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Guest Essay

My Country Shows What Europe Has Become

By Anton Jäger

Mr. Jäger is a lecturer at Oxford University and a Belgian essayist who writes extensively about European politics.

He could have been anywhere. Delivering a speech to a group of Belgian businessmen this year, Barack Obama warned about the dangers of artificial intelligence, climate change and geopolitical conflict. More local matters were close at hand: Belgium was entering an election year, and its capital, Brussels, home to some of Europe’s most hallowed institutions, had weathered a year of geopolitical shocks. Yet Mr. Obama wouldn’t be drawn into questions about national politics. A visit to the Magritte Museum and the king was the extent of his engagement.

The hesitancy is understandable. In what is billed as the largest election year in human history, with about half of the planet heading to polls, Belgium cuts a rather inconspicuous figure. The country’s politics are colorful and forbiddingly complex; outsiders are prone to be puzzled by a country with a population roughly equal to metropolitan Paris’s that has six governments across three regions and three languages. On June 9, Belgians go to the polls, including for a round of European Parliament voting. Anyone worried about the direction of the continent should pay attention.

For all its singularity, Belgium tells a quintessentially European story. Against a backdrop of ailing public services, precarious labor markets, waning traditional parties and intractable regional divisions, a far right is readying itself for power. In Brussels, the seat of the European Union, rising crime, pollution and decaying infrastructure symbolize a continent in decline. With unusual clarity, Belgium shows what Europe has become in the 21st century: a continent subject to history rather than driving it.

Set within the European panorama of decline, Belgian politics also exhibit some curious features: The work force unionization rate has remained steady at around 50 percent in the past 10 years, and Belgium has had an impressive record on inequality and wages. Yet this has hardly stopped the politics of resentment in the country, which is particularly potent in the Dutch-speaking northern region of Flanders.

The far-right party Vlaams Belang is set to triumph there, threatening to break through the cordon sanitaire that was cast around it decades ago. Under a slightly different name, the party was formed in response to the lackluster politics of regionalism in the 1970s, only to reboot itself as fiercely anti-immigrant in the 1980s. Engaging in patient social outreach and carefully tending to its grass-roots base, it has capitalized on the slow retreat of Belgium’s mass parties. It now expects to draw nearly one-third of the Flemish vote — a historically high tally that would establish it as a serious contender for government on the regional level.

In the French-speaking south, the political arithmetic is strikingly different. Geographically, Wallonia has long seemed the ideal breeding ground for right-wing populism. Deindustrialization and demographic decline have ailed the former manufacturing heartland since the 1970s. Yet no far-right contender has managed to step up, and the Walloon Socialist Party, one of the most deeply rooted in Europe, has kept its hand on power, through clientelism and deep pools of personnel. That grip on power is weakening, however: Its membership is aging, and there are plausible challengers both left and right.

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Cover Story

By Elif Batuman

In 1924, a year after founding the Turkish Republic on the ruins of the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the country’s new leader, abolished the Ottoman Caliphate, which had been the last remaining Sunni Islamic Caliphate since 1517. Having introduced a secular constitution and a Western-style civil and criminal legal code, Atatürk shut down the dervish lodges and religious schools, abolished polygamy, and introduced civil marriage and a national beauty contest. He granted women the right to vote, to hold property, to become supreme-court justices, and to run for office. The head scarf was discouraged. A notorious 1925 “Hat Law” outlawed the fez and turban; the only acceptable male headgear was a Western-style hat with a brim. The Ottoman Arabic script was replaced by a Latin alphabet, and the language itself was “cleansed” of Arabic and Persian elements.

At the time, my grandparents were either very young or not yet born. Only my mother’s father was old enough to remember throwing his fez in the air on the Sultan’s birthday. My parents were born into a secular country. They met in Turkey’s top medical school, moved to America in the nineteen-seventies, and became researchers and professors. Both were, and continue to be, passionate supporters of Atatürk. I grew up hearing that if it hadn’t been for Atatürk my grandmother would have been “a covered person” who would have been reliant on a man for her livelihood. Instead, she went to boarding school, wrote a thesis on Balzac, and became a teacher. I felt grateful to Atatürk that my parents were so well educated, that they weren’t held back by superstition or religion, that they were true scientists, who taught me how to read when I was three and never doubted that I could become a writer.

My father grew up in Adana, not far from the Syrian border. His family was Alevi—part of Turkey’s Shia minority—and one of his earliest memories was waking up to hear his grandfather reciting the Koran in Arabic. My father experienced his first religious doubts at the age of twelve, when he discovered Bergson and Comte in an Adana bookstore, and read that religion was part of a primitive and pre-scientific state of civilization; he has been an atheist since his teens. My mother grew up in Ankara, Atatürk’s capital. Her father, one of the civil engineers who helped to modernize Anatolia, was politically a staunch secularist and privately a devout Muslim (though not a proponent of head scarves, which nobody in the family wore). In grade school, my mother read what the Koran said about skeptics—that God would close their eyes and ears—and got so depressed that she didn’t get out of bed for two days. Her parents told her that God was more merciful than she thought, and that people who did good would go to Heaven on the Day of Judgment, regardless of what they believed. I have always known my mother as an agnostic, less certain than my father that the universe hadn’t been created by some great intelligence. But she would get even more annoyed than my father did when she thought that people were invoking God to do their jobs for them—for example, when she saw a bus with a sticker saying “Allah Protect Us.”

Both my parents always told me that, in order to be a good person, it was neither necessary nor desirable to believe in God; it was more noble and efficient to do good for disinterested reasons, without thoughts of Heaven. Nothing in the milieu where I grew up, in New Jersey in the eighties and early nineties, contradicted the idea I formed of religion as something unnecessary, unscientific, provincial—essentially, uncool. For a long time, I thought there was an immutable link between coolness and positivism. I thought this was the way of the world. Then came identity politics and, in Turkey, the rise of the Justice and Development Party (A.K.P.), a center-right party with Islamist roots. Its charismatic leader, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, has been the head of state since 2003, after the A.K.P. won its first landslide victory.

Suddenly, it was the secularists who seemed stodgy: racist, authoritarian, élitist, and slavishly pro-Western. The Times started referring to them as “the secular elite.” In 2007, the Times reported that a protest of the A.K.P. by hundreds of thousands of Turkish secularists was motivated in part by a “fear” of the life styles of their more religious compatriots—by “snobbish” complaints that “religious Turks were uneducated and poor” and that “their pesky prayer rugs got underfoot in hospital halls.” It’s difficult to imagine the Times reporting in an equally condescending manner about the élitism of Americans who oppose the Christian right. The Western view of Erdoğan eventually soured, especially after the Gezi protests of 2013; he was criticized for alleged corruption and for increasingly authoritarian tactics toward journalists and opposition parties. But for a number of years all my American liberal friends who had any opinion at all on Turkey were pro-Erdoğan. They thought it had been unsustainable for Turkey to repress and deny its religion for so long—that the people had finally spoken out.

Many spoke warmly of the anthropologist Jenny White, an important scholar of modern Turkey whose book “Muslim Nationalism and the New Turks” characterizes the pro-Atatürk Kemalist culture as one of “militarism, hostility, suspicion, and authoritarianism” rooted in “blood-based Turkish ethnicity.” Muslim nationalism, by contrast, has sought to replace “historically embattled Republican borders” with “more flexible Ottoman imperial boundaries” and to “privilege Muslim identity and culture over race.” In the A.K.P.-sympathetic world view, the Ottomans, whom Kemalists had blamed for selling Turkey to the British, enjoyed a vogue as models of enlightened Muslim multiculturalism.

