economics essay ib

Example 15 mark essay in style of IB Economics Paper 1

How should you structure a 15 mark question? 

Because of multiple requests from students, I have created a 15 mark model answer in style of IB Economics paper 1. 

This is based on the new IBDP Economics syllabus.

For 24 model answers to 15 mark paper 1 questions, check out the links below:

For more exam tips for IB Economics HL, check out the links below:

Question for model answer

Here is a practice question I have created:

Using real world examples, evaluate the effectiveness of contractionary monetary policy in reducing inflation (15 marks)

Brief essay plan

Here is a quick plan:

• Point 1: Effect of higher interest rates on consumption, investment and AD and hence inflation.
• Evaluation 1: But this depends on the importance of interest rate decisions for (consumption /) investment decisions.
• Point 2: Effect on exchange rates and net exports 
• Evaluation 2: But depends on what happens to other interest rates around the world e.g. US rising rates.
• Point 3 (optional): Effect of quantitative tightening (opposite of quantitative easing) on investment and AD and hence inflation.
• Evaluation 3 (optional): But this depends on the level of spare capacity.
• Examples: UK interest rate rises / inflation, US interest rate rises, UK quantitative tightening.

Example model answer

Contractionary monetary policy includes raising interest rates and reversing quantitative easing. Interest rates are the cost of borrowing and the reward from saving. Interest rates are currently rising in the UK in response to high inflation.

Higher interest rates are likely to reduce aggregate demand. Interest rates increased from 0.25% to 3% in the UK over 2022. Higher interest rates increase the reward for saving, increasing the incentive to save. So saving increases and consumption falls. Higher interest rates increase the cost of borrowing, so consumers who borrow e.g. with a mortgage face higher bills and so are more likely to cut consumption. As a result of higher borrowing costs, firms are less likely to borrow to invest, which reduces investment. As consumption and investment are components of aggregate demand (AD=C+I+G+X-M), AD falls and shifts left from AD to AD1. There could also be a negative multiplier effect, where a one off fall in AD leads to a further fall in AD and real GDP, as shown by the shift left in AD from AD1 to AD2. This is because, for example, reduced investment means reduced profits for other firms, who cut workers’ wages. Workers then go on to cut their own consumer spending, reducing the incomes for local shop owners and so on. This means real GDP falls from Y to Y2 and there is a decrease in the price level from PL to PL2. This is likely to reduce the rate of inflation.

But this depends on the importance of interest rate changes for consumption and investment decisions. For example most mortgages in the UK are fixed rate mortgages rather than variable rate mortgages, with 82%  of mortgage borrowing on fixed rates in the UK. Those on fixed rate mortgages may face less of an immediate increase in mortgage borrowing costs as interest rates rise, as the rates are likely to have been fixed in advance of the rate rise. Though many fixed rate mortgages may be short term, so these fixed rate mortgages are likely to be renewed with updated rates, with most mortgages expected to be renewed before 2025. While some mortgage holders may be protected in the short run, higher interest rates are likely to have a significant effect through mortgage costs.

A higher interest rate, relative to rates in other economies, leads to a higher rate of return on assets or savings in the UK. This leads to hot money flows into the UK economy. To buy UK assets or to put money in a UK bank, international investors are likely to need to convert currency into pounds. This increases demand for the currency, which shifts right from D to D1 leading to an appreciation of the pound from P to P1. This makes exports more expensive and imports cheaper, reducing export demand and increasing import demand. Provided the Marshall-Lerner condition holds, that the PED of exports and the PED of imports sum to 1 or more, this will result in reduced net exports, leading to lower AD as net exports is a component of AD. This will cause reduced real GDP and reduced employment because demand for workers is derived from demand for goods and services. Employment is most likely to fall particularly in industries that export heavily, such as gold, cars, airplanes, pharmaceuticals and oil – these exports account for nearly 28% of UK exports.

But this depends on what happens to other interest rates around the world. At the same time, we have also seen rising interest rates in the US, as the Federal Reserve central bank also tries to control inflation. This means there may be less of a difference in the US and UK rates of return, reducing the likelihood of significant hot money flows to the UK as a result of higher interest rates. Indeed we have seen increased strength of the US dollar relative to the pound in September 2022, which may have resulted from hot money flows into the US. So higher interest rates in the UK are unlikely to have a significant  positive effect on net exports.

Quantitative tightening is the reverse of quantitative easing. Quantitative tightening means the central bank, for example the Bank of England, sells government bonds  (that it had previously purchased with digitally created money). This increases the supply of government bonds, reducing their price and increasing their quantity. Reducing the bond price raises interest rates on government bonds. Bondholders such as commercial banks now receive a higher return on holding bonds relative to giving out loans. This means banks buy more bonds, leaving reduced cash available for lending, and so commercial banks reduce the supply of loanable funds, reducing the amount of total investment in the economy. This will reduce aggregate demand and hence inflation.The total value of assets under the quantitative easing scheme in the U.K. reached £895 billion. The Bank of England plans to engage in quantitative tightening of about £80 billion in 2023.

But this depends on the position of the economy on the Keynesian LRAS. If the economy has high spare capacity, then the economy is on the horizontal part of the Keynesian LRAS curve. This means a shift left in AD leads to a significant fall in real GDP and little change in inflation. The Bank of England currently judges there is little spare capacity in November 2022 but over the medium term weak demand is likely to mean higher spare capacity. So in the medium term quantitative tightening may have less of an effect on reducing inflation.

Overall contractionary monetary policy is likely to reduce inflation, reduce real GDP and reduce employment. While the direction of the effects is mostly clear, the magnitude is less clear. The most important effect is through the mortgage market, which is likely to be larger in the medium term rather than the short run as consumers renew their fixed mortgages. The effects of contractionary monetary policy also depend on the stance of fiscal policy. If fiscal policy is expansionary, e.g. increased government spending without higher taxes, then this may negate the effect of contractionary monetary policy on inflation. As interest rates rise in the UK, fiscal policy was briefly expansionary with announcements of tax cuts and spending on the energy support scheme, yet the fiscal policy has become less expansionary under Chancellor Jeremy Hunt, with tax rises for example on middle and higher earners announced. This means monetary policy is likely to be more effective in reducing inflation.

This answer features detailed analysis, with use of graphs.

There are real world examples throughout. Here I have mainly focussed on the UK example. But you can tailor your answer to another country.

For data on the UK economy, I recommend two sources: Trading Economics and the Bank of England’s monetary policy reports .

There is also  evaluation and a solid conclusion.

There are also some definitions of key terms where relevant.

This answer would likely score full marks or close to it.

Other questions

How many words / how much time for a 15 mark question in ib economics paper 1.

The word count is somewhat arbitrary – it depends on how succinctly you can express ideas.

Given the time limits in the exam, most top 15 mark answers I observe reach a word count between 700 and 1100 words.. 

I recommend spending 45 minutes on the 15 mark question. I also recommend a quick plan in this time (just so you know the points, evaluation and example(s) you will use.

Note the timing and requirements may be different for questions in papers 2 and 3.

How should I structure a 15 marker for paper 1 IB?

• Introduction
• Point 1 (analysis and example) 
• Evaluation 1 
• Point 2 (analysis and example)
• Evaluation 2
• [Optional: third point and evaluation, depending on length of first two points].

How do you write conclusions in IB Economics?

There are a few key steps for conclusions:

• Pick a side / answer the question!
• Justify your decision.
• Bring in context.
• Bring in  one other evaluative point on which your answer may depend.

What are the most common mistakes to avoid?

• Forgetting application – make sure to revise your real-world examples. Include your real world examples in your plan.
• Forgetting evaluation or not knowing the evaluation points to write . Practise the most common evaluation points. Here for example, spare capacity is a key evaluation point you can use for any AD shift. 
• Analysis issues in particular graph sketching . Practise graphs so that you have the key graphs memorised. This includes supply and demand, cost and benefit, cost and revenue, AS-AD and tariff diagrams. Analysis issues are harder to solve – you have to understand the content well and practise key chains of analysis for each key area of the course.
• Poor conclusion . A poor conclusion may just summarise the arguments already made (adding no value). Alternatively it may not answer the question given. Remember to start with a decision on the question and justify it. I recommend practising using the conclusion framework above.

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About the author

Helping economics students online since 2015. Previously an economist, I now provide economics resources on tfurber.com and tutor A Level Economics students. Read more about me here .

