , reasoned that 1992 federal legislation banning states from allowing sports betting was unconstitutional.

Under the 1992 law, the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act, the federal government did not “make sports gambling itself federal crime,” Alito writes in the 2018 decision. “Instead, it allows the [U.S.] Attorney General, as well as professional and amateur sports organizations, to bring civil actions to enjoin violations.” Other than legislative powers the Constitution grants Congress, the federal government cannot “issue direct orders to state legislatures,” Alito writes. The majority interpreted the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act as doing so.

Here is how John Holden , an assistant professor of business at Oklahoma State University who has written extensively on sports gambling, explains the 2018 ruling:

“If the federal government wants to make sports betting illegal, they’re free to do so, but they can use the [Federal Bureau of Investigation] and the [Department of Justice] to enforce that,” Holden says. “They can’t tell a state legislature that you need to keep that law on the books and use your state police to go out and bust up gambling rings.”

A fundraising breakdown from the Los Angeles Times shows about $132 million has been raised to support Prop. 26, with about $43 million in opposition funding. Top backers include the Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, the Pechanga Band of Indians and the Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation. Non-Native American casino and gaming interests are largely opposed — conversely, they have backed Prop. 27, which would open up sports betting to all gambling interests, not just Native American-run casinos.

Tribal gaming brings in nearly $40 billion a year across all tribes that operate gambling enterprises, according to the National Indian Gaming Commission . “Gaming operations have had a far-reaching and transformative effect on American Indian reservations and their economies,” write the authors of a 2015 paper about how the act affected tribal economic development. “Specifically, Indian gaming has allowed marked improvements in several important dimensions of reservation life.”

The landscape of legal sports betting

If California legalizes sports betting, it would represent a major coup for gaming interests in the state. In California, the most populous state, horse racing is the only legal form of sports betting.

Sports wagering is legal in 28 states plus the District of Columbia, according to a recent Washington Post analysis. Seven states prohibit online sports betting and only allow in-person wagers at licensed locations, such as casinos: Delaware, Maryland, Mississippi, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina and North Dakota. Sports betting is legal but pending rollout in four states: Maine, Massachusetts, Nebraska and Ohio. Kansas is the most recent state to implement legal in-person and online sports gambling, as of Sept. 1.

States place a range of licensing fees on operators and tax rates on sports betting revenue, from a low of 6.75% in Nevada and Iowa to a high of 51% in New Hampshire and New York. States use tax revenues for a variety of purposes . Some, like Delaware, put sports wagering taxes toward their general fund. Colorado uses sports betting taxes to pay for its statewide water plan, Illinois funds transportation infrastructure and New York funds education programs.

In states where sports betting is legal, bettors can wager on nearly any major sporting event, both professional and amateur. For example, bettors can wager on the outcome of a baseball game, as well as events within the game, such as whether a particular player will hit a home run.

Polling indicates California may be unlikely to join the legal betting club. CalMatters reported earlier this month that despite various campaigns raising more than $440 million in marketing related to Props. 26 and 27, each measure is garnering support from less than a third of likely voters, according to October polling from the Institute of Governmental Studies at the University of California, Berkeley.

Below, we explore recent research on sports betting. Among the findings of the seven studies featured here:

• Sports bettors are more likely to be white, male, and exhibit psychological traits consistent with narcissism.
• Tax revenue from sports betting may appear substantial in raw numbers, but the impact on tax coffers is muted when compared with income and sales taxes, or tax revenue from other gambling offerings.
• Evidence is mixed as to whether introducing sports betting cannibalizes — eats away at — revenue from other types of gambling.
• Some college football referees may more heavily penalize betting favorites.

The nonprofit National Council on Problem Gambling estimates as many as 8 million adults in the U.S. may have a mild, moderate or severe gambling problem. However, there is a lack of comprehensive, recent academic research on the extent of gambling addiction in the U.S., and the societal costs.

If you feel you may have a problem with gambling you can get help from the National Council on Problem Gambling by call or text at 1-800-522-4700, or online chat at ncpgambling.org/chat .

Research roundup

The Income Elasticity of Gross Sports Betting Revenues in Nevada: Short-Run and Long-Run Estimates Ege Can and Mark Nichols. Journal of Sports Economics, October 2021.

The study: The authors analyze quarterly sports betting data from Nevada covering 1990 to 2019, to explore whether sports betting might be a viable tax revenue stream for other states. Sports betting has been legal in Nevada for decades, so it is the only state with long-run data that can potentially provide insight on the tax base future in states that have legalized sports betting since 2018. The authors note that Nevada is a “mature” market for sports betting, meaning industry growth is relatively stable year to year. A state that newly legalizes sports gambling is likely to see an immediate jump in sports betting revenue, with industry growth levelling off over time.

The findings: In the short-run, quarter-to-quarter, the rise and fall of sports betting revenue in Nevada is most closely tied to changing sports seasons. The authors suggest this is due to differences in how much bettors wager on various sports — the NFL, for example, is “the most popular sport to place wagers on,” with revenues rising and falling as an NFL season begins and ends. In the long run, taxable income in the state and sports betting revenues tend to grow at similar rates. Sports betting revenue in Nevada is a small fraction of revenues from other sources.

The authors write: “Total sports betting revenue in Nevada, the amount kept by the casinos, was $329 million in 2019, implying $22.2 million in tax revenue for the state. In contrast, casino gambling in Nevada in 2019 was $12 billion, generating $810 million in tax revenue. Sports betting is a gambling activity where the amount retained by the casino, and consequently retained by the state, is relatively small as most of the money from losing bets is transferred to those with winning bets. Therefore, sports gambling is a smaller contributor to tax coffers compared to more traditional tax sources such as income and taxable sales or, if applicable, casino revenue.”

A Comparative Analysis of Sports Gambling in the United States Brendan Dwyer, Ted Hayduk III and Joris Drayer. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, August 2022.

The study: The authors explore whether there are psychological differences between bettors and those who do not bet, as well as differences in how closely bettors identify with social institutions, such as religious organizations and far-right or far-left politics.

The authors surveyed 377 bettors and 402 non-betting sports fans from 47 states and explored differences between bettors and non-bettors in states with legal gambling and states where gambling is banned. They also asked about narcissism, which past research has found “is associated to gambling behavior especially as it relates to risky behavior such as participating in illegal gambling,” the authors write. Bettors in the sample were 81% male, compared with 69% of non-bettors. Among bettors, 64% were white and 27% were Black, while 77% of non-bettors were white and 17% were Black.

The findings: In legal gambling states, bettors felt more self-worth than non-bettors, though in states where gambling is illegal the difference in self-worth was almost nil. In legal gambling states, bettors reported a stronger personal identity, “or the importance with which an individual identifies with their relationship and career,” than non-bettors. This relationship flipped in illegal gambling states, with non-bettors showing a stronger personal identity than bettors. In both illegal and legal gambling states, bettors reported slightly higher levels of social uselessness — “an individual’s perceived lack of worth related to social institutions” — than non-bettors, though the gap was wider in illegal gambling states.

The authors write: “Bettors look different and come from different backgrounds and locations. Psychographically, they were clearly more narcissistic. They also indicated a higher social identity and self-worth, yet perceived themselves as less worthy members of important social institutions. In general, sports bettors out consumed non-bettors as it relates sports spectatorship.”

Game Changing Innovation or Bad Beat? How Sports Betting Can Reduce Fan Engagement Ashley Stadler Blank, Katherine Loveland, David Houghton. Journal of Business Research, June 2021.

The study: Legal sports betting means more than $4 billion in additional yearly revenue across the four major sports leagues, according to research the authors cite from the American Gaming Association. At the same time, there may be drawbacks that come with the financial windfall. The authors conduct two studies to explore how sports betting affects fan engagement — the emotional connection fans have with their favorite teams.

The first study included 325 people recruited from Mechanical Turk and focused on betting on a team to win, also called moneyline betting. The second was among 167 Mechanical Turk-recruited participants and focused on prop, or “proposition” bets. Prop bets are bets made on the outcome of some action during the game — whether the next foul ball is caught, missed or goes into the stands, for example. The study is among the first to explore whether there are negative emotional responses from fans related to sports betting.

Participants read a scenario — they were to imagine watching a Major League Baseball game, then randomly they were told they placed either no bet on the game or one of several types of bets. These bets included a $20 bet for the home team to win, along with prop bets. Gaming experts, according to the authors, contend that prop bets can potentially keep fans engaged even if the outcome of the game is obvious — if a team is up by 10 runs by the middle innings, for example. In each study, the participants were asked questions to gauge their emotional investment before and after being told the outcome of the game and their bets. Questions broadly asked about team loyalty, feelings of connectedness to the team and the likelihood participants would watch the team or attend a game, along with other measures of fan engagement.

The findings: In the short run, immediately after a game, the study indicates that betting and losing can decrease fan engagement. Participants who placed no bet were more likely to exhibit loyalty and purchase team-branded merchandise when the team lost, compared with those who placed a moneyline bet. Those who won a prop bet were slightly more likely to be engaged with the team than those who did not bet — but those who lost a prop bet were much less engaged than those who did not bet.

The authors write: “Although industry experts expect sports betting to increase fan engagement, results from two studies do not support this expectation. Instead, we find that when fans lose a bet, positive emotions and subsequent fan engagement decrease.”

College Football Referee Bias and Sports Betting Impact Rhett Brymer, Ryan Rodenberg, Huimiao Zheng and Tim Holcomb. Eastern Economic Journal, January 2021.

The study: The authors explore whether betting lines are related to bias in officiating in the six major Division I college football conferences across 6,598 games from 2005 to 2012. Betting lines indicate whether a sportsbook thinks a game will be close, will favor one team or the other, or be a blowout. The authors note that “college football and basketball are the only major U.S. sports in which conferences have primary managerial responsibility for officials.” If there is a game late in the season with an undefeated team playing a middling team, the conference will benefit financially if the undefeated team wins and goes on to play in a high-profile bowl game. “Referees, as employees of the conferences, are theoretically more likely to have implicit bias favoring the team with higher revenue potential,” the authors write. They use penalty yards per game as a proxy for whether an officiating crew exhibits bias toward one team or the other.

The findings: The authors find signs of bias during in-conference games in two conferences: the Atlantic Coast Conference and the Big East, which reorganized in 2013 and no longer sponsors football. In-conference games are those where two teams from the same conference play each other. In those ACC games where there one team was favored to win by three touchdowns or more, the authors find officials call 6.5 more penalty yards per game against the favorite. In the Big East, the penalty yards increase to 5.7 for the heavy favorite. Further, ACC officials appeared to flag fewer penalty yards against teams that had been in the league longer and enjoyed historic success, rather than newer teams enjoying more recent success. The authors found no officiating bias when an out-of-conference opponent was heavily favored.

