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CSS 2023 Important Topics For Essay, Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs

Css 2023 important topics for essay, current affairs, pakistan affairs .

Here, you will have all the essential topics of English Essay, Current Affairs and Pakistan affairs for CSS and PMS Exams 2023. These are the CSS Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs, International relations and English Essay 2023 Guess Questions For the upcoming CE-2023 made by the qualified CSSMCQs team members while keeping in review all the major aspects of the Current scenarios. Insha’ALLAH, you will have 4-8 same nature questions in your real exam papers of PA, CA and IR and English Essay 2023. You can practice these questions right away, however, it will be updated with the lapse of time.

➤ CSS Current Affairs Guess Paper For 2022 By CSS MCQs [ 35% Paper came from this guess paper… CHECK HERE ]

Important Topic for CSS and PMS Exams 2023

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1) Inflation:

Ukraine war and Inflation.
Climate change, factor of inflation.
Covid-19, and Supply chain disruption.
Inflation in Pakistan
Inflation, the way forward.

2) The Crisis Of Energy:

Ukraine war and Energy Crisis.
The issue of oil production.
The Crisis of Energy in Pakistan.
Energy Crisis, the way forward.

3) Islamophobia:

Hiduvata Vs Islamophobia.
Political gains and Islamophobia.
Islamophobia and OIC.
Potential Impacts of Islamophobia.
Academic approach, the way forward.
Tackling the issue of Islamophobia.

4) Climate Change:

Climate Justice.
Climate Change and The Economic Cost.
Climate Emergency and its consequences
Climate Crisis And Pakistan, 2022 Floods.
Climate struggle, Impact of international conflicts.
IPPC 6th Assessment Reports, Working Groups 1,2 &3.
COP 26 Successes
COP 27 and Way forward

5) Water Crisis.

Manifestation, and Reports.
Climate and Water Crisis.
Dames, the Way Forward.
Water Policies.
Management of Water Resources.
Potential Impacts and Recommendation.

6) Foreign Policy

Geo-Political Dynamics, opportunity and challenges of Pakistan foreign policy.
The Concept of independent foreign policy.
Climate and Pakistan’s Foreign policy.
The challenge of Balancing ties between major powers.
Energy crisis and Pakistan’s Foreign policy.
National security policy 2022-26, and foreign policy.
International conflicts, and Pakistan foreign Policy.
The challenges, IMF and FATF.

7) Afghanistan Issue:

Taliban Govt., and Pakistan Concerns
The role of OIC in Taliban recognition.
Afghanistan, the issue of Human rights.
Afghanistan Economic Collapse .
Humanitarian Crisis.
Tehreek e Taliban ( TTP)

8) Financial Action Task Force.

What Pakistan lost due to its position on Gray list.
Politicization of FATF.
Role of Diplomacy in FATF.

9) Food Insecurity.

World Population Reaches 8 Billion, U.N. Says. The rapid population growth has been driven by the world’s poorest countries and they are confronting food insecurity, how to mitigate these crises?
International conflicts, and food insecurity.
Climate change and food insecurity.
Covid-19, and Food insecurity.
Food insecurity, and Pakistan.
Food insecurity the way forward.

10) Russian_Ukraine Crisis.

Potential impacts on Pakistan.
Energy Aspect of Russian_Ukraine Crisis
Food security and Russian_Ukraine Crisis.
Russian_Ukraine Crisis and Nuclear option.
Russian_Ukraine Crisis and new new blocs.
Russian_Ukraine Crisis, the information warfare

11) Indo-Pacific:

IPEF, pivot to Asia 2.0 and CPTPP AND RECEP.
The crisis in Taiwan, New developments.
USA, the strengthening of Indian Defense.
Developments in South China Sea.
$600, Partnership for global infrastructure.

12) The Emerging New World Order.

The war in Ukraine and new world order.
Sino-Russian, unlimited friendship.
Strengthening of BRICS.
Competition in Indo-Pacific.
US Sanctions and New Payment Systems.
Energy , factor in new world order.

13) The Decline of USD.

Tough US sanctions, finding alternative payments.
New payment systems, CIPS, SPFS, UPI.
Yuan-Ruble trade.
Indian rupee-rubble
BRICS Business Forum, Putin proposal of New Trading Currency,
Condition of Rubble Payment for Russian Gas.

14) Political Instability:

Leading causes.
Potential Impacts.

15) Constitutional Crisis:

Developments and Judiciary Role.
Constitutional Crisis and Development

16) Economic Crisis of Pakistan

Political instability.
Climate impacts on the Economy.
Role of FATF Gray list.
Structural issue.
Issues of Industrial and Agricultural sectors,

17) Electoral Reforms.

Facts and Observation.
Obstacles in making reforms.
EVMs and Its issues.
i-voting, Criticism.

18) National Security Policy 2022-26.

Description of NSP.
Importance of NSP.
Criticism of NSP.

19) The Crisis of Overpopulation.

Manifestation, UN world population prospects 2022.
A crisis of negligence.
Responsible factors.
Making population productive, investments in Hum. Resources.
Urbanization and potential Impacts of overpopulation.

20) International Monitoring Fund, IMF.

The eternal issue of BoP.
IMF, the Lifeline.
Drawbacks of IMF Funding.
Way forward

21) Single National Curriculum (SNC) and Pakistan

Is SNC implemented in Pakistan?
What are the benefits of single national curriculum in Pakistan?
Which curriculum is followed in Pakistan?
What are the disadvantages of SNC?
Analyzing the Pros and Cons of Single National Curriculum
Single National Curriculum & Educational Disparities in Pakistan

Detail Explanation: CSS 2023 Important Topics For Essay, CA, PA & IR

Detail Explanation of CSS 2023 Important Topics For Essay, Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs Here, you will have all the essential topics of English Essay, Current Affairs and Pakistan affairs for… Continue Reading

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These ESSAYS and CURRENT AFFAIRS CSS 2023, Special CSS 2023, Punjab PMS 2023. are prepared by Mr. Salah Uddin. Subject Specialist, Political Science. NOA Teacher

Click below to download in PDF CSS Essay, Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs Important Topics For 2022.

Detail Explanation: CSS 2023 Important Topics For Essay, CA, PA & IR

Detail explanation of css 2023 important topics for essay, current affairs, pakistan affairs.

➤ CSS Current Affairs Guess Paper For 2022 By CSS MCQs [ 35% Paper came from this guess paper… CHECK HERE ]

Important Topic for CSS and PMS Exams 2023

1) inflation:.

Ukraine war and Inflation.
Climate change, a factor of inflation.
Covid-19, and Supply chain disruption.

Inflation in Pakistan

Inflation, the way forward.

2) The Crisis Of Energy:

Ukraine war and Energy Crisis.
The issue of oil production.
The Crisis of Energy in Pakistan.
Energy Crisis, the way forward.

3) Islamophobia:

Hiduvata Vs Islamophobia.
Political gains and Islamophobia.
Islamophobia and OIC.
Potential Impacts of Islamophobia.
Academic approach, the way forward.
Tackling the issue of Islamophobia.

4) Climate Change:

Climate Justice.
Climate Change and The Economic Cost.
Climate Emergency and its consequences
Climate Crisis And Pakistan, 2022 Floods.
Climate struggle, Impact of international conflicts.
IPPC 6th Assessment Reports, Working Groups 1,2 &3.
COP 26 Successes
COP 27 and Way forward

5) Water Crisis.

Manifestation, and Reports.
Climate and Water Crisis.
Dames, the Way Forward.
Water Policies.
Management of Water Resources.
Potential Impacts and Recommendation.

6) Foreign Policy

Geo-Political Dynamics, opportunity and challenges of Pakistan foreign policy.
The Concept of independent foreign policy.
Climate and Pakistan’s Foreign policy.
The challenge of Balancing ties between major powers.
Energy crisis and Pakistan’s Foreign policy.
National security policy 2022-26, and foreign policy.
International conflicts, and Pakistan foreign Policy.
The challenges, IMF and FATF.

7) Afghanistan Issue:

Taliban Govt., and Pakistan Concerns
The role of OIC in Taliban recognition.
Afghanistan, the issue of Human rights.
Afghanistan Economic Collapse .
Humanitarian Crisis.
Tehreek e Taliban ( TTP)

8) Financial Action Task Force.

What Pakistan lost due to its position on Gray list.
Politicization of FATF.
Role of Diplomacy in FATF.

9) Food Insecurity.

World Population Reaches 8 Billion, U.N. Says. The rapid population growth has been driven by the world’s poorest countries and they are confronting food insecurity, how to mitigate these crises?
International conflicts, and food insecurity.
Climate change and food insecurity.
Covid-19, and Food insecurity.
Food insecurity, and Pakistan.
Food insecurity the way forward.

10) Russian_Ukraine Crisis.

Potential impacts on Pakistan.
Energy Aspect of Russian_Ukraine Crisis
Food security and Russian_Ukraine Crisis.
Russian_Ukraine Crisis and Nuclear option.
Russian_Ukraine Crisis and new new blocs.
Russian_Ukraine Crisis, the information warfare

11) Indo-Pacific:

IPEF, pivot to Asia 2.0 and CPTPP AND RECEP.
The crisis in Taiwan, New developments.
USA, the strengthening of Indian Defense.
Developments in South China Sea.
$600, Partnership for global infrastructure.

12) The Emerging New World Order.

The war in Ukraine and new world order.
Sino-Russian, unlimited friendship.
Strengthening of BRICS.
Competition in Indo-Pacific.
US Sanctions and New Payment Systems.
Energy , factor in new world order.

13) The Decline of USD.

Tough US sanctions, finding alternative payments.
New payment systems, CIPS, SPFS, UPI.
Yuan-Ruble trade.
Indian rupee-rubble
BRICS Business Forum, Putin proposal of New Trading Currency,
Condition of Rubble Payment for Russian Gas.

14) Political Instability:

Leading causes.
Potential Impacts.

15) Constitutional Crisis:

Developments and Judiciary Role.
Constitutional Crisis and Development

16) Economic Crisis of Pakistan

Political instability.
Climate impacts on the Economy.
Role of FATF Gray list.
Structural issue.
Issues of Industrial and Agricultural sectors,

17) Electoral Reforms.

Facts and Observation.
Obstacles in making reforms.
EVMs and Its issues.
i-voting, Criticism.

18) National Security Policy 2022-26.

Description of NSP.
Importance of NSP.
Criticism of NSP.

19) The Crisis of Overpopulation.

Manifestation, UN world population prospects 2022.
A crisis of negligence.
Responsible factors.
Making population productive, investments in Hum. Resources.
Urbanization and potential Impacts of overpopulation.

20) International Monitoring Fund, IMF.