IB Economics EE examples

Filter exemplars, to what extent has the vehicular emissions scheme (ves) been effective in increasing the consumption of light electric vehicles between 2018 and 2020 in singapore, to what extent does the reduction in interest rate by bank of england under monetary policy and the implementation of energy price guarantee effective in reducing united kingdom’s inflation that is caused by rise in energy prices due to the russian-ukraine war, want to get full marks for your ee allow us to review it for you 🎯, to what extent is government subsidy on green heating in denmark successful in reducing negative externalities associated with natural gas consumption, to what extent do the negative externalities of production of bangladesh's garment industry affect the living standards of its citizens, to what extent have grain farmers in brandon, manitoba, canada, been positively affected by supply-side shocks in the wheat and rapeseed market following the russian invasion of ukraine, fast track your coursework with mark schemes moderated by ib examiners. upgrade now 🚀, assessing the differences in economic performance between north and south korea caused by their contrasting economic systems, to what extent has the eu ban of russian coal imports impacted the export performance of indonesian coal to the eu, to what extent did the (first) covid-19 lockdown reduce negative externalities caused by car use in portugal, investigating the effect of china's recent steel cap policy on both global iron ore prices and brazil's iron ore export quantity, determined by analyzing the relationship between brazil's iron ore exports and china's steel production on prices from 2017-2021., following covid-19, which market structure best describes the structure of bangkok's cinema industry today, to what extent does the provision of covid-19 vaccines by the government of malaysia through the national covid-19 immunisation programme (ncip) effective to recover the gdp and reduce the unemployment rate in malaysia, how are savings the major determinant of the productivity of home-based garment workers in south delhi, to what extent is the effectiveness of nudges in uk schools in order to increase higher gcse outcomes and is there any relation to school x, to what extent did the covid-19 pandemic influence the levels of unemployment in kenya’s economy in 2020, to what extent did selected implemented government policies in australia, france and singapore achieve optimal covid-19 vaccination rates in 2021, what market structure best represents ice cream parlours in the old town of bratislava, how has the 'punjab regulation of wood based industries rules, 2019' enacted by the punjab government had an effect on the wood furniture manufacturers of nabha , are direct taxes the best way to address overconsumption of demerit goods, to what extent does the presence of other cocoa processing firms in cameroon’s cocoa processing industry affect the economy of the “sic cacaos”, to what extent has the covid-19 pandemic affected the pricing of the residential housing market in the austin-round rock metropolitan statistical area since march 2020”, to what extent did microcredit create economic growth and development in dhaka, bangladesh through the empowerment of women before and after the covid-19 pandemic, to what extent were canadian energy-rich provinces’ revenue losses from the oil crash of 2020 offset by gains in the net export market, to what extent and why has covid-19 made india substitute cash with digital modes of payment through upi and what are its spillover effects, to what extent pm kisan samman nidhi yojana (pmksny) has affected debt, income and expenditure on education and healthcare raising the living standards of farmers in sitapura ramoli village and achanchukya village in jaipur from 2020-2021, to what extent did china’s tariffs on american seafood imports impact the export performance of pakistani seafood in china, what have been the economic consequences of covid-19 on the hotel industry in new york city, what are the main factors that affect consumers’ demand for public transport in bratislava, impact of the “make in india” campaign on growth and development of india., to what extent has the state of california government’s policy to permit electric vehicles in “high occupancy lanes” been effective in reducing negative externalities of internal combustion vehicles in los angeles city, to what extent has slovak government intervention been successful in reducing the negative externality resulting from cigarette consumption in slovakia, to what extent has the extensive spread of social media changed consumer habits and therefore the composition of marketing activities of avon hungary from 2018 to 2021, effect of seasonality on the real estate market in riga, to what extent has the provision of pmjay-cmchis health insurance scheme of 2018 improved the health and thereby the living conditions of the residents of jallipatti village, tiruppur district, india, to what extent is the recent introduction of toll gates within abu dhabi an effective response to market failure, how has the polish government’s 500+ policy impacted the standard of living in wilanow district in 2016-2019, the government regulation (lex uber bill) and its impact on the hire-car (uber) market 2019, tax on fat to reduce healthcare cost in britian, examining government intervention to increase consumption of low-emission cars in germany, the effect of the imposition of the carbon cess on the electricity consumption of the sports good industry of meerut, to what extend does a vaping tax encourage cigarette smoking.

How to Write a Good Economics Essay

Governor November 28, 2019 Real World Applications 3 Comments

Many students ask “How to write an economics essay?” This Guide to Writing a Good Economics Essay is applicable to both IB economics as well as the Singapore JC A-Level H2 economics examinations. Many of the pointers here are also applicable to large-mark case study questions.

6 Steps to Writing a Good Economics Essay

Step 1: dissect the question.

Make sure you analyse and fully understand the KEYWORDS and REQUIREMENTS of the question. This is a very important skill that is taught in our economics tuition classes .

For example, “Best”, “Most Effective” are closely related but mean different things.

Paraphrase the question to make it simpler if necessary.

Take note of the command word (eg: Explain, Discuss) as it determines the approach needed for the essay, for example, whether two sides are needed or one side is sufficient. Below are some common examples found in economics essay questions:

Command Words                                      Action Required

Account for                                                 Explain why

Analyse                                                        Break it down into step-by-step explanations

Assess                                                          For & Against. Consider other factors.

Compare                                                      Identify Similarities & Differences

Distinguish                                                   Point out differences

Discuss                                                        Explore both sides

Evaluate                                                       The Good and The Bad.

Explain                                                          Show why and how

Explain whether                                            Cover both possibilities

Examine                                                        Look closely. How so and how not so?

To What Extent                                              Yes…..But….Judgment

Remember to look out for the context in the question. This is usually given in the form of a country (eg: Singapore). The examples in your essay must be tailored to this particular context (for example, do not suggest interest rate policy for Singapore as that is considered infeasible in the Singapore context). If no context is given, any real-world example can be used.

Keep in mind the question throughout the essay and remember to always answer the question. Don’t go off-point!

Common Examiner’s Comment :  Not Answering Question (NAQ))

Step 2: Plan Your Answer

Take some time to consider what economic framework you will use to approach the question. Scribble down your main thesis and anti-thesis points. Ensure they ANSWER THE QUESTION.

Step 3: Essay Introduction

In the introduction, include definitions of keywords in the question and spell out the economic framework you will employ for your answer as well as key definitions.

Step 4: Body of Essay

In the body , there will be several paragraphs. 

The number of points/paragraphs depends on the question. It is common to require 2 main points for each 10 mark essay and similarly for 15 mark essay questions. Under each main point, there may be 1-2 sub-points.

Use one paragraph for each sub-point you are making.

However, do not be too focussed on the number of points or paragraphs. The key is to answer the question.

For each body paragraph , use TET’s PEEL(ED) structure. Include only one main idea per paragraph.

• Point – Write your point in the first sentence so that markers will know what the paragraph will be about. The topic sentence must directly answer the question!
• Explanation – Explain what you mean
• Elaboration – Provide further analysis with clear step-by-step economic reasoning. This part may be done with examples as well as diagrams.
• Link – Link your explanations back to the Point and to answer the question.
• Exemplification – Give an example to support your reasoning. It can be statistics or real-world examples (for Case Studies, evidences from the Case must be uncovered!)
• Diagram – Where possible, araw an appropriate diagram with correct labelling and refer to it in your answer. This is crucial to show economic reasoning. Diagrams are very important for economics essays!

These are of course much easier said than done! Thus, students in our economics tuition classes are regularly honed to achieve such output including with tips and tricks to spark off the correct thinking process.

Our resources including the Study Guides for A Level and IB economics also provide a very powerful and handy reference on the depth of analysis required to score the highest marks.

Common Examiner’s Comment :  Mere statements and claims. No economic rigour.

Step 5: In-Body Evaluation

This applies especially to the 15 mark essays for A-Level Economics. A total of 5 marks is catered for Evaluation. Students should attempt to achieve about 2-3 in-body evaluation marks by pointing out how the thesis and anti-thesis points may not be true due to certain assumptions made that may not hold. Students may write “However,….may not necessarily happen……It would depend on whether….”. This statement can be written after the associated sub-point has been made.

Step 6: CONCLUDING SECTION

This only applies to the 15 mark essay questions.

Earn more evaluation marks by making a reasoned judgement. Deliver your verdict like a Judge! 

Check back on the question before you embark on this. Ensure your judgement answers the question.

So the question now is, how does a judge arrive at and deliver a verdict? Certainly, you should not be summarising or merely paraphrasing your main points in the conclusion. Obviously, you cannot expect more marks by saying the same thing over and over again!

After a verdict and reasons have been provided, consider providing further relevant insights and/or recommendations.

Common Examiner’s Comment :  Repetitive. Mere Summary.

Here are some quite common types of Concluding Sections 

• Consider the relative importance of thesis and anti-thesis factors. Which factors are most important or pertinent in the given context? For example, certain policies better fit specifc types of economies.
• Consider short-term vs long-term pros and cons. Do the short-term benefits outweigh the long-term costs? Is the policy more effective in the long-term, and if so, how pressing is the problem that needs to be addressed?
• Suggest a multi-policy approach, in which each policy has strengths and weaknesses that allow them to complement each other.

There is no way to really memorise evaluation points as every question and context is different. After all, you are being tested on higher-order thinking!

There are other evaluation tips that our students will receive but the key point here is that the training of the mind to think and apply economics is essential. That is where our weekly economics lessons come into play and that is why our students are often asked questions in class and trained to think on their feet. As ex-student Xue Min from YIJC testified, Chief Tutor Mr. Kelvin Hong does not just spoon-feeds our students but mentors them in their thinking to arrive at the answers. This was different from other tutors that her classmates experienced and eventually this was the key to Xue Min’s A grade.