I could see that every slight to Kemalism was a knife in my parents’ hearts. For my part, I wasn’t sure what to think. Unlike them, I was educated in America. To me, as to most Americans, it seemed a tiny bit weird that nearly every public building in Turkey had a picture of Atatürk on the wall. I also knew that, in order for the Turkish Republic to succeed, millions of people had been obliged to change their language, their clothes, and their way of life, all at once, because Atatürk said so. I knew that people who had been perceived as threats to the state—religious leaders, Marxists, Kurds, Greeks, Armenians—were deported, exiled, imprisoned, tortured, or killed. I knew that, even at the start of the twenty-first century, there still weren’t enough checks on the military, and that women who wore head scarves were subject to discrimination, barred from certain jobs and universities.

Furthermore, when I thought about my own family, something about White’s critique of Kemalism felt familiar: the sense of embattlement and paranoia. Kemalism, not unlike Zionism, drew much of its energy from the fact that there could easily have been no Turkish state. At the end of the First World War, the victorious Allied powers assumed control over nearly all Anatolia; they divided some of it up into British and French mandates, and parcelled much of the rest out to the Greeks, the Armenians, and the Kurds. Before Atatürk was a lawmaker, he was a military commander, the leader of the Turkish War of Independence; and, from a military perspective, all those people and nations were anti-Turkish (as were the Arabs, who supported Britain in the First World War). My parents always dreamed of a post-nationalist world; as a small child, my mother prayed to Allah every night that the United Nations would be formed and there would be no more countries or wars. At the same time, I remember being warned as a child that there were anti-Turkish people in the world, people who held old grudges and could cause problems. For a while, Erdoğan really did seem to be trying to counter this kind of adversarial thinking—to open up business and diplomatic relations with Turkey’s neighbors, to lift the taboos on mentioning the “Kurdish issue” and the Armenian genocide. Under the A.K.P., a Kurdish-language channel débuted on Turkish national television; in 2009, Erdoğan went on the air and expressed good wishes in Kurdish. This would have been unthinkable a short time earlier.

In 2010, I moved to Istanbul, where I taught at a university and reported for this magazine for three years. I found that, much like America, Turkey was polarizing into two camps that were increasingly unable to communicate with each other. There was a new dichotomy I had never heard of before: the “white Turks” (Westernized secular élites in Istanbul and Ankara) versus the “black Turks” (the pious Muslim middle and lower-middle classes of Anatolia). The black Turks were the underdogs, while the white Turks were the racists who despised them. Jenny White writes, “The term ‘Black Turk’ is used by Kemalists to disparage Turks of lower-class or peasant heritage, who are considered to be uncivilized, patriarchal, not modern, and mired in Islam, even if they have moved into the middle class.” Erdoğan proudly declared that he was a black Turk.

The black and white breakdown was difficult for me to understand. My mother’s family—fair-skinned Ankara professionals who once had a chauffeur and a gardener—clearly fit the “white” profile. My father’s relatives in Adana were generally less educated and darker-complexioned. His father owned a store that sold textile dye to shepherds. There was a brief time when my father wore a mustache. Yet my father had written the essay in praise of Atatürk in his high-school yearbook, his sisters were pro-choice, none of the women in his family wore head scarves except to do housework, and I had never heard any of them express the remotest hint of nostalgia for the Ottoman past. I had heard relatives on both sides of my family worry that, if Atatürk’s reforms were undone, Turkey could end up “like Iran.” So who were my father’s family—also white Turks?

In Istanbul, I became careful about how I talked, careful not to sound—not to be —Orientalist or Islamophobic. One evening, while I was hanging out at my apartment with a Turkish friend, our conversation was interrupted by the call to prayer, which was amplified by loudspeakers. In my apartment, as in most points in the city, you could hear the competing calls from several mosques going off at the same time, five times a day. Often, when I was walking around the city, I liked hearing the call to prayer. Some people were really good at it. (My mother had often told me that when her father was a boy he had such a beautiful voice and knew the prayer so well that he would fill in when the regular muezzin was sick.) Still, when I was at home with the windows closed, working or trying to have a conversation, the sound of amplified male voices extolling Islam always felt somehow invasive. “I know I sound like an asshole, but I really get mad sometimes,” I confessed to my friend. “Oh, no, are you an Islamophobe?” he said playfully. He advised me to think of the imam as “a singer, like Michael Jackson.”

Because I spoke Turkish imperfectly, smiled a lot, and often travelled alone, I got a lot of lectures from men, particularly taxi-drivers. Some were secularists; others, those with the most religious paraphernalia in their cars, didn’t try to make conversation. That still left many outgoing, casually Muslim drivers who took the time to explain to me how great the head scarf was—how it was “actually a beautiful thing.” For a woman to cover her head, they said, was in fact a feminist gesture, because it made clear she was demanding respect. There weren’t the same misunderstandings as with a woman whose head was uncovered.

I usually didn’t reply, especially if the driver seemed at all excitable, because when those drivers started to argue they would stop watching the road, and a lot of the cabs didn’t have seat belts. But once, when a driver pressed me particularly jovially for an opinion, I said something like “I think all women should be respected. It shouldn’t depend on their hair.”

The driver replied that I was absolutely right, that of course women should be respected, and that the head scarf was the best way for women to remind men of this necessity for respect. Men, after all, were worse than women: they could sometimes forget themselves, and then unfortunate things could happen, “even”—he said in a hushed voice, adding that he didn’t like to mention such things in front of me—“even rape.”

I replied, in my simplistic Turkish, that to me this sounded like a threat: either cover your head or rape can happen. The driver protested in ornate phrases that nobody was threatening anyone, that to speak of threats in this situation was unfitting, that he could tell from my smiling face that I was a good and trusting person, but that the world was an imperfect place, that some men were less like humans than like animals, and that it was best to send clear signals about what one was or wasn’t looking for. Then he left me at the fish restaurant where I was going to meet some literature professors.

If it had been just the two of us in the taxi in a political vacuum, I wouldn’t have begrudged the driver his opinions. It was his car and his country, and he was driving me where I wanted to go. I knew that my limited Turkish, which felt like such a handicap, was in his eyes a marker of privilege—a sign that I could afford to travel and live abroad. Often, the second question drivers asked, after the invariable “Where are you from?,” was “How much did the plane ticket cost?”

But the cab wasn’t in a vacuum; it was in a country where the head of state, whose wife wore a head scarf, repeatedly urged all women to have at least three children, preferably four or five. Erdoğan opposed abortion, birth control, and Cesarean section. He said that Islam had set out a clear position for women, but that you couldn’t explain it to feminists, because they “don’t accept the concept of motherhood.” The longer he stayed in office, the more outspoken he became. In 2014, he went so far as to describe birth control as “treason” designed “to dry up our bloodline.” No matter how hard I tried to be tolerant—no matter how sympathetic I felt toward Muslim feminists who didn’t want to be “liberated” from the veil, and who felt just as judged by the secularist establishment as secular women felt by the Muslim patriarchy—I could never forgive Erdoğan for saying those things about women. And, because he said them in the name of Islam, I couldn’t forgive Islam, either.

In the fall of 2011, I travelled to southeastern Anatolia to report on a newly discovered Neolithic site that archeologists thought might have been the world’s first temple. The site, Göbekli Tepe , was near the city of Urfa, a Muslim holy destination, believed to be the birthplace of Abraham. (The town, near the Syrian border, is now one of the points through which foreign fighters pass in order to join ISIS .) I seemed to be the only unaccompanied woman at my hotel. When I told the clerk I was staying for six days, he almost had a heart attack. “Six days?” he repeated. “All by yourself?” When I asked about the hours of the steam bath, he said it was for men only—not just at that time of day but all the time. I took the elevator up to my room, filled with the depressing knowledge that there would be no alcohol in the minibar. All the time I was in Urfa, whenever I saw any member of the hotel staff in the halls or the lobby, I always received the same greeting: “Oh, you’re still here?”