The eternal issue of BoP.
IMF, the Lifeline.
Drawbacks of IMF Funding.
Way forward

21) Single National Curriculum (SNC) and Pakistan

Is SNC implemented in Pakistan?
What are the benefits of single national curriculum in Pakistan?
Which curriculum is followed in Pakistan?
What are the disadvantages of SNC?
Analyzing the Pros and Cons of Single National Curriculum
Single National Curriculum & Educational Disparities in Pakistan

These ESSAYS and CURRENT AFFAIRS CSS 2023, Special CSS 2023, Punjab PMS 2023. are prepared by Mr. Salah Uddin. Subject Specialist, Political Science. NOA Teacher

Food Insecurity

Food insecurity is a major problem that affects people all over the world, and it can have a variety of causes. Some of the major causes of food insecurity include international conflicts, climate change, and pandemics such as Covid-19. In this essay, we will explore each of these causes in more detail, as well as discuss food insecurity in Pakistan and the steps that can be taken to address this important issue.

International conflicts are a significant cause of food insecurity in many parts of the world. When countries are at war, it can be difficult for people to access the food and other resources that they need to survive. This is often because conflict disrupts transportation and distribution networks, making it hard for food to reach the people who need it. In addition, conflict can destroy agriculture and infrastructure, making it difficult for people to grow or access food. Finally, conflict can also cause people to flee their homes, leading to a displacement of the population and a lack of access to food.

Climate change is another major cause of food insecurity, as it can lead to changes in weather patterns that make it difficult to grow food. For example, droughts can reduce crop yields, while floods and other extreme weather events can destroy crops or make it difficult for people to access them. In addition, rising temperatures can lead to the spread of pests and diseases that can damage crops, further reducing food supplies.

Covid-19 has also contributed to food insecurity in many parts of the world. The pandemic has disrupted supply chains and caused economic downturns, making it harder for people to afford food. In addition, lockdowns and other measures put in place to control the spread of the virus have made it harder for people to access food, especially in urban areas where food is often more expensive.

Pakistan is a country that has been particularly affected by food insecurity. According to the World Food Programme, more than 40% of the population of Pakistan is food insecure, and this problem is exacerbated by a variety of factors. For example, Pakistan is a country that is prone to natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes, which can damage crops and infrastructure and make it harder for people to access food. In addition, Pakistan has a large population that is growing quickly, which puts pressure on the country’s food supply. Finally, Pakistan is also affected by conflict, as it shares borders with several countries that have experienced war and instability.

There are several steps that can be taken to address food insecurity and help ensure that people have access to the food they need. One important step is to invest in agriculture and infrastructure, as this can help increase food production and make it easier for people to access food. In addition, it is important to support small farmers and ensure that they have the resources they need to grow food for their communities.

Another important step is to work to reduce conflict and promote peace, as this can help create the stability that is necessary for people to grow and access food. This can be done through a variety of means, including diplomacy, economic development, and education.

Finally, it is important to address the root causes of food insecurity, such as climate change and economic inequality. This can be done through a variety of means, including investing in clean energy, promoting sustainable agriculture practices, and supporting social safety nets that can help ensure that people have access to the resources they need to survive.

Here are some examples of how international conflicts, climate change, and Covid-19 have contributed to food insecurity:

International conflicts:

In Syria, the ongoing civil war has disrupted transportation and distribution networks, making it hard for people to access food. In addition, the conflict has damaged agriculture and infrastructure, leading to a shortage of food. According to the World Food Programme, more than 13 million people in Syria are food insecure.
In Yemen, the ongoing conflict has led to a collapse of the economy and a disruption of food supplies. According to the United Nations, more than 20 million people in Yemen are food insecure, and this number is expected to rise as the conflict continues.

Climate change:

In Ethiopia, a series of droughts in recent years have reduced crop yields, leading to a shortage of food. In addition, the droughts have caused the price of food to rise, making it harder for people to afford to eat. According to the World Food Programme, more than 10 million people in Ethiopia are food insecure.
In the Philippines, extreme weather events such as typhoons have destroyed crops and made it harder for people to access food. In addition, rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns have led to the spread of pests and diseases that can damage crops, further reducing food supplies. According to the World Food Programme, more than 3 million people in the Philippines are food insecure.
In India, the Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted supply chains and caused economic downturns, making it harder for people to afford food. In addition, lockdowns and other measures put in place to control the spread of the virus have made it harder for people to access food, especially in urban areas where food is often more expensive. According to the World Food Programme, more than 195 million people in India are food insecure.
In Brazil, the Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted supply chains and caused economic downturns, leading to a rise in food prices. In addition, lockdowns and other measures put in place to control the spread of the virus have made it harder for people to access food, especially in urban areas where food is often more expensive. According to the World Food Programme, more than 14 million people in Brazil are food insecure.

In conclusion, food insecurity is a major problem that affects people all over the world, and it has a variety of causes including international conflicts, climate change, and pandemics such as Covid-19. Pakistan is one country that has been particularly affected by this problem, and addressing food insecurity will require a multi-faceted approach that includes investing in agriculture and infrastructure, supporting small farmers, reducing conflict and promoting peace, and addressing the root causes of food insecurity such as climate change and economic inequality. High levels of inflation in Pakistan, which have been driven by factors such as government borrowing, high food and energy prices, and corruption, have also contributed to food insecurity in the country by making it harder for people to afford to buy food. Addressing food insecurity and reducing inflation will require a combination of short-term and long-term strategies, and will require the efforts of governments, NGOs, and international organizations.

Inflation is a rise in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When prices are rising, the purchasing power of money is falling, and people need more money to buy the same goods and services. Inflation can be caused by a variety of factors, including an increase in the money supply, a decrease in the supply of goods and services, and an increase in production costs.

Pakistan has experienced high levels of inflation in recent years. According to data from the World Bank, the annual inflation rate in Pakistan reached a peak of 13.7% in 2018, and it has remained above 10% for much of the past decade. There are several factors that have contributed to this high level of inflation in Pakistan.

One factor is the country’s high level of government borrowing, which has led to an increase in the money supply. When the government prints more money, it can lead to an increase in prices, as there is more money chasing the same number of goods and services.

Another factor is the country’s high level of food and energy prices, which have driven up the cost of living. For example, Pakistan is heavily dependent on imported oil, and fluctuations in the price of oil can have a significant impact on the country’s inflation rate. In addition, Pakistan has experienced food shortages in recent years due to a variety of factors, including extreme weather events and conflict, which has led to a rise in food prices.

Finally, Pakistan has also experienced high levels of corruption, which can lead to an increase in production costs and a rise in prices. For example, if companies have to pay bribes in order to get licenses or permits, it can increase the cost of doing business and lead to higher prices for consumers.

Inflation can have a variety of negative impacts on an economy and its people. For example, high levels of inflation can lead to a decline in the value of money, making it harder for people to save and invest. In addition, high levels of inflation can lead to a decline in purchasing power, as people need more money to buy the same goods and services. Finally, high levels of inflation can also lead to economic instability, as people may be less likely to make long-term plans or investments if they are concerned about the rising cost of living.

There are several consequences of this high level of inflation in Pakistan, including a decline in the value of money, a decline in purchasing power, economic instability, a decrease in savings, a decrease in real wages, and an increase in poverty.

One consequence of inflation in Pakistan is a decline in the value of money. As prices rise, the purchasing power of money falls, and people need more money to buy the same goods and services. This decline in the value of money can make it harder for people to save and invest, as the money they save today will be worth less in the future. In addition, a decline in the value of money can also lead to a decline in purchasing power, as people need more money to buy the same goods and services. This decline in purchasing power can make it harder for people to meet their basic needs and can lead to an increase in poverty.

Another consequence of inflation in Pakistan is economic instability. High levels of inflation can lead to uncertainty about the future value of money, which can make people less likely to make long-term plans or investments. This can lead to a decline in business confidence and investment, which can hurt the overall economy. In addition, economic instability can also lead to a decrease in savings, as people may be less likely to save money if they are concerned about the declining value of money. This can have negative consequences in the long run, as a low savings rate can make it harder for people to cope with unexpected expenses or to plan for the future.

A decrease in real wages is another consequence of inflation in Pakistan. When wages do not keep up with the rising cost of living, people’s purchasing power declines. This can lead to an increase in income inequality and a decline in the standard of living for many people. In addition, a decrease in real wages can also contribute to an increase in poverty, as people may not be able to afford the rising cost of living. This can lead to an increase in hunger and malnutrition and can have serious negative consequences for people’s health and well-being.

Pakistan Today
Profit Magazine
Paperazzi Magazine

A silly act

Jacobabad needs a university, collective action, patience and passes, lying on tables not allowed, ch ashiq elected as chairman of apnsf, traffic comes to standstill in lahore as car drives in opposite…, modi set to take pm oath for 3rd time on june…, trump seeks lifting of gag order after conviction in hush money…, hezbollah ‘ready’ to engage in all-out war with israel, chinese premier pledges to advance law-based govt, china, venezuela vow close collaboration as fms meet, ‘fakhar zaman can win match alone’: former indian player warns rohit…, ronaldo makes big announcement, babar azam talks about ‘pressure game’ ahead of pak vs ind…, middle-order responsible for series loss against england, says babar azam, england defeats pakistan in final t20, css 2023: english essay.

A test of thinking, not rote learning

On February 1, the Federal Public Service Commission held the yearly country-wide examination of Central Superior Services (CSS) for the recruitment of officers (BPS-17). The first paper was English Essay, the topics of which invited attention.

The essay paper was meant for exploring the CSS candidates’ whole gamut of abilities and skills such as exploring an issue, analyzing it critically in a coordinated organized way, and reaching a plausible conclusion. Critical analysis is a guarantee of success. Conversely, descriptive or narrative essays are unlikely to let a candidate pass the paper.

The paper astounded not only CSS candidates but it also flabbergasted CSS coaching academies which had dispensed guesses and conducted mock tests to beguile the candidates. The paper discouraged the regurgitation of parroted knowledge that CSS candidates were holding to express. The paper presented a fair chance to the candidates who had cultivated original understanding, creative exploration and critical analysis.

The paper circumvented all guess-able topics such as globalization, economy, climate change, democracy, energy crisis, human rights, terrorism, and so on. In the paper, whereas the topics given were easy, the compulsion was that an essay had to be developed then and there in the examination hall. Only those candidates who had practised writing original essays, could perform. The paper also obliterated any room for bespoke essays– to the disappointment of essay gurus and pundits. As a throwback to the thinking essays of 2017, the paper decides the viability of a CSS candidate, whether he or she should carry on or lose heart.

The first essay topic was this: “Instruction in youth is like engraving in stone.” Many candidates, who had memorized multiple themes on education eagerly mistook the word “youth” for “childhood”, and considered it a veiled topic on “early education”. In fact, it was not. The essay topic means that, at a young age, the youth are most amenable. Their personality can be moulded to affect the trajectory of the rest of their lives. Youth is the age when second nature is built such as discipline, punctuality, attitude, and so on. The second nature, whether positive or negative, can be superimposed on the primary nature to portend the youth’s success or failure in life. Environment plays a crucial role in constructing second nature. To make the essay analytical, discussion could be drifted to the debate between nature (inherited) and nurture (environment). Sources of nurture could be family, school, religion, and social and political groups.

The paper also obliterated any room for bespoke essays– to the disappointment of essay gurus and pundits. As a throwback to the thinking essays of 2017, the paper decides the viability of a CSS candidate, whether he or she should carry on or lose heart.