In your essay, write in simple and clear sentences. Everything you write should be value-adding. You do not have to spend time showing off vocabulary as no extra points are awarded for language. Focus on economic reasoning. Use succinct and effective examples which support the point you are trying to make as well as accurate diagrammatic analyses.

For samples of great economics essays, please check out our free Economics Model Essays and sample Past JC A-Level Economics Questions and Answers .

For our econs publications that are sold worldwide, please check out our A Level & IB Economics Study Guides and Model Essays Publications

About The Economics Tutor

Founded by Kelvin Hong in 1998, The Economics Tutor is one of the leading economics tuition in Singapore . We provide a comprehensive program to guide students in understanding complex economic concepts and applying them through case study analyses, essay writing and discussion of real world events.

For 24 years, the way we teach JC Economics Tuition (A Level Economics Tuition) and  IB Economics Tuition  classes helped learners appreciate economics and everything it entails on a much larger scale. We take things step-by-step, implement effective techniques in memorising frameworks and give every student the chance to nurture their ideas. 

We don’t just solely focus on helping you get stellar grades and perfect scores. We make sure that we also hone the critical thinking skills and investment / business decisions you can use outside the four walls of your classroom.

Looking for a fun, engaging and probably the best economics tutor in Singapore? Look no further—check out our extensive and high quality economics resources on the website such as our IB and A Level Economics Publications

Book your lesson today and master the nuances of economics in our next class!

its good knowledgeable post regarding ib economics commentaries. i just wanted to admin can i use your blog as reference to my students .

Go ahead. We are all for helping students learn economics well.

Thank you, A lot of info!

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Model 15-Markers

Unlock your potential with these IB economics model answers, designed to provide a deeper understanding of key topics and real-world examples. 

By studying these model answers, you’ll gain a solid foundation in economic concepts, learn how to structure your essays effectively, and develop critical analysis skills. As you explore the real-world examples provided, you’ll also gain an appreciation for the complexities and nuances of economic policies and their impacts on various societies. 

Our goal is to empower you with the knowledge and confidence needed to succeed in your IB economics journey, ensuring that you’re well-equipped to tackle any question or challenge that comes your way. 

Click on the questions below to see a model essay!

Microeconomics

Using real-world examples, discuss the consequences of a price ceiling on stakeholders

Using real-world examples, evaluate different approaches to managing common access resources

Using real-world examples, evaluate the policies a government might adopt to respond to a market situation in which significant asymmetric information exists

Using real-world examples, evaluate the effects for stakeholders of a government imposing an indirect tax on a particular good

Using real-world examples, evaluate the view that government regulation is the most effective way to deal with negative externalities of consumption

Using real-world examples, evaluate the view that governments should always try to prevent the creation of barriers to entry in a market.

Using real-world examples, evaluate the impact of large firms having significant market power.  

Macroeconomics

Using real-world examples evaluate the claim that according to the Keynesian and monetarist models a decrease in AD will always be deflationary.

Using real-world examples evaluate the view that  economic growth  will always lead to an improvement in living standards

Using real-world examples, evaluate the effectiveness of  monetary policy  to achieve low unemployment

Global Economy

Using real-world examples, discuss the possible implications of a persistent  current account deficit

Using real-world examples, discuss the consequences of a fall in a country’s exchange rate

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Economics Extended Essay Guide: Everything You Need to Learn

by  Antony W

April 18, 2024

This guide covers everything you need to learn before you write an IB Economics Extended Essay.

We look at the definition, structure, assessment criteria, topic selection, data collection, analysis and evaluation, and reflection.

What is an IB Economics Extended Essay?

An Economics Extended Essay is a 4,000-word autonomous, self-directed report based on a topic of personal interest. This project allows you to:

• Improve your research skills.
• Apply economic theories to a real-world issue.
• Analyze and evaluate the outcomes of your study.

The essay requires 40 hours of preparation and writing. Moreover, you’ll get help from your school-based supervisor throughout this period. The result should be a clear and well-organized analytical essay.

To write a comprehensive Economics EE, you must dedicate time to conduct in-depth research to collect meaningful and reliable data you can use to analyze the context of your theory and research issue.

IB Economics Extended Essay Structure

Your Economics EE should feature a title page, table of contents, introduction, methodology, main body, conclusion, bibliography, and appendices.

• Title Page: Write the title of the essay, the EE research question , subject, and word count.
• Table of Contents: Make sure each section mentioned in your table of contents has corresponding page numbers.
• Introduction: Explain the focus of the essay, the scope of the research, and your line of argument.
• Main Body: Write reasoned arguments for the issue under investigation. Use subheadings for methodology, analysis, discussion, and evaluation.
• Conclusion: Communicate what you’ve achieved. Mention the limitation of your research and note what your research question couldn’t answer.
• Bibliography:   Cite all the EE sources to demonstrate that you engaged in in-depth research and that you care about academic integrity.

IB Economics Extended Essay Assessment Criteria

The assessment criteria for an extended essay in economics examine focus and method, knowledge and understanding, critical thinking, presentation, and engagement. The following table is a complete summary of the marking scheme.

Economics Extended Essay Topic Selection

The best economics EE topic is the one that you find interesting enough to explore, as long as the focus remains on the fundamentals of economic concepts.

We strongly suggest you choose a topic that allows you to apply economic theories, methods and instruments present in the curriculum. Remember, the assignment requires you to conduct secondary research. However, you may also conduct pertinent original research depending on the topic you choose.

Your topic should:

• Be historical. However, your focus should be on a research issue that’s no more than five years old.
• Allow you to use economic theories and concepts to answer your research question.
• Provide opportunities for critical analysis of the information and data collected.
• Allow enough room for analysis while sticking to the scope of the essay. 

Don’t choose a broad topic because the essay needs critical and reflective thinking and analysis on something specific. And don’t pick an excessively narrow theme because you may not have access to specific data.

So choose your topic wisely, making sure that it isn’t too wide or too narrow to fit within the scope of the EE’s requirements.

Data Collection in Economics Extended Essay

You have to conduct original research on topics covered in the economics curriculum. Therefore, spend just enough time establishing value for your topic in microeconomics, macroeconomics or the global economy.

Doing original research goes a long way to show that the title and the research question is an issue unanswered by secondary sources.

If you’ve decided to write an EE on microeconomics, you may have to use primary research in the form of surveys, questionnaires, or interviews with pertinent businesspeople direct to the study subject.

Themes from macroeconomics and the global economy require more secondary research in the form of data extraction from published academic papers, historical records, government publications, newspaper/online articles, and statistical databases.

Analysis and Evaluation in Economics EE

The analysis of your economics extended essay can only be effective if you use pertinent economic theories to analyze data collected.

You have to incorporate applicable economic theories, models, and methods in your research’s findings.

For example, you can exhibit critical analysis and evaluation by a sound assessment and judgment of the amount to which the applicable economic theory is beneficial in addressing your research question .

If you cannot establish relevant connections between your selected topic and the research question, avoid establishing knowledge claims based on economic theories, models, and instruments.

Criterion C of the assessment instrument requires you to provide precise findings for each analyzed point, and there has to be interim conclusions throughout your writing.

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the limitations of your own research, flaws in the economic theories, and underlying assumptions of the models utilized when developing your arguments. Also, evaluate the extent to which an economic theory may or may not describe your topic.

IB Economics EE Reflection Session 

Being reflective is one of the IB learner profile characteristics, and it is now a formal requirement of the EE evaluation criteria.

IB uses the Reflections on Planning and Progress Form (RPPF), which has a 6-point value, to evaluate reflections. This is a substantial amount of points, which can determine the distinction between two grades on the final examination.  

As part of the EE requirements, you will be required to hold three mandatory reflection sessions with your supervisor, and each of these reflection sessions appear on the official RPPF.

Reflection in the EE focuses on the process of the assignment itself.

Consider the following areas of reflection for each portion of the RPPF:

• How did you overcome the problems, setbacks, and barriers you encountered, and what did you learn in the process?
• Which of the IB learner profile characteristics apply to you?
• What did you learn, and did new views emerge?  

The maximum word count for all three reflections is 500. You must write the reflection in your own word and pertain only to your personal learning journey throughout the course.

About the author 

Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.

2016-2017 IB Extended Essay: Sample IB EE's

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The Best IB Economics Notes and Study Guide for SL/HL

International Baccalaureate (IB)

Are you taking IB Economics but feel you aren't learning enough from your class alone? Maybe you need more explanation of certain economics topics? If you need some help in your IB Economics SL/HL class, this study guide is for you. I've gathered all of the best free IB Economics study guides and notes into one useful article. This IB Economics study guide is organized according to the IB Economics HL syllabus and IB Economics SL syllabus.

2022 IB Exam Changes Due to COVID-19

Because of the ongoing COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic, the IB has decided to extend the adaptations which were put in place for 2021 to 2022. May 2022 IB assessments will have two routes, exam and non-exam, depending on which your school chooses. Stay up to date with the latest information on what this means for IB diplomas, course credit for IB classes, and more with our our IB COVID-19 FAQ article .