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I had a hard time finding a taxi to take me to the archeological site. In the end, the hotel receptionist called a driver he knew: a surly guy with no meter, who charged an exorbitant fifty-five dollars round trip, and sighed and muttered under his breath the whole way. He didn’t answer his phone when I called him to pick me up, and I ended up having to hitchhike. Thinking that life might be easier if I had my own car, I made an appointment for six the next evening at a Europcar location supposedly on Urfa’s 749 Street. I got so lost that, by seven, I was still wandering up and down a mysterious stretch of road that seemed to start out as 771 Street and then to become, without any visible change, 764 Street. I had walked several times past the same convenience store, catching the attention of a bread-delivery man.

“Are you looking for something?” the deliveryman asked. I showed him the address. He showed it to another guy. They debated for a long time whether there was or was not a 749 Street. A third guy came out of the store and joined in the conversation. I waited for a few minutes, but it was clear that they were never going to agree, and, anyway, the Europcar was already closed. I thanked them for their help and walked back to the city center to get something to eat.

Most of the restaurants in Urfa had a sign that said “family restaurant,” meaning there was one room that was for men only and one “family room,” where women were allowed. The one I chose had its family room on the roof. There were two or three families sitting up there, with children. The remaining tables were empty. I sat at a table for four people, in a corner. The families had a lot of requests, and I was unable to get the waiter’s attention. I had been sitting there for several minutes when I got a phone call from a friend in Istanbul. When I started talking, in English, two of the women at a nearby table turned and stared at me, openmouthed. I thought that maybe they thought I was being rude for talking on a cell phone.

“I’ll call you back,” I told my friend.

Even after I hung up, the women didn’t stop staring. I tried smiling and waving, but they neither waved back nor looked away. The waiter, who still hadn’t taken my order, was standing in a corner gazing up at a ceiling-mounted TV. I gave up and went back to my hotel room, where I ate tahini rolls while reading about the Neolithic Revolution.

The main tourist and religious sites in Urfa—an ancient castle, numerous mosques, a cave where Abraham may have been born and suckled by a deer for ten years, and a lake of sacred carp believed to mark the spot where Nimrod tried to burn Abraham alive (God turned the cinders into fish) are all in or around a shady green park, with fountains and rosebushes. I went there every day to escape the heat. Women had to wear head scarves at the holy sites, so I bought one at the market and always kept it in my bag. It was soft, gauzy, spring green, with a pattern of tiny intricate vines and leaves.

One day, when I had been visiting Abraham’s cave, I forgot to take the scarf off. Walking back through the park, I almost immediately felt that something was different. I passed two beautiful young women in scarves, walking arm-in-arm and laughing about something. When I looked at them, they looked right back into my face and met my eyes, still smiling, as if we were all in the presence of a great joke. I realized that no young women had met my eyes or smiled at me in Urfa till then. As I walked on, I felt a rising sense of freedom, as if for the first time I could look wherever I wanted and not risk receiving a hostile glance. So I kept the scarf on. And then I went back into the city.

This isn’t a scientific study; I didn’t try it multiple times, or measure anything. All I have is my subjective impression, which is this: walking through the city with a head scarf was a completely different experience. People were so much nicer . Nobody looked away when I approached. I felt less jostled; men seemed to step aside, to give me more room. When I went into a store, a man held the door for me, and I realized that it was the first time anyone had reached a door before me without going in first and letting it shut in my face. Most incredibly, when I got to a bus stop shortly after the bus had pulled away, the departing vehicle stopped in the middle of the street, the door opened, and a man reached out his hand to help me in, calling me “sister.” It felt amazing. To feel so welcomed and accepted and safe, to be able to look into someone’s face and smile, and have the smile returned—it was a wonderful gift.

How long can I keep wearing it? I found myself thinking, as the bus lurched into motion and cars honked around us. The rest of the day? Forever?

I wondered why it hadn’t occurred to me sooner to try wearing a head scarf—why nobody ever told me it was something I could do. It wasn’t difficult, or expensive. Why should I not cover my head here, if it made the people who lived here feel so much better? Why should I cause needless discomfort to them and to myself? Out of principle? What principle? The principle that women were equal to men? To whom was I communicating that principle? With what degree of success? What if I thought I was communicating one thing but what people understood was something else—what if what they understood was that I disapproved of them and thought their way of life was backward? Did that still count as “communicating”?

I found myself thinking about high heels. High heels were painful, and, for me at least, expensive, because they made walking more difficult and I ended up taking more taxis. Yet there were many times when I wore heels to work-related events in New York, specifically because I felt it made people treat me with more consideration. Why, then, would I refuse to wear a head scarf, which brought a similar benefit of social acceptance, without the disadvantage of impeding my ability to stand or walk?

And yet, when I thought about leaving the scarf on for the rest of my stay, something about it felt dishonest, almost shameful, as if I were duping people into being kind to me. Those girls who smiled into my eyes—they thought I was like them. The guy who helped me on the bus—he thought I was his sister.

At that point, another thought came to me, a kind of fantasy, so foreign that I could barely articulate it even to myself: What if I really did it ? What if I wore a scarf not as a disguise but somehow for real? I was thirty-four, and I’d been having a lot of doubts about the direction my life was taking. I had had an abortion the previous year, with some reluctance, and everything—every minor defeat, every sign of unfriendliness—still hurt a little extra. I had never felt so alone, and in a way that seemed suddenly to have been of my design, as if I had chosen this life without realizing it, years earlier, when I set out to become a writer. And now a glimmer appeared before me of a totally different way of being than any I had imagined, a life with clear rules and duties that you followed, in exchange for which you were respected and honored and safe. You had children—not maybe but definitely. You didn’t have to worry that your social value was irrevocably tied to your sexual value. You had less freedom, true. But what was so great about freedom? What was so great about being a journalist and going around being a pain in everyone’s ass, having people either be suspicious and mean to you or try to use you for their P.R. strategy? Travelling alone, especially as a woman, especially in a patriarchal culture, can be really stressful. It can make you question the most basic priorities around which your life is arranged. Like: Why do I have a job that makes me travel alone? For literature? What’s literature?

These thoughts recently came back to me when I read “Submission,” the latest novel by Michel Houellebecq, a satire set in a 2022 France ruled by democratically elected Islamic moderates. The Islam in “Submission” is largely a fantasy designed, by Houellebecq, to appeal to someone just like Houellebecq, with lavishly funded universities, fantastic meze, freely flowing French and Lebanese wines, and multiple teen wives for every intellectual who converts to Islam. But the political rhetoric of the movement’s leader, Mohammed Ben Abbes, is well reasoned and coherent, bearing a certain resemblance to Erdoğan’s actual platform, and presented with a frankness and lucidity that made me understand the logic of the A.K.P. in a way I never had before.

Internationally, Ben Abbes seeks to transform Europe into a Mediterranean and North African union of Muslim states: a program similar to the “neo-Islamism” of Ahmet Davutoğlu, the A.K.P. prime minister. Domestically, Ben Abbes supports entrepreneurialism, family businesses, and the free market; socially, he seeks to bolster Muslim education and to encourage women to be stay-at-home mothers, while continuing to tout the supreme value of democratic rule. I had never understood how all these goals were related, or even compatible. How could someone who opposed feminism—who was O.K. with half the population being less educated than the other half—be in favor of democracy? How could a democratic constitution not be secular? How could it be compatible with any of the Abrahamic faiths, with anything that came out of that cave in Urfa? I had always assumed that Erdoğan was being insincere about something: either he was just pretending to care about democracy or he was just pretending to care about Muslim family values—or, as my relatives said, he was pretending both about democracy and Islam, and the only thing he really cared about was building more shopping malls with Gulf money.