The next stirring topic was this: “One who uses force is afraid of reasoning.” The topic means that any person who is incapable of reasoning tends to use force to get heard. That is, any person with the power of reasoning prefers (or needs) not to fight. Here, reasoning means a sound argument that weighs both sides (pros and cons) to express one’s stance. Generally, politicians are disinclined to waging a war compared to generals running a country: war is too serious a matter to be left to generals.

Even after a conflict, the warring parties have to sit on a table to give reasons for truce and the way forward. The forum such as the United Nations is destined for reasoning, and condemning the use of force. For reasoning, a refined and educated brain is required, whereas force personifies a beast, which may still be hiding inside man. Reasoning is an expression of modern age, whereas force is an expression of the primitive age. For analysis, a comparison can be drawn between two ages and areas.

The next interesting topic was this: “The fool speaks and the wise listen.” The topic means that wise people grow the habit of listening to garner more information and then ruminate on it. That is, by not listening patiently, the listener may miss new propitious ideas. Moreover, an avid listener is less prone to committing mistakes than a habitual chatterer does. For instance, Einstein was a known keen listener. Similar examples are required to be argumentative.

The next absorbing topic was this: “Both parents should assume equal responsibility for raising a child.” The topic means that both parents are shirking equal responsibility for raising a child. To qualify the statement, a CSS candidate had to mention causes, effects and the way forward.

The next topic was this: “A friend walks in when everyone else walks out.” The topic means that a friend in need is a friend indeed. This could be a descriptive essay.

The next fascinating topic was this: “Online learning is not only convenient but often more effective than traditional classroom instruction.” The topic means that traditional teaching is less convenient and effective in conveying the message of education. A CSS candidate had to take a position and give arguments.

The next captivating topic was this: “People have become overly dependent on technology.” The topic means that, not dependence, but over-dependence, on technology invites certain hitches. Interestingly, the use of technology is unavoidable in the modern age. However, owing to technology’s indispensability, one may get addicted to it. A CSS candidate had to mention reasons for dependence, ooze effects (both favourable and unfavourable), and give ways to avoid overly dependence.

The next motivating topic was this: “To encourage healthy eating, higher taxes should be imposed on soft drinks and junk food.” The topic means that soft drinks and junk food be discarded for their being unhealthy eating. One of the ways to do so is by imposing taxes, though other ways to achieve the same objective are also available. A comparison can be drawn. The bottom line is that junk food does not replace main food. A critical analysis can entail that junk food may be required to attain instant energy in short times, especially in an industrial city on a busy day. Junk food also meets the need of taste and aroma to feel aesthetic about life.

The next exciting topic was this: “Boys will be boys.” The topic means that boys would remain boisterous and even rumbustious owing to their hormonal constitution. An implied point could be how to construct harmony with girls, whether or not feminization of boys in their attitude and behavior (by tempering them down) is possible and feasible.

Survival hidden in justice …, surviving the storm.

“And there’s nothing for man except what he strives for.” (Al- Quran, 53:39)

CSS Exam Desk

English Essay (CSS 2024)

English Essay Syllabus for CSS 2024

Candidates will be required to write one or more Essay in English. A wide choice of topics will be given. Candidates are expected to reflect comprehensive and research based knowledge on a selected topic. Candidate’s articulation, expression and technical treatment of the style of English Essay writing will be examined.

English Essay: CSS Past Papers Analysis

Hero-worship is the strongest where there is least regard for human freedom. (CSS 2000)
Personal liberty is the paramount essential to human dignity and human happiness. (CSS 2000)
Humanism. (CSS 2004)
All humans are born equal in dignity and rights but they are in shackles everywhere. (CSS 2010)
The War on terror has contributed to the growing abuse of human rights. (CSS 2015)
In the fight against terrorism and corruption, it is imperative not to compromise human rights and civil liberties. (CSS 2018)
Universal human equality is utopia. (CSS 2021)
Human development and economic sustainability. (CSS 2022)

Environment

Global Warming (CSS 2006)
The future of mankind in a global warming perspective. (CSS 2007)
Global Warming, fact or fiction? (CSS 2008)
Government should eliminate subsidies and incentives for manufacturers and consumers of electric cars as they are costly and do not do enough to protect the environment. (CSS 2015)
The threat of Global Warming and the ways to counter it. (CSS 2018)

Truth and Reason

The search for truth. (CSS 2005)
Truth in short supply (CSS 2006)
Truth is a rare commodity despite the freedom by the print and electronic media. (CSS 2011)
In this country reason does not apply to anything. (CSS 2011)
Truth is lived not taught. (CSS 2019)
Of all the needs a book has, the chief need is that it be readable. (CSS 2002)
The pleasures of reading. (CSS 2011)

Morality/ Principles

Art and Morality. (CSS 2002)
There comes a time to put aside principles and do what is right. (CSS 2006)
Moral depravity is the root cause of poverty. (CSS 2008)

I constructed my essay deriving my arguments from several discourses, i.e. (Politics, economics, society, philosophy, strategy, literature, science, religion, etc.). In my opinion, even an issue-based essay should be developed on creative lines. For that, candidates should also practice literary and abstract essays during the preparation phase. Furthermore, I never delved into the technicalities of the structure of essay. I believe writing comes naturally. Atif Ameer (PSP) 2nd in Pakistan, CSS 2018-19 (Essay Marks 52)

Global Issues & International Relations

Moral standards in international relations. (CSS 2000)
World scenario in 21st century and Pakistan’s role in it. (CSS 2002)
The end of cheap oil. (CSS 2004)
Globalization and electronic media. (CSS 2007)
The world politics stands more derisive than it was ever before due to the specific imperialist designs. (CSS 2010)
The time we live in is the winter of the world. (CSS 2011)
Brexit means globalization is the rhetoric of the privileged, and capitalism will return ferociously as ever. (CSS 2017)
Modernity is an unending project. (CSS 2017)
China – Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its Socio-economic Implications for the Region and the World. (CSS 2018)
Pakistan and the future of Kashmir cause. (CSS 2020)
Global power dynamics and Pakistan’s foreign policy. (CSS 2020)
Global trade and trade policies of China. (CSS 2022)
Global politics and international relations. (CSS 2022)
World food systems: the economics of agriculture. (CSS 2022)

Science and Technology

Advancement in science and technology is the gateway to the economic prosperity of a country. (CSS 2000)
The suffering soul in the Scientific Age. (CSS 2012)
Modern day communication via social networks puts an end to true and sincere relationships. (CSS 2013)
The introduction of new digital technologies has radically altered identities. (CSS 2015)
Labor saving devices are more troublesome than they are worth. (CSS 2015)
Expanding information technology: a curse or blessing. (CSS 2019)
Is Pakistan ready for the digital revolution? (CSS 2020)
Covid-19 — A wake up call for Pakistani researches. (CSS 2021)
Human inventions move societies backward. (CSS 2021)
On tolerance. (CSS 2001)
Only the wisest and stupidest of men never change. (CSS 2003)
Violence is the last refuge of the incompetent. (CSS 2014)

For English essay, I used to make outlines and practice paragraph writing. The key strategy in attempting an essay is to write it in simple, logical, coherent and precise way. One should refrain from using long sentences, jargons and difficult expressions. Furthermore, in order to avoid incoherence and jumps between essay paragraphs and outline, I left first two sheets of answer sheet for final outline, which I only wrote, once I was done writing essay. Aamina Ihsan (PAS) 18th in Pakistan, CSS 2018-19 (Essay Marks 48)

Power of Media in the Modern World. (CSS 2009)
The emerging power of Social Media: Prospects and Problems. (CSS 2018)

War/ Peace/ Globalization

Can we prevent the third world war? (CSS 2008)
Great nations win without fighting. (CSS 2014)
World as a global village: Learning to live together. (CSS 2016)
Are modern wars not holy wars? (CSS 2017)
Pros and cons of globalization. (CSS 2021)
Intercultural communication is a panacea to avoid third world war. (CSS 2021)
An analysis of the concept of globalization of markets. (CSS 2022)

Democracy/ Governance/ Administration / Crisis / Tourism

Good governance and the role of the public servant. (CSS 2000)
Devolution of power in Pakistan. (CSS 2001)
The future of democracy in Pakistan. (CSS 2009)
The food crisis: problems, challenges and opportunities for Pakistan. (CSS 2009)
Pakistan is rich in natural resources but very poor in their management. (CSS 2010)
Disaster management and government preparedness. (CSS 2011)
Democracy is a culture rather than a process. (CSS 2012)
In a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence. (CSS 2015)
Crisis of good governance in Pakistan: Need for reforms and institution building. (CSS 2016)
Democracy in Pakistan: Hopes and Hurdles. (CSS 2018)
Democracy and illiteracy do not move together. (CSS 2019)
Promoting tourism in Pakistan: opportunities and challenges. (CSS 2020)
Digital democracy: social media and political participation. (CSS 2022)

My essay followed a fixed trajectory: Introduction (Opening + Thesis Statement) – Context – Exposition – Authority – Analysis – Conclusion. This allowed me to present my arguments clearly and coherently. When you practice, read your essay and try to see it from an examiner’s perspective. If it is too text-intensive, boring, long and redundant, , or even the argument you made is not clear, you will not get good marks. Mohammad Murtaza (PAS), 3rd in Pakistan, CSS 2017 (Essay Marks 45)

Education makes a people easy to lead, but difficult to drive, easy to govern, but impossible to enslave. (CSS 2000)
Economic prosperity of a nation is directly proportional to the level of literacy in it. (CSS 2001)
Higher Science Education in the developing countries. (CSS 2002)
Education has for its object the formation of character. (CSS 2002)
Need for serious planning in technical education in Pakistan. (CSS 2002)
Reforms in Examination systems. (CSS 2005)
The present system of Education must assume some of the responsibilities of our failure. (CSS 2007)
Higher Education as an agent of change. (CSS 2008)
Co-education; Merits and Demerits. (CSS 2009)
English as the medium of Education in Pakistan. (CSS 2009)
A critical analysis of Education system in Pakistan. (CSS 2012)
There should be colleges and schools just for men/boys and some just for women/girls. (CSS 2013)
Meaning and purpose of education. (CSS 2013)
Privatizing higher education-generating knowledge or making more money for the opulent. (CSS 2014)
Higher Education in Pakistan: Ills and Remedies. (CSS 2018)
Classrooms decide the future of the nation. (CSS 2019)
Women universities as agents of change. (CSS 2020)
Meaning purposive education. (CSS 2021)

National Integration

The barbarity of ethnic cleansing. (CSS 2000)
National Integration. (CSS 2001)
Water crisis and national unity. (CSS 2016)
We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. (CSS 2000)
Dilemma of the water and energy crisis in Pakistan. (CSS 2003)
Do not waste water even if you were at a running stream. (CSS 2021)
Energy Crisis in Pakistan: Causes and Consequences. (CSS 2012)

Bureaucracy

Public office is a public trust. (CSS 2001)
Bureaucracy doldrums. (CSS 2021)