How to Use These IB Economics Notes and Study Guide

If you are looking for help with one topic, use the Command + F function on your keyboard to search this article for that topic. For instance, if you want to learn more about Markets, use Command + F to bring up the search function. Type in "Markets” and it'll bring up all of the study materials for Markets.

I separated the resources into:

• Quick reference: one-page summary of material if you just need a quick refresher.
• Longer notes: notes (generally 3-10 pages) if you need more of an in-depth explanation.

How Should You Use This Article During the School Year?

If there are any subjects that you feel you don't completely understand after learning them in class, use these notes to review them and fill any knowledge gaps. You should also use these notes to regularly review past topics you covered in class to be sure you don't forget earlier topics and have to cram right before the exam.

To score well on the IB Economics exam, you should be studying and reviewing the topics you cover in class throughout the year. This will help you cement this information in your mind so you're not struggling for answers on test days.

In addition to these notes, you should also take several practice tests. This will help you test your knowledge and get a better idea of how well you'll score on test day. Find IB Economics HL and IB Economics SL past papers, Free and Official, in our other article .

Common Study Mistakes for IB Economics SL/HL

It's important to avoid falling behind in IB Economics SL/HL; there's just too much material to learn easily if you get significantly behind. You need to master the topics during the school year to ace your IB Economics papers. Some common mistakes are:

• Avoiding topics you don't understand in class. If you didn't learn it in class, you need to look for help elsewhere whether through this IB Economics study guide or tutoring.
• Waiting to study until a week or two before the papers. There are a lot of concepts to master. A week or two is not enough time to learn them all (that is why IB Economics is taught over 1 to 2 years). Learn the topics as you're supposed to learn them in class. Use this study guide if you need extra help.

Section 1: Introduction to Economics (10 Hours SL and HL)

1.1 What is economics?

• Longer notes: Basic Definitions
• Quick reference: IB Economics Introduction (videos included)
• Video reference: Introduction to the New IB Economics Syllabus

1.2 How do economists approach the world?

Section 2: Microeconomics (35 Hours SL/70 Hours HL)

• Longer notes: PPF and PPC
• Longer notes: Free Market vs. Planned Economy
• Longer notes: Theory of the Firm (HL)

2.1 Demand 

• Quick reference: Markets
• Longer notes: Markets
• Quick reference: Demand
• Quick reference: Market efficiency
• Quick reference: Supply

2.3 Competitive market equilibrium

• Quick reference: Market equilibrium
• Quick reference: The role of the price mechanism

2.4 Critique of the maximizing behavior of consumers and producers

• Quick reference: Rational consumer choice  
• Flash cards

2.5 Elasticity of demand

• Longer notes: Elasticities
• Quick reference: Price elasticity of demand (PED)
• Quick reference: Cross price elasticity of demand (XED)
• Quick reference: Income elasticity of demand (YED)

2.6 Elasticity of supply

• Quick reference: Price elasticity of supply (PES)

2.7 Role of government in microeconomics

• Quick reference: Government intervention—indirect taxes
• Quick reference: Government intervention—maximum price
• Quick reference: Government intervention—minimum price
• Quick reference: Indirect taxes
• Quick reference: Subsidies
• Quick reference: Price controls

2.8 Market failure—externalities and common pool or common access resources

• Longer notes: Market Failure
• Quick reference: The meaning of market failure
• Quick reference: Types of market failure

2.9 Market failure—public goods

• Longer notes: Market failures, public goods, and externalities
• Quick reference: Public goods and market failure

2.10 Market failure—asymmetric information (HL only)

• Longer notes: Asymmetric information

2.11 Market failure—market power (HL only)

• Quick reference: Defining market failure
• Quick reference: Market power definition

2.12 The market’s inability to achieve equity (HL only)

• Quick reference: Unequal distribution of income

Section 3: Macroeconomics (40 Hours SL/75 Hours HL)

• Longer notes: Measuring National Income
• Longer notes: Introduction to Development
• Longer notes: Unemployment and Inflation
• Longer notes: Distribution of Income

3.1 Measuring economic activity and illustrating its variations 

• Longer notes: Measuring economic activity

3.2 Variations in economic activity—aggregate demand and aggregate supply 

• Longer notes: Aggregate demand and aggregate supply curves
• Longer notes The long run and the short run
• Quick reference: Aggregate supply and aggregate demand

3.3 Macroeconomic objectives 

• Longer notes: Macroeconomic Models

3.4 Economics of inequality and poverty

• Longer notes: How are inequality and poverty linked?
• Longer notes: Economics of inequality and poverty

3.5 Demand management (demand-side policies)—monetary policy

• Longer notes: Demand-side policies
• Quick reference: Demand management policies
• Quick reference: Definition of monetary policy
• Quick reference: Monetary policy vs. fiscal policy

3.6 Demand management—fiscal policy

• Quick reference: Definition of fiscal policy
• Quick reference: Role of the fiscal policy

3.7 Supply-side policies

• Longer notes: Demand-side and Supply-side policies
• Longer notes: Supply-side policy
• Quick reference: Supply-side policies definition

Section 4: Development Economics

4.1 Benefits of international trade 

• Longer notes: Reasons for trade
• Longer notes: Free trade and protectionism
• Longer notes: World Trade Organization (WTO)

4.2 Types of trade protection

• Longer notes: Examples and types of protectionism
• Quick reference: Protectionism definition
• Quick reference: International trade—tariffs
• Quick reference: International trade—quota

4.3 Arguments for and against trade control/protection

• Longer notes: Terms of trade
• Longer notes: Arguments for trade protection
• Quick reference: Arguments against import protectionism
• Quick reference: Arguments for and against free trade

4.4 Economic integration 

• Longer notes: Economic integration definition
• Longer notes: Economic integration

4.5 Exchange rates 

• Longer notes: Exchange rates
• Quick reference: Exchange rates definition

4.6 Balance of payments 

• Longer notes: Balance of payments
• Longer notes: Balance of Payment problems

4.7 Sustainable development

• Longer notes: Sustainable development

4.8 Measuring development

• Longer notes: Measuring development
• Longer notes: Measuring development (with videos)
• Quick reference: Single indicators and composite indicators

4.9 Barriers to economic growth and/or economic development

• Longer notes: Consequences of Growth
• Longer notes: Barriers to Economic Growth

4.10 Economic growth and/or economic development strategies

• Longer notes: Sources of Economic Growth and/or Development
• Longer notes: Growth and Development Strategies
• Longer notes: Evaluation of Growth and Development Strategies

What's Next?

Want some more IB Economics study materials? Check out our guide to every IB Economics past paper available , including free and official papers.

Looking for more info on what IB Economics covers? Read our complete guide to the IB Economics syllabus to learn every topic that will be covered in the course.

Wondering which other IB classes you can take? Take a look at the complete list of IB courses to see what your options are.

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• Annotated extended essay sample 2
• The IB core
• Extended essay

Classroom activity

Read the extended essay below, which came from one of my former Economics students.  After doing so, apply the extended essay rubric and justify your marks. My comments are on the next page as well as an annotated copy of the EE.

Title : To what extent does the Palandöken Ski Center actively practise price discrimination?

Word count : 3897 words

Introduction

Erzurum Palandöken Ski Center is an important tourist attraction of Turkey in which there are 22 ski tracks, 5 hotels and about 5000 visitors every day. It is the best ski center in Turkey for skilled skiers because of the steepness of slopes, quality of snow, length of trail etc. This makes Palandöken Ski Centre a popular destination for tourists and the resort welcomes visitors from all over the world, including Turkey.

There are 5 hotels which sell tickets to the ski lifts, rent ski equipment to visitors as well as hotel rooms to the visiting tourists and local people.  For my essay, I will focus on whether the resort hotels use price discrimination as a method of maximising their sales revenues. To investigate this price discrimination, I will compare the prices paid by three different groups of customer – Turkish residents of Erzurum, Turkish people living in other cities of Turkey and foreigners. It is my opinion that the hotels will actively pursue price discrimination, charging lower prices to locally based customers.  This is based on my own experience having spoken to foreign tourists and asking them how much they paid for those items.

My essay will be based firstly on secondary research where I will outline the theory behind price discrimination and secondly, I will conduct a series of short interviews and surveys to collect my data. I intend to test my thesis and answer the question:

 “To what extent does the Palandöken Ski Centre actively practise price discrimination?”

The reason why I have chosen this topic is because I have been a keen skier since I was 8 years old and I have been skiing for 9 years. I also enjoy speaking to foreigners and sharing experiences with them.  I will enjoy working on this essay.

Methodology

In writing this essay, I intend to complete the following:                                                    

Firstly, I will complete my secondary research where I will summarise ‘Price Discrimination’.  After completing my secondary research I will start my primary research which will be based on surveys of customers at the ski centre as well as interviews with hotel owners and the salesmen who rent ski equipment.  I will start by going to Palandöken Ski Centre to check the price of accommodation, ski equipment and ski lifts.

I will record this data and then choose 10 people from Erzurum, 10 from other cities of Turkey (who are here as tourists) and 10 foreigners. Then I will ask this sample to fill in a short questionnaire where they will detail the price that each paid for their accommodation, ski lifts and ski equipment.