The authors write: “… with increasing state regulation, there will likely be more scrutiny of officiating given that a wider spectrum of consumers will have a financial interest in game outcomes. Increased fan engagement via legal sports wagering highlights the importance of pinpointing evidence of bias and undertaking measures to ensure unbiased officiating and game integrity.”

Legalized Sports Betting, VLT Gambling, and State Gambling Revenues: Evidence from West Virginia Brad Humphreys. Eastern Economic Journal, January 2021.

The study: In one of the only studies to examine state-level sports betting revenue after the 2018 Supreme Court ruling, Humphreys looks at sports betting tax revenues in West Virginia and whether gamblers shifted their wagering from video lottery terminal games in casinos to sports betting.

The findings: From September to December 2018, casinos in West Virginia introduced five new sportsbooks, one at each of its licensed casinos. The year before, the state saw a windfall of $253 million in tax revenue from video lottery games. In the year after sports betting was introduced, the author estimates $45.4 million in lost video lottery revenue, with new sports betting revenue pegged at only $2.6 million. The state taxes video lottery revenues at 53.5%, while sports betting revenues are taxed at 10%.

The author writes: “These results should give state policy makers considering legalization of sports betting pause. While new revenue streams from legalized sports betting appear attractive on the surface, states already generate substantial tax revenues from gambling, and the introduction of sports betting to this mix does not leave spending on other forms of gambling untouched.”

Sports Betting’s Impact on Casino Gambling: Cannibalization or Expansion? Ernest Goss and Peyton Miller. University of Illinois Law Review, October 2021.

The study: Another one of few papers to examine how tax revenues and the games bettors played changed after the 2018 ruling, the authors analyze what happened after Iowa allowed sports gambling after August 2019. Iowa casinos that offer sportsbooks pay 6.75% of their sports betting revenue to the state, “a rate tied with Nevada for the lowest nationally,” the authors write. Like in West Virginia, taxes on all other forms of casino gambling are much higher — 22% on revenue over $3 million. The authors do not look at the specific effects of sports betting on other types of gambling, but rather whether there were any changes in overall revenues after August 2019.

The findings: Mobile sports betting and sports betting in casinos did not affect statewide gambling revenues from August 2019 to March 2020. After March, casinos shuttered due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The authors write: “While these results do not indicate cannibalization within the Iowa gambling market, there are relevant implications for both casinos and the state. Conditions within the state of Iowa may limit the applicability to other states. For example, the varying tax brackets across gambling forms differ from casino taxing in other states.”

Frameworks of Gambling Harms: A Comparative Review and Synthesis Virve Marionneau, Michael Egerer and Susanna Raisamo. Addiction Research and Theory, August 2022.

The study: The authors gather and analyze “harm frameworks” related to problem gambling. A framework in this context refers to a way of categorizing and thinking about an issue with an ultimate goal of understanding the issue in a comprehensive way and finding solutions. A harm is simply an outcome that most of society would classify as negative — losing one’s house, for example, because of gambling-related losses.

While not specifically related to sports betting, the frameworks explored in the paper are useful for those who want to better understand what can happen to individuals and families affected by problem gambling. After searching major academic research databases, the authors settled on seven papers published between 2000 and 2021 that developed an original harm framework related to problem gambling — four of the papers focused on developing the same framework, leaving four frameworks total. The authors, while applauding the research that has already been done, note that further research is needed.

The findings: Two of the frameworks discussed problem gambling harms related to the workplace and personal relationships. One framework separated psychological and cultural harms, and harms related to crime. Another framework mostly focused on risk factors related to problem gambling, risks which “also occur on the individual, familial, community, and societal levels,” the authors write. They note none of the models explore the degree to which problem gambling harms individuals, families, communities and society — all the harms or risks were “treated as somewhat equal,” they write. Financial harms, they argue, might be a relatively worse harm since they “can be seen to precede or even cause many of the other harms, including criminal acts or emotional suffering.” The authors argue for more research on social harms, where, on the whole, the existence of high levels of problem gambling, “can cause harms irrespective of individual participation, including corruption, economic substitution, match fixing, environmental damage related to tourism, or animal suffering.”

The authors write: “We have found that while existing conceptualizations include a wide definition of harms, most harm items are still seen to stem from individual engagement with gambling. Further incorporation of social and societal harms is still needed to conceptualize and operationalize gambling as a public health issue. This includes the development of societal-level harm measurement and harm minimization.”

A brief history of U.S. sports betting

Americans have a long tradition of gambling. College of the Holy Cross economist Victor Matheson recounts in a January 2021 article in the Eastern Economics Journal:

“Lotteries funded activities such as the original European settlement at Jamestown, the operations of prestigious universities such as Harvard and Princeton, and construction of historic Faneuil Hall in Boston … In the sports realm, by 1900 betting on horse races was made illegal except in Kentucky and Maryland, states that to this day host two of the three Triple Crown events in American horseracing, the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness Stakes. States began to relegalize gambling on horse racing in the 1930s as a method of economic stimulus during the Great Depression.”

By the early 1960s, illegal gambling enterprises run by organized crime groups were worth a combined $7 billion . For more than 30 years, the Wire Act , enacted in September 1961, was the only federal law that addressed sports gambling. The law prohibits the use of a wire — a phone, or, more recently, the internet — to transmit information about placing sports bets across state lines.

The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, which became federal law in 1988, allowed federally recognized Native American tribes to operate casinos on their land. Sports betting in tribal-run casinos, however, was not allowed unless a tribal-state compact was signed. This is the root of the current legal dispute in Florida. Such compacts were in effect in 22 states as of June 2021, according to the International Center for Gaming Regulation at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.

By the early 1990s, federal legislators were expressing moral panic over the possibility of states allowing sports betting within their borders, to take advantage of billions being wagered illegally.

Illegal transactions are, by nature, difficult to track. People who bet illegally and their bookies do not typically share receipts with the government or trade groups, so it is difficult to say with precision how big the illegal gambling market was before 2018.

Noting that caveat, the American Gaming Association estimated illegal sports betting as a $150 billion-a-year business before the 2018 Supreme Court ruling. It is an oft-repeated figure in news stories and on websites devoted to sports betting.

In 1991, when overall illegal sports bets were estimated in the tens of billions, a Senate report declared sports gambling a “national problem.” The report continued:

“The harms it inflicts are felt beyond the borders of those states that sanction it. The moral erosion it produces cannot be limited geographically. Once a state legalizes sports gambling, it will be extremely difficult for other States to resist the lure. The current pressures in such places as New Jersey and Florida to institute casino-style sports gambling illustrate the point. Without federal legislation, sports gambling is likely to spread on a piecemeal basis and ultimately develop an irreversible momentum.”

Professional sports league commissioners and former athletes were publicly and adamantly against legal sports betting. They objected that sports integrity would be irreparably harmed, including the possibility of fixed games.

Gary Bettman, the top lawyer for the National Basketball Association, made clear to federal lawmakers in 1990 that sports betting was at odds with the league’s profit motive: “Bettors do not care about the win of their team,” Bettman said during a Senate committee hearing. “They only care about the spread being covered and winning their bets. That is not our product. That is not the product we are selling.”

President George H. Bush signed the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act on Oct. 28, 1992. It went into effect on Jan. 1, 1993. Bettman became commissioner of the National Hockey League a month later — and, eventually, a fan of sports betting.

“What we’ve learned is that [sports gambling] is another point of engagement for the fans,” Bettman said during a 2019 American Gaming Association conference. “Ultimately, I think if you’re interested in sports betting, you’re going to have an increased opportunity to engage with the game.”

After 1992, some limited sports betting was grandfathered in Delaware, Oregon and Montana. Delaware, for example, allowed a certain type of bets on National Football League games. States were given one year to legalize casino sports betting after the federal law went into effect, but none did. Nevada was the only grandfathered state that fully allowed sports betting. For nearly three decades, the 1992 federal legislation enshrined Las Vegas as the U.S. sports betting hub.

“[Legal] betting was pretty much happening in Nevada, in a regulated market, and you’d have to be at casino to do it,” says Holden, who wrote a comprehensive overview of the rise of legal sports betting published February 2019 in the Georgia State University Law Review. “That gave us sort of the image of sportsbook-style betting that you would see in the movies, you would see on TV. You go to the counter, you place a bet and you watch the game on 50 different screens.”

Constitutional cracks emerged in the 2010s. In 2014, New Jersey legislators voted to reverse their law banning sports betting there. The National Collegiate Athletic Association brought the state to court. This was the case the Supreme Court heard years later, leading to the fall of the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act.

Major sports leagues today are on board with gambling. It is impossible to watch professional sports without encountering advertisements encouraging betting. Online sportsbooks spend $154 million yearly in local TV spots, according to Nielsen. Aside from accepting ad dollars from sportsbooks, every major sports league and numerous individual teams have lucrative partnership deals with sportsbooks.

About The Author

Clark Merrefield

Sports Betting - List of Essay Samples And Topic Ideas

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126 Gambling Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Gambling is a popular pastime that has been around for centuries. Whether it's placing bets on sports games, playing poker at a casino, or buying lottery tickets, the thrill of risking money in the hopes of winning big is something that many people enjoy.

If you're looking for essay topics related to gambling, you're in luck. We've compiled a list of 126 gambling essay topic ideas and examples to help inspire your next paper. From the ethics of gambling to the impact of online gambling on society, there are plenty of angles to explore in this fascinating topic.

