term paper on leadership theories

• A-Z Publications

Annual Review of Psychology

Volume 60, 2009, review article, leadership: current theories, research, and future directions.

• Bruce J. Avolio 1 , Fred O. Walumbwa 2 , and Todd J. Weber 3
• View Affiliations Hide Affiliations Affiliations: 1 Department of Management, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0491; email: [email protected] 2 Department of Management, The Arizona State University, Glendale, Arizona 85306-4908; email: [email protected] 3 Department of Management, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0491; email: [email protected]
• Vol. 60:421-449 (Volume publication date January 2009) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163621
• © Annual Reviews

This review examines recent theoretical and empirical developments in the leadership literature, beginning with topics that are currently receiving attention in terms of research, theory, and practice. We begin by examining authentic leadership and its development, followed by work that takes a cognitive science approach. We then examine new-genre leadership theories, complexity leadership, and leadership that is shared, collective, or distributed. We examine the role of relationships through our review of leader member exchange and the emerging work on followership. Finally, we examine work that has been done on substitutes for leadership, servant leadership, spirituality and leadership, cross-cultural leadership, and e-leadership. This structure has the benefit of creating a future focus as well as providing an interesting way to examine the development of the field. Each section ends with an identification of issues to be addressed in the future, in addition to the overall integration of the literature we provide at the end of the article.

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Publication Date: 10 Jan 2009

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• DOI: 10.21272/MMI.2019.1-13
• Corpus ID: 145976043

General Overview to Leadership Theories from a Critical Perspective

• Published in Marketing and Management of… 2019

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Theories of Leadership

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• First Online: 01 January 2016
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• Wallace Swan 2  

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Attribution Leadership ; Online leadership ; Authentic leadership ; Behavioral leadership theories ; Complexity and integrative leadership ; Great Man theory ; Leadership ; Performance-base leadership ; Relational-based leadership theories ; Situational and contingency leadership theories ; Team and participative leadership theories ; Traits and skill-based leadership theories

Introduction

The intent of this chapter is to talk about each of the major theories of leadership and discuss how they are related. Over the years, the field has since evolved into an array of leadership theories – with both striking differences as well as interrelationships between the theories.

What is a theory? According to Abraham Kaplan, “A theory is a way of making sense of a disturbing situation so as to allow us most effectively to bring to bear our repertoire of habits, and even more important, to modify habits or discard them altogether, replacing them by new ones as the situation demands” (Kaplan 1964 ,...

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Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Wallace Swan

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Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA

Ali Farazmand

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Swan, W. (2016). Theories of Leadership. In: Farazmand, A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2373-1

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2373-1

Received : 23 February 2016

Accepted : 14 March 2016

Published : 12 May 2016

Publisher Name : Springer, Cham

Online ISBN : 978-3-319-31816-5

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Leadership: Literature Reviews, Theories and Research

This article reviews and evaluates major leadership theories and summarizes findings from empirical research on leadership. Styles, models and theories of leadership are elucidately presented. After the differentiation on leadership and management from the views of different scholars, the article discusses a literature review of the past and the most recent theories of leadership, summarizes the views from different scholars accompanied by a substantial research and studies relevant to the theories. Some theory affecting leaderships are given while associating criticisms and controversies are also illustrated. Major topics include functional theory, neo-emergent theory, and transformational theory and dispersed leadership. An integrating synthesis from the author is presented to show leadership implication.

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The present paper presents the GLOBE leadership behaviour of humane orientation as a moral construct within the ethical leadership theories of transformational leadership, servant leadership, and authentic leadership. A discussion of the country cultures of the United States, China, and Mexico and an articulation of how each of these theories is received and practiced in response to the leadership behaviour of humane orientation support the use of these theories in all three countries' cultures. In particular, the use of these theories may be advantageous in increasing the use of humane-oriented behaviours in these country cultures, which supports an expressed humane orientation value in the United States, China, and Mexico.