Finally, I will make a table to record all the data. This data table will help me to compare the results and decide whether my results support my hypothesis or not.  I intend to use the data as the basis for my in depth questionnaires, which will also help me to form my conclusions.

Lastly, having collected all of my data I will attempt to reach a conclusion as to the question: “To what extent does the Palandöken Ski Centre actively practise price discrimination?”

What is Price Discrimination?

Price discrimination is the way of selling in which the producer charges different prices to different consumers for the exact same product or service. For example a cinema may charge a lower price for students but a higher price for the adults.  In this case there is a price discrimination caused by the age of the two consumers. For a producer there should be three conditions which are listed below so that the producer can be able to price discriminate:

• To be able to price discriminate easily, the producer should have the price-setting ability. The more price-setting ability the producer has, the easier to price discriminate. Price discrimination generally occurs in imperfect markets rather than the perfect competition. That is why price discrimination mostly occurs in monopoly and oligopoly.This is because the more competitive the market and the more firms in the industry, the less ability each firm has to control prices – i.e. they become price takers, not price makers.
• A product with inelastic demand would generally be easier to price discriminate. This is because the more important a product is to a consumer, then the easier it to charge them higher prices. So another condition for price discrimination is that the consumers should have different price elasticities of demand for the product.
• The third condition is that the producer must be able to separate the consumers so that the segment(s) that pays a lower price for a product must not be able to resell the product on to a customer paying a higher price for the same product.

In order for producers to price discriminate, they must be able to separate the different markets by using the ways listed below:

• Time: Some consumers may be ready to pay higher prices at some certain times. For example a hotel may have more visitors at weekend rather than weekdays so the producer, in this case the hotel room, may charge lower prices at weekdays but higher prices at weekend. If the hotel can set the price correctly and discriminate the price well, they can maximise their revenue.
• Age: Different ages may pay different prices for the exact same product or service. For example an airline company may charge less to a child than an adult for the flight ticket. The reason is that children has lower income so that their demand for the flight ticket is more price elastic.
• Income: Some firms may change prices according to the income level of the customer. Under this method, people with higher incomes (e.g foreign tourists) would pay more than people with lower incomes (Erzurum residents). Another example might be a university charging lower tuition fees for a student with lower income and higher tuition fees for a student with higher income.
• Types of the consumer: A firm that sells their product to the different consumers charges different prices to these consumers. Firms determine different rates for the different types of the consumer and these rates are determined with respect to the elasticities of demand of the consumer. For example ski resorts may charge different prices to foreign tourists than local consumers, because the hotel believes that foreign tourists and local residents have different PEDs, i.e. tourists are simply more willing and able to purchase the hotel at a higher price than the local resident.

In order to discriminate the price, at least three of the above conditions above should exist; if not price discrimination will not be possible. Generally people think that sales promotion is also a type of price discrimination but actually it is the shrewd attitude of the seller in order to attract the customers. For example nightclubs’ idea of taking the girls in with a lower price is actually a way for them to attract more boys to come in their nightclubs. In this sense sales promotion is not included to price discrimination.

Types of Price Discrimination

There are three levels of price discrimination to be considered:

First Degree Discrimination

For the Figure 1.1, to the right, the trader sells the product to different consumers at different prices. If that trader sells his product with the price where MC=MR, he would receive a revenue which is only the pale blue area but if the trader sells his products by discriminating the price, selling with higher prices to tourists, he will also get the dark blue triangle as a revenue. In this case the hotel will charge higher prices during the peak season when demand is higher and less during the off peak season.  This method effectively charges different prices for the same hotel room, depending on the time of the season that they want it.

Second Degree Discrimination

This is basically charging different prices depending on the quantity consumed.  (Philips, 1999)

For the Figure 1.2 the GSM company decreases the price if the user sends more than 50 messages per month. Normally if the price stays the same GSM Company should get only the pale blue rectangle as a revenue but by discriminating the price they could also earn the dark blue rectangle as a profit.  Relating this method of discrimination to my essay, the hotel would charge a lower daily rate to visitors staying longer periods. As the consumers are willing and able to stay more, then the hotel will charge these consumers less per night which will help hotel to maximise their profits. In my research the quantity stands for the number of nights that consumers will stay.

Third Degree Discrimination

This means charging different prices depending on a particular market segment, e.g. age profile, income group, time of use.  examples of each are shown on the diagrams below:

Here in figure 1.3, above the cinema knows that students have more price elastic demand for going to the cinema because they have lower income. I.e. they are more sensitive to price than people in fulltime employment.  In this sense they charge lower prices to students, by contrast they charge higher to adults since they have higher income. In this example the student price would be 7.5 TL and the adult price 10.25.  Both prices are higher than the marginal cost of the ticket at 5TL.  If the cinema did not price discriminate they would have to charge either 7.5 TL and miss out on additional revenue from adults or charge 10.25 and have lower demand from students.  In this way consumer surplus is reduced and profits are raised as the cinema is filled with discounted tickets, rather than having this segment ignore the cinema.

Investigation

How can palandoken resort hotels use price discrimination.

It is my belief that Palandöken hotels are able to use first, second and third degree price discrimination because they are able to separate the market.  For my essay I will presume that there are three different types of customer – local residents (people living in Erzurum), Turkish tourists from Istanbul, Izmir and other wealthy Turkish cities as well as foreign (i.e. non-Turkish speaking) tourists.

The reason why foreigners cannot simply get Turkish people to purchase their hotel rooms is that the identity card of the customers are needed during the check in process. This is really important for hotels since they separate their market in this process. The identity card gives enough information about the nationality of the customer so that hotels are getting information in order to practise third degree price discrimination. This process enables hotels to separate the Erzurum residents from Istanbul and other wealthy Turkish cities’ residents. Distinguishing them from foreigners is very easy.  They are looking at the hometown of the customer and trying to offer the best price, based on what they believe customers are willing and able to pay.

Primary Research Findings

The survey that I completed in Palandöken Ski Center shows the price discrimination clearly. Data tables are created and shown below:

Finally the last table shows the prices paid by foreign tourists:

Note: Subjects with (*) near them are taken towards the end of the season. (March 15, 2015)

The Following tables are illustrated in the following three graphs:

Average percentage change of the above data is as follows calculated by the formula:

average price of a hotel room paid by foreigners - average price paid for the same room by local residents / average price paid by local residents x 100 will provide us with the average level of discrimination paid by foreign tourists at the ski hotels.

In this investigation, there had been 10 sample prices for each of the 3 types of costumers: Local residents, people from different cities and foreigners. All the data are from two different weeks in which one of them is taken during the ski season and the other one is taken towards the end of the ski season. (Marked with “*” sign.)

According to the results, in the ski season, people from other cities of Turkey pay approximately same price (0%) with the local residents. On the other hand, foreigners pay approximately 18.2796% more than the local residents. Towards the end of the season this percentage falls to 8.4507%.

Data tables above have shown that customers have paid different prices for the same product or service at a given time. This shows that hotels are practising the price discrimination depending on the criteria listed in the introduction part. According to the tables above there are two factors that the hotels use to separate the markets: Income, based on the nationality of the customers and the time, based on the ski season when more or less customers are willing and able to pay for their goods and services.

Starting from the income of the customers, results show that local people pay the least price compared to the people from other cities and the foreigners. This result depends on the fact that local people earn less than the rest of the country and foreigners because of the cheaper living standards as a result of the geographical position of Erzurum which is the east part of the Turkey.

People from the other cities of Turkey pay slightly more than the local residents. This result depends on the fact that as you go from east to west part of the Turkey, the living standards rise and causes an increase in the wages. As a result of a difference in wages, hotel management sets different prices for the customers coming from different parts of the Turkey. Within the results of the people from other cities of Turkey, the hypothesis of “the prices rise as you go from east to west” is supported. In fact, not the geographical position of the city but the importance of the city and living standards determine the price of the hotels. According to the results taken from the questionnaire, people in Istanbul which is the most well-known and expensive city of Turkey pay more than anyone in the Turkey as a result of the highest wages in the country. Ankara is the second city that pays more than other cities of Turkey. This is because Ankara is the capital city of Turkey and like İstanbul, Ankara is also an expensive city which is a result of higher wages. Rest of the results for the other cities of Turkey, the prices are approximately same with the local residents which might seem a little bit strange. According to the price discrimination logic, people from different cities of Turkey other than Erzurum are supposed to pay more than the local residents. Probably; since the skiing is a luxury activity, hotel management thinks that local people who prefer to lodge in the hotel although they have their house in the city are willing and able to pay more for the goods and services of the hotel; so the hotel management considers these customers as customers who came from the other cities of Turkey and charge the same as the other people pay.