• The history of gambling
• The psychology of gambling addiction
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• The role of luck in gambling
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• The effects of gambling on mental health
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• The regulation of gambling
• The social stigma of gambling
• The role of gambling in politics
• The impact of gambling on the economy
• The link between gambling and substance abuse
• The role of gambling in sports
• The impact of gambling on indigenous communities
• The relationship between gambling and religion
• The effects of gambling advertising
• The impact of gambling on tourism
• The relationship between gambling and technology
• The role of gambling in education
• The impact of gambling on the environment
• The link between gambling and mental illness
• The role of gambling in history
• The impact of gambling on the brain
• The relationship between gambling and poverty
• The effects of gambling on relationships
• The role of gambling in the criminal justice system
• The impact of gambling on youth
• The link between gambling and suicide
• The role of gambling in healthcare
• The impact of gambling on the elderly
• The relationship between gambling and gender
• The effects of gambling on personal finances
• The role of gambling in international relations
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• The link between gambling and public health
• The role of gambling in social welfare
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• The relationship between gambling and social services
• The effects of gambling on community development
• The role of gambling in urban planning
• The impact of gambling on rural communities
• The link between gambling and economic development
• The role of gambling in environmental conservation
• The impact of gambling on cultural heritage
• The relationship between gambling and human rights
• The effects of gambling on social justice
• The role of gambling in international development
• The impact of gambling on global health
• The link between gambling and international trade
• The role of gambling in sustainable development
• The impact of gambling on climate change
• The relationship between gambling and poverty reduction
• The effects of gambling on gender equality
• The role of gambling in conflict resolution
• The impact of gambling on peacebuilding
• The link between gambling and human security
• The role of gambling in disaster response
• The impact of gambling on humanitarian aid
• The relationship between gambling and international law
• The effects of gambling on global governance
• The role of gambling in international organizations
• The impact of gambling on regional cooperation
• The link between gambling and international relations
• The role of gambling in diplomacy
• The impact of gambling on conflict prevention
• The relationship between gambling and peacekeeping
• The effects of gambling on peacebuilding
• The role of gambling in post-conflict reconstruction
• The impact of gambling on transitional justice
• The link between gambling and human rights
• The role of gambling in international criminal justice
• The impact of gambling on international humanitarian law
• The relationship between gambling and international human rights law
• The effects of gambling on international refugee law
• The role of gambling in international environmental law
• The impact of gambling on international trade law
• The link between gambling and international investment law
• The role of gambling in international economic law
• The impact of gambling on international financial law
• The relationship between gambling and international banking law
• The effects of gambling on international tax law
• The role of gambling in international competition law
• The impact of gambling on international antitrust law
• The link between gambling and international intellectual property law
• The role of gambling in international labor law
• The impact of gambling on international human rights law

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• J Behav Addict
• v.11(3); 2022 Sep

Sports betting around the world: A systematic review

Repairer etuk.

1 Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA

2 William F. Harrah College of Hospitality, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA

3 International Gaming Institute, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA

Brett Abarbanel

6 Gambling Treatment & Research Centre, University of Sydney, Australia

Marc N. Potenza

4 Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

5 Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

Shane W. Kraus

Background and aims.

This systematic review examines whether sports betting behaviors differ among and between sports bettors in different countries, evaluates psychosocial problems related to sports betting behaviors and how problems may vary by country, and lastly, summarizes the current regulatory guidelines for sports betting.

We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and included peer-reviewed articles from PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. Studies on sports betting behavior were included if they were published in English or Chinese between January 1, 2010 and March 28th, 2022. We gathered regulatory information from peer-reviewed articles, legal acts, and relevant websites. Of 2,450 articles screened, 65 were included in the final review.

Marketing and promotion of sports betting were more prominent for sports betting in Australia and the United Kingdom. Interviews with sports bettors demonstrated that sports betting is persuasive and normalized. Psychosocial problems do not appear to differ greatly by country, and sports betting appears to be associated with elevated levels of problem gambling. Responsible gambling approaches have helped address risky sports betting behaviors. China and South Korea have imposed more strict regulations and restrictions on sports betting access in comparison to countries such as Australia or the United States.

Discussion and conclusions

Currently, sports betting is easy to access, normalized, and contains many attractive features for sports bettors. Psychoeducation about potential risks of sports betting and encouragement of responsible gambling strategies could help lessen risky sports-betting behaviors, though cross-cultural adaptations should be explored.

Introduction

Sports betting is a rapidly growing industry that obtained a worldwide market size of over 200 billion United States (US) dollars in 2019 ( Ibisworld, 2020 ). In total, there are over 30,000 sports-betting-related businesses globally ( Ibisworld, 2020 ). Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the sports-betting industry in the regions of Asia, the Middle East, and South America had grown at above-average rates ( Ibisworld, 2020 ), while in 2021 weekly sports betting in the United States doubled ( Morning Consult, 2022 ). Although sports betting may be defined in different ways, the present study defines sports betting as placing a monetary wager on the outcome of one or multiple sporting events, occurrence/non-occurrence of an event within a sporting event, or betting on sports in a week-long or season-long competition. As sports betting continues to grow in the United States and elsewhere ( American Gaming Association, 2022 ), recent research has focused on identifying possible risk factors associated with problematic sports-betting behaviors (e.g., chasing losses, distorted gambling cognitions, preoccupation with gambling, social or financial problems due to sports-betting behaviors) ( Hing, Russell, Vitartas, & Lamont, 2016 ; Russell, Hing, & Browne, 2019 ). Research on this topic is of great importance, as problematic sport-betting behavior could eventually develop into a gambling disorder (GD). In the DSM-5, GD is an addictive disorder characterized by dysregulated and recurrent gambling behaviors that can generate clinically significant levels of distress and impairments in functioning ( American Psychological Association, 2013 ). GD requires meeting at least 4 of 9 diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5, and some gambling behaviors that do not meet full diagnostic criteria for a GD (e.g., 2–3 inclusionary criteria for GD in DSM-5) have been linked to adverse measures of functioning ( Loo, Kraus, & Potenza, 2019 ) and have been described as subthreshold GD or “problem gambling” or “at/risk gambling.”

The current systematic review examines the associations between sports-betting behaviors and psychosocial problems (e.g., erroneous sports-betting beliefs, mental health disorders, and family-related problems) and investigates whether sports-betting behaviors differ across Western and non-Western cultures. Furthermore, we also examine whether current regulations and policies for sports betting differ by Western and non-Western jurisdictions and cultures and make recommendations for future clinical and public health efforts aimed at reducing problematic sports betting.

Clinical correlates of problematic sports betting

For Australian sports bettors, greater engagement in gambling has been associated with the development of gambling problems ( Russell, Hing, & Browne, 2019 ). In another Australian study, researchers found that sports betting may also include cultural elements relevant to gambling risk, with speaking an additional language other than English potentially increasing risk for problematic online gambling in ethnic minorities ( Hing, Russell, & Browne, 2017 ). Similarly, Oei, Raylu, and Loo's (2019) review on culture's role in gambling and GD found support for cross-cultural differences more generally in GD, gambling behaviors, and gambling beliefs. Specifically, there were higher prevalence estimates of GD among culturally and linguistically diverse groups (e.g., ethnic minorities or Aboriginal groups within Western countries). Their review revealed cultural differences in gambling behaviors and beliefs, including stigma around gambling, motivations for gambling, willingness to seek out treatment for gambling, and gambling-related cognitions ( Oei, Raylu, & Loo, 2019 ). Notably, cultural differences have been more often seen between collectivist (e.g., typical cultures within China, Taiwan, Macau, etc.) versus individualist cultures (e.g., typical cultures found within Australia and Canada) ( Dhillon, Horch, & Hodgins, 2011 ; Oei & Raylu, 2010 ; Oei et al., 2019 ; Po Oei, Lin, & Raylu, 2008 ). While Oei and colleagues' ( 2019 ) review provides a valuable foundation for cross-cultural research in gambling, the potential cultural differences specific to sports betting remain largely unexplored.

The extant sports-betting literature has produced few reviews to date. Previous reviews have focused on in-play sports betting (i.e., placing a bet on a sporting event that is in progress) in primarily Western countries ( Killick & Griffiths, 2019 ) or examined general sports-betting behaviors and cognitions worldwide, rather than specific differences between countries ( Mercier et al., 2018 ). As such, a review of jurisdictional and cultural differences in sports betting will provide a unique overview of the current findings in this area and suggest future directions for sports-betting cross-cultural research. Although some previous research has examined cultural differences within sports betting and general gambling, this research frequently involves comparisons between only two countries (e.g., one Western country, such as Canada, and one Eastern country, such as China) or ethnic groups (e.g., White/European compared to East Asian individuals). A review of sports betting across jurisdictions can examine comprehensively for potential cultural differences between several different countries and ethnic communities.

To address current gaps in the literature, our systematic review explored three study aims: (1) to assess whether sports-betting behaviors differ within and between different countries (e.g., United States, Australia, United Kingdom, China); (2) to evaluate psychosocial problems related to sports-betting behaviors and how problems may differ by country; and (3) to summarize the current regulatory guidelines for sports betting in different countries, for the purpose of making broad recommendations for reducing problematic sports betting across Western and non-Western countries. In the interest of brevity, we chose to focus on traditional forms of land-based/online sports betting for this current review, and do not include esports betting, or forms of gambling-related activities that occur within video games, such as microtransactions or loot boxes.

Search strategy

We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for this systematic review ( Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, & Altman, 2009 ). This review only included peer-reviewed articles, which we collected from the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. The search strategy included the following terms: (sport* AND gambl*) OR (sport* AND betting) OR (sport* AND bet) OR (sport* AND bettor*) OR (sport* AND wager*). In addition, we conducted searches of reference lists of included articles. To achieve the aims of this review, for the 65 articles included in the final review, we assessed the country of origin for each article and determined which (if any) sports-betting behaviors/psychosocial problems differed by country. Figure 1 describes the selection and screening process of identified studies.

PRISMA flow diagram of the systematic review phases

Selection criteria and review process

All studies were managed and organized through Rayyan ( Ouzzani, Hammady, Fedorowicz, & Elmagarmid, 2016 ), a web-based application for systematic reviews. Two authors (RE, TX) screened each reference title and abstract independently for the full-text review and exchanged their decisions subsequently. When a selection could not be made, the authors discussed article inclusions as a group to reach a consensus. Studies were included in the initial pool of articles (after duplicates were eliminated) if they were: (1) published in English or Chinese as these languages were spoken by the researchers (the search criteria terms, however, were only in English) and (2) published between January 1, 2010, and March 28th, 2022, inclusively. This date range was chosen to focus on more recent studies and developments. We did not deliberately exclude any countries in the initial pool of articles. If a study met the following exclusionary/inclusionary criteria, it was included in this systematic review.

Exclusionary criteria

The following exclusion criteria were employed: (1) participants who were children, adolescents, college students, sports athletes, or treatment-seeking; (2) studies focused on esports, loot boxes/microtransactions, horse racing, social media account analyses (i.e., Twitter account data), or predictions of the outcomes of sports events; (3) studies that were a review, a case report, a book chapter, a thesis or dissertation, secondary data, or a conference paper; (4) studies that focused on measure validation, illegal gambling, or testing gambling models; and (5) non-human subjects were used (e.g., mice, rats). The reasoning behind these exclusionary criteria is explained below.