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International Journal of Organizational Leadership (IJOL)

Servant leadership (SL) is a theoretical framework that defines a leader’s primary motivation and role as service to others. It introduces a holistic approach to work, advocates a sense of community, and promotes the sharing of power in decision making by showing humility, authenticity, and stewardship. Servant leader also develops and empowers employees by standing back, encouraging to be autonomous, and by forgiving mistakes. On the other hand, the Leader Member Exchange (LMX) Theory explores the one-on-one relationship between a leader and the individual follower independently, instead of focusing on the general relationship between the leader and the group as a whole. The objective of this study is to test the effect of SL on job satisfaction (JS) in Turkish business context and to identify the mediator effects of LMX on the relationship between SL and JS by quantitative data obtained from Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Sector companies in Turkey. The multidimensional leadership measure developed by Van Dierendonck and Nuijten (2011), four-dimension LMX Measure of Liden and Maslyn (1998), and short form of Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) developed by Weiss, Dawis, England, and Lofquist (1967) were used as assessment tools on questionnaire. Research results show that there is a partial mediator effect of LMX on the relationship between SL and JS.

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The world today is experiencing a leadership crisis. One thing is evident: The leadership style that worked in the industrial economy will not work today where integrity and creativity are crucial if an organization is to thrive. We live in an information/knowledge economy defined by accelerating change, flux, globalization, instability, and the need to adapt quickly. This paper describes various leadership styles that include transformational leadership, servant leadership, spiritual leadership, Level 5 leadership, compassionate leadership, ethical leadership, benevolent leadership, and more. Successful leaders will develop a leadership style that works best for their organizations and avoid becoming narcissistic and totally self-absorbed, traits that can destroy their corporations.

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The role of ethics in leadership studies is very important for organizations. Leadership without ethics and integrity can be harmful both for the organizational stakeholders and society. The high-profiled scandals and the leadership involvement in unethical activities caused increase attention of the scholars and mainstream media in the leadership ethics (Hartog, 2015). This resulted a growing research in the field of ethical leadership behavior. For this reason, the present study review ethics-related leadership including ethical leadership and other ethic-related leadership theories to better understand the importance of the ethics and morality in these leadership constructs. This study also presented a comprehensive review on ethical leadership and its similarities and differences with other related leadership styles. Another focus of this study was to present the definitions of each leadership style and their scales, and to establish that how ethical leadership is distinct from each leadership style. Future directions and conclusion are presented in the last of the paper.

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Moe clarifies stance on chemtrails, says he doesn't believe in conspiracy theory

Premier says event in speers, sask., was opportunity to listen to constituents.

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This week Premier Scott Moe addressed his comments at a meeting last month in his constituency, clarifying that he does not believe in a conspiracy theory that chemicals are being dumped from airplanes on the population as part of a secret program.

"I actually don't believe in chemtrails," Moe said after a speech at the Farm Progress Show in Regina on Tuesday.

In April, Moe spoke at an event in Speers, Sask.,  a community in his constituency of Rosthern-Shellbrook.

Video of the meeting was posted online and Moe received criticism from the Opposition NDP for not refuting a conspiracy theory about chemtrails and another conspiracy theory that the Saskatchewan Health Authority engaged in a "delivery system for biological weapons" during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Moe told reporters the question was not specific to chemtrails and that he interpreted it as a question about airplane pollution.

"When it comes to the jets that are flying over our area there, there is pollution that is coming out of those jets and that's something that we do need to pay attention to," Moe said.

'That's not leadership': NDP criticizes Sask. premier's response to conspiracy theories

Moe said he went to the event because of his responsibilities as an elected official in the area.

"I happen to be the leader of the party. I'm the premier and I'm an MLA that represents the people that live in my constituency. When I'm invited to go out and listen to them, I'm going to," Moe said.

He said some at the meeting came from outside the area.

"There was a number of people that drove a long distance to come, as it turned out, to ask some questions."

• Moe's response to questions about chemtrails, COVID at community meeting shows lack of leadership: Sask. NDP

According to the mayor of Speers, the event was not organized or hosted by either the village or the rural municipality.

Initially, the government said Moe was invited by the mayor, but the mayor told CBC that some community members rented out the hall. 

Moe said he was mistaken in indicating he had been invited by the mayor.

This week, Moe also responded to a question he was asked about COVID conspiracies and the Saskatchewan Health Authority.

"Nobody would question my stance when you look at the last four or five years when it comes to the importance of vaccines and the importance vaccines played in the pandemic here in Saskatchewan and across Canada. I don't think anybody would question that," Moe said.