Reading “Submission,” I saw that there is, in fact, a logical consistency in the Islamist moderate free-trade platform. Democracy, like capitalism, is a numbers game, and “family values” is a machine that boosts the population. As one Houellebecq character puts it:

Couples who follow one of the three religions of the Book and maintain patriarchal values have more children than atheists or agnostics. You see less education among women, less hedonism and individualism. And to a large degree, this belief in transcendence can be passed on genetically. Conversions, or cases where people grow up to reject family values, are statistically insignificant. In the vast majority of cases, people stick with whatever metaphysical system they grow up in. That’s why atheist humanism—the basis of any “pluralist society”—is doomed.

The atheist humanists in Houellebecq’s 2022 are doomed, not just to extinction but also to uncoolness. The 1968 movement in Europe, much like the Kemalist revolution in Turkey, was once youthful and countercultural, and then it won, and itself became an old and crumbling establishment. Ben Abbes, Houellebecq writes, gets no trouble from “the last of the soixante-huitards , those progressive mummified corpses—extinct in the wider world—who managed to hang on in the citadels of the media.” The outnumbered, irrelevant zombies, still naïvely believing themselves to be the defenders of the downtrodden, are so “paralyzed” by the Muslims’ “multicultural background” that they don’t even put up a fight.

Houellebecq’s narrator, François, is a middle-aged professor of French literature—a specialist in the novels of Joris-Karl Huysmans. Huysmans’s “Against Nature” (1884), widely considered a masterpiece of the decadent movement, tells the story of a dissolute aristocrat who devotes his life to aesthetic pursuits, such as eating all-black meals and hanging around with a giant jewel-encrusted tortoise. These activities fail to bring him happiness, even as they seem to exhaust the possibilities of the decadent novel. Huysmans converted to Catholicism after writing “Against Nature.” The parallels between François and Huysmans’s hero are clear. François, too, has devoted his life to aesthetic pursuits: reading, watching television, chain-smoking, drinking supermarket wine, and dating undergraduates. He, too, finds these indulgences empty and exhaustible: literature stops seeming interesting, and sex gets more difficult every year. In much the same way that Huysmans converted to Catholicism, François converts to Islam.

When the Muslim government subsidizes a Pléiade edition of Huysmans and commissions François to write an introduction, he does some rereading and realizes, for the first time, that “Huysmans’s true subject had been bourgeois happiness, a happiness painfully out of reach for a bachelor.” That was all Huysmans ever wanted: not the all-black meals, not the jewel-encrusted turtle, but simply “to have his artist friends over for a pot-au-feu with horseradish sauce, accompanied by an ‘honest’ wine and followed by plum brandy and tobacco, with everyone sitting by the stove while the winter winds battered the towers of Saint-Sulpice.” Such happiness is “painfully out of reach for a bachelor,” even a rich one with servants; it really depends on a wife who can cook and entertain, who can turn a house into a home.

This is the cost of bourgeois happiness, in Houellebecq’s Islamic utopia: the independence of women. It’s fascinating to see how Houellebecq rises to the challenge of making female domestic enslavement seem palatable in the novel, not just to the Islamo-curious François but also, to some extent, to the women of France. For example, early in the novel, François looks up two of his exes, successful single women in their forties; these scenes suggest, not implausibly, that the penalties of aging, and the psychic toll of dating and singleness, are even harder for women than for men, and that they aren’t really balanced out by the joys of a career in, say, wine distribution or pharmaceuticals. François subsequently visits a female ex-colleague who has retired to domestic life pending the Islamization of the university. “To see her bustling around the kitchen in an apron bearing the humorous phrase ‘Don’t Holler at the Cook—That’s the Boss’s Job!,’. . . it was hard to believe that just days ago she’d been leading a doctoral seminar on the altogether unusual circumstances surrounding Balzac’s corrections to the proofs of Béatrix ,” he observes. “She’d made us tartlets stuffed with ducks’ necks and shallots, and they were delicious.” In a later passage, set on a train, François contrasts the visible stress of a Muslim businessman, who is having a clearly harrowing phone conversation, with the high spirits of his two teen wives, who are solving puzzles from the newspaper. Under the “Islamic regime,” François realizes, women—or “at least the ones pretty enough to attract a rich husband”—live in an eternal childhood, first as children, then as mothers, with just a few years of “sexy underwear” in between: “Obviously they had no autonomy, but as they say in English, fuck autonomy .”

Houellebecq’s vision of an Islamic state, for all its cartoonishness, has a certain imaginative generosity. He portrays Islam not as a depersonalized creeping menace, or as an ideological last resort to which those disenfranchised by the West may be “vulnerable,” but as a system of beliefs that is enormously appealing to many people, many of whom have other options. It’s the same realization I reached in Urfa. Nobody has everything; everyone is trading certain things for others.

I didn’t wear the scarf again, after that afternoon. I couldn’t explain it rationally, but it didn’t feel right. I stuck to my original strategy of smiling and ignoring social cues—the American way. “In the vast majority of cases,” as a French intellectual once said, “people stick with whatever metaphysical system they grow up in.”

In the course of multiple trips to the site, the surly taxi-driver gradually opened up, especially after I complimented him on the skill with which he avoided hitting pedestrians at the last possible second. “That was nothing,” the driver said, and told me about the time he had managed not to run over an old man who was walking right down the middle of the road as if it were the sidewalk, and who, in response to the driver’s honking, simply stood where he was and shouted, “Pretend I’m a tree.”

“How can you reason with someone like that?” the driver demanded, adding that when he drove in Urfa he conducted himself according to logic and not according to the traffic laws, because the rate of survival for someone who followed traffic laws had dropped to zero per cent.

We pulled up at the hotel. “So you’re still with us,” the receptionist said, not unhumorously, when I walked in.

“Of course,” I replied. “What person who has come to Urfa would ever want to leave?” ♦

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Why Can't We All Just Get Along? The Uncertain Biological Basis of Morality

Squaring recent research suggesting we're "naturally moral" with all the strife in the world

In 1999, Joshua Greene— then a philosophy graduate student at Princeton, now a psychology professor at Harvard—had a very fertile idea. He took a pretty well-known philosophical thought experiment and infused it with technology in a way that turned it into a very well-known philosophical thought experiment—easily the best-known, most-pondered such mental exercise of our time. In the process, he raised doubts, in inescapably vivid form, about the rationality of human moral judgment.

The thought experiment—called the trolley problem—has over the past few years gotten enough attention to be approaching “needs no introduction” status. But it’s not quite there, so: An out-of-control trolley is headed for five people who will surely die unless you pull a lever that diverts it onto a track where it will instead kill one person. Would you—should you—pull the lever?

Now rewind the tape and suppose that you could avert the five deaths not by pulling a lever, but by pushing a very large man off a footbridge and onto the track, where his body would slow the train to a halt just in time to save everyone—except, of course, him. Would you do that? And, if you say yes the first time and no the second (as many people do), what’s your rationale? Isn’t it a one-for-five swap either way?

Greene’s inspiration was to do brain scans of people while they thought about the trolley problem. The results suggested that people who refused to save five lives by pushing an innocent bystander to his death were swayed by emotional parts of their brains, whereas people who chose the more utilitarian solution—keep as many people alive as possible—showed more activity in parts of the brain associated with logical thought.