Foreigners are the customers who pay the highest prices for the hotels. This can be explained by the price elasticity of demand theory. The theory says that quantity demanded for a product or service responses to the change in price. In this investigation, it is known that tourists have lower price elasticity than the people from other cities of Turkey and the local people. This means tourists’ demand for the hotels will have a slight change for the increase in prices of the hotels. A lower PED is caused by the same theory of the people who live in the big and expensive cities of Turkey and the local people: Foreign people earn more money compared to the people in Turkey and also the difference in the currency provides them a chance to have a more valuable money in Turkey. When the foreigners are compared within themselves, it can be seen that American people pay more money than any other foreigners which shows that American people have the least price elasticity. Most of the customers from the European countries pay the same prices because of a similar price elasticities. Only Russian customer pays less than the other European countries probably because of the wide range of skiing opportunities in Russia. Hotel management sets a different and a cheaper price for the Russian people in order to attract them for their hotels instead of the hotels in Russia. The customer from the England is an exceptional sample in which he is capable of talking in Turkish. Normally, a British customer is supposed to pay a price similar to the American; however the hotel management set a lower price closer to the local people in order to appeal the customer.

The other factor that hotels use to price discriminate is the time of the year. The data in the tables show that towards the end of the skiing season the prices are lower than the normal skiing season. Price elasticity of demand theory can be used to explain the discrimination applied according to the time. In a normal season, there is a very high demand for the hotels so that although prices are very high, customers are willing and able to pay for the higher prices. Excess demand for the hotel rooms provides a chance for the hotel management to raise the price for their hotels by a logic that customers are ready to pay more. However, towards the end of the season, demand for the hotel room falls and this causes an excess supply. As a result of an excess supply, hotels lower the prices in order to attract more customers even if it is the end of the skiing season.

Having identified what I believe is evidence of price discrimination I wanted to test my theory by interviewing the manager of one of the most popular hotels, which I arranged on.

The manager of the Dedeman Hotel stated that they have 4 types of booking which are the ways of communicating with customers in order to practise price discrimination:

• Online booking
• Booking by telephone
• Booking in the hotel (Face to face)
• Regular Customers

He stated that it is very important for them to be able to practise price discrimination. A closer look at the booking types shows that the hotel charges different prices to different customers. For the online booking they reserve a limited number of rooms and the price for the rooms are determined transiently by the online receptionist according to the number of remaining rooms. For example a price of a room in the online booking can be 200 Turkish Liras when there are 10 rooms left and the price can go up to 250 when there is only 1 room left.  This would be similar to first degree price discrimination, as the airlines do.  Mr. Akca, the manager of the hotel, said that the prices for online booking are determined in a meeting of the board of directors and then applied in the booking websites such as “www.booking.com“ , “www.trivago.com” etc.

However the same process does not work for the booking by telephone. While people are booking for their rooms by telephone, the receptionist firstly asks where they are calling from in order to separate the customers. Mr. Akca says that after they have learned the hometown of the consumer, they are considering whether the hometown is wealthy or not and only then do they inform the consumers about the price.  He outlined that there is not much difference in price between customers from Erzurum or customers from other Anatolian cities however they do apply a small difference if they are calling from Ankara, İstanbul and Izmir.  These customers pay more and this difference comes from the income level of these cities, which are generally higher than the income of people from Erzurum or other Anatolian cities. In this sense the hotel believes that they are more willing and able to pay higher prices than the Anatolian cities’ customers.

While people are booking the hotel face to face, the prices go a little bit up. Mr. Akca explains this situation with these words: “When people come here for booking, we consider that they have only a few alternatives that is why they have to pay whatever the price we charge them is. As hotel administration we charge higher prices than normal but as always the price is negotiable. If they bargain with us, we may decrease the prices about 10-20 Turkish lira less.”

He also says that if the customer is a foreigner, they are charged more than the Turkish customers. According to Mr. Akca the reason for this is because foreigners have a lower price elasticity than Turkish customers which means they are willing and able to pay higher prices. The higher wages in foreign countries means that they are spending more money than Turkish customers and because of this reason they are ready to pay more for their rooms. Mr. Akca also says that they are charging different prices to different customers from different countries, meaning that Americans or people from the Middle East would pay more than Europeans who are more difficult to overcharge. 

This can be explained by differing price elasticities. He uses these words to explain this situation: “We all know that Americans earn more than everyone else including Europeans and this means they can pay more than everyone else.” According to what Mr. Akca says the board of management determines some prices for the foreigners by considering the national income of these consumers.  They give a decision-making-authority to the receptionists so that they can increase the prices about 10 to 20 Turkish liras.

The last type of customer is the regular customer such as pharmaceutical representatives. Mr. Akca says that for the regular customers they are generally charging the exact same price for the rooms and they do not practise the price discrimination for them.

According to the overall results of this investigation and the answers taken from the interview, it can be seen that hotels have different methods to maximise their profits. In order to use the advantages of price discrimination, they are separating their consumers and practising the price discrimination. In other words, they charge consumers the highest price that they are willing and able to pay so that they get the maximum profit that they can get.

Improvements

The investigation has shown that ski resorts in the Palandöken Mountain practise price discrimination to get the maximum profit. Data taken from the consumers in the resorts have proven that price discrimination occurs. However for this investigation, only 10 data for each type of consumers are used which is the weakness of this investigation. Small sample may cause the danger of one or two rogue results and falsely skewing the figures. If there could be more than 10 data, there might be more accurate results that show whether price discrimination occurs or not; but the investigation has supported the limited data by the interview made by the hotel manager so that the manager has also mentioned the price discrimination. All the data used in this investigation are taken from only 1 of the ski resorts in Palandöken so that all the price are similar; however if there could be the data of the other hotels, the price discrimination within hotels can also be observed.

Since the investigation is limited to 4000 words, it might be normal to have 10 data for each, however the investigation is opened to the improvements in order to see the price discrimination logic and the way that producers/hotels use to maximise their profits.

Appendix - Sample Questionnaire

This is the script of the questions that I have asked to the consumers of the hotels in the Palandöken Ski Centre to learn about the way hotels use to practise price discrimination:

Bilkent Erzurum Laboratory School

Economics Extended Essay Questionnaire

1: Where are you from?

2: How much do you pay for the hotel per night? (Including the ski lifts and ski equipments)

3: Do you think the hotel practise price discrimination?

This is the interview that I have made with the hotel manager to learn about the way hotels use to practise price discrimination. This is translated from the original and oral conversation.

Me: Hello Mr. Akca! I am here to learn about price discrimination that is practised by the hotels. Firstly, let me ask you whether you practise price discrimination or not? If yes, can you tell me about the way you follow for practising the price discrimination?

Mr. Akca: Of course we do. Price discrimination is something that is legal in the economy. As a hotel that has a wide range of tourist attraction from all around the world, we do practise price discrimination to make as much profit as we can. The most important thing about the price discrimination is that you should be able to practise price discrimination. We, as the Board of Directors of the hotel, have a meeting at the beginning of every week to talk about the profits and the prices. In these meetings, we are trying to find appropriate prices for the hotels in order to maximise our profits. During these meetings, we consider the price discrimination and we try to set the prices according to the price discrimination concepts. Let me explain these concepts from the booking ways of our hotels. We have 4 types of booking in our hotel: Online booking, booking by telephone, booking in the reception desk, regular bookings. Let me start with the online booking: In the meetings, we set a certain number of rooms that are reserved for the online booking. While people try to book from the websites like trivago.com etc., the online receptionist set different prices according to the number of rooms left for the online booking. As the number of rooms reserved for the online booking falls, the prices go a little bit up. If the consumers are booking on the telephone, the receptionists have the price-setting ability. They firstly ask where the consumers are calling from and then they set a price for these consumers according to their cities’ or countries’ average wealth level. When it comes to face to face booking where it take place in the reception desk, it becomes easier for us to take the prices up. When people come here for booking, we consider that they have only a few alternatives that is why they have to pay whatever the price we charge them is. As hotel administration we charge higher prices than normal but as always the price is negotiable. If they bargain with us, we may decrease the prices about 10-20 Turkish lira less. The regular consumers like pharmaceutical representatives we always have the same prices so that we do not practise price discrimination for these consumers. In general, I can say that tourists pay more than any other consumers and this is very normal. We all know that Americans earn more than everyone else including Europeans and this means they can pay more than everyone else. We set the price by looking at the wages so that it’s normal for these people to pay more. By considering that you know about the price elasticities, I can say that it is all about the price elasticity of these consumers. That’s all I can say about the hotels, do you have any other question?

Me: No, thank you Mr. Akca.

Bibliography

Blink, J., & Dorton , I. (2011). IB Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Glass, M. (n.d.). Houston Chronicle . Retrieved from Chron : http://smallbusiness.chron.com/3-types-price-discrimination-25634.html

Phlips , L. (1999). The Economics of Price Discrimination. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Wikipedia . (2011). Retrieved from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia : https ://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki /2011_Winter_ Universiade

Grading practise

Now grade the extended essay according to the following essay, using the grading criteria accessed at MyIB

Remember that in order to grade accurately you will need to read each of the bands and starting with band 0, move up until you find the marking band which most accurately fits the essay.  If two bands appear to accurately assess the essay then teachers must use their professional judgement to decide which most accurately fits the criteria:

On the following page I have included both my notes as well as the score this essay was awarded from the IB.  To access this click on: Annotated extended essay sample 2 (grading criteria)

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What Are the Easiest and Hardest Extended Essay Subjects?