The Essay paper for CSS 2017 was somewhat out of the box. Despite that, I had complete control on my nerves and great confidence in my writing skills. I chose the topic “Is colonial mentality impeding the progress of Pakistan?” I supported this stance. First, I brainstormed and then wrote an outline on a rough page. Then, I presented it on the answer sheet in an impressive way so as to facilitate the examiner. I wrote almost twenty arguments or paragraphs to prove my stance. The language I used was simple yet flawless. Syed Fazul Shah (PSP), 3rd in Balochistan, CSS 2017-18 (Essay Marks 44)

Poverty/ Progress

Progressive alleviation of poverty in Pakistan – an overview. (CSS 2000)
Strategies for the alleviation of poverty. (CSS 2005)
Look to the east for holistic progress. (CSS 2014)
Does foreign aid help to achieve economic stability? (CSS 2016)
Advancement in science and technology is the gateway to prosperity of a country. (CSS 2000)
Austerity as a solution to all our economic problems. (CSS 2002)
Economic problems in Pakistan and how to meet them. (CSS 2002)
Socio-Economic Challenges faced by Pakistan. (CSS 2005)
Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan. (CSS 2006)
Promotion of tax culture in Pakistan: Perspective, prospects and challenges. (CSS 2016)
Real development should transform people’s lives, not just economic statistics. (CSS 2018)
New war fronts lie in economic zones. (CSS 2019)
Pakistan’s informal economy: the way forward. (CSS 2020)
IMF bailouts: roads to stability or recipes for disaster. (CSS 2020)
Is there such a thing as ethical consumerism? (CSS 2022)

Justice/ Rule of Law

Justice delayed is justice denied. (CSS 2001)
Will “Rule of law” always remain an impracticable myth in our country? (CSS 2018)

The essay which I attempted was argumentative in nature. So, I tried my best to follow the structure of such essays. I introduced the topic by giving a brief overview of the points I would be discussing; presented some examples from history, contemporary world and Pakistan; highlighted some counter arguments against the mentioned examples and re-countered them to justify my point, and concluded the topic with summing up all the arguments and justifications I had given in the body of the essay. Nawab Sameer Hussain Laghari (PAS), 2nd in Sindh, CSS-2016-17 (Essay Marks 45)

A little philosophy inclineth man’s mind to atheism; but depth in philosophy bringeth man’s minds about religion. (CSS 2002)
Pluralistic vision of Islam. (CSS 2004)
Islam versus the West. (CSS 2005)
The image of Islam in the western world and responsibilities of the Muslim Ummah. (CSS 2007)
Peace; the essential message of our religion. (CSS 2008)
Materialism is the death of spirituality. (CSS 2008)
Fair play and life, as it is lived, in the land of the pure. (CSS 2011)
Let there be more light in the corridors of worship places. (CSS 2019)

United Nations

The future of UNO: Hopes and Hurdles. (CSS 2009)
The UNO has failed to measure up to the demands of its charter. (CSS 2010)
The United Nations in the 21st Century: Obligations and Limitations. (CSS 2012)
More and more international military engagements by the United Nations; is the world moving towards peace? (CSS 2017)

Women/ Gender

Persecuted poor woman. (CSS 2005)
The state of women rights in Pakistan. (CSS 2007)
Status of Women in Islam. (CSS 2009)
Why is there no status of the third gender in Pakistan? (CSS 2010)
Can women be equal to men in Pakistan? (CSS 2010)
Does Pakistan society regard women as the angel in the house or source of all evils? (CSS 2011)
Social and Economic Securities for Women in Islam. (CSS 2012)
Gender equality is a myth. (CSS 2013)
Women sports persons are new ambassadors of the soft image of Pakistan. (CSS 2014)
Gender equality is a myth! (CSS 2016)
Frailty, thy name is woman. (CSS 2016)
Feminism is not really a Third World issue. (CSS 2017)
New Waves of feminism and our culture. (CSS 2019)
Gender equality: a popular slogan. (CSS 2021)
The controversial issues of feminism in contemporary women’s rights movements. (CSS 2022)

Accountability/ Corruption

Without independent truth-finding commission , accountability is unachievable. (CSS 2010)
Religion has done more harm than help to human relations in the world. (CSS 2010)

Essay is the most difficult thing in CSS, and, perhaps, rightly so. There are numerous ways to write it but the key is to understand the topic and giving sound arguments in grammatically correct English. Muhammad Murad (PSP), 7th in Pakistan, CSS 2017 (Essay Marks 60)

Nationalism/ Minorities

Being a minority is a fate no one wants. Can nationalism be really inclusive? (CSS 2017)
The purification of politics is an iridescent dream. (CSS 2000)
Politics is perhaps the only profession for which no preparation is thought necessary. (CSS 2002)
Personalization Of Pakistani Politics (CSS 2006)
Politics is the art of the possible. (CSS 2007)
Insanity in individuals is something rare but in groups, parties and nations it is the rule. (CSS 2011)
The emerging power of Public Opinion. (CSS 2012)
Not the economy but politics is the key to success. (CSS 2013)
The creation of new provinces in Pakistan: Implications for an integrated country. (CSS 2016)
Polarized politics: the issues and challenges of democracy in Pakistan. (CSS 2020)

Management/ Life/ Discipline / Ideology

Sweet are the uses of adversity. (CSS 2000)
“Turn not thy cheek in scorn towards folk nor walk with pertness in the land”. (Al-Quran) (CSS 2001)
Experience is the name everyone gives to their mistakes. (CSS 2001)
Self-conceit may lead to self destruction. (CSS 2001)
Attitude of indifference. (CSS 2003)
Young habits die-hard. (CSS 2003)
Lots of folks confuse bad management with destiny. (CSS 2006)
Life’s tragedy is that we get old too soon and wise too late. Benjamin Franklin (CSS 2006)
A country is backward because it’s people are backward. (CSS 2007)
Time management is the keynote of success. (CSS 2008)
Lack of discipline – a national disaster. (CSS 2008)
Dreams for the future rely on the work of today. (CSS 2008)
Health is not a condition of matter, but of mind. (CSS 2009)
Without good communication skills, life becomes impossible in the modern world. (CSS 2011)
Obesity is the root cause of all diseases. (CSS 2012)
Let me take care of today, tomorrow shall take care of itself. (CSS 2013)
Country life is better than city life. (CSS 2013)
The character of a nation can be judged by its symbolic narratives. (CSS 2014)
Punctuality is the virtue of boredom. (CSS 2015)
Luxury predecessors become the necessity of successors. (CSS 2015)
When life throws you lemons, make lemonade. (CSS 2015)
We have to learn to be our own best friends, because we fall too easily into the trap of being our own worst enemies. (CSS 2016)
Is colonial mentality impeding Pakistan’s progress? (CSS 2016)
Ideologies thrive on notions of resistance, yet change is a simulation. (CSS 2017)
Life without controversy is no life. But why should one not choose the safe haven of conformism? (CSS 2017)
Too many of us are not living our dreams because we are living our fears. (CSS 2018)
Beware the barrenness of a busy life! (CSS 2018)

Structure and coherence make the key to success in the essay paper. I avoided verbosity and instead ensured I had understood the idea well. I also placed a lot of emphasis on the overall structure of the essay, making sure my paragraphs were coherent, sentences were well structured and the overall flow of the ideas was good. Muhammad Abrahim Shah (PAS) 3rd in Pakistan, CSS 2018-19 (Marks 61)

Nuclear Politics

Nuclear weapons are ‘not only a great peril, but a great hope. (CSS 2006)
The more developed a country, the more leathly it is armed. (CSS 2007)
International crisis of Terrorism. (CSS 2002)
Terrorism as a new threat to the contemporary world. (CSS 2007)
Pakistan’s War on terror and its impact on our psyche and politic socio-economic fronts. (CSS 2009)
How is terrorism and its perception shaped by the Mass Media? (CSS 2022)

Art/ Literature/ Poetry

Every art is an imitation of nature. (CSS 2002)
Art Critics and reviewers. (CSS 2003)
Humour in Urdu Literature (CSS 2006)
Poetry is the highest form of expression – the greatest proof is the Holy Quran. (CSS 2008)
Literature is the best criticism of life. (CSS 2010)
Literature as a great cultural artifact. (CSS 2014)
Language is a fit data for research in humanities and social science. (CSS 2014)
Can meaning be fixed? (CSS 2014)
The place of Urdu in Pakistan and Supreme Court’s ruling on making Urdu the official language of the country. 2016
Literature is a lonely planet of idealists. (CSS 2017)
Art for peace. (CSS 2019)
Do we really need literature in our lives? (CSS 2020)

Literary/ Philosophy

It is not only fine feathers that make fine birds. (CSS 2001)
Existentialism. (CSS 2003)
Liberalism (CSS 2006)
Brain, like hearts, go where they are appreciated. (CSS 2006, 2012)
There is no great genius without a mixture of madness. (CSS 2009)
Beggars can’t be choosers. (CSS 2012)
If gold rusts what shall the iron do. (CSS 2013)
Anticipation is often greater than realization. (CSS 2015)
Sometimes we do not see what we see. (CSS 2019)
I fall upon the thorns of life I bleed. (CSS 2021)
Imagination is more important than knowledge. (CSS 2022)

Diversity/ Freedom

Dialogue is the best course to combat terrorism. (CSS 2010)
Free speech should have limitations. (CSS 2013)
I disapprove of what you say, but I defend to death your right to say. (CSS 2015)
I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it. (CSS 2020)

Essay is the very paper most aspirants fail. Reason? Lack of practice! Most aspirants know the reason but still they do not practice. If one cannot practice a long essay daily, one should write, at least, outline, introduction and conclusion daily, and practice a long essay once or twice a week. I did the same and when I sat to structure my essay, I did not face any problem in generating ideas and structuring them instantly. Bakhtiar Ismail (PAS), 1st in Balochistan, CSS 2017-18 (Essay Marks 66)

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English Essay Topics for CSS | Important Essay Topics for CSS 2023

Looking for the English Essay Topics For CSS that are most expected to come in this year’s CSS competitive examination then here is the list of all those important English Essay. Writing essays in the CSS exams is art what you need to do is just focus and learn that art then sees nothing will be difficult for you. The first thing to do is the CSS exams while Writing an English essay is that clear your mind about the Ideas and thoughts of the topic because the examiner expected a lot of knowledge from your side which is written in a mature writing style so your thoughts or ideas that you write should be based on some real facts so start expressing your thoughts in a proper way. The examiner is more consult of the general study of you on the topic, Your analysis and compare powers, your approach to various facts, and the way that you select to express those ideas.

Table of Contents

English Essay Topics for CSS

Professor Zahid Ashraf who right now working in the CSS field now issue some important topics for essays that are mentioned below. These topics are most important and these days the same situations now exist in Pakistan like Food Crises, Political Instability, the Situation of Democracy, and Global Warming.

Important Essay Topics for CSS 2023

Political Instability in Pakistan
True Democracy to ensure / Fair Election
Price Hike in Pakistan / Inflation
Floods in Pakistan: Causes, Effect, and Remedies
Global Warming and Pakistan. Flood Insecurity
Global and Pakistan Energy / Food Crisis / Insecurity
Energy and Water Crisis: Causes, effect, and Remedies
Muslim Ummah and Role of OIC 8. Population Explosion

Also Check:

Lahore Board FSc Part 1 English Past Papers, Guess Papers

Which topic is best for an English essay?