He said he worked closely with the federal government and other provincial and territorial leaders to help deliver vaccines when needed.

Moe addresses committee vote

On Monday, government and opposition MLAs met  to vote on a pitch by the NDP to have allegations made by Speaker Randy Weekes investigated.

The House services committee met for less than 30 minutes, with the government majority voting against the NDP motions.

Last month, Weekes alleged he was harassed and bullied by government members and staff and accused then-Government House Leader Jeremy Harrison of bringing a gun into the Saskatchewan Legislative Building and wanting to carry a handgun in the building.

• Government MLAs block NDP bid to probe alleged harassment of Saskatchewan Speaker
• Security staff alarmed when Harrison came to Sask. Legislature with gun, wearing camouflage, email says

Moe reiterated his position, putting the onus on Weekes to file a formal complaint and use the process relating to MLA vs. MLA complaints.

"There's a process in place that can be initiated by, in this case, the Speaker. It hasn't been initiated yet and that process is in place for a reason. It was voted on by all members and should be followed."

The Opposition was hoping to call Moe, Harrison and others to testify and have the gun allegations investigated, all of which would have been public.

"Those are outside of the process that everybody agreed to and voted on in the assembly," Moe said Tuesday.

"Why would we not avail ourselves to that process if that's what we agreed putting in place? I actually am a little bit perplexed as to why the question isn't just that. Why are we not following the processes that were put in place?"

Sask. Party MLAs block NDP bid to probe alleged harassment of Saskatchewan Speaker

The Opposition said if Weekes were to follow the path laid out in the policy and suggested by Moe, the investigation and its results would be confidential.

"The Sask, Party government had the opportunity to show that they take matters of harassment, safety and security seriously and that they believe in accountability and that the rules apply to all," Opposition MLA Meara Conway said Monday following the committee meeting.

"Very serious questions have been raised by the Speaker and the people of Saskatchewan deserve answers. We deserve leaders that live up to our values of Saskatchewan people. Central to that is honesty and transparency, and we're just not getting that from this government."

The complaint has to be filed within 90 days of the incident. The investigative process stops once the legislature is dissolved for an election and an investigation ends if an individual is no longer an MLA. 

Weekes lost his nomination bid for the Saskatchewan Party in December and is not running in the Oct. 28 election.

With files from Alexander Quon and Stefani Langenegger

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The Personal Statement Topics Ivy League Hopefuls Should Avoid

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Yale University

A compelling personal statement is a critical component of an Ivy League application, as it offers students the unique opportunity to showcase their personality, experiences, and aspirations. Kickstarting the writing process in the summer can give students a critical advantage in the admissions process, allowing them more time to brainstorm, edit, and polish standout essays. However, as students begin drafting their essays this summer, they should bear in mind that selecting the right topic is crucial to writing a successful essay. Particularly for students with Ivy League aspirations, submitting an essay that is cliche, unoriginal, or inauthentic can make the difference between standing out to admissions officers or blending into the sea of other applicants.

As ambitious students embark on the college application process, here are the personal statement topics they should avoid:

1. The Trauma Dump

Many students overcome significant hurdles by the time they begin the college application process, and some assume that the grisliest and most traumatic stories will attract attention and sympathy from admissions committees. While vulnerability can be powerful, sharing overly personal or sensitive information can make readers uncomfortable and shift focus away from a student’s unique strengths. Students should embrace authenticity and be honest about the struggles they have faced on their path to college, while still recognizing that the personal statement is a professional piece of writing, not a diary entry. Students should first consider why they want to share a particular tragic or traumatic experience and how that story might lend insight into the kind of student and community member they will be on campus. As a general rule, if the story will truly enrich the admissions committee’s understanding of their candidacy, students should thoughtfully include it; if it is a means of proving that they are more deserving or seeking to engender pity, students should consider selecting a different topic. Students should adopt a similar, critical approach as they write about difficult or sensitive topics in their supplemental essays, excluding unnecessary detail and focusing on how the experience shaped who they are today.