If you put Greene’s findings in general form—human “reasoning” is sometimes more about gut feeling than about logic—they are part of a wave of behavioral-science research that in recent years has raised doubts about how much trust your brain deserves. The best-seller lists have featured such books as Predictably Irrational , by the Duke psychologist Dan Ariely, and Thinking, Fast and Slow , in which the Princeton psychologist and Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman covers acres of research into humanity’s logical ineptitude.

But there’s a difference between this work and Greene’s work. Ariely and Kahneman spend lots of time in their books on financial and other mundane decisions, whereas Greene is focusing on moral matters. It’s one thing to say “Isn’t it crazy that you’ll drive 10 miles to save $50 on a $100 purchase but not to save $50 on a $500 purchase?” It’s another thing to say “Isn’t it crazy that you’ll dutifully kill a guy by pulling a lever but refuse on principle to give him a nudge that leads to the same outcome?” The first question is about self-help. The second question is about something more.

How much more? To judge by Greene’s new book, a whole lot more. It’s called Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them —and, in case the title alone doesn’t convince you that the stakes are high, Greene writes that his book is about “the central tragedy of modern life.” He’s not alone in thinking this is high-gravitas stuff. The Yale psychologist Paul Bloom, who also studies the biological basis of morality, has a new book called Just Babies, about the emergence of moral inclinations in infants and toddlers. He’s chosen the subtitle The Origins of Good and Evil .

I have a fairly robust immune response to book-marketing hype, but in this case it’s showing no signs of activity. The well-documented human knack for bigotry, conflict, and atrocity must have something to do with the human mind, and relevant parts of the mind are indeed coming into focus—not just thanks to the revolution in brain scanning, or even advances in neuroscience more broadly, but also thanks to clever psychology experiments and a clearer understanding of the evolutionary forces that shaped human nature. Maybe we’re approaching a point where we can actually harness this knowledge, make radical progress in how we treat one another, and become a species worthy of the title Homo sapiens .

Both Bloom and Greene evince concern for the human predicament; both authors would like to do something about it; and both have ideas about what that something should be. But only Greene’s book brings the word messianic to mind. His concern is emphatic, his diagnosis precise, and his plan of action very, very ambitious. The salvation of humankind is possible, but it’s going to take concerted effort. Greene offers readers “the motivation and opportunity to join forces with like-minded others,” the chance to support what he calls a “metamorality.” And as this metamorality spreads, we can expect to solve problems on both the domestic and international fronts, bringing reason to discussions about abortion and gay rights; calming tensions between India and Pakistan, Israel and Palestine; and so on.

I like ambition! And I’m fine with a bit of messianism, because the intense tribalism we’re seeing, domestically and internationally, does suggest that we may be approaching a point of true planetary peril. I agree with Greene that the situation calls for dramatic action—action on a scale that could bring a kind of transformation of human consciousness. But I think the transformation Greene has in mind, though appealing, isn’t the really urgent one. I think his diagnosis gives short shrift to the part of human psychology that has most condemned us to conflict.

But don’t give up hope. Lying within Greene’s rich, sprawling book are the elements of an alternative diagnosis that I think is more on-target and more promising. Salvation may not be at hand, but a path to it is discernible, even if you have to squint to see it.

Greene’s diagnosis is, at its foundation, Darwinian: the impulses and inclinations that shape moral discourse are, by and large, legacies of natural selection, rooted in our genes. Specifically, many of them are with us today because they helped our ancestors realize the benefits of cooperation. As a result, people are pretty good at getting along with one another, and at supporting the basic ethical rules that keep societies humming.

Anyone who doubts that basic moral impulses are innate will have Paul Bloom’s book to contend with. He synthesizes research—much of it done by him and his wife, Karen Wynn—demonstrating that an array of morally relevant inclinations show up in infants and toddlers. His list of natural moral endowments includes “some capacity to distinguish between kind and cruel actions,” as well as “empathy and compassion—suffering at the pain of those around us and the wish to make this pain go away.” Bloom’s work has also documented “a rudimentary sense of justice—a desire to see good actions rewarded and bad actions punished.”

So if we’re such moral animals, why all the strife? Joshua Greene’s answer is appealingly simple. He says the problem is that we were designed to get along together in a particular context—relatively small hunter-gatherer societies. So our brains are good at reconciling us to groups we’re part of, but they’re less good at getting groups to make compromises with one another. “Morality did not evolve to promote universal cooperation,” he writes.

Greene seems to think this wouldn’t be such a big problem if we were still living in the Stone Age, back when sparse population meant that groups didn’t bump into one another much—and when, anyway, a neighboring village might share your language and your culture and maybe even include some of your kin. But the modern world smushes groups together, and to further complicate things, they have different values. Greene writes:

Many Muslims believe that no one—Muslim or otherwise—should be allowed to produce visual images of the Prophet Muhammad. Some Jews believe that Jews are God’s “chosen people” and that the Jews have a divine right to the land of Israel. Many American Christians believe that the Ten Commandments should be displayed in public buildings and that all Americans should pledge allegiance to “one nation under God.”

This fact—that different groups view life “from very different moral perspectives”—is what Greene calls the “Tragedy of Commonsense Morality.” He opens his book with a parable in which different tribes subscribing to different values can’t get along and says, “They fight not because they are fundamentally selfish but because they have incompatible visions of what a moral society should be.”

If this diversity of moral codes is indeed the big problem, one solution suggests itself: get rid of the diversity. We need “a common currency, a unified system for weighing values,” Greene writes. “What we lack, I think, is a coherent global moral philosophy, one that can resolve disagreements among competing moral tribes.” He is proposing nothing less than the moral equivalent of Esperanto.

One question you confront if you’re arguing for a single planetary moral philosophy: Which moral philosophy should we use? Greene humbly nominates his own. Actually, that’s a cheap shot. It’s true that Greene is a utilitarian—believing (to oversimplify a bit) that what’s moral is what maximizes overall human happiness. And it’s true that utilitarianism is his candidate for the global metamorality. But he didn’t make the choice impulsively, and there’s a pretty good case for it.

For starters, there are those trolley-problem brain scans. Recall that the people who opted for the utilitarian solution were less under the sway of the emotional parts of their brain than the people who resisted it. And isn’t emotion something we generally try to avoid when conflicting groups are hammering out an understanding they can live with?

The reason isn’t just that emotions can flare out of control. If groups are going to talk out their differences, they have to be able to, well, talk about them. And if the foundation of a moral intuition is just a feeling, there’s not much to talk about. This point was driven home by the psychologist Jonathan Haidt in an influential 2001 paper called “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail” (which approvingly cited Greene’s then-new trolley-problem research). In arguing that our moral beliefs are grounded in feeling more than reason, Haidt documented “moral dumbfounding”—the difficulty people may have in explaining why exactly they believe that, say, homosexuality is wrong.

If everyone were a utilitarian, dumbfoundedness wouldn’t be a problem. No one would say things like “I don’t know, two guys having sex just seems … icky!” Rather, the different tribes would argue about which moral arrangements would create the most happiness. Sure, the arguments would get complicated, but at least they would rest ultimately on a single value everyone agrees is valuable: happiness.

You may ask: How do you get devout Christians, Jews, and Muslims to abandon their religiously based value systems? And you may doubt that a book by a Harvard professor is going to do the trick. But Greene realizes that this isn’t a summer-vacation project, and anyway, I don’t think practicality is the core problem with his plan. I think the big problem comes earlier, in the diagnosis phase, and it’s a problem common in analyses of the world’s conflicts: overestimating the role played by divergent values.