Baluchistan Crisis
Future of Democracy in Pakistan
Talibanization
Women Empowerment
Terrorism And The Role Of Pakistan
Energy Crisis in Pakistan
Water Crisis
Failure of Democracy in Pakistan
Foreign Policy of Pakistan
Art critics and reviewers
Alleviation of poverty
Foreign direct investment (F.D.I) in Pakistan
Global warming
Personalization of Pakistani politics
Formal and casual dressing codes
Existentialism
Socio-economic challenges faced by Pakistan
Islam versus the west
International crisis in terrorism
Humor in Urdu literature
Higher science education in the developing countries
The search for the truth
Nuclear weapons are not only a great peril but great hope
Austerity, As a solution, go all our economic problems
The economic prosperity of a nation is directly proportional to the level of literacy in it
National Integration
Risk of “Soviet syndrome” for Pakistan
The higher economic problem in Pakistan and how to meet them
Devolution of power in Pakistan
Art and morality
Need for serious planning in technical education in Pakistan
Is the world ready for the Gene age?
Public office is a public trust
Piety at public expense
The greatest of evil and the worst of crime is poverty
The struggle to raise a nation’s living standard is fought first and foremost in the classroom
Pakistan is rich in natural resources but very poor in their management
Pleasure of idleness
What are the hurdles in our way to becoming a truly independent state?
A Critical Analysis of Education Systems in Pakistan
Democracy is a culture rather than a process
Role & Power of Media in the Modern World
Social Networking

If you also think that you have some English topics for the CSS exam that is really important then you can let us know by commenting down there in the comment section below.

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Essay Paper UPSC 2023 (Mains) Question Paper and Analysis

Last updated on September 27, 2023 by ClearIAS Team

UPSC conducted the Civil Service Mains exam for essay paper on 15 September 2023.

The CSE mains essay paper comprises two sections. Each section contains 4 essay topics. Out of which 2 topics of choice from each section need to be picked.

Candidates were supposed to answer about 1000-1200 words for each essay.

Table of Contents

UPSC CSE Essay Paper 2023 Instructions

General instructions mentioned on the essay paper, that need to be followed by every aspirant are provided here.

Total Marks: 250 marks, Time duration: 3 hours.
The essay must be written in the medium authorized in the admission certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this question-cum-answer (QCA) booklet in the space provided.
No marks will be given for answers written in a medium other than the authorized one.
Word limit, as specified, should be adhered to.
Any page or portion of the page left blank, must be struck off clearly.

Essay Question Paper: UPSC Civil Services Main Exam (Written) 2023

The question paper of the UPSC CSE mains essay paper is provided here.

Write two essays, choosing one topic from each of the following Sections A and B, in about 1000-1200 words each:

1: Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team.

2: Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic.

3: Not all who wander are lost.

4: Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane.

5: Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands- two equally harmful disciplines.

6: Mathematics is the music of reasons.

7: A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity.

8: Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.

UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2023: Exam Analysis

The essay topics for the UPSC Civil Services Main Exam in 2023 were intellectually demanding and philosophical in nature.

They required candidates to engage in deep critical thinking and present their thoughts logically.

All the questions in this year’s paper aimed at assessing the candidates’ ability to handle abstract concepts and express their ideas effectively in a structured manner.

This year’s essay topics look like that UPSC has taken inspiration from a wide range of sources, including philosophical and literary works.

Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team

This topic seems to revolve around the idea that critical thinking often emerges in response to opposing viewpoints or challenges.

Candidates may have been asked to explore how the clash of ideas leads to innovation and progress.

Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic.

This famous saying belongs to Paul O’Brien.

This statement likely prompted candidates to discuss the balance between intuition and rationality in making important decisions.

It encourages a reflection on the role of both factors in effective leadership and problem-solving

Not all who wander are lost

This saying belongs to J.R.R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring.

The topic expected from candidates to think about how exploring and being spontaneous in life’s journey can be really good.

It’s a deep topic that can be understood in many different ways.

Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane

This essay topic appears to emphasize the idea that creativity is not limited to rare moments of inspiration but can be found in everyday experiences.

It probably asked people to think about where creativity comes from and how we can express it in our daily lives.

Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands- two equally harmful disciplines

This is the saying of Simone de Beauvoir

Simone de Beauvoir was a prominent French existentialist philosopher and feminist thinker. She made significant contributions to feminist philosophy through her work, including “The Second Sex,” where she discussed the concept of “The Other” and examined the role of societal expectations in shaping women’s lives.

The quote by Simone de Beauvoir presented the idea that both girls and boys or individuals of different genders, often face distinct but equally harmful forms of societal pressures and constraints.

It suggests that expectations placed on girls (referred to as “restrictions”) and boys (referred to as “demands”) can be damaging and limit their potential.

Mathematics is the music of reasons

The complete saying of James Joseph Sylvester is that mathematics is the music of reason. May not music be described as the mathematics of the sense, mathematics as music of the reason? The musician feels mathematics, the mathematician thinks music: music the dream, mathematics the working life.”

This statement suggests a poetic connection between mathematics and music. Candidates likely had to discuss the beauty and logic inherent in mathematics and its role in shaping our understanding of the world.

A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity

This topic seems to touch upon the ideas of social justice and charity, which have been discussed by philosophers like John Rawls and the concept of the “veil of ignorance.”

Candidates may have been asked to explore the relationship between justice, equality, and philanthropy in society.

Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school

Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school – Albert Einstein .

This essay topic likely demands from candidates to reflect on the value of education beyond rote memorization.

It may have expect discussion on the practical application of knowledge and lifelong learning.

What Should Aspirants Preparing for UPSC CSE for Next Year do for an essay paper?

Taking the essay paper in the UPSC exam seriously is important. This paper requires you to write 10-12 pages about abstract or philosophical topics, which can be challenging if you’re not well-prepared.

To succeed in this exam and perform well in the essay paper, you should work on improving your comprehension and analytical skills. To get additional guidance you can join the ClearIAS essay writing program as well.

One helpful way to prepare is by reading various types of essays, especially philosophical ones. Pay special attention to the ideas of famous philosophers like Immanuel Kant, Thomas Aquinas, John Locke, Friedrich Nietzsche, Karl Marx, and others.

Practice writing essays based on famous quotes, as this is a common format in UPSC exams.

Additionally, be ready to write essays on a wide range of topics, including society, politics, the economy, and technology. UPSC asks such types of questions too.

Keep in mind that there isn’t a fixed pattern for UPSC questions. Analyze previous year’s question papers to get valuable insight. So, focus on understanding the way UPSC frames questions rather than expecting a consistent trend.

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Most expected English essay topics for CSS 2023

Do you want to know the anticipated English Essay topics for CSS 2023? Here is a list of anticipated essay topics for the CSS 2023 examination. Every year, the English Essay is the most difficult portion of the CSS Examination. Numerous factors prevented the majority of candidates from passing this exam. Not selecting the proper topic is one of the major causes of failure in the English Essay paper. Frequently, the topics for English essays are drawn from global and Pakistani contemporary events. Therefore, it is crucial for every CSS aspirant to devote sufficient time to prepare for such topics. Here are a few of the Most Anticipated Essay Topics for CSS 2023.

List of expected essays regarding current affairs

Following are the Expected Essay Topics for CSS 2023 regarding Current Affairs:

Foreign Policy of Pakistan in the contemporary era- Challenges and way forward.
The uncertain future of Afghanistan: Repercussions of Taliban Takeover for the global world, the South Asian region, Pakistan and Afghanistan itself.
United Nations/OIC- A success or failure?
Political Polarization in Pakistan and Pakistan’s democratic future.
Beggars cannot be choosers: Aid from International Financial Institutions/friendly countries is not the solution for the economic woes of Pakistan- Recommendations for a long-term solution.

List of expected essays about regional issues

These are the expected essay topics for regional issues:

Following are the Expected Essay Topics regarding regional issues:
Strategic Power Play in the Indian Ocean.
Energy and Water Crisis in Pakistan: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow.
Energy infrastructure under CPEC.
Growing US-India Strategic Relations/US-China Strategic Rivalry and its implications for Pakistan and China.
China as an existential threat to the USA.

List of expected essays about Pakistan’s domestic issues

Following are the Expected Essay Topics for Pakistan’s Domestic Issues:

Economic Crisis and the Political Instability in Pakistan- Causes and Solutions.
Climate Change and Natural Disasters in Pakistan- What needs to be done.
Pakistan’s National Security Policy: Why it matters for internal, and external challenges and regional stability?
What’s wrong with the Government’s Economic Policies
Rising in Price: causes, effects, and way forward
Construction of Dams: To be or not to be. The solution to Pakistan’s water crisis
Corruption in Pakistan: Issues, Challenges, and way forward
Freedom of Speech and Assembly, has this led to the rise in religious extremism, intolerance, and hate speech in the country?

List of expected essays about International Relations

Development of Israel-Arab Close Relations: Intentions, prospects and future implications for the Middle East and the Islamic World.
Russia-Ukraine War: Global Economic Impacts; Implications for the world; the US and Russia‘s Diplomatic Standoff; Prospective Foreign Policy options for Pakistan.
Neutrality-cum Balancing: Analyzing Pakistan’s relations with the US, China, and Russia.
Quad, AUKUS, BRICS: Implications for Regional and Global Security.
Comparative Analysis of BIMSTEC, SAARC, SCO and the EU

List of expected essays regarding Technology

Following are the Expected Essay Topics for CSS 2023 regarding Technology:

The breach of Cyber security in Pakistan: implications suggestions for improvement.
Artificial Intelligence: Boon or Bane? (PMS 2021)
Rise of Artificial Intelligence: the threat of a jobless future or better job opportunities through reskilling and upskilling
Digital economy: A leveler or a source of economic inequality
Science and Technology are the panaceas for the growth and development of Pakistan
Although the marvels of technology surround us every day, their arc moments when we all would give anything to be freed from that technology
it impacts democracy,
increasing polarization etc.

List of expected essays regarding Islamophobia

Following are the Expected Essay Topics for CSS 2023 regarding Islamophobia:

Islamophobia – Causes, Effects, Consequences
Islamophobia within the West

List of expected essays regarding women’s issues in Pakistan

Following are the Expected Essay Topics for CSS 2023 regarding Women’s Issues in Pakistan:

Women Development in Pakistan – Need of the hour
Women’s violence is a significant issue in Pakistan
Women Abuse- Is Pakistan a safe country for women?
Gender discrimination is a myth?
Women’s empowerment and its future in Pakistan

So these are the most expected English essay topics for CSS 2023. We hope this will help aspirants for their next examination.

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50 Years CSS English Essay Past Papers 1973 to 2023

Title: 50 Years CSS English Essay Papers Edition: 2023 Edition Papers: 1973 to 2023 Pages: 59 Publisher: The CSS Point Subject: CSS English Essay

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Description

Introducing the ultimate css english essay past papers compilation.