Table of contents.

As a seasoned IB writer who has helped many students through their IB route, I’ve seen my fair share of problems and successes with the extended essay (EE). Picking the right subject for your EE can make a big difference in how well you do and how much you enjoy the experience. Let’s examine what makes some subjects easier and what might make others harder.

What Are the Extended Essay Requirements?

Before we get into the best EE subjects that are the easiest to work on, let’s discuss the basics. This aspect is crucial if you want to understand which factors determine the difficulty of one or another course.

The extended essay is one of the most essential parts of the IB Diploma. It allows you to learn a lot about something that interests you. It takes hard work, the ability to think critically , and a lot of creativity. From what I’ve seen, the first step to success is understanding the EE’s basic needs.

This critical part of the IB program pushes you to learn skills like a college researcher. You have to write a paper with a strict word count , which is a big task that requires both intellectual interest and a well-organized approach. You can prepare for college study by writing an extended essay and going into a topic of your choice in great detail.

The extended essay has strict standards graded in multiple ways, not just on the paper’s topic. You need to develop a research question that is both interesting and possible. This question tells you what to look into and helps you build your theory. The IB standards also stress the importance of a structured and organized investigation method. Your essay should show a strong personal connection to the topic. This result can come in many ways, such as through your thoughts, experiences, or comments.

As someone who has helped many students through their IB assessments, I’ve seen that those who understand the basics of these standards from the start tend to find it easier to deal with problems. They know that the extended essay isn’t just schoolwork; it’s a task that prepares them for the more severe work they’ll be doing in college.

What Factors Influence the Difficulty of Extended Essay Subjects?

A big problem for many IB students when writing an extended essay is picking the right subject. As a teacher and writer for the IB for many years, I’ve seen how subject choice can significantly affect the essay’s difficulty. Many things affect this level of complexity, so it’s not just random.

Interests of the Student

Your interest in and understanding of the subject are the most critical factors. Finding a topic you are interested in makes the study process more fun. Many IB students often find the EE less stressful and more rewarding when they choose areas they are genuinely interested in. This emotional link and motivation help you get deeper insights and think more deeply about the topic, which are both very important when assessing the extended essay.

Access to Resources

The complexity of the topic, what is the easiest ee subject to work on, group 1. studies in language and literature, group 3. social sciences, group 6. the arts, what are the hardest ee subjects.

Even though choosing the easiest extended essay subject might be appealing, it’s also essential to know which options could be more difficult. From my many years of experience, I’ve seen that some groups in the IB program have a reputation for being especially hard.

Group 2. Language Acquisition

For Group 2 extended essays, students must learn a second language, which can be challenging for many. For these kinds of writings, you need to know a lot about the language and the cultural details hidden in it. Students can choose to study a language’s writing, film, or media, requiring them to think critically about the language. The hard part is finding the right words and phrases to explain complicated ideas in a language different from your first . It’s also important to be very aware of cultural settings.

Group 4. Experimental Sciences

Biology, Chemistry, and Physics are some of the most challenging subjects in Group 4. Exact experiments, thorough scientific paperwork, and statistical analysis are usually needed regarding these options.

For example, a Chemistry EE might include lab work with strict safety rules and complicated chemical processes that must be handled and understood carefully. Because empirical proof is needed, students must plan, do exact experiments, and analyze the results. Due to the difficulty of the tasks and the high standards for science writing, Group 4 is a strong option for submitting an extended essay .

Group 5. Mathematics

Many people think that Mathematics is one of the hardest EE subjects because it requires a lot of abstract thinking and strict rational reasoning. In a Mathematics extended essay, you might talk about a specific theory, how it can be used, or even devise a way to solve a problem. It requires a deep knowledge of mathematical ideas and the skill to use them correctly and artistically.

Students must understand complex subjects and explain complicated ideas clearly and precisely. They often do this by making proofs or building models. Many students find Group 5 especially hard because they need to communicate and understand Math at this level of complexity.

Get Help With Your Paper

How do you choose the best ee subject for you.

As an experienced IB writer who has helped many students, I know that the best EE subject fits your academic skills and interests. Here’s a plan to help you make this critical decision.

First, think about the things you are best at and enjoy the most. Your interest in a subject will keep you going during the long months of study and writing. Thinking about what you want to happen is also a good idea. For instance, picking a Group 4 topic might help you gain experience if you’re going to work in science.

Essential things to think about when choosing your EE subject:

• Interests and drives . Do you want to know about the subject? If you’re going to spend a lot of time on something, make sure it makes you happy.
• Resource availability . Can you easily access the tools you need? Consider using internet sources, labs, and libraries. Also, make proper IB references .
• The expertise of the advisor . Is there a teacher who knows much about your field and is ready to help you?
• Scope for research . Are there enough topics in the subject to find your unique angle?
• Your skill set . Do the skills you already have match up with what the subject requires?

Getting advice and talking to your teachers can help you understand how complicated different topics are. They can help you determine if your possible topics are possible based on the tools and knowledge at your school. Looking at great extended essays that other students have written can also help you understand what is expected of you and what has worked in the past.

Final Thoughts

In the end, the best EE subject is the one that fits your personality and intellectual skills. Make a wise choice, and remember that a well-done EE can be a fun experience that significantly affects your IB score. Always try to choose a topic that fits the IB requirements and interests you. It will make the study and writing process more fun and informative. Also, when you need help with extended essay writing, you can get in touch with our IB writers at IBStudentHelp.com .

Nick Radlinsky

Nick Radlinsky is a devoted educator, marketing specialist, and management expert with more than 15 years of experience in the education sector. After obtaining his business degree in 2016, Nick embarked on a quest to achieve his PhD, driven by his commitment to enhancing education for students worldwide. His vast experience, starting in 2008, has established him as a reputable authority in the field.

Nick's article, featured in Routledge's " Entrepreneurship in Central and Eastern Europe: Development through Internationalization ," highlights his sharp insights and unwavering dedication to advancing the educational landscape. Inspired by his personal motto, "Make education better," Nick's mission is to streamline students' lives and foster efficient learning. His inventive ideas and leadership have contributed to the transformation of numerous educational experiences, distinguishing him as a true innovator in his field.

In this article, we discuss the easiest and hardest extended essay subjects, providing insights to help you make an informed decision. From the creative freedom found in the Arts to the demanding nature of the Experimental Sciences, we break down into what makes a subject approachable or daunting.

Failed Your Extended Essay? What to Do?

In this article, I’ll consider the immediate steps you should take after receiving an EE score that didn’t meet your expectations. We’ll discuss how to analyze feedback effectively, manage your emotions, and consider whether a retake is the right choice for you. If a retake isn’t feasible, we’ll look at alternative paths that can still lead you to diploma success.

What to Do If You Fail Your TOK Essay?

Failing your TOK essay can be disheartening, but it’s not the end of your IB path. As a seasoned IB writer, I understand the intricacies of the TOK essay and the common pitfalls students face. In this article, I’ll guide you through practical steps to reassess, revise, and rebound from a failing grade.

What to Do if You Don’t Pass Your IB IA and How to Succeed Next Time

Overcoming the challenges of failing an IB Internal Assessment can be daunting, but it’s not the end of your academic path. This article provides a comprehensive guide on the immediate actions to take if you don’t pass your IA, including analyzing feedback and consulting with your teachers. We’ll discuss opportunities for resubmission, the strategies for improving your work, and long-term tactics to prevent similar setbacks.

IB Referencing in Writing | Citations Guide for Students

This comprehensive guide provides you with the tools and knowledge you need to cite sources accurately, thereby enhancing the credibility and integrity of your academic work. From understanding different citation styles to implementing them effectively in your essays, this article serves as your go-to manual for all things referencing.

When to Submit Extended Essay? IB EE Deadlines

Managing the deadlines for your IB extended essay can seem daunting, but with the right guidance, it’s completely manageable. This article breaks down the critical deadlines you need to know in order to successfully plan and execute your extended essay.

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IB Economics Revision

The IB Economist offers students taking IB Economics at Higher and Standard levels to review and revise topics from the IB Economics course. IB Economics Revision notes are listed as in the official IB Economics syllabus which can be found here:  IB Economics Syllabus .

Note: the revision section will be constantly updated and under construction. If You would like us to discuss a certain topic You are welcome to contact us at [email protected] with your suggestions.