This review focuses on adults participating in legal sports betting, and therefore, it does not examine issues of legality. This review examines sports betting generally, and as such does not examine specific populations, such as college students or treatment-seeking sports bettors. Furthermore, studies that focus on esports, loot boxes/microtransactions, horse racing, social media account analyses, or predicting the outcomes of sports events were not included in the review for reasons of parsimony, and because this review focuses on sports-betting behavior as related to traditional sporting events. Measure validation, and animal studies were also considered to fall outside of the scope of this review. Lastly, articles had to be original, peer-reviewed studies published in scholarly journals to be included in the review. We thus excluded reviews, case reports, book chapters, theses or dissertations, secondary data, or conference papers.

Inclusionary criteria

Included articles had the following characteristics: (1) they were published in English (the primary language of the authors); (2) had a major focus on sports betting or sports bettors; (3) were primary data sources (studies using original data); (4) had been published in peer-reviewed journals (to guarantee studies had been critically examined and approved by other researchers); and (5) did not contain any of the exclusionary criteria previously covered in the methods section. We found no relevant publications in Chinese to include in the final review.

Regulatory guidelines

PRISMA systematic review guidelines were not used to find regulatory information for sports betting. Instead, we examined peer-reviewed articles, legal acts, and relevant websites in order to evaluate current sports-betting regulations within individual jurisdictions. As it was not feasible to include sports-betting regulations for every country, Table 1 includes regulations for countries that were most strongly represented (i.e., at least 3 articles for each Western country and at least 1 article for each Eastern country) from the articles included in this review.

Table 1.

Summary of sports betting regulations

Article categorization

The authors determined article category by grouping articles with similar aims and topics. This categorization was based on natural groups that derived from the literature review. For articles that could be classified into multiple categories, the authors conferred on which category was the best fit for the article, until full consensus was reached. This review found six common domains explored in relation to sports betting. These domains were created by the authors after examining the themes covered in the included articles of this review. The six domains included: Marketing, Fantasy Sports (i.e., activities in which participants create virtual teams that consist of real sports players), Qualitative Studies, Responsible Gambling, Problem Gambling, and Psychosocial. Articles may share some overlap between domains but were placed in the “primary” and best-fitting domain. Studies that could not be grouped by these common themes were put into an “Uncategorized” domain.

Sixty-five articles were included in the present systematic review. The most heavily researched topics included the marketing of sports betting ( n = 13) and fantasy sports betting ( n = 13), followed by problem gambling in sports betting ( n = 12), psychosocial aspects of sports betting ( n  = 9), qualitative interviews with sports bettors ( n = 7), and responsible gambling initiatives ( n = 5), with the remaining articles making up the uncategorized studies category ( n = 6). Most studies were conducted in Australia, the United States, or the United Kingdom, while a limited number of articles examined sports betting in Asia.

For the countries in this review, their regulatory guidelines for sports betting included state or federal regulations and/or sanctions (see Table 1 ). Countries differed in the types of sports betting allowed (e.g., sports lotteries are the only legal form of sports betting within China and Taiwan, and all online sports betting is illegal in Iceland), and in their sports-betting restrictions (e.g., in Australia, in-play betting is not allowed unless the bet is placed over the telephone or by using a machine at a licensed venue). Generally, Eastern countries tended to have more conservative and restrictive guidelines as compared to Western countries. For a full summary of sports-betting regulations for countries, see Table 1 .

Domain 1: marketing and sports betting

Thirteen studies investigated marketing within sports betting, and several of these studies examined the content of advertisements. As concluded by Lopez-Gonzalez, Estévez, and Griffiths (2018) , sports-betting advertisements aimed to reduce the perceived risk of gambling and to enhance the perceived control of bettors. Most characters in advertisements were male ( Lopez-Gonzalez, Guerrero-Solé, & Griffiths, 2018 ), as likewise found by Roth-Cohen and Tamir (2017) . Gender may play an important role in sports-betting promotions, as Hing, Vitartas, and Lamont (2017) found that attractive, non-expert, female presenters gained more attention from all gambling groups than other presenters.

In-play betting has been regularly marketed within sports-betting advertising, and overall seems to be quite persuasive to sports bettors ( Thomas, Lewis, Duong, & McLeod, 2012 ). Consistent with the finding of Thomas et al. (2012) , which found that in-play betting was one of the main themes of the advertisements, 46% of sports-betting television advertisements ( n = 135) contained in-play betting ( Lopez-Gonzalez, Guerrero-Solé, & Griffiths, 2018 ). Similarly, other research has suggested that advertising encouraged in-play betting and found that 39.1% of World Cup 2018 advertised bets could be determined before the match ended ( Newall, Thobhani, Walasek, & Meyer, 2019 ). Another form of marketing that was commonly used involved inducements (refund/stake-back offers, followed by sign-up offers and promotional odds), which were typically subject to numerous, difficult-to-understand terms and conditions ( Hing, Sproston, Brook, & Brading, 2017 ). Among them, bonus bets with play-through conditions, such as multi-bet offers, and refer-a-friend offers seemed particularly difficult to interpret for bettors, who frequently underestimated of the true costs of the inducements ( Hing et al., 2019 ). Generally, individuals with problematic sports-betting behaviors showed high approval of gambling promotions ( Hing, Lamont, Vitartas, & Fink, 2015 ). See Table 2 for a review of these articles.

Table 2.

Summary of studies exploring marketing and sports betting

Note . Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI).

Domain 2: fantasy sports and sports betting

Thirteen studies explored fantasy sports and sports betting. Fantasy sports have become increasingly popular, particularly in the United States ( Fantasy Sports & Gaming Association ). Betting on fantasy sports typically involves betting in two forms: (a) fantasy sports leagues and (b) daily fantasy sports (DFS). Betting in a fantasy sports league involves players creating a virtual team to compete against others for real money wagers. These competitions are generally longer-term and may run over an entire sports season. In contrast, DFS are an accelerated form of fantasy sports betting, wherein players create a virtual team, but participate in shorter-term competitions (usually with entry fees) that take place over a day or a week. Table 3 provides an overview of studies exploring fantasy sports betting.

Table 3.

Summary of studies investigating fantasy sports and sports betting

Note . Articles were listed as being in the USA due to the vast majority of these players being located in the USA. Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), Motivational Scale for Fantasy Football Participation (MSSFP), Daily fantasy sports (DFS).

The majority of articles in this domain investigated DFS betting. Nower, Caler, Pickering, and Blaszczynski (2018) found that when comparing DFS participants to non-DFS gamblers, DFS participants reported involvement in higher numbers of gambling activities, gambling more frequently, and having similar problematic behaviors to those found within online gambling. The level of involvement in DFS is also important to consider, as previous research suggests that heavily involved DFS participants often show increasing engagement (i.e., escalating entries, entry fees and participation) in DFS over time ( Edson & LaPlante, 2020 ). Engagement in DFS could be also related to a big win, with a big win in DFS being associated with increased DFS engagement and loses, although this effect declined over time ( Edson, Tom, Philander, Louderback, & LaPlante, 2021 ). DFS participants' motivations to play may influence their cognitions, behaviors, and engagement, as extrinsically motivated (by financial gain) DFS participants were found to have similar cognitions to people with gambling problems, while intrinsically motivated (by entertainment) DFS participants spent more time and money on DFS activities than extrinsically motivated DFS participants ( Drayer, Dwyer, & Shapiro, 2019 ).

We found three studies that explicitly assessed DFS participation and traditional-only fantasy sports league betting. Dwyer and Weiner (2018) investigated similarities and differences in causality orientations of skill or chance (perceived beliefs that outcomes are determined by either skill or chance). Their results indicated similar relationships among causality orientations for both forms of fantasy sport involvement; however, no relationship was found between the Autonomy (skill) and Impersonal (chance) orientations. Although small differences have been found between DFS and traditional fantasy sports participants on impulsivity measures ( Dwyer, Drayer, & Shapiro, 2019 ) and motivations to play ( Weiner & Dwyer, 2017 ), overall, the two groups appear to present similarly. Broadly, the overall playing of pay to play fantasy sports is associated with higher levels of sports betting and online gambling ( Houghton, Nowlin, & Walker, 2019 ).

Domain 3: qualitative studies of sports betting

Seven studies have explored sports-betting behaviors through qualitative interviews. Three studies used Australian sports-betting samples, three samples were from the United Kingdom, and one sample was based in Nigeria. Table 4 contains a summary of the qualitative sports-betting studies.

Table 4.

Summary of studies qualitatively examining sports betting

Note . Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI)

Interviews with sports bettors have been used to evaluate sports-betting behaviors and opinions on sports betting. Overall, sports betting is easy to access and can be very pervasive, especially when considering modern online sports-betting features (i.e., in-play betting) ( Parke & Parke, 2019 ). For many sports bettors, sports betting is normative and enjoyable ( McGee, 2020 ). Although, many sports bettors were aware of the potentially addictive nature of sports betting, they saw mostly positives related to the activity, including beliefs that sports betting could alleviate their poverty or unemployment ( Akanle & Fageyinbo, 2019 ).

Thematic analyses were often performed to analyze the qualitative interviews, and the “normality” of sports betting was again identified. Positive themes related to sports betting included perceiving sports betting as embedded within sporting rituals, having a sense of identity around sports betting, as well as having shared cultural values and desired acumen/skill related to sports betting ( Deans, Thomas, Daube, & Derevensky, 2017 ; Gordon, Gurrieri, & Chapman, 2015 ). Relatedly, sports bettors may be motivated by fulfilling psychological needs of relatedness and competence ( Lamont & Hing, 2020 ). Some of the riskier aspects of sports betting described themes of feeling social pressure to gamble and temptations to gamble; interviewees also mentioned they felt a lack of industry protection from gambling-related harms ( Deans et al., 2017 ; Killick & Griffiths, 2020 ).

Domain 4: responsible gambling strategies and sports betting

Only five articles examined strategies for responsible gambling. Responsible gambling has been designed to minimize gambling-related harms among gamblers ( Blaszczynski, Ladouceur, & Shaffer, 2004 ), yet a content analysis of sports-betting advertisements revealed that few responsible gambling messages were displayed ( Thomas et al., 2012 ). These findings resonated with previous work which found that only 12% of sports-and race-betting inducements ( n = 223) contained information on responsible gambling in website advertisements ( Hing, Sproston, et al., 2017 ). These findings may be especially problematic when considering that gamblers tend to look more at information regarding inducement offers as compared to messages about responsible gambling ( Lole et al., 2019 ).