50 Years CSS English Essay Past Papers 1973 to 2023. Discover the key to CSS examination success with the latest and most comprehensive CSS English Essay Past Papers booklet, spanning five decades of essential study materials. Compiled by the highly acclaimed Agha Zuhaib Khan at The CSS Point, this updated edition is a vital resource for CSS aspirants, meticulously covering the CSS Past Papers of the Compulsory Subject ESSAY from 1971 to 2023.

50 Years of Wisdom

For half a century, CSS English Essay Past Papers have been the beacon guiding aspiring civil servants towards excellence. This meticulously curated booklet offers an unprecedented opportunity to delve into the insights, trends, and changing dynamics of CSS essays. Besides, the decades of knowledge encapsulated in this resource empower candidates to anticipate question patterns, understand evolving trends, and tailor their preparation to perfection. 50 Years CSS English Essay Past Papers 1973 to 2023

50 Years CSS English Essay Past Papers 1973 to 2023

Agha Zuhaib Khan’s Expertise

Moreover, Agha Zuhaib Khan, a distinguished name in CSS exam preparation , has once again showcased his exceptional acumen. With his insightful analysis and expert curation, he has left no stone unturned in ensuring that aspirants are well-equipped with the finest content. His dedication and expertise are encapsulated within the pages of this booklet, making it the definitive resource for CSS essay preparation.

An Invaluable Asset

Furthermore, this booklet is not just a collection of past papers; it’s an invaluable asset for CSS aspirants. Each year’s CSS English Essay Past Paper is a treasure trove of potential essay topics, writing styles, and critical thinking exercises. As you delve into the progression of essay questions over five decades, you’ll be able to identify recurring themes, contemporary issues, and evolving evaluation criteria. 50 Years CSS English Essay Past Papers 1973 to 2023

Efficiency and Preparation

In addition, optimize your preparation with a systematic and structured approach . This booklet enables you to break down your study sessions efficiently. In addition, focusing on specific timeframes or question patterns that require extra attention. By practicing with these past papers, you can fine-tune your writing skills. Moreover, time management, and content delivery, ultimately increasing your chances of success.

Lstly, in summary, the CSS English Essay Past Papers booklet, meticulously compiled by Agha Zuhaib Khan at The CSS Point. Next, it is a treasure trove of knowledge and insight, spanning half a century of CSS examinations. Equally important gain an edge over your peers by tapping into the wealth of past papers. Moreover, ensure your success in the CSS examination with the latest, most comprehensive resource available. 50 Years CSS English Essay Past Papers 1973 to 2023.

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Best in Pak , Big Questions , CSS Past Papers

CSS Essays, CSS Solved Essays, PMS Essays, PMS Solved Essays, CSS 2024, CSS 2025, PMS 2024, PMS 2025, Sir Syed Kazim Ali,

CSS Essays up till 2023

The CSS essay and precis papers have been a nightmare for thousands of aspirants. However, since 2015, these papers have started eroding the future of 95% of aspirants each year, not because of aspirants but because of academies, young qualifiers, and inept teachers. They teach students only tips and tricks rather than teaching them the proper way of writing an essay: how to break the chosen topic down, how to write the thesis statement, what is a relevant and coherent outline, what the topic sentence is, and how to write it; how to articulate thoughts and give specific pieces of evidence to support them; and how to connect sentences or give transitions between them. However, to qualify for the essay paper, aspirants must understand the basics to differentiate between essay writing and daily conversation. For example, in your everyday conversation with your friends and family, you make assertions, and they understand because they know you and never challenge you to give reasons for your statements. On the other hand, the CSS examiner, who reads and evaluates your essays, does not even know you and needs support, reasons, and arguments for each of your assertions.

Qualifying for the CSS and PMS English essay and precis papers moves around writing skills. Writing is the primary tool that helps an aspirant present his thoughts on the given topic on the exam paper. Therefore, cracking English essay and precis papers requires an aspirant to have good written communication skills. However, that greatly depends upon how rationally, analytically, and logically an aspirant writes and transfers his viewpoints and ideas to the examiner. Competitive aspirants think memorizing facts, figures, and data alone will help them crack these papers. Moreover, aspirants build an analytical approach by learning quality books and content alone; they do not even practice and learn to give their thoughts words. As a result, despite having a great deal of knowledge regarding subjects, aspirants cannot transfer their ideas to the examiner satisfactorily and fail the papers. Therefore, if you need to pass the CSS and PMS essay papers, you must communicate effectively and provide evidence for any point or claim you make. Simply, whoever learns how to support his ideas with specific and relevant reasons usually qualifies for the essay paper easily.

How Can These Solved Essays Help Me Prepare & Qualify for the Essay Paper?

All essays published on the Cssprepforum website have been attempted by Sir Syed Kazim Ali’s students, who either qualified for the CSS or PMS examinations or scored the highest marks in the essay papers. The essays are uploaded to help other CSS & PMS aspirants learn and practice essay writing techniques and patterns to qualify for the essay paper. Reading these essays with great consideration, from the outline to thesis statement and introduction to conclusion, can help you understand how to crack the essay topic, build a thesis statement, write an introduction, and present your arguments based on the thought process. The activity will also help you in several ways:

Developing a Strong Foundation in English Grammar and Usage

Sir Syed Kazim Ali is known for his in-depth English grammar and usage knowledge. His students’ essays can help you build a solid foundation in these areas, essential for writing clear, concise, and grammatically correct essays.

Enhancing Your Critical Thinking and Analytical Skills

The CSS English Essay Paper requires strong critical thinking and analytical skills. Sir Syed Kazim Ali’s teaching methods, present in the solved essays, can help you develop these skills by encouraging you to analyze complex issues, form well-structured arguments, and support your claims with evidence.

Improving Your Essay Writing Skills

Being Pakistan’s best CSS and PMS English essay teacher, Sir Syed Kazim Ali has extensive experience teaching essay writing. His students’ essays guide you through the process of crafting a well-structured essay, from developing a thesis statement to organizing your arguments and providing relevant evidence.

Expanding Your Vocabulary and Knowledge Base

A strong vocabulary and broad knowledge base are crucial for writing compelling essays. These essays can help you expand your vocabulary and enhance your understanding of various topics, enabling you to write informative and insightful essays.

Who is Sir Syed Kazim Ali?

Sir Syed Kazim Ali is a known English language writing coach, grammarian, educationist, and author. He is the founder of Cssprepforum , an online education platform that provides preparation for the Central Superior Services (CSS) and Provincial Management Services (PMS) exams to thousands of aspirants. He is also the founder of Howfiv , an online learning management system (LMS) used by millions of students in Pakistan and worldwide. Sir Syed Kazim Ali is known for his innovative and effective teaching methods. He has helped thousands of students improve their English language skills and succeed in competitive exams such as the CSS, PMS, GRE, GAT, SAT, GMAT, etc. He is a passionate advocate for education and social development. He believes that education is the key to unlocking the potential of individuals and societies. He is actively involved in various educational and social development projects and committed to making a difference in the lives of others.

He is Pakistan’s top CSS and PMS English essay and precis teacher with the highest success rate of his students. The way he explains and simplifies the concepts no other English teacher across the country can do. He knows that CSS and PMS aspirants’ approach to learning the English language is different, and over the years, he has developed a unique teaching methodology that helps his students crack English essays and precis papers easily. His online creative English writing sessions give aspirants the skills and confidence to get the best possible exam results. He focuses on aspirants’ exam’s critical areas, helps them identify their strengths and weaknesses, and equips them with the writing skills they need to correctly and confidently express their thoughts and opinions.

Click on any link to start reading the solved essays

1- * Inter-Cultural Communication is Panacea to Avoid 3rd World War *

Inter-Cultural Communication is Panacea to Avoid 3rd World War

2- * I Fall Upon The Thorns of Life, I bleed! *

I Fall Upon the Thorns of Life, I Bleed!

3- * Frailty Thy Name is Woman *

Frailty Thy Name Is Woman Essay

4- * The Controversial Issues of Feminism and the Contemporary Women’s Rights Movements *

The Controversial Issues of Feminism and the Contemporary Women’s Rights Movements

5- * Inter-Cultural Communication is Panacea to Avoid 3rd World War (2nd Essay) *

Intercultural Communication is Panacea to Avoid 3rd World War

6- * Uni-polar, Bipolar or Multi-polar: New Direction of the World *

Unipolar, Bipolar or Multipolar: New Direction of the World Essay

7- * Pakistani Women Have the Same Chances as Men *

Pakistani Women Have the Same Chances as Men.

8- * Social Media Has Destroyed Real Life Communication *

Social Media Has Destroyed Real Life Communication

9- * It Matters Not What Someone Is Born, But What They Grow To Be *

It Matters Not What Someone is Born, but What They Grow to Be

10- * Artificial Intelligence has Overstepped its Bounds *

Artificial Intelligence has Overstepped its Bounds

11- * Children Must be Taught How to Think, not What to Think *

Children Must be Taught How to Think, not What to Think

12- * The War on Terror has Contributed to the Growing Abuse of Human Rights *

The War on Terror has Contributed to the Growing Abuse of Human Rights

13- * The Cost of Inaction is Greater than the Cost of Action *

The Cost of Inaction is Greater than the Cost of Action

14- * Both Parents Should Assume Equal Responsibility in Raising a Child *

Both Parents Should Assume Equal Responsibility in Raising a Child

15- * Instruction in Youth is Like Engraving in Stone *

Instruction in Youth is like Engraving in Stone

16- * People Have Become Overly Dependent on Technology *

People Have Become Overly Dependent On Technology

17- * A Friend Walks in When Everyone Else Walks Out *

A Friend Walks In When Everyone Else Walks Out

18- * Feminism is Not Really a Third World Issue *

Feminism Is Not Really a Third World Issue

19- * Cooperation, Not Competition, Leads the World Towards Peace and Prosperity *

Cooperation Not Competition Leads the World Towards Peace and Prosperity

20- * I Do Not Agree with What You Have to Say, But I Will Defend to Death Your Right to Say It *

I Do Not Agree With What You Have To Say, But I Will Defend To Death Your Right To Say It

21- * Development is About Transforming Lives of People Rather Than Economy of a State *

Development Is About Transforming Lives of People Rather Than the Economy of a State

22- * Governance Crisis in Pakistan: Need for Reforms and Institutional Building *

Governance Crisis in Pakistan: Need for Reforms and Institutional Building

23- * Education in Pakistan has Failed to Achieve Efficient Human Resource *

Education in Pakistan has failed to Achieve Efficient Human Resource

24- * Advancement in Science and Technology is the Gateway to the Economic Prosperity of a Country *

Advancement in Science and Technology is the Gateway to the Economic Prosperity of a Country

25- * Boys Will be Boys *

Boys Will Be Boys

26- * Digital Democracy: Social Media and Public Participation *

Digital Democracy: Social Media and Public Participation

27- * The Threat of Global Warming and the Ways to Counter it *

The Threat of Global Warming and the Ways to Counter it

28- * Democracy and Illiteracy Do Not Move Together *

Democracy and Illiteracy Do Not Move Together

29- * Classrooms Decide the Future of the Nations *

Classrooms Decide the Future of the Nations

30- * The Fool Speaks, and the Wise Listen *

The Fool Speaks, and the Wise Listen

* For more Essays Click on the Links Below *

* CSS Solved Essays *

https://cssprepforum.com/category/css/css-solved-essays

* PMS Solved Essays *

https://cssprepforum.com/category/pms/pms-essays/

* PMS Solved 20-Marks Paragraphs *

https://cssprepforum.com/category/pms/pms-solved-paragraphs/

* PMS Ministerial Solved Essays *

https://cssprepforum.com/category/featured/pms-ministerial-essays/

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CSS Essay Special Exam 2023 Paper

October 12, 2023
CSS Past Papers 2023

Here you will find the CSS Essay past paper. This exam is a special exam held in 2023. This is called special competitive exam held by FPSC. Find below the past paper of Essay of CSS special exam 2023.