2. The Travelogue

Travel experiences can be enriching, but essays that merely recount a trip to a foreign country without deeper reflection often fall flat. Additionally, travel stories can often unintentionally convey white saviorism , particularly if students are recounting experiences from their charity work or mission trips in a foreign place. If a student does wish to write about an experience from their travels, they should prioritize depth not breadth—the personal statement is not the place to detail an entire itinerary or document every aspect of a trip. Instead, students should focus on one specific and meaningful experience from their travels with vivid detail and creative storytelling, expounding on how the event changed their worldview, instilled new values, or inspired their future goals.

3. The Superhero Narrative

Ivy League and other top colleges are looking for students who are introspective and teachable—no applicant is perfect (admissions officers know this!). Therefore, it’s crucial that students be aware of their strengths and weaknesses, and open about the areas in which they hope to grow. They should avoid grandiose narratives in which they cast themselves as flawless heroes. While students should seek to put their best foot forward, depicting themselves as protagonists who single-handedly resolve complex issues can make them appear exaggerated and lacking in humility. For instance, rather than telling the story about being the sole onlooker to stand up for a peer being bullied at the lunch table, perhaps a student could share about an experience that emboldened them to advocate for themselves and others. Doing so will add dimension and dynamism to their essay, rather than convey a static story of heroism.

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Best 5% interest savings accounts of 2024, 4. the plan for world peace.

Similarly, many students feel compelled to declare their intention to solve global issues like world hunger or climate change. While noble, these proclamations can come across as unrealistic and insincere, and they can distract from the tangible achievements and experiences that a student brings to the table. Instead, applicants should focus on demonstrable steps they’ve taken or plan to take within their local community to enact positive change, demonstrating their commitment and practical approach to making a difference. For instance, instead of stating a desire to eradicate poverty, students could describe their extended involvement in a local charity and how it has helped them to discover their values and actualize their passions.

5. The Sports Story

While sports can teach valuable lessons, essays that focus solely on athletic achievements or the importance of a particular game can be overdone and lack depth. Admissions officers have read countless essays about students scoring the winning goal, dealing with the hardship of an injury, or learning teamwork from sports. Students should keep in mind that the personal essay should relay a story that only they can tell—perhaps a student has a particularly unique story about bringing competitive pickleball to their high school and uniting unlikely friend groups or starting a community initiative to repair and donate golf gear for students who couldn’t otherwise afford to play. However, if their sports-related essay could have been written by any high school point guard or soccer team captain, it’s time to brainstorm new ideas.

6. The Pick-Me Monologue

Students may feel the need to list their accomplishments and standout qualities in an effort to appear impressive to Ivy League admissions officers. This removes any depth, introspection, and creativity from a student’s essay and flattens their experiences to line items on a resume. Admissions officers already have students’ Activities Lists and resumes; the personal statement should add texture and dimension to their applications, revealing aspects of their character, values and voice not otherwise obvious through the quantitative aspects of their applications. Instead of listing all of their extracurricular involvements, students should identify a particularly meaningful encounter or event they experienced through one of the activities that matters most to them, and reflect on the ways in which their participation impacted their development as a student and person.

7. The Pandemic Sob Story

The Covid-19 pandemic was a traumatic and formative experience for many students, and it is therefore understandable that applicants draw inspiration from these transformative years as they choose their essay topics. However, while the pandemic affected individuals differently, an essay about the difficulties faced during this time will likely come across as unoriginal and generic. Admissions officers have likely read hundreds of essays about remote learning challenges, social isolation, and the general disruptions caused by Covid-19. These narratives can start to blend together, making it difficult for any single essay to stand out. Instead of centering the essay on the pandemic's challenges, students should consider how they adapted, grew, or made a positive impact during this time. For example, rather than writing about the difficulties of remote learning, a student could describe how they created a virtual study group to support classmates struggling with online classes. Similarly, an applicant might write about developing a new skill such as coding or painting during lockdown and how this pursuit has influenced their academic or career goals. Focusing on resilience, innovation, and personal development can make for a more compelling narrative.

Crafting a standout personal statement requires dedicated time, careful thought, and honest reflection. The most impactful essays are those that toe the lines between vulnerability and professionalism, introspection and action, championing one’s strengths and acknowledging weaknesses. Starting early and striving to avoid overused and unoriginal topics will level up a student’s essay and increase their chances of standing out.

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