Responsible gambling strategies (RGS) in sports bettors' decision-making processes have been defined as “diverse strategies or regulations that contribute to minimizing negative personal and social impacts such as problem gambling ( Lee, Chen, Song, & Lee, 2014 ).” RGS may be divided into two types: supplementary RGS (e.g., voluntary treatment programs) and compulsory RGS (e.g., betting limits) ( Lee, Chen, et al., 2014 ). Supplementary RGS have been positively related to both harmonious passion and obsessive passion for sports betting ( Lee, Chung, & Bernhard, 2014 ). On the other hand, compulsory RGS have been negatively associated with obsessive passion ( Lee, Chung, et al., 2014 ). Thus, implementing compulsory RGS has been suggested as being possibly effective in protecting sports bettors against problem gambling by reducing their obsessive passion for sports betting. Similar RGS involved sending sports bettors messages aimed at increasing deposit limit-setting and were effective as sports bettors frequently set limits as compared to controls ( Heirene & Gainsbury, 2021 ). In other work, a consortium of gambling operators developed the Markers of Harm system (i.e., an algorithm) to identify problematic sports-betting behaviors. Although some markers were positively associated with gambling engagement and proxies of problem gambling, researchers suggested that further adjustments should be made to improve the algorithm's group classification and risk thresholds ( McAuliffe, Louderback, Edson, LaPlante, & Nelson, 2022 ). Table 5 summarizes these studies.

Table 5.

Summary of studies exploring responsible gambling strategies and sports betting

Domain 5: problem gambling and sports betting

The twelve studies within this category primarily focused on associations between problem-gambling behaviors, problem gambling, and sports betting. Table 6 contains a synopsis of these studies. Overall, sports bettors tend to be young, impulsive, and engaged in sports betting, with those with problem and moderate-risk gambling being more likely to have greater levels of sports-betting involvement than those with non-problem and low-risk gambling ( Russell, Hing, & Browne, 2019 ). Other factors associated with sports-betting problems included stronger gambling urges, more erroneous cognitions, overconfidence, poorer self-control, and problematic use of alcohol ( Bum, Choi, & Lee, 2018 ; Russell, Hing, Li, & Vitartas, 2019 ). Comparably, for participants in sports lottery, level of sports-lottery consumption was associated with financial and social consequences and compulsive (disordered) gambling ( Li et al., 2012 ). Sports bettors appear to be a high-risk group for developing problem gambling ( Cooper, Olfert, & Marmurek, 2021 ; Lopez-Gonzalez, Russell, Hing, Estévez, & Griffiths, 2019 ).

Table 6.

Summary of studies examining problem gambling and sports betting

Another problematic gambling behavior may be related to custom sports betting, in which gamblers create unique individualized bets. For example, one study found that custom sports betting was correlated with problem-gambling severity, gambling-related harms, and gambling consumption ( Newall, Cassidy, Walasek, Ludvig, & Meyer, 2021 ). Lastly, a study investigating problem-gambling behaviors in online sports bettors found that the amount of money spent was the strongest statistical predictor of problem-gambling-related exclusion for sports bettors ( Ukhov, Bjurgert, Auer, & Griffiths, 2020 ).

Domain 6: studies investigating psychosocial aspects of sports betting

Several articles investigated how psychosocial factors relate to sports-betting behaviors (see Table 7 ). Cognitive distortions have frequently been examined in GD, but these cognitions could also contribute to maintaining sports-betting behaviors. A recent study found that substance use mediated the relationship between cognitive distortions and suicidal ideation among sports bettors ( Chukwuorji et al., 2020 ). Other studies have more specifically examined sports bettors' cognitions (i.e., biases, illusion of control or decision-making). One study found similar levels of overconfidence bias for both sporadic and frequent gamblers ( Erceg & Galić, 2014 ). With regard to illusion of control, there was no significant difference between the groups with and without problematic sports-betting behaviors ( Huberfeld, Gersner, Rosenberg, Kotler, & Dannon, 2013 ).

Table 7.

Summary of studies investigating psychosocial aspects of sports betting

Note . Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS).

Personality features, such as aggression and neuroticism, may also influence sports-betting behaviors ( Lin & Lu, 2015 ; Polat & Yildiz, 2021 ). In a study exploring the relationship between sport spectators' gambling motivations and aggression propensities, greater propensities for violence were related to higher fandom levels among sports spectators who gambled ( Polat & Yildiz, 2021 ). A separate study found that sports lottery bettors with neurotic tendencies had lower risk tolerance, while bettors with extroversion, openness, and agreeable tendencies had higher risk tolerance ( Lin & Lu, 2015 ).

Domain 7: uncategorized studies examining sports betting

Six studies on sports betting that did not fit into the previous categories covered in this review were included in Table 8 as uncategorized. Overall, it remains unclear whether measuring gambling in a multidimensional measure is appropriate, as previous research did not find support for a taxonomic or dimensional model for extreme gambling behaviors among sports bettors ( Braverman, LaBrie, & Shaffer, 2011 ). A separate study investigated relationships between sports-betting behaviors and various factors (e.g., hunger level, alcohol consumption, and recreational drug use), and found that these factors had both indirect and direct effects on impulsive bet size ( Li, Hing, Russell, & Vitartas, 2020 ).

Table 8.

Summary of uncategorized studies examining sports betting

Several studies have analyzed sports bettors' account data (generally for online betting). One study found that most bets were placed on races or sports, with 77.63% of bets resulting in player losses ( Gainsbury & Russell, 2015 ). A different study investigating patterns of gambling behavior found higher losses for players, as subscribers to an online betting website lost 96% of the amounts they wagered ( Gray, Jónsson, LaPlante, & Shaffer, 2015 ).

Sports betting has grown to become a profitable and widely accepted activity around the world. The current systematic review aimed to assess whether sports-betting behaviors differ among and between different countries. We evaluated psychosocial problems related to sports-betting behaviors and how problems may differ by country, and additionally summarized the current regulatory guidelines for sports betting across different countries.

Overall, we found that research on marketing and promotion of sports betting was most prevalent in Australia and the United Kingdom. This could possibly be due to these locations having an environment where marketing and promotion of sports betting is acceptable and common. Indeed, large number of studies in these regions suggest that sports-betting advertisements are influential, persuasive, and associated with higher sports-betting-related behaviors. Qualitative studies have also suggested that sports-betting advertising and promotions may motivate sports bettors to gamble. Furthermore, sports betting has been normalized and is appealing for many sports bettors, perhaps especially due to the ease of access to participate in sports betting. Social factors such as perceived social pressure to bet on sports or camaraderie obtained through sports betting could be factors that maintain sports-betting behaviors. It should be noted that most of the marketing and qualitative articles in this review were from Western countries, and presently, it remains largely unclear how these domains of sports betting may present similarly or differently within Eastern countries.

This review found that RGS for sports betting have been researched in South Korea and Australia, and that messages promoting responsible sports betting have potential to help individuals who may be at risk of developing sports-betting-related problems. As expected, most research on fantasy sports betting has been conducted in the United States, which could be attributed in part to American football and fantasy sports in general being more popular within the United States than internationally. Most research of fantasy sports betting involved DFS participants, and results varied as most studies had unique aims. No major differences were noted between DFS and traditional fantasy sports bettors within studies that directly compared these two groups.

Psychosocial problems were related to sports betting, particularly among those reporting issues with problem gambling. Sports bettors in general tended to have high levels of problem gambling, and sports-betting involvement was frequently associated with greater problem-gambling severity. Psychosocial problems do not appear to differ greatly by country; however, certain countries are more restrictive (e.g., China, South Korea) with respect to which forms of sports betting are legal, which makes it more difficult to compare sports bettors as there may be vastly different sports-betting environments across countries. However, more strict restrictions on sports betting could limit the popularity and ease of access to these activities in some countries. While not as consistent as the relationship between sports betting and problem-gambling severity, several studies found that erroneous cognitions about gambling were associated with sports-betting-related problems. The relationship between erroneous gambling cognitions and problem-gambling severity has been reported in individuals seeking treatment for GD ( Ledgerwood et al., 2020 ); however, it is unclear whether cognitive distortions present similarly or differently for sports bettors who seek treatment for GD. When considering that sports bettors often endorsed ease of access, normality, and persuasive qualities of sports betting, psychoeducation about the potential dangers of sports betting may help reduce risky sports-betting behaviors. Psychoeducation could also be used in addition to RGS (e.g., limit setting), which have shown potential to assist sports bettors in managing their betting behaviors ( Heirene & Gainsbury, 2021 ).

Study limitations include a strict search criterion, which may have resulted in the potential loss of relevant articles, such as those published as grey literature. Relatedly, this review found relatively few studies from Eastern countries, which made cross-cultural comparisons difficult. This could reflect our search restrictions, which included a limit to English or Chinese language, or a general lack of articles from Eastern regions. This review chose not to include esports betting, but future cross-cultural research should include esports, since this is a profitable and growing area for the sports-betting industry, with an estimated esports sports betting market size between 200 and 300 million US dollars ( EsportsBettingTop, 2022 ). Additionally, studies that focused on horse racing were excluded from this review but could be examined in future studies. Strengths of the current review include its focus on recent sports-betting articles, which provides a wide-ranging review of the current sports-betting literature among different countries. Furthermore, the specificity of this study can be considered a strength as the findings of this review may be particularly helpful in explaining how the general population of sports bettors are affected by this activity. The findings of this review also provide a valuable overview of sports-betting behaviors internationally. Moreover, our review includes a detailed summary about the current sports-betting regulations around the world, offering a framework within which interpretation of research results from different jurisdictions may be considered for promoting healthy gambling behaviors.

Conclusions

This study examined differences in regulations, behaviors, and psychosocial problems related to sports betting. Among the included articles in this review, existing data suggest that cultural differences in sports betting may not differ greatly between Eastern and Western countries, with the biggest difference being a stronger emphasis of research on marketing and promotion of sports betting in specific Western countries (i.e., United Kingdom and Australia). Similarly, there were few differences between countries in types of psychosocial problems related to sports betting. Regulatory guidelines for sports betting had more prominent differences between countries as Eastern countries tended to be more restrictive in their sports-betting guidelines. As sports-betting restrictions varied by country, future cross-cultural research could explore how different elements of sports-betting regulations are related to problem gambling. If risk factors differ by country, then treatment for sports-betting-related problems may vary in focus for different countries and cultures.

Funding sources

This study was supported by a grant for pre-doctoral students (R.E., T.X.; Mentor: S.W.K) focused on sports wagering research, that was provided by the International Center for Responsible Gaming. Support for S.W.K. was provided by Kindbridge Research Institute. M.N.P. was supported through the Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling. The funding agencies did not provide input or comment on the content of the manuscript, and the content of the manuscript reflects the contributions and thoughts of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.

Authors’ contribution

Drafting the article: RE and TX; Revising it critically for important intellectual content: MNP, SWK, BA; Supervision of draft: SWK and BA; and Final approval of the version to be published: BA, MNP, and SWK.