CSS Past Paper of Essay 2023

The following essay topics were given in the paper of special CSS exam 2023:

1. “It matters not what someone is born, but what they grow to be”.

2. Developing countries must be able to reap the benefits of international trade.

3. Artificial intelligence has overpowered its bounds.

4. No legacy is so rich as honesty.

5. Social media has destroyed real life communication.

6. Globalization: The end of austerity.

7. Children must be taught how to thin, not what to think.

8. Pakistani women have the same chances as men.

9. Unipolar, bipolar or multipolar: new direction of the world.

10. So, surely with hardship comes ease.

View the CSS Essay Past Paper 2023:

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The spread of synthetic media on X

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Generative artificial intelligence (AI) models have introduced new complexities and risks to information environments, as synthetic media may facilitate the spread of misinformation and erode public trust. This study examines the prevalence and characteristics of synthetic media on social media platform X from December 2022 to September 2023. Leveraging crowdsourced annotations identifying synthetic content, our analysis reveals an increase in AI-generated media over time, with an initial spike in March 2023, following the release of Midjourney V5. While most synthetic media identified is non-political and non-malicious, concerning deepfakes targeting political figures persist, raising questions on the potential for misuse of AI technologies.

Institute for Technology and Humanity, University of Cambridge, UK

Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, UK

Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Research Questions

What is the prevalence of AI-generated media in tweets obtained from X’s Community Notes programme, as observed from the date of its global rollout in December 2022 to September 2023?
What is the media-type distribution in the identified AI-generated content? Specifically, what percentage of this content is video-based as opposed to image-based?
What fraction of the AI-generated content under analysis can be categorised as political?
How has X’s paid verification feature, known for enabling the purchase of a “blue tick,” influenced the dissemination of AI-generated media content on the platform?

Essay Summary

The goal of this study is to assess the extent to which synthetic media may pose threats to information ecosystems. For this purpose, we analysed the prevalence and key characteristics of AI-generated synthetic media content on the social media platform X from December 2022 through September 2023.
Leveraging crowdsourced annotations from X’s Community Notes programme, we identified 556 unique tweets containing synthetic images or videos. These tweets were viewed over 1.5 billion times in the period under analysis.
The prevalence of synthetic tweets rose over time, peaking in March 2023 following the release of Midjourney V5. After a subsequent decline, the rate stabilised at around 0.2% of all community notes.
The majority of synthetic tweets contained non-political, harmless content. More often, this was image rather than video content. While less likely to go viral, synthetic videos were more often political propaganda or concerning deepfakes.
While less likely to go viral, synthetic videos were more often political propaganda or concerning deepfakes.
Over half of synthetic tweet posters had verified status. Normalising for followers, verification corresponds to only a minor visibility boost over non-verified users.
The findings reveal an increase in the prevalence of synthetic media, though current usage leans toward non-deceptive ends. Still, the potential for political weaponisation warrants ongoing monitoring, especially as generative AI continues advancing.

Implications

In a time of rapid advancement of AI technologies, we are witnessing an increased prevalence of sophisticated generative AI models that can produce synthetic media indistinguishable from human content. This transformation in the dynamics of content generation, propelled by widely accessible models such as Stable Diffusion and Midjourney (Borji, 2022), could disrupt conventional processes of knowledge acquisition (Weikmann & Lecheler, 2022), introducing new complexities and challenges to the integrity of information environments. While the risks associated with the spread of synthetic media—broadly defined as artificially generated or manipulated photos, audios, and videos (Whittaker et al., 2020) —have been previously acknowledged in the academic literature as potential but largely unrealised dangers (Brundage et al., 2018; Kalpokas, 2021; Littman et al., 2022), recent breakthroughs in generative AI threaten to make these risks more immediate. In particular, the growing capabilities and availability of cutting-edge AI models capable of creating synthetic media may further accelerate this transition from a hypothetical threat to a tangible concern with broad societal implications (Epstein et al., 2023; Huang & Siddarth, 2023).

The potential proliferation of synthetic-media-driven false information within peer-to-peer social media platforms with low barriers to publication could pose a significant challenge to the safety of public epistemic processes, as users can find themselves increasingly exposed to media that is both misleading and highly realistic (Kerner and Risse, 2021). This pattern was evidenced several times in recent months. For example, in March 2023, an AI-generated image of Pope Francis garbed in a puffer jacket went viral on social media, fooling thousands of users, and igniting a discussion on the credibility of this image (Tolentino, 2023). Similarly, in October 2023, an AI-generated audio portraying UK Labour Party leader Kier Starmer being abusive towards his staff emerged and was viewed 1.5 million times, raising doubts on the resilience of political systems to the rise of synthetic media (Bristow, 2023; “Deepfake audio of Sir Keir Starmer released on first day of Labour conference,” 2023). Ultimately, growing exposure to realistic synthetic media can be hypothesised to have at least two types of impacts on the public. On the one hand, this phenomenon may cause an increase in levels of public deception (Zagni & Canetta, 2023), where users are led to suboptimal decision-making rooted in the acquisition of false information. On the other hand, this development may lead to a decrease in public trust in the reliability of visual information (Europol, 2024; Fallis, 2021; Manohar, 2020), where individuals may be led to adopt a sceptical stance towards visual media. This type of shift in public epistemics may be easily weaponised to manipulate public opinion, particularly in a scenario such as the current one where highly effective approaches to detect AI-generated content are lacking (Baraheem & Nguyen, 2023; Leibowicz et al., 2021; Sabel & Stiff, 2023).

Given these dual risks of increased public deception and a concurrent erosion of trust in media content, it is increasingly important to closely monitor and understand the dynamics of synthetic media proliferation. To this end, our analysis reveals how synthetic media became markedly more prevalent on X in the period between December 2022 and October 2023, with our limited data sample obtaining over 1.5 billion views in the period under analysis, with a clear spike in March 2023 following the release of Midjourney V5, a model that has been the source of many popular pieces of synthetic media. However, our results also indicate that the majority of the identified synthetic content (77%) remains largely non-political. While we do not use any explicit measures of harm, we also see that the majority of these media appear harmless in nature, mostly comprising humorous or satirical images. This indicates that, at an aggregate level, synthetic media’s principal goal is not malicious deception. However, the landscape of synthetic media is not uniformly benign, as we also identify a limited, yet concerning, quantity of malicious synthetic media, particularly in the form of deepfake videos and audio clips portraying high-profile political figures. Though these instances are less frequent (14% of our data), their potential impact is significant, particularly as these often emerge as believable tools of political propaganda. This aspect warrants a greater focus in future research and monitoring efforts. Furthermore, our study also addresses the implications of recent changes to X’s verification system, which now permits users to purchase verification badges. This development has been a subject of debate, with concerns raised about its potential to enable spreaders of misinformation to enhance their influence and visibility (Biddlestone et al., 2023). Our analysis delivered mixed results, where verified users generally receive more views than their non-verified counterparts, but a closer examination based on normalised view counts presents a different scenario, where the actual amplification effect attributable to verification status appears to be more limited than initially presumed.

Ultimately, our findings underscore the growing presence of synthetic media on X, which, given the current observed trajectory in the popularity of AI models, is likely to represent a broader societal trend and to replicate in similar social media settings. While the current usage predominantly leans towards non-deceptive ends, the significance of this shift in prevalence of synthetic media should not be underestimated. The increasing exposure to synthetic media, even in its less harmful forms, poses a clear risk of eroding public trust in media-based information, a trend which could have far-reaching implications, potentially leading to a wider breakdown in the credibility of online content.

Based on these findings, several policy responses are recommended. First, it is imperative for researchers to continuously monitor and critically evaluate the evolving landscape of synthetic media, especially in light of its added potential to influence public perception and discourse. Second, it is increasingly crucial for the research community to work across the academic and industry divide in developing open, reliable, and transparent methods to identify AI-generated media, providing the public with the necessary tools to grapple with the emergence of this new phenomenon. Lastly, policymakers should accelerate the formulation and adoption of policies that advance those goals, as well as proactively mitigate the social and political risks of malicious synthetic media, all while being thoughtful about some of the observations of this study. For example, the empirical data suggesting that a significant portion of AI-generated content on social media serves satirical purposes implies that outright bans on AI-generated content may be excessive (Fuentes, 2024; LA Times 2023; Stosz, 2019). By contrast, policy measures that mandate the disclosure of content origins, use machine-readable markers, or promote the deployment of detection technologies—without broadly suppressing content circulation—may offer a more balanced approach (Exec. Order No. 14110, 2023; Council of the European Union, 2024; Government of Canada, 2023). Furthermore, targeted restrictions could be considered for high-risk subject matters, such as those involving political manipulation (Stosz, 2019) or sexually explicit material (Defiance Act of 2024, 2024), and in further cases of malicious intent (Deepfakes Accountability Act, 2023). Lastly, the propensity of the latest AI models to evade detection (Jacobsen, 2024; Le et al., 2023; Lu et al., 2023; Lyu, 2020) points to the need for human discretion (like that provided by Community Notes) to assess the origins and risks of a piece of synthetic media. Policymakers should consider monitoring the evolving spread of synthetic media online by leveraging collective intelligence (Groh et al., 2021; Tursman, 2020). Examples of crowdsourcing initiatives include establishing user-feedback portals in addition to refutation mechanisms, which may be an especially critical addition to any policies that propose mandatory filtering or disclosure of AI-generated imagery online (Fox-Sowell, 2024; U.S. Representative Ritchie Torres, 2023). Finally, before outlining our findings in greater detail, it is important to clarify that we do not posit the existence of a linear relationship between the rise in quality and scale of diffusion of AI-generated media and a corresponding “misinformation nightmare” (Gold & Fisher, 2023), as we recognise that the epistemic threats connected to false information do not happen in a vacuum. Rather, several factors—such as the demand and supply for misinformation (Gravino et al., 2021), the level of public resilience to false content (Humprecht et al., 2023), as well as the behaviour of existing information diffusion infrastructures (Vosoughi et al., 2018)—influence the threat level posed by any rises in the prevalence of synthetic misinformation. Instead, in this work, we view the use of AI for the generation of synthetic content as a threat multiplier, where existing information threats—particularly within highly susceptible issue domains, such as international conflicts and political elections—may be significantly worsened by the growing availability of powerful media generation technologies, and we interpret our findings through this lens.

Finding 1: The prevalence of AI-generated media on X has increased significantly in the period under analysis, with the largest share of this increase seen in March 2023, shortly after the release of Midjourney V5.