Consider one of Greene’s examples, cited above. It’s true that some Jews believe God reserved the West Bank for them. But it’s also true that this belief—and religious belief in general—has had very little to do with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Zionism was a largely secular movement, featuring minimal God talk, and the Arab resistance to it wasn’t particularly religious. After the Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan, enraged by Robert F. Kennedy’s pledge to send arms to Israel, assassinated Kennedy, he said he had done it for “my country,” not “my religion.” And, anyway, his religion was the same as Kennedy’s: Christianity.

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is at its root a conflict between two peoples who think they’re entitled to the same piece of land. When they argue about this, they don’t generally posit different ethical principles of land ownership. They posit different versions of history—different views on how many Arabs were living in Palestine before 1948, on who started the fighting that resulted in many Arabs leaving the area, on which side did which horrible things to the other side first, and so on. It’s not clear why these arguments over facts would change if both groups were godless utilitarians.

In fact, Greene’s own book suggests they wouldn’t. Notwithstanding its central argument, it includes lots of evidence that often the source of human conflict isn’t different moral systems but rather a kind of naturally unbalanced perspective. He cites a study in which Israelis and Arabs watched the same media coverage of the 1982 Beirut massacre and both groups concluded that the coverage was biased against their side. Any suspicion that this discrepancy was grounded in distinctive Jewish or Arab or Muslim values is deflated by another finding he cites, from the classic 1954 study in which Princeton and Dartmouth students, after watching a particularly rough Princeton-Dartmouth football game, reached sharply different conclusions about which side had played dirtier. Was the problem here a yawning gap between the value systems prevailing at Princeton and Dartmouth in the 1950s? Maybe a mint-julep-versus-gin-and-tonic thing?

No, the problem was that both groups consisted of human beings. As such, they suffered from a deep bias—a tendency to overestimate their team’s virtue, magnify their grievances, and do the reverse with their rivals. This bias seems to have been built into our species by natural selection—at least, that’s the consensus among evolutionary psychologists.

Such biases seem to be, in part, a legacy of all the zero-sum games that got played during human evolution: two clans fighting over some finite resource, two people competing for the same mate or for social status. Ironically, this means that some self-serving biases are rooted in what Greene presents as the good news about our evolutionary past: that people are designed by natural selection to extract the benefits of cooperating—successfully playing non-zero-sum games—with other people. After all, even many non-zero-sum games have a zero-sum component. Yes, you and your three fellow hunter-gatherers will all be better off if you cooperate on a hunt to kill an animal none of you could kill individually. But when it comes time to divvy up the meat, it’s better to get 30 percent than 25 percent. So we’re naturally good bargainers—with ready access to facts that support our worthiness and less-ready access to facts that don’t; we seem designed to believe in our entitlement. In one study, collaborators on jointly authored academic papers were asked what fraction of the team’s accomplishment they were responsible for. On the average four-person team, the sum of the claimed credit was 140 percent.

If real-world examples of our self-serving biases seem hard to find, that’s because they’re supposed to be hard to find; the whole idea is that we’re not aware of the information these biases exclude. So, for example, if you’re like the average American, here’s a fact you don’t know: in 1953, the United States sponsored a coup in Iran, overthrowing a democratically elected government and installing a brutally repressive regime that ruled for decades. Iranians, on the other hand, are very aware of this, which helps explain why, to this day, many of them are gravely suspicious of American intentions. It also helps explain the 1979 takeover of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran—an event that many Americans no doubt chalk up to unfathomable religious zealotry. This is the way the brain works: you forget your sins (or never recognize them in the first place) and remember your grievances.

As a result, the antagonisms confronting you may seem mysterious, and you may be tempted to attribute them to an alien value system. Indeed, this temptation may itself be part of our built-in equipment for making our rivals’ positions seem groundless. In any event, viewing values as deeply causal, as Greene and so many others do, seems to be deeply human. It’s also unfortunate, because, time and again, that belief keeps us from addressing the actual issues that underlie conflict.

There’s a fine line between studying moral psychology and studying plain old psychology. Many of these self-serving biases fall under the broader rubric of “confirmation bias”—a tendency to notice facts consistent with your thesis and overlook facts that contradict it. Confirmation bias is generally called a cognitive bias, not a moral bias, and it gets discussed in Daniel Kahneman’s book, along with our other funny intellectual quirks. But cognitive biases can have moral consequences just as surely as trolley-car intuitions do.

What makes the moral stakes especially high is the way these biases interact with a feature of psychology that is more obviously moral in nature. Namely: the sense of justice—the intuition that good deeds should be rewarded and bad deeds should be punished. A sense of justice sounds like a fine thing. Rewarding good behavior increases its frequency, and the threat of punishment discourages bad behavior. But this assumes impartial judgment—that the punishment will go to those who did the bad things and the rewards will go to those who did the good things. And, as we’ve just seen, our judgments are designed not to be impartial.

When you combine judgment that’s naturally biased with the belief that wrongdoers deserve to suffer, you wind up with situations like two people sharing the conviction that the other one deserves to suffer. Or two groups sharing that conviction. And the rest is history. Rwanda’s Hutus and Tutsis, thanks to their common humanity, shared the intuition that bad people should suffer; they just disagreed—thanks to their common humanity—about which group was bad.

Greene and Bloom, and lots of other scholars, believe the sense of justice to be a legacy of natural selection, and the logic is straightforward. For starters, though extracting the benefits of cooperation involves things like making overtures to help someone (since maybe that person will help you down the road), it also means following up selectively—reciprocating kindnesses extended to you but not continuing to help those who don’t help you. It may even mean punishing those who have abused your trust by, say, feigning friendship only to desert you once they’ve reaped the benefits of your generosity. So the impulses governing cooperation range from the gratitude that cements friendships to the sort of righteous indignation that fuels violence.

This polarity may be the origin of what eventually evolved into a full-fledged sense of justice, evident in people from an early age. Bloom shows us 1-year-olds who feel that a puppet that doesn’t play nice with other puppets should be punished—in fact, they’ll personally do the punishing, by taking the puppet’s treats away. It sounds sweet, in that context—hard to believe that this same impulse, when fused with natural cognitive biases, can lead to genocide.

Greene doesn’t neglect these sorts of impulses and biases. Indeed, he explains the dark side of our cooperative machinery and of human nature generally. This all feeds into his belief that “our brains are wired for tribalism.” But he doesn’t seem to reflect on the import of that observation. If indeed we’re wired for tribalism, then maybe much of the problem has less to do with differing moral visions than with the simple fact that my tribe is my tribe and your tribe is your tribe. Both Greene and Bloom cite studies in which people were randomly divided into two groups and immediately favored members of their own group in allocating resources—even when they knew the assignment was random.

Of course, for things to get really nasty, you need more than just the existence of two groups. The most common explosive additive is the perception that relations between the groups are zero-sum—that one group’s win is the other group’s loss. In a classic 1950s study mentioned by Bloom (a study that couldn’t be performed today, given prevailing ethical strictures), experimenters created deep hostility between two groups of boys at summer camp by pitting them against each other in a series of zero-sum games. The rift was mended by putting the boys in non-zero-sum situations—giving them a common peril, such as a disruption in the water supply, that they could best confront together.

When you’re in zero-sum mode and derogating your rival group, any of its values that seem different from yours may share in the derogation. Meanwhile, you’ll point to your own tribe’s distinctive, and clearly superior, values as a way of shoring up its solidarity. So outsiders may assume there’s a big argument over values. But that doesn’t mean values are the root of the problem.

The question of how large a role differing value systems play in human conflict hovers over some of the world’s most salient tensions. Many Americans see Muslim terrorists as motivated by an alien “jihadist” ideology that compels militants to either kill infidels or bring them under the banner of Islam. But what the “jihadists” actually say when justifying their attacks has pretty much nothing to do with bringing Sharia law to America. It’s about the perception that America is at war with Islam.