Conflict of interest

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and publication of this article. Marc N. Potenza is an Associate Editor of the Journal of Behavioral Addictions.

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Research on Sports Betting

Introduction.

Individuals now have access to a greater choice of online gambling markets and athletic events than ever before, thanks to technology improvements and shifting consumer behavior. The accessibility of smartphone devices has improved real-time sports betting. As a result, sports betting has grown in popularity throughout America and the rest of the world. The purpose of this research paper is to discuss what are people’s views and opinions about online sports betting? What factors contribute to the rise in online sports betting? This is an intriguing issue to examine because the majority of people who participate in sports betting do it for the sake of amusement. While watching live sports is entertaining, the intensity and excitement may be amplified when money is on the line. Sports betting may be an enjoyable pastime and past time as long as you gamble for pleasure and only wager amounts that you are comfortable losing. Sports betting provides a lot of fun for a fraction of the cost of other hobbies and pastimes.

I researched articles on google scholar, selected them based on the year of publication and review them for main themes which are people’s views and opinions about online sports betting and factors that contribute to the rise in online sports betting. According to the most organization’s survey, which was backed up by a 2017 report, the rise in online betting is due to a variety of factors, including joblessness, intense betting advertising, addiction, skills and luck, smartphone and internet availability, and advancements in online betting that make it easy and simple.

a. Collect data using survey of online bettors

Only a small percentage of individuals ever win the lottery. The majority of people lose their money, while the majority of people make a pittance. According to Geopoll, a mobile-based research organization, adolescents are the ones that bet the most. Sports betting has also become one of the continent’s most popular forms of gambling. The trend is rising, according to a poll performed by the university in April. According to Geopoll, gaming has grown in popularity not only in Europe but across the world. The business is expected to generate Sh63.5 trillion in circulation income by 2022, according to the report (Hamari, 2021).

According to most researchers the transition from Betting at a Bookmaker’s Shop to Online Betting led to the increased number of people betting online. This is because of convenience and privacy. Many of the participants stated how they first started betting in a high street bookmaker’s store, then moved on to internet gambling when it became more popular. In 2020, legal sports betting became accessible in five states and Washington, D.C., increasing the total number of sports betting states to 21, just as the Covid-19 outbreak prompted a surge in internet gambling of all kinds as casinos shuttered and Americans dug down in their homes Omanchi, & Okpamen, 2018). An expansion in the sum of online bookmakers, welcome incentives and other inducements given by online workers, and the ease of longing in online betting websites were all causes that drove sports bettors to wager online. Everyone in the study group used a smartphone to place sports bets as their preferred way of wagering. People opted to place bets online because it provided a cash-out facility, which was not available at high-street bookmakers, according to the study.

b. Survey study

Accessibility of Betting via a Smartphone

Across all age groups, it’s worth noting that about half of low-income gambling customers are between the ages of 18 and 25. According to another 2017 survey conducted by bankmycell, one of the things perpetuating gambling is the increasing penetration of information technology, aided by mobile phones. Aside from joblessness, one of the things perpetuating gambling is the increasing penetration of information technology, aided by mobile phones. According to bankmycell, with mobile devices that have Internet connectivity, gamers do not require desktop computers to gamble, providing them plenty of time to wager even in the comfort of their own homes. According to the Communications Authority’s figures released this year, there are 6.378 billion smartphone users in the globe today, accounting for 80.63 percent of the worldwide population (Skogman, 2015). In all, 7.101 billion people, or 89.76 percent of the world’s population, own a smart or feature phone. The percentage of people who own a mobile phone has surpassed 100%, and the majority of these people are young.

https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/ret_img/https://www.bankmycell.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/global_smartphone_penetration_wordwide-2016-2020.webp

One of the main themes was the ease with which in-play sports betting could be done on cellphones. In most locations and situations, sports bettors today have rapid access to sports betting websites. The findings imply that smartphone betting provides instant access to gambling, corroborating prior study that internet gambling is simple to access via mobile devices. It has previously been proposed that greater access to online betting websites and the ease with which online platforms may be used may hasten the development of maladaptive learnt habits, such as problem gambling. Sports bettors in the current sample preferred to place bets on phones, which matches prior study that found that 84.4 percent of sports bettors prefer to put bets on a remote device rather than visiting to a betting shop (Hamari, 2021). Furthermore, addicted gamblers were more likely to choose to utilize a mobile device, according to the same study. This is because:

a. Placing a Bet is Simple

When compared to other ways, several resechers concluded on how simple it is to place a bet using a tablet or a smartphone than using a high-street bookmakers or a laptop. Others claim that people wager using their cell phone since it saves them time.

There were additional applications identified that were accessible on cellphones and aided users with bet placing, in addition to gambling apps. Flash Scores and Odds Checker is a service that allows sports bettors to keep track of live match updates. As a result, sports bettors may easily compare odds from various online bookies. According to rush, one participant described how using his smartphone made it easier to compare different rewards across several gambling sites.

b. Possibility of Betting Anywhere

As previously said, making bets on a smartphone was the most preferred manner of doing so. Some attendees talked about how they could now use gambling applications from anywhere, at any time, and they didn’t have to rely on a laptop or PC to place a wager. As a result, one of the primary benefits of using a smartphone was the location freedom it provided. Some attendees talked about how they used their iPhones to place bets in multiple places (Skogman, 2015). Betting sites that were often cited were the player’s home, the bar, friends’ homes, and work. Smart phones are also useful for checking the progress of one’s bets from anywhere.

Joblessness/Unemployment

According to the organization’s survey, which was backed up by a 2017 report, the rise in online betting is due to a variety of factors, including joblessness (Skogman, 2015). The survey show that unemployment has led people to trying out their luck in gambling. it show that some people may consider themselves to be very lucky, others may have a lot of skill that call themselves professional gamblers helping other analyze game before placing them online on the betting websites. However, some people think that sports betting is a combination of both luck and skill. If you’re an outsider, you may think that sports betting is about luck alone. Unfortunately, this is not the case at all. Some very successful people don’t just rely on luck. They know that sports betting is a lot more complex than this.

To be successful in the sports betting world, however, you need to have skill as well as luck. You cannot determine the outcome of a game merely due to skill. Luck also plays a part. After you have chosen the sport in question, you will need to take a look at the history of those who are on the field. Their history can help you to determine how well they are likely to perform. When you understand this, your ability to win can improve.

Themes that emerged from the study were grouped into two general categories: 1. Accessibility of Betting via a Smartphone 2. Joblessness

According to the survey study and data collected the finding it concluded that addiction to gambling is a lot like addiction to drugs or alcohol. This is because even with the pandemic lockdown people still find their way to bet. And they did that by placing their bets online. Since most casinos were closed up. Because alcohol is already such a significant part of the athletic experience, the high level of parallelism between addiction to alcohol and gambling is particularly intriguing. Despite being a long-standing feature of before tailgating, beer stalls are now commonplace at professional sporting games and are steadily penetrating collegiate athletic venues. As previously said, apprehension over the extent to which sports gambling is integrated into the athletic experience may prevent it from obtaining the same level of ubiquity as alcohol. Lack of jobs, has also led to the growth fuel obsession with gambling. According to the survey gambling is usually portrayed in advertising as thrilling, glamorous, and skilled, with easy money and social benefits. Gambling advertisements tend to have a particularly strong impact on young people and problem gamblers. Bonuses for sports betting tend to boost Internet gambling among problem gamblers in particular.

Sports betting is still a contentious issue, with the advantages and disadvantages of legalizing needing to be properly weighed. It does, however, have an unmistakably favorable economic impact on a state’s economy. More money is being traded between parties, and residents from other states may be able to contribute to gaming profits. Furthermore, mobile sports betting appears to be the most obvious predictor of financial success. According to many respondents in the studies, sports gambling is not regarded unethical. But it is a game of luck, easy to access and a chance for income many people don’t get elsewhere. It is because of luck and skills that people are so more involved in betting while there are professional gamblers others are trying out there luck. Joblessness is also a key factor to the rise of online betting. Gambling addiction was also compared to alcohol and drug addiction by respondents. Problem gambling has a close link to many alcohol and drug issues, according to study. Because of the intimate relationship between the two, they are perceived in a similar way. This fact supports the notion that betting has become socially acceptable. Betting has mixed reviews in terms of whether it was beneficial or harmful to society as a whole. According to the researchers, the majority of their respondents agreed that more responsible betting measures were needed, but it was unclear who would bear the cost of action: the sports betting providers, health organizations, or state governments.

Macey, J., Abarbanel, B., & Hamari, J. (2021). What predicts sports betting? A study on consumption of video games, esports, gambling and demographic factors. New Media & Society, 23(6), 1481-1505.

Nienaber, M. B. (2016). The State of the Online Sport Betting Industry in South Africa. University of Johannesburg (South Africa).

Omanchi, S. A., & Okpamen, K. O. (2018). The Changing Patterns of Gambling in Benue State: The Case of Emerging Role of ICT (Information and Communications Technology) in Contemporary Makurdi Metropolis.  American Association of Science & Technology ,  5 (2), 30-35.

Skogman, V. (2015). A STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE ONLINE SPORTS BETTING INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

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108 Gambling Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best gambling topic ideas & essay examples, ⭐ good research topics about gambling, 👍 simple & easy gambling essay titles, ❓ research questions on gambling.