The first objective of this study is to quantify changes in the prevalence of AI-generated media on X over the designated time frame. To achieve this, we scrutinise two specific temporal metrics: (1) the percentage of all tweets contained in the Community Notes data marked by crowdsourced judgements and human evaluation as containing AI-generated content and (2) the monthly views obtained by these tweets.

Data on the first temporal metric—the monthly percentage of tweets in our data marked as containing AI-generated media—is visualised in the top panel of Figure 1. Here, results show a sharp rise in the frequency of mentions of AI-generated media in March 2023 (+393% from February 2023), with a peak of over 0.6% of monthly tweets matching our query. After this initial surge, the temporal distribution shows a decline, to then stabilise, between June and September 2023, around a value of 0.2% of monthly tweets, suggesting a moderate yet sustained presence of mentions of AI-generated media within Community Notes. Turning our attention to the second temporal metric—the monthly views obtained by tweets containing AI-generated media, shown in the bottom panel of Figure 1—we observe a contrasting trend. Here, similarly to what was highlighted above, results also show a visible peak in March 2023, with over 300 million monthly views. However, we also observe—after a decline in April 2023—a gradual month-on-month increase of tweet views, indicating a growing aggregate visibility of tweets containing synthetic media. Further analysing the data, this peak is explained by a higher raw number of tweets containing synthetic media, despite a lower percentage of the total, which is the consequence of a general increase in the popularity and use of Community Notes.

Furthermore, the synchronous peak observed in both metrics during March 2023 is worth additional investigation, as the alignment of these trends suggests an external event that influenced the sudden rise in prevalence of tweets containing AI-generated media. Qualitatively analysing the data, it appears that this initial surge can be largely attributed to the release of Midjourney V5 on March 15, 2023, which was used in the following week to produce several highly viral AI-generated images, including a widely circulated image of Pope Francis wearing a puffer jacket and false images of Donald Trump being arrested (see Appendix A). Figure 2 shows the weekly cumulative distribution function of the views of tweets containing AI-generated media, portraying the initial rise following the release of Midjourney V5, corresponding to the yellow dotted line.

Finding 2: The majority of synthetic media in the data are non-political images, often of satirical and harmless nature. While non-political content and images have a higher probability of reaching virality, political AI-generated media and videos have higher median views.

Building upon our previous analysis, the second objective of the study is to assess the most common characteristics of AI-generated media, particularly in terms of the nature of content (political vs. non-political) and the media contained in the tweet (images vs. videos). Here, results reveal that the majority of tweets containing AI-generated media are non-political, with a ratio of 59.3% to 40.7%, and are largely images, with a ratio of 76.4% to 23.6%. Tweets with non-political images are often of harmless and satirical nature—for example, the most viewed images in the data include a Midjourney-generated image of Elon Musk with 77m views, the rendering of an imaginary Netflix-themed restaurant with 69m views, and an AI-generated image of cats containing a hidden message with 61.7m views. These images can be seen in Appendix A.

Results also show that while videos and media of a political nature have higher median views than their counterparts, non-political tweets and tweets with images are significantly more likely to achieve virality, which we define as a condition where a tweet obtains at least ten times the median impressions to followers ratio observed across the dataset. This approach to measuring variety is partially based on the idea of structural virality from Goel et al. (2015) and focuses on how far outside a poster’s network a tweet travelled. Here, we see that 64% of viral tweets are non-political and 77% contain images rather than videos. The most viral tweets in our data include several harmless images such a rendering of Super Mario character Princess Peach playing golf with 9.1m views (and a ratio of 5,687 times the dataset median), an image of Stitch from Lilo and Stitch , and an image of Manchester City supporters parading.

Finally, it is worth noting that while tweets containing AI-generated videos are less common than those containing images, the majority of videos (58.2%) were classified as political, indicating that video content is more likely to be weaponised for political purposes. These videos are often deepfakes used to smear or support high-profile-political figures. For example, the most viewed tweets in this category include a montage of Donald Trump firing the former Director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Anthony Fauci, a deepfake of Joe Biden announcing a national draft to deploy the U.S. Army in Ukraine and Taiwan, and a deepfake of a conversation between Joe Biden and U.S. Representatives Nancy Pelosi and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. These are also available in Appendix A.

Finding 3: The majority of users sharing AI-generated media have verified status on X and these users get significantly more views than users without a verified status. However, normalising tweet-views by follower counts, this difference is reduced significantly, suggesting that the verified status only has a marginal impact on visibility.

Finally, the last step of this research involves an analysis of the presence of verification ticks in the users sharing tweets containing synthetic media. This analysis provides valuable insights into the impact of X’s recent changes enabling users to purchase a verification tick, a key reputational signal on the platform. Here, results reveal that the majority (57%) of users sharing synthetic content possess a verification tick and that in terms of raw views, this majority of verified users obtain substantially more views than unverified users, as shown in the top panel of Figure 4. However, normalising views by follower count delivered significantly different results, with the gap in median views between verified and unverified users narrowing significantly (from +744% to +20%), as shown in the bottom panel of Figure 4. This finding is noteworthy, as it suggests that users with high follower counts may be more likely to purchase a verification tick and that the amplification warranted by the new blue tick may be contained, particularly considering the size of the difference in the raw data.

This study seeks to empirically measure and analyse any changes in the prevalence and key characteristics of synthetic content appearing on the social media platform X (formerly Twitter) since December 2022. This starting date was specifically chosen for this analysis not only because it marks the global rollout of the Community Notes programme, but also because it coincides with the initial stage of the proliferation of first-generation image models such as Stable Diffusion V1 and Midjourney V3, with more powerful models to be released shortly thereafter. Faced with the complex task of identifying tweets containing AI-generated media, an area where a clear methodological consensus is still lacking (Sabel & Stiff, 2023), we propose an empirical approach to identify and study synthetic media circulating on the social media platform X, which relies on the analysis of crowdsourced judgements written by the platform users through the Community Notes programme. This programme acts as both a de facto system of crowdsourced moderation and contextualisation and a system of information quality-signals (Allen et al., 2022; Pröllochs, 2022).

To answer our research questions, we collected data on Community Notes contributions made publicly available by X through regular data releases. The data provided by X is quite granular and contains information on several variables of interest, such as the text of each Community Note, their reference tweet, the note’s author, and the rating difficulty experienced by the author. After acquiring this dataset, the first step of our analysis involved applying a first layer of data selection through a keywords-based filtering process. For this purpose, we used a query aimed at identifying all Community Notes mentioning instances of synthetic content that could be potentially considered misleading, such as “deepfake,” “synthetic image,” and “AI-generated media.” Notably, our query deliberately excluded strings related to clearly marked AI-generated content, such as tweets containing the hashtag “#aiart,” as the focus was on capturing only cases where the audience may be misled due to the absence of clear labelling. The full query can be found in the code supporting this work.

After obtaining a dataset of Community Notes mentioning AI-generated media in different forms, we extracted the IDs of all reference tweets mentioned in our Community Notes, and we built an ad hoc crawler to extract data of interest. For this purpose, in Python, we leveraged Selenium’s headless browser capabilities to systematically navigate to each tweet and obtain a wide range of metrics including usernames, follower count, tweet impressions, retweets, likes, bookmarks, as well as the content of the tweet itself. This process returned 682 unique tweets posted on the platform since December 2022. This is indeed likely to only represent a small subset of all tweets containing synthetic content appearing on the platform in this timeframe, but in this case, in absence of valid approaches to detect synthetic content at scale within social media platforms, we give up gains in dataset size in favour of greater accuracy by using this approach reliant on the use of Community Notes data.

At this stage, the authors proceeded to manually annotate the data, validating whether the source tweets confirmed the Community Notes’ assessment of containing synthetic media and labelling whether a tweet’s poster was verified on the platform, what type of media a tweet contained, and whether a tweet could be classified as political or non-political. For this purpose, we developed an annotation codebook (see Appendix B). Through this process, we identified 9 tweets where notes mentioned AI-generated media but no such media were present, 89 removed tweets, 13 tweets with media that was non-synthetic, and 7 tweets with missing data, for a final dataset of 566 tweets containing synthetic media.

Finally, as the data validation and labelling process was shared among the three authors, we computed Krippendorff’s alpha on a sample of the data to determine raters’ coefficient of agreement. Krippendorff’s alpha is a statistical measure of inter-rater reliability used to evaluate the agreement between multiple coders on how they apply codes to content, and it is considered one of the most robust and flexible statistical measures of inter-rater reliability (Krippendorff, 2011). To compute Krippendorff’s alpha on our annotated tweet dataset, we first had all three coders independently code a random sample of 30 tweets, and we then calculated observed agreement and expected agreement between raters on each variable. In our sample, Krippendorff’s alphas were 0.79 for type of media, 0.89 for political content, and 0.80 for verified accounts. This indicates a high level of inter-rater reliability, giving us confidence to proceed with analysis on the fully coded dataset. We can conclude our coders had a common understanding of constructs and could reliably identify key characteristics of interest in the tweets.

Artificial Intelligence
/ Twitter/X

Cite this Essay

Corsi, G., Marino, B., & Wong, W. (2024). The spread of synthetic media on X. Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review . https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-140

/ Appendix B

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No funding has been received to conduct this research.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

This research made use of publicly available data provided by X and of data openly published on the platform. Replication materials produced as part of this research do not disclose identifying information. No ethical review was required.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original author and source are properly credited.

Data Availability

All materials needed to replicate this study are available via the Harvard Dataverse: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/QYS1VH

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CSS 2023 Important Topics For Essay, Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs

Important Topic for CSS and PMS Exams 2023

1) Inflation:

2) The Crisis Of Energy:

3) Islamophobia:

4) Climate Change:

5) Water Crisis.

6) Foreign Policy

7) Afghanistan Issue:

8) Financial Action Task Force.

9) Food Insecurity.

10) Russian_Ukraine Crisis.

11) Indo-Pacific:

12) The Emerging New World Order.

13) The Decline of USD.

14) Political Instability:

15) Constitutional Crisis:

16) Economic Crisis of Pakistan

17) Electoral Reforms.

18) National Security Policy 2022-26.

19) The Crisis of Overpopulation.

20) International Monitoring Fund, IMF.

21) Single National Curriculum (SNC) and Pakistan

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Detail Explanation: CSS 2023 Important Topics For Essay, CA, PA & IR

Important Topic for CSS and PMS Exams 2023

Inflation in Pakistan

2) The Crisis Of Energy:

3) Islamophobia:

4) Climate Change:

5) Water Crisis.

6) Foreign Policy

7) Afghanistan Issue:

8) Financial Action Task Force.

9) Food Insecurity.

10) Russian_Ukraine Crisis.

11) Indo-Pacific:

12) The Emerging New World Order.

13) The Decline of USD.

14) Political Instability:

15) Constitutional Crisis:

16) Economic Crisis of Pakistan

17) Electoral Reforms.

18) National Security Policy 2022-26.

19) The Crisis of Overpopulation.

20) International Monitoring Fund, IMF.

21) Single National Curriculum (SNC) and Pakistan

Food Insecurity

International conflicts:

Climate change:

A silly act

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