Just look at the best-known terrorist bombers and would-be terrorist bombers who have targeted the United States since 9/11: the Boston Marathon bombers, the would-be “underwear bomber,” the wouldbe Times Square bomber, and the would-be New York subway bombers. All have explicitly cited as their motivating grievance one or more of the following: the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, drone strikes in various Muslim countries, and American support for Israeli policies toward Palestinians.

There’s no big difference over ethical principle here. Americans and “jihadists” agree that if you’re attacked, retaliation is justified (an extension of the sense of justice, and a belief for which you could mount a plausible utilitarian rationale, if forced). The disagreement is over the facts of the case—whether America has launched a war on Islam. And so it is with most of the world’s gravest conflicts. The problem isn’t the lack of, as Greene puts it, a “moral language that members of all tribes can speak.” Retributive justice, for better or worse, is a moral language spoken around the world—but it is paired with a stubborn and lethal bias about who should be on the receiving end of the retribution.

None of this is to deny the existence of genuine disputes over values, or to say that such disputes never matter. Certainly domestic politics features explicit debates over values, and here—in the realm of abortion and gay rights—Greene’s argument may hold more water. I’m sure there would be less homophobia if people were driven more by pure reason—not just because they would sidestep scriptural injunctions, but also because they would transcend gut reactions against forms of sex that they themselves don’t find enticing.

But even in the domestic arena, the fact that people fight over values doesn’t mean values are the prime mover. The conflicts may draw at least as much energy from prior intertribal tensions—including a sense that your group is threatened by another group, so that the game is zero-sum. Two decades ago, then–Vice President Dan Quayle paired criticism of abortion and gay parenting with a warning about the “cultural elite” who were said to be foisting such values on ordinary Americans. That was smart, because once you’re convinced that an enemy group has contempt for your values, your values will seem, more than ever, worth fighting for.

And you’ll do what it takes to fight for them. But you’d do that even if—as in Greene’s ideal world—the ground rules confined your weapons to utilitarian argument. Indeed, debates in the public square over things like gay rights are already pretty utilitarian. (Is having gay parents good for children?) Yet the debates remain hard to resolve—in part because utilitarian arguments can be so creatively hypothetical. (Will the logic behind gay marriage lead to an acceptance of polygamy—and what effect would that have on human happiness?) It’s enough to make you wonder how much conflict a moral lingua franca would really prevent.

Greene’s evangelical mission, like many evangelical missions, is rooted in a not-very-flattering view of human nature. Namely: some of our deepest moral intuitions are gut feelings that are with us for no more lofty a reason than that they helped our ancestors protect themselves and spread their genes. Even the emotional aversion to pushing the guy onto the trolley track (an aversion so deep that utilitarians overcome it only with effort) isn’t here because natural selection frowned on pushing people to their death per se. Greene speculates, rather, that we are averse to conspicuously harming people because in the hunter-gatherer environment of our evolution, that would have invited retaliation from the victims or their kin or friends. Killing someone remotely, by pulling a lever, doesn’t trigger the same aversion as low-tech, obvious assault.

In a sense, then, people who obey their moral intuitions and refrain from pushing the man to his death are just choosing to cause five deaths they won’t be blamed for rather than one death they would be blamed for. Not a profile in moral courage! So you can see why Greene would like to recruit us to a moral philosophy that doesn’t rest on a bunch of emotional intuitions. It holds out the hope of helping us transcend natural selection’s amoral agenda.

But however dark the view of human nature that inspired this mission, I fear it’s not dark enough. If Greene thinks that getting people to couch their moral arguments in a highly reasonable language will make them highly reasonable, I think he’s underestimating the cleverness and ruthlessness with which our inner animals pursue natural selection’s agenda. We seem designed to twist moral discourse—whatever language it’s framed in—to selfish or tribal ends, and to remain conveniently unaware of the twisting.

So maybe the first step toward salvation is to become more self-aware. Greene certainly thinks more self-awareness would help. In addition to singing the praises of his global metamorality, he encourages the cultivation of “a kind of meta-cognitive skill.” This would depend on “understanding how our minds work” and could help us “decide more wisely”—presumably not just by showing us the transcendent virtue of utilitarianism, but by making us aware of the biases that routinely afflict judgment. But I think he fails to recognize just how crucial thoroughgoing metacognition is to the whole project—and how much good it alone would do, with or without a global moral philosophy.

Which leads to a question: Um, how exactly do you do metacognition? Well, you could start by pondering all the evidence that your brain is an embarrassingly misleading device. Self-doubt can be the first step to moral improvement. But our biases are so subtle, alluring, and persistent that converting a wave of doubt into enduring wisdom takes work. The most-impressive cases of bias neutralization I’m aware of involve people who have spent ungodly amounts of time—several hours a day for many years—in meditative practices that make them more aware of the workings of their minds. These people seem much less emotion-driven, much less wrapped up in themselves, and much less judgmental than, say, I am. (And brain scans of these highly adept meditators have found low levels of activity in brain networks associated with self-regarding thought.)

Happily for those of us who can’t spare several hours a day, more-modest progress can be made by pursuing this “mindfulness meditation” in smaller doses. And this practice exploits a strategy that is common in successful evangelical missions: using self-help as bait. Loosening the grip of your emotions can make you happier, and for many meditators that’s the big draw. The fact that emotionally driven and subtly self-centered moral judgments loosen their hold on you as well seems almost like a side effect.

Full disclosure: I practice (in moderation) this sort of meditation, so the previous paragraph was a sermon from my tribe. But other tribes have their own paths toward the goal of transcending selfish biases. I don’t just mean that there are edifying meditative traditions in all major religions (though there are), or that very old scriptures say things like “Why do you see the speck in your neighbor’s eye, but do not notice the log in your own eye?” (though they do). I also mean that within various kinds of tribes—religions, nations, political parties—there are people urging their compatriots to see things from a less tribal perspective, to put themselves in the shoes of the other, to explore the non-zero-sum prospect of accommodation. These voices can prevail without Greene’s recommended overhaul of tribal value systems, and if they do prevail, the distinctive tribal values that seem so explosively divisive now will start to seem less so.

This sort of global metacognitive revolution, even with the assistance it’s getting from science, may be a long shot, and it certainly will be a long, hard slog. But nourishing the seeds of enlightenment indigenous to the world’s tribes is a better bet than trying to convert all the tribes to utilitarianism—both more likely to succeed, and more effective if it does.

Don’t get me wrong: Some of my best friends are utilitarians. In fact, the utilitarian tribe is another tribe I belong to. I even once spent a chapter of a book defending utilitarianism as the best available moral philosophy. I just don’t think it’s the key to salvation.

It’s tempting for us utilitarians to look around at people with more emotionally rooted value systems and think that these primitive worldviews are what stand in the way of progress. But if psychology tells us anything, it is to be suspicious of the intuition that the other guys are the problem and we’re not.

​When you buy a book using a link on this page, we receive a commission. Thank you for supporting The Atlantic.

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Travel Documents You’ll Want to Remember on a Trip

Last updated on 04/22/2024

When you are traveling, especially internationally, you need to pay attention to every detail. So many variables need to fall into place for your trip to go smoothly. Odds are, something will go wrong to leave you with a story and a lesson for your next trip. It’s happened to all of us. When it comes to what to bring and what to leave at home, you’ll be weighing a lot of options. Without any exception, you’ll want to remember these important travel documents:

Driver’s License, Passport and Travel Visa

Whether you are traveling domestically within your home country or outside of it, you’ll need proper identification. You can leave your voter registration card at home, but other than that – consider bringing multiple versions of identification documentation (or at least copies of it).