1. Microeconomics

1.1 Competitive Markets – Demand 1.1 Competitive Markets – Market Efficiency: Consumer Surplus 1.3 Government Intervention – Indirect Taxes 1.3 Government Intervention – Maximum Price 1.3 Government Intervention – Minimum Price 1.5 Theory of the Firm – Production

2. Macroeconomics

2.1 Circular Flow Of Income Model And The Business Cycle 2.1 Measures Of Economic Activity 2.2 Aggregate Demand 2.2 Aggregate Supply 2.2 Equilibrium 2.2 The Keynesian Multiplier (HL) 2.3 Macroeconomic Objectives – Low Unemployment 2.3 Macroeconomic Objectives – Low And Stable Rate Of Inflation 2.3 Macroeconomic Objectives – Economic Growth 2.3 Macroeconomic Objectives – Equity In The Distribution Of Income 2.4 Fiscal Policy – The Government Budget 2.4 Fiscal Policy – The Role Of Fiscal Policy 2.5 Monetary Policy 2.6 Supply-side Policies

3. International Economics

3.1 International Trade – The Benefits Of Free Trade 3.1 International Trade – The World Trade Organization (WTO) 3.1 International Trade – Trade Protection: Tariff 3.1 International Trade – Trade Protection: Quota 3.1 International Trade – Trade Protection: Subsidy 3.2 Freely Floating Exchange Rates Determination and Factors 3.2 Effects of Changes in the Exchange Rate

General Evaluation Guides

Market Structure Evaluation – Monopolistic Competition

IB Economics Exam Tips and Guides:

• IB Economics Exam Structure
• How to approach your IB Economics Exam: Tips and Tricks

IB Extended Essay Topics: Economics

As someone with a background in the International Baccalaureate (IB) program, I’ve come to appreciate the unique challenges and opportunities it presents, especially regarding the IB DP Economics Extended Essay (EE). From my extensive experience, I can say that choosing the right topic is an essential step in achieving a high score. That’s why I’m happy to share some ideas on engaging and researchable IB Economics Extended Essay topics.

The Basics of an Economics Extended Essay

Let’s talk about what an Economics EE involves. According to the general IB criteria, this essay requires you to conduct independent research on a topic of interest in Economics, culminating in a 4,000-word paper. From my perspective, the beauty of IB DP Economics EE lies in its ability to explore complex global issues through the lens of economic theory and principles.

In my experience, the most successful economics EEs are born from a genuine passion for the subject matter. Here’s a non-exhaustive list of considerations that might help to choose a topic:

• Aim for a topic that reflects ongoing discussions within the field of economics. It could range from the impact of blockchain technology on financial markets to the economic consequences of climate change policies.
• Ensure sufficient data is available to support your research. Topics with accessible and reliable data sources allow for a more in-depth analysis and a stronger argument.
• Choose a topic that allows you to apply economic theories and concepts. It may involve analyzing market structures, evaluating economic policies, or exploring consumer behavior factors.
• Your topic should spark curiosity and engagement. Writing about something you’re genuinely interested in can make the research process more enjoyable and fulfilling.
• Consider the feasibility of your topic within the given word count and time constraints. Find a topic broad enough to explore in depth but narrow enough to be thoroughly analyzed within 4,000 words.

A high-grade economics EE doesn’t just summarize data or describe an economic situation. It critically engages with economic theories and models to analyze that data. It might involve applying the concepts of supply and demand, elasticity, market structures, or the theories of consumer choice to your chosen topic.

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Extended Essay Topics in Economics: The Best Ideas

As mentioned above, creating an engaging and rigorous IB Extended Essay in Economics starts with choosing a theme for investigation. Below are some topics and research questions spanning various aspects of economics.

These ideas can inspire and guide IB students in their quest for a fascinating research project:

• The Impact of COVID-19 on Small Businesses in New York City . How have small businesses in New York City adapted to the economic challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic?
• Cryptocurrencies and the Global Economy . How do Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies influence global trade and financial markets?
• Sustainable Agriculture and Economic Development in India . Can sustainable agriculture significantly contribute to economic development in India?
• The Economics of Renewable Energy in Germany . How cost-effective are renewable energy sources compared to traditional fossil fuels in Germany?
• Globalization and Local Economies in Mexico . What is the impact of globalization on Mexico’s manufacturing sector?
• Minimum Wage and Employment Rates in the UK Retail Industry . How does introducing a minimum wage affect employment rates in the UK retail industry?
• Economic Implications of Climate Change Policies in the European Union . How have climate change policies impacted economic growth in the European Union?
• Consumer Behavior and E-commerce in China . How has the proliferation of online shopping platforms like Alibaba changed consumer behavior in China?
• Market Structure and Competition in the Telecommunications Industry of South Korea . How does the market structure affect consumer prices and service quality in South Korea’s telecommunications industry?
• Income Inequality and Economic Growth in Brazil . Does income inequality hinder economic growth in Brazil?
• The Economics of Education and Its Impact on Economic Growth in Finland . How does the level of education affect economic growth in Finland?
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Economic Development in Vietnam . What role does FDI play in Vietnam’s economic development?
• Tourism Economics and Economic Development in Thailand . How does tourism contribute to the economic development of Thailand?
• Economic Impact of Health Crises on the Healthcare Sector in Italy. What are the long-term economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Italy’s healthcare sector?
• Technology Startups and Economic Growth in Silicon Valley, USA . How do technology startups contribute to economic growth in Silicon Valley?
• Trade Policies and Agricultural Exports in Kenya . How do trade policies affect agricultural exports in Kenya?
• Inflation and Consumer Purchasing Power in Argentina . How does inflation affect consumer purchasing power in Argentina?
• The Gig Economy and Labor Markets in the United States . How does the gig economy impact traditional labor markets in the United States?
• Public Debt and Economic Stability in Greece . How does high public debt affect economic stability in Greece?
• Economic Sanctions and Their Effectiveness Against Iran . How effective are economic sanctions in achieving political objectives against Iran?
• Gender Inequality in the Workforce and Economic Development in Japan . What impact does gender inequality have on economic development in Japan?
• Economics of Recycling and Waste Management Policies in Sweden . How does the economics of recycling impact waste management policies in Sweden?
• Housing Markets and Economic Cycles in Canada . How do housing markets affect economic cycles in Canada?
• Impact of Social Media on Consumer Spending Among Teenagers in the United States . How does social media influence consumer spending habits among teenagers?
• The Role of Microfinance in Poverty Reduction in Bangladesh . How effective is microfinance in reducing poverty in Bangladesh?
• The Economic Effects of Urbanization in Lagos, Nigeria . How does rapid urbanization affect economic development and living standards in Lagos?
• Brexit and the UK’s Financial Services Sector . What has been Brexit’s impact on London as a global financial hub?
• The Economics of Plastic Ban Policies in Rwanda . How have plastic ban policies impacted the environment and economy in Rwanda?
• The Role of Women Entrepreneurs in Economic Development in Jordan . How do women entrepreneurs contribute to economic growth and job creation in Jordan?
• Impact of Digital Currency on Traditional Banking in Sweden . How is the rise of digital currency affecting traditional banking services in Sweden?
• Agricultural Subsidies and Food Security in India . How do agricultural subsidies impact food security and farmer welfare in India?
• Economic Impact of Cultural Tourism in Kyoto, Japan . What role does cultural tourism play in Kyoto’s economy?
• Child Labor and Economic Growth in Pakistan . How does child labor affect economic growth and development in Pakistan?
• The Effectiveness of Anti-Smoking Policies on Public Health Expenditures in Australia . Have anti-smoking policies significantly reduced public health expenditures in Australia?
• The Gig Economy and Urban Transportation in New York City . How has the gig economy transformed urban transportation in New York City?
• Renewable Energy Adoption and Job Creation in Germany . How has the shift towards renewable energy affected job creation in Germany?
• The Economic Consequences of Ageing Populations in Japan . What are the economic challenges and opportunities faced by an aging population in Japan?
• The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Manufacturing Jobs in China . How is artificial intelligence reshaping the manufacturing sector and employment in China?
• The Influence of Social Media Marketing on Consumer Spending in the Fashion Industry . How does social media marketing influence consumer spending in the fashion industry?
• Water Scarcity and Economic Development in Egypt . How does water scarcity impact agricultural productivity and economic development in Egypt?
• The Economics of Space Exploration . What are the economic benefits and costs of investing in space exploration?
• Impact of Sports Events on Local Economies . Case Study of the Olympics in Tokyo: How do major sports events like the Olympics affect the local economy of the host city?
• Sustainable Fishing Practices and Economic Viability in Norway . How do sustainable fishing practices impact the economy and environment in Norway?
• The Role of E-commerce in Rural Development in China . How does e-commerce contribute to economic development in rural areas of China?
• Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters in the Philippines . How do natural disasters affect economic growth and recovery in the Philippines?
• The Relationship Between Social Inequality and Economic Growth in South Africa . How does social inequality affect economic growth in South Africa?
• The Effect of International Sanctions on North Korea’s Economy . How have international sanctions impacted North Korea’s economy?
• Economic Benefits of Bilingualism in Canada . How does bilingualism contribute to economic opportunities in Canada?
• The Impact of Veganism on the Meat Industry in the United States . How is the rise of veganism affecting the meat industry and economy in the United States?
• Mobile Banking and Financial Inclusion in Kenya . How has mobile banking contributed to financial inclusion and economic development in Kenya?

These topics and research questions are intended to promote critical thinking and lay the groundwork for a thorough inquiry into various economic concerns. You can tailor these ideas to your interests and data availability for Extended Essay research.

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You can write an informative and compelling Extended Essay by choosing a topic that aligns with your interests and adhering to the IB’s criteria. Remember, this is an opportunity to research an area of Economics that fascinates you. So approach it enthusiastically, and you’ll get the highest grade. Also, if you need help with Extended Essay writing , just contact our IB writers.

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