• Gambling Benefits and Disadvantages Also in relation to this, the gambling industry offers employment to a myriad of people. This is thus a boost to the economy of the local people.
• Online Gambling Addiction Gambling is an addiction as one becomes dependent on the activity; he cannot do without it, it becomes a necessity to him. Online gambling is more of an addiction than a game to the players.
• Impact of Gambling on the Bahamian Economy Sources from the government of The Bahamas indicate that the first of gambling casinos in the name of the Bahamian Club opened for business from the capital of Nassau towards the close of the 1920s […]
• Gambling as an Acceptable Form of Leisure In leisure one should have the freedom to choose which activity to engage in and at what time to do it. Gambling is considered as a form of leisure activity and one has freedom to […]
• Comorbid Gambling Disorder and Alcohol Dependence The patient was alert and oriented to the event, time, and place and appropriately dressed for the occasion, season, and weather.
• Gambling: Debate Against the Legislation of Gambling More significantly, the Australian government has so far adopted a conciliatory and indulgent attitude towards most kinds of gambling, which has been the main reason for the rampant growth and proliferation of both forms of […]
• Impact of Internet Use, Online Gaming, and Gambling Among College Students The researchers refute the previous works of literature that have analyzed the significance of the Internet, whereby previous studies depict that the Internet plays a significant role in preventing depression ordeals and making people happy.
• History of Gambling in the US and How It Connects With the Current Times It is possible to note that it is in the Americans’ blood from the sides of Native Americans and the Pilgrims to bet.
• Effects of Gambling on Happiness: Research in the Nursing Homes The objective of the study was to determine whether the elderly in the nursing homes would prefer the introduction of gambling as a happiness stimulant.
• The Era of Legalized Gambling Importantly, they build on each other to demonstrate power in taking risk action and actually how legalizations of the practice can influence character integrity. The conclusive speculation is whether there is a changing definition of […]
• Legalization of Casino Gambling in Hong Kong Thus, the problem is in the controversy of the allegedly positive and negative effects of gambling legalization on the social and economic development of Hong Kong.
• The Problem of Gambling in the Modern Society as the Type of Addiction Old people and adolescents, rich and poor, all of them may become the prisoners of this addiction and the only way out may be the treatment, serious psychological treatment, as gambling addiction is the disease […]
• The Psychology of Lottery Gambling This kind of gambling also refers to the expenditure of more currency than was first future and then returning afterward to win the cash lost in the history.
• Gambling, Fraud and Security in Banking By supervising the institutions and banks, there exists openness into the dealings of the banks and this allows investors to get full information about the banks before investing.
• Earmark Gambling Revenue Legislation in Illinois The state of Illinois enacted PA 91-40 in 1999, which has affected the gaming industry. The growth in the revenue from gambling has attracted the attention of lawmakers.
• Jay Cohen’s Gambling Company and American Laws Disregarding the controversy concerning the harmful effects of gambling, one might want to ask the question concerning whether the USA had the right to question the policies of other states, even on such a dubious […]
• Internet Gambling and Its Impact on the Youth However, it is necessary to remember that apart from obvious issues with gambling, it is also associated with higher crime rates and it is inevitable that online gambling will fuel an increase of crime rates […]
• Fantasy Football: Gambling Regulation and Outlawing Taking this into consideration, it can be stated that fantasy football and its other iterations on sites like Draft Kings is not a form of gambling.
• Gambling and Addiction’s Effects on Neuroplasticity It was established further that blood flow from other parts of the body to the brain is changes whenever an individual engages in gambling, which is similar to the intake of cocaine.
• Gambling and Its Effect on Families The second notable effect of gambling on families is that it results in the increased cases of domestic violence. The third notable effect of gambling on the family is that it increases child abuse and […]
• Online Gambling Legalization When asked about the unavoidable passing of a law decriminalizing online gambling in the US, the CEO of Sams Casino stated that the legislation would not have any impact on their trade.
• Casino Gambling Legalization in Texas In spite of the fact that the idea of legalizing casino gambling is often discussed by opponents as the challenge to the community’s social health, Texas should approve the legalization of casino gambling because this […]
• Economic Issues: Casino Gambling Evidence from several surveys suggests that the competition from various states within the US has contributed to the growth and expansion of casinos. The growth and expansion of casinos has been fueled by competition from […]
• Casino Gambling Industry Trends This will make suppliers known to the rest of the companies operating in the industry. The bargaining power of the supplier in the casino gambling industry is also high.
• Gambling Addiction Research Approaches Therefore, it is possible to claim that the disease model is quite a comprehensive approach which covers several possible factors which lead to the development of the disorder.
• Public Policy on Youth Gambling The outcomes of the research would be useful in identifying the program outcomes as well as provide answers to the whys of youth gambling.
• Gambling and Gaming Industry Compulsive gambling Compulsive gambling refers to the inability to control an individual’s urge to engage in gambling activities. Other gambling activities in the state are classified as a misdemeanour.
• Revision of Problem Gambling The reasoning behind the researchers’ decision to focus on the social and financial factors of gambling within the UK is because of the significant increase in gambling-related problems within Britain.
• Positive Aspects of Gambling It is therefore essential for sociologist to understand the positive aspects of gambling and the impact that it has on our lives. However, it is essential to control the level of gambling.
• Argument for Legalization of Gambling in Texas The subject of gambling is that the gambler losses the money offered if the outcome of the event is against him or her or gains the money offered if the event outcome favors the gambler.
• Gambling’s Positive and Negative Effects In some cases such as in lotteries, the financial reward is incidental and secondary because the participants drive is to help raise funds for the course the lottery promotes.
• Gambling in Kentucky: Moral Obligations vs. the Economical Reasons The industries that added to the well-being of the state and its GNP since the day the state was founded and throughout the past century was the coal mining, which contributed to the state’s income […]
• Gambling in Ohio The purpose of this project is to investigate the history of gambling in Ohio, its development in the 1990s, and its impact on ordinary human lives in order to underline the significance of this process […]
• Gambling Projects: Impact on the Cultural Transformations in America The high rates of unemployment and low earning levels may coerce residents to engage in gambling, hoping that they would enrich themselves.
• Gambling in Four Perspectives A gambler faces the challenge of imminent effect of addiction to the effects of gambling every time he continues with the exercise of gambling something that may take long to drop.
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• Gender, Gambling Settings and Gambling Behaviors Among Undergraduate Poker Players
• Gambling Among Young Croatian People: An Exploratory Study of the Relationship Between Psychopathic Traits, Risk-Taking Tendencies, and Gambling-Related Problems
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• Gambling and the Use of Credit: An Individual and Household Level Analysis
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• How Do Binge Drinking, Gambling, and Procrastinating Affect Students?
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• What Should the State’s Policy Be On Gambling?
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• Are There Gambling Effects in Incentive-Compatible Elicitations of Reservation Prices?
• How Does the Gambling Affect the Society?
• Does Indian Casino Gambling Reduce State Revenues?
• How Does the Stigma of Problem Gambling Influence Help-Seeking, Treatment, and Recovery?
• Why Are Gambling Markets Organised So Differently From Financial Markets?
• Can Expected Utility Theory Explain Gambling?
• What Is the Attraction to Gambling?
• Should Sports Gambling Be Legalized?
• Who Gets Hurt From Gambling?
• How Do Gambling Addiction Affect Families?
• Does Individual Gambling Behavior Vary Across Gambling Venues With Differing Numbers of Terminals?
• Why Gambling Should Not Be Prohibited or Policed?
• How Has Gambling Become the Favorite Distraction of Americans?
• Should Age Restriction for Gambling Be Increase?
• Are There Net State Social Benefits or Costs From Legalizing Slot Machine Gambling?
• What Are the Possible Circumstances for Gambling?
• How Do Habit and Satisfaction Affect Player Retention for Online Gambling?
• Does DRD2 Taq1A Mediate Aripiprazole-Induced Gambling Disorder?
• How Does the Online Gambling Ban Help Al Qaeda?
• Does Pareto Rule Internet Gambling?
• Should Governments Sponsor Gambling?
• What Are the Problems Associated With Gambling?
• Why Isn’t Congress Closing a Loophole That Fosters Gambling in College?
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Sports Gambling Essay Example

• Pages: 6 (1377 words)
• Published: May 8, 2017
• Type: Essay

Sports is a very worthwhile pastime.

Students and sport fanatics engage in different sports because of the benefits they can get. However, despite these benefits, gambling is one of the problems inherent with sporting events. People often place their bets in favor of their favorite team or player during games, and as such, countless reports have shown what gambling can do against players and the bettors themselves. Sports gambling have negative effects and can ruin the sports for the player and the bettor; thus it should not be made legal despite some of the advantages and its legality in Las Vegas.

Sports gambling indicate the placing of bets on a certain player or team in sports such as basketball, boxing, football, and virtually all kinds of sports. Sports gambling rooted in the United States, which originated from

horse racing tracks. Betting used to be just a pastime, but it rose to popularity when it became accessible to the lower and middle classes. It became even more popular with the public when the point spread system for betting was developed and the invention of TV made it possible to broadcast sports events. And as the sports events became more popular, so did gambling (Bettingroom.

eu, 2006).People must have enjoyed sports so much that some found it hard to resist. Popular cases of sports gambling include Pete Rose and Charles Barkley. The seriousness of sports gambling in America can be seen from Pete Rose???s activities. Rose was managing the Cincinnati Reds when allegations that he was betting surfaced in 1989, which he later on denied.

He was investigated and evidences of his betting activities were found. Evidences

included betting slips which showed that Rose bet on Reds games which he managed from 1985 to 1987. However, he argued that the betting slips were not his and added that he did not bet.It was only after more than 10 years when he finally admitted betting on Reds (CBC Sports Online, 2003).

On the other hand, Charles Barkley was also indicted for not paying the $400,000 gambling debt to a certain casino in Las Vegas. Barkley is a retired NBA star who became a basketball analyst for Turner Network Television. However, on the case of Barkley, he did not keep his betting activities a secret (The Associated Press, 2008). Although betting was declared illegal in many parts of the country, there were still people who bet on sports.

As everything now can be accessed through the Internet, the betting takes online as well.This appears easier as any bettor can place his bet from anywhere without having to deal with bookies, as is the case with the traditional person to person betting. Many online gaming companies emerged to lure bettors into betting through the Internet. The betting is not only about sports but casinos have been available online (Humphrey, 2006). Many officers of online gaming companies have been indicted for charges ranging from violations to money laundering. David Carruthers, the chief executive of BetonSports.

com was charged with countless violations, including the Illegal Gambling Business Act, money laundering and tax evasion.This was not the only case in the United States. Many other operators of online gambling websites were charged for sports betting charges. In response to this, former President Bush has signed

a legislation banning any activities related to Internet gambling.

The legislation includes banning the use of credit cards, electronic fund transfers and checks for betting purposes online. This was in response to the growing number of people who were attracted to online poker but also includes sports wagering. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) opposed any form of college sports wagering, whether legal or illegal.NCAA believed that the legislation was in accordance with preventing the negative effects of sports gambling. Furthermore, the legislation would protect the student-athletes. In a study that NCAA conducted in 2003 about sports gambling, NCAA found out that male student-athletes (35%) and female student-athletes (10%) have resorted to sports gambling (National Collegiate Athletic Association, 2006).

Because of the prevalence of sports gambling in the United States, especially in college sports, many organizations were concerned about the effects that it can have on the sports.Sports gambling should not be made legal. This is to ascertain that sports gambling do not undermine the integrity of the game. When sports gambling is ignored, it is possible for athletes to feel pressured to win the game due to the many bookies who encourage them to shave points. In most cases shaving is hard to detect. In fact, a scam can take years before it comes to light.

It could have serious repercussions for the athletes and for the athletic staffs as well. In addition, sports gambling encourage college players to shave points to make money as most of the time, they do not have money.It tarnishes the integrity of the game as cheating becomes the rule through which athletes should submit

to (Guide to Gambling, 2007). If the government does not implement plans to resolve this problem, there could be more instances of point shaving and fixing schemes (Sheridan, 2001). Aside from this, making sports gambling not legal will further cause bettors to be addicted to gambling.

Not putting any restrictions regarding gambling will make bettors think that they have chances for winning and getting back their money. It goes on and on until they become addicted.If the government would legalize sports gambling, it will encourage people to spend more than they can afford. Plus, they have higher chances of losing money as gambling involves wagering of money on an uncertain event.

In some cases, a bettor might borrow money to sustain his bets, as what happened with Charles Barkley (Brown, 2009). On the other hand, many argue that betting makes a sport more exciting. And, whether people like it or not, sports gambling have fueled jobs for some people such as the bookies (Brown, 2009). Furthermore, sports gambling offered bettors a form of recreation (Sheridan, 2001).

Although the legality of sports gambling is not yet fully implemented in the United States, it is legal in Las Vegas. Las Vegas is home to countless casinos, entertainment, and betting activities. In fact, Las Vegas is considered the place to go when looking for gambling activities and hedonism. The state is the host of many major sports events such as Arena Football, boxing, tennis, basketball, and NASCAR (Ferringo, 2006).

Even if sports gambling become recognized legally, it would still have negative effects on sports for the player and for the bettor.The NCAA believes

that sports gambling can pose menace to the welfare of the student-athletes and college sports. Student-athletes are not just the ones affected, but everyone from all walks of life (National Collegiate Athletic Association, 2006). Sports gambling can be the source for loss of resources. Many concerned organizations were worried about the gambling activities of students and student-athletes.

More often, the temptation to bet to be able to acquire more money is irresistible. The sad reality is that they will tend to lose money each year faster than winning.This loss will be bad for the students and for local economies (Guide to Gambling, 2007). Also, sports gambling spoils the enjoyment that one can have from watching the game.

In some cases, games are fixed. It would not be as exciting to watch some players who deliberately miss the shots while others pretend that they are great players. Additionally, point shaving schemes and scams send the wrong message. People will tend to believe that there is no fairness in sports, and players and their superiors only care about the money they can get.

Furthermore, the gambling of parents can affect their children. For instance, a son wins a large sum of money from sports gambling. As a result, his parents encourage him to keep on betting to win more money. This indicates how the distorted values of some parents can negatively affect how teenagers view sports gambling.

There is also a high probability of being incarcerated for being involved in scams. There is also evidence showing that the bookmaking business involves organized crime. All of these can lead students into mistakes that can ruin their lives

(Guide to Gambling, 2007).Referenceshttp://www.docsports.com/pro-sports-team-in-las-vegas.htmlhttp://www.guidetogambling.co.uk/sports-gambling/negative-effects-of-gambling-on-college-sports2.htmlhttp://www.dannysheridan.com/testimony/danny_on_sports_gambling.php

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Banned NBA player Jontay Porter will be charged in betting case, court papers indicate

FILE - Toronto Raptors forward Jontay Porter lookson during the first half of the team’s NBA basketball game against the Chicago Bulls, Jan. 18, 2024, in Toronto. Court papers indicate that former Toronto Raptors player Jontay Porter will be charged with a federal felony connected to the sports betting scandal that spurred the NBA to ban him for life. (Christopher Katsarov/The Canadian Press via AP, File)

FILE - Toronto Raptors center Jontay Porter (34) looks to pass in the first half of an NBA basketball game Monday, March 11, 2024, in Denver. Court papers indicate that former Toronto Raptors player Jontay Porter will be charged with a federal felony connected to the sports betting scandal that spurred the NBA to ban him for life. (AP Photo/David Zalubowski, File)

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NEW YORK (AP) — Former Toronto Raptors player Jontay Porter will be charged with a federal felony connected to the sports betting scandal that spurred the NBA to ban him for life, court papers indicate.

Federal prosecutors in Brooklyn filed what’s known as a criminal information sheet on Tuesday. The document doesn’t specify a court date or the charge or charges, but it does show the case is related to an existing prosecution of four men charged with scheming to cash in on tips from a player about his plans to exit two games early.

The Associated Press sent voice and email messages Wednesday to Porter’s St. Louis-based lawyer, Jeff Jensen. He said last month that Porter had been “in over his head due to a gambling addiction” but was getting treatment and cooperating with law enforcement.

Brooklyn U.S. Attorney Breon Peace’s office declined to comment on the new developments.

An NBA investigation found in April that Porter tipped off bettors about his health and then claimed illness to exit at least one game, creating wins for anyone who’d bet on him to underperform expectations. Porter also gambled on NBA games in which he didn’t play, once betting against his own team, the league said.

The four men charged last month appeared in court but haven’t yet entered pleas. They’re charged with conspiracy to commit wire fraud and were released on bonds in various amounts.

A court complaint against those four — Ammar Awawdeh, Timothy McCormack, Mahmud Mollah and Long Phi Pham — accused them of using prior knowledge of an NBA player’s plans so that they or their relatives could place winning bets on his performance.

The complaint, filed in early June, identified the athlete only as “Player 1.” Details about him and the game — and a quote from an NBA news release — matched up with the league’s probe into Porter.

According to the complaint, the player owed “significant gambling debts” to Awawdeh, who encouraged the athlete to settle them with a “special”: intentionally exiting games so that bettors in the know could successfully wager on him falling short of what sportsbooks figured he’d do.

“If I don’t do a special with your terms. Then it’s up,” the player responded in an encrypted message early this year, according to the complaint. “And u hate me and if I don’t get u 8k by Friday you’re coming to Toronto to beat me up.”

The player told some of the four already-charged defendants that he would claim health problems to take himself out of games early on Jan. 26 and March 20, the complaint says.

Porter played only briefly on those dates before leaving the court, complaining of injury or illness. In both games, his points, rebounds and assists were below the betting line for his performance.

Mollah, McCormack and a relative of Awawdeh had bet the “under” and made out, though a betting company ultimately stopped Mollah from collecting most of his more than $1 million in winnings on the March 20 game, according to the complaint.

After the NBA and others began investigating, the player messaged Pham, Mollah and Awawdeh in early April that they “might just get hit w a rico” — an apparent reference to the common acronym for a federal racketeering charge — and asked whether they had deleted “all the stuff” from their phones, the complaint notes.

The complaint said the player had spoken with authorities in hopes of earning “leniency at sentencing in the event he is criminally charged,” but it didn’t say when the conversation or conversations occurred.

Porter’s salary for this year was around $410,000. The 24-year-old averaged 4.4 points, 3.2 rebounds and 2.3 assists in 26 games this season, including five starts. He also played in 11 games for the Memphis Grizzlies in the 2020-21 season.

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The flag of Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia which I bought there during my last visit

Sports Betting

Spain vs. England Euro 2024 final odds: Spain favored to win for the fourth time

The Euro 2024 final is set and Spain is the favorite heading into Sunday’s meeting with England. The Spaniards emerged as the tournament favorite after beating Germany in a quarterfinal and remain the favorite after getting by France in a semifinal.

England was the favorite once the knockout stage started. The Three Lions had a less difficult path to the final, but did come from behind to beat the Netherlands in Wednesday’s semifinal.

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With a win, Spain would become the nation with the most European championships. Spain and Germany both have won the title three times. Spain’s previous wins came in 1964 (at home), 2008 and 2012.

England has never won at the Euros, but is making a second straight appearance in the final. England lost in penalties to Italy at Wembley Stadium in London three years ago.

All odds from BetMGM . Odds to win or draw are over 90 minutes.

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Spain vs. England

Regular time odds:

This match is a meeting of two teams that got to the final in opposite ways.

Spain cruised through the group stage with three wins, the only team in the tournament to do so. The quarterfinal win against Germany required extra time, but wins against Georgia and France were more convincing. On pure aesthetics, Spain has been one of the most entertaining teams to watch and it’s easy to argue Spain has looked like the best team throughout.

Meanwhile, England labored throughout the tournament to get here. The Three Lions beat Serbia 1-0 in their opener, but were unimpressive in draws against Slovenia and Denmark to close out group play. Then, England trailed for over an hour against Slovakia and needed a 95th minute goal from Jude Bellingham to force extra time in that match. In the quarterfinals, Switzerland took the lead in the 75th minute, but England answered again and eventually won in penalties. The Netherlands scored first in the semifinal, but Ollie Watkins produced a 90th-minute winner.

England trailed in all three knockout games and won only two of its six matches inside 90 minutes. Manager Gareth Southgate has been under pressure for the English being defensive and mostly uninteresting to watch, but the results have been good enough.

In some ways, England is similar to Spain’s semifinal opponent, France. France is an incredibly talented side that has had fantastic results in recent years, but struggled to score and was, to put it bluntly, not interesting to watch considering the ability on the squad. England has made semifinals at three of the past four major tournaments and has a talented squad on paper, but has also been downright dull to watch for much of this tournament. England probably played its best game of the tournament against the Dutch, but Spain is a step up in level of competition.

It’s a one-match final between two of the powers in the sport so Spain isn’t a massive favorite, but the odds clearly favor Spain. This is not viewed as a toss-up. Spain is a bigger favorite against England than it was against France (and a bigger favorite than England was against the Netherlands). This is the first time this tournament that England has not been favored.

More Euro 2024 coverage

Spain take risks and reap the rewards – it’s what makes them so different at Euro 2024

Ollie Watkins ‘lost for words’ after sending England to Euro 2024 final: ‘It’s the best feeling ever’

Dani Olmo, Spain’s shy Euro 2024 Golden Boot leader and €60m summer transfer target

Late substitute Watkins hits winner to set up Euro 2024 final with Spain

(Photo of Nico Williams: Justin Setterfield / Getty Images)

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Dan Santaromita is a senior editor for sports betting at The Athletic. Dan previously wrote for NBC Sports Chicago and ProSoccerUSA. He is a University of Missouri graduate who resides in Chicago. Follow Dan on Twitter @ TheDanSanto

40 Facts About Elektrostal

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 01 Jun 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

• Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
• With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy , materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes , offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development .

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy , with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

Elektrostal's fascinating history, vibrant culture, and promising future make it a city worth exploring. For more captivating facts about cities around the world, discover the unique characteristics that define each city . Uncover the hidden gems of Moscow Oblast through our in-depth look at Kolomna. Lastly, dive into the rich industrial heritage of Teesside, a thriving industrial center with its own story to tell.

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State Housing Inspectorate of the Moscow Region

Phone 8 (496) 575-02-20 8 (496) 575-02-20

Phone 8 (496) 511-20-80 8 (496) 511-20-80

Public administration near State Housing Inspectorate of the Moscow Region