For instance, if you are old enough to have a driver’s license, you probably will consider it silly to bring a copy of your birth certificate. But if you lose your passport along the way, you may be glad you have proof of U.S. citizenship in the safe at your hotel.

In 2025, domestic travelers will be required to have a Real ID , which is an identification card that meets the standards laid out by the U.S. government in the Real ID Act of 2005. The Real ID driver's license looks very similar to your current driver’s license, except it includes a new star icon on the top right corner. For travelers without a Real ID, a valid passport or TSA-approved ID is an acceptable alternative for domestic travel.

Copies of All Identification Documents

We touched upon this above, but we don’t just mean copies of documents where your originals are home. You want a copy of all your identification – one for each checked bag. Keep a hard copy of your documents in your carry-on and each checked bag of luggage with which you are traveling, in case any of them go missing during the trip.

These copies can help you in multiple situations. Lose the original identification? You’ve got copies to get you new ones – or home. Lose a bag? The airline or tour group has extra identification that it is indeed your luggage. We also recommend making digital copies and leaving them at home with a trusted loved one that can help if you need access to them while abroad.

Speaking of digital copies, check out the new "mobile passport" app from US Customs and Border Protection. It's been made available for US citizens reentering the country, allowing travelers to "breeze through customs" when they return from an international trip. It could be a lifesaver if you misplace your passport during your trip. If you are traveling through other countries, those customs agents most likely will not recognize a mobile passport, but it could possibly help expedite the process to get a new passport book at the local embassy while you are abroad. Currently, mobile passports are available for use at four cruise ports and 28 airports nationwide.

Travel Insurance Plan Details

Yes, a hard copy of your travel insurance certificate can oftentimes be very long (30-60 pages depending on the plan). If you should need to read the fine print of your travel insurance plan due to a stressful situation, you may be glad you have a copy.

Luckily, most travel insurance companies have a mobile app that can hold your travel insurance plan information, as well as all the information you need to call them and start the claims process. If you purchased your plan with InsureMyTrip, your certificate will be emailed to you. You can keep this file handy in your email inbox or download the PDF to your smartphone. If you download the information prior to leaving on your trip, when you are traveling, you won’t need a data plan or wireless internet to access it!

Travel Itinerary Details

Whether you have only one reservation or several, you’ll want to keep copies of your itinerary in your travel luggage. This can help a myriad of ways. We particularly recommend having digital and hard copy proof that you already paid for a flight or a hotel, to avoid any questions if you arrive and they are questioning your reservation.

Also, if you should need to call your travel insurance company for any reason, you’ll have all the details on hand to explain the situation without hesitation. Not to mention, sometimes we just forget things! It’s great to have a reminder available whenever you need it.

Tickets for Events When Traveling

While some travelers prefer to have the tickets in their hand before they depart on their trip, others wait until the last minute to pick up their tickets from will call. Either way, you’ll want some form of documentation showing that you have already paid for the event. It could be the actual ticket, but you can also bring proof of purchase with you.

This way, if you arrive at the box office and they can’t find your ticket, you have proof you did prepay for the event.

COVID-19 Travel Documents

The coronavirus pandemic changed domestic and international travel alike.

Some destinations require proof of vaccination or a negative COVID-19 test taken within a specific timeframe. Some also require travel insurance , with coverage requirements varying by destination. We recommend confirming this information before purchasing your policy. If these are requirements for your next destination, be sure to keep your proof of insurance and COVID-19 test results in an easily accessible location as they may be required at different times.

Vaccinated travelers are not only encouraged to travel with their vaccination card as proof, but keeping this item safe in a plastic sleeve or laminate is recommended. Most vaccination records are made of paper which makes them vulnerable to damage or destruction, particularly during travel. Additional protection for this document may be helpful in the event of a spill or accident.

Some travel suppliers are testing programs that would serve as a standard format for health information or verification documents. These digital health documents, often referred to as "health passports," may include proof of a negative COVID-19 test and some may be able to provide proof of vaccination . This technology is expected to link with health care systems and hospitals to ensure accurate information.

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• Both parents or guardians must approve that we can issue a passport to a child, and go with the child to apply in person.
• If one or both parents or guardians cannot apply with their child, you will need to show us more documents.
• You cannot renew your child's passport using Form DS-82.
• Passports for children under age 16 are only valid for 5 years. 

Steps to Apply

1. fill out form ds-11 and print it.

Use our Form Filler tool  to fill out your child's form on a desktop or laptop computer and then print it. If you are experiencing technical issues with the Form Filler, download a PDF . 

Tips to complete your child's form :

• Do not sign your child's form until asked to do so by a passport acceptance agent or employee. 
• You can apply for a passport book , a passport card , or both documents.
• You may ask for a larger passport book with more visa pages, at no extra cost, by checking the 'large book' box at the top of the DS-11.

2. Get Evidence of U.S. Citizenship (and a photocopy)

Your evidence must be an original or replacement copy. The document must have the official seal or stamp of the office which issued it. You must submit one of the following documents for your child:

• Issued by the city, county, or state of birth
• Lists applicant's full name, date of birth, and place of birth
• Lists the parent(s)' full names
• Has the date filed with registrar's office (must be within one year of birth)
• Has the registrar's signature
• Has the seal or stamp of the city, county, or state which issued it
• Consular Report of Birth Abroad or Certification of Birth
• Certificate of Citizenship
• Please note you must also provide a document, such as a birth certificate, that lists the parent(s) or legal guardian(s) of the child. Full validity means the document is or was valid for 10 years for adults and 5 years for children under 16. 

If you cannot submit one of these documents, go to our  Citizenship Evidence page  for more information.

Paper only : You cannot submit digital evidence of U.S. citizenship such as a mobile or electronic birth certificate. You must submit physical evidence of U.S. citizenship and a photocopy of the document. 

Returning your child's document : We will return your child's document in a separate mailing up to 8 weeks after you receive the new passport.

Tips for making a photocopy :

• Black and white (no color)
• Use 8.5 inch by 11 inch paper
• Use a single side of the paper

If you do not submit a photocopy, you must submit a second copy of your citizenship evidence. We will keep this copy for our records.

3. Show Your Relationship to Your Child

You must submit a document that lists the parent(s) or legal guardian(s) of the child. Examples include:

• U.S. birth certificate (also evidence of U.S. citizenship)
• Foreign birth certificate
• Adoption decree
• Divorce or custody decree
• A court order

Some documents, like a U.S. birth certificate, show  both  U.S. citizenship and parental relationship. These documents must be originals or certified copies (not photocopies).

You and your child may have different last names, as long as the document showing your relationship to your child lists your full name.

If your name is different than the one on the document showing your relationship to your child, submit proof of your legal name change.

4. Get a Photo ID (and a photocopy)

Both parents or guardians must bring a physical, photo ID and a photocopy of it. If your photo ID is from a different state than the state in which you are applying, bring a second photo ID. 

You must show at least  one  of these photo IDs:

• Valid or expired, undamaged U.S. passport book or passport card 
• In-state, fully valid driver's license or enhanced driver's license with photo
• Certificate of Naturalization 
• Certificate of Citizenship 
• Government employee ID (city, county, state, or federal)
• U.S. military or military dependent ID
• Current (valid) foreign passport
• Matricula Consular (Mexican Consular ID) used by a parent of a U.S. citizen child applicant
• U.S. Permanent Resident Card (Green Card) used by a parent of a U.S. citizen child applicant
• Trusted Traveler IDs (including valid Global Entry, FAST, SENTRI, and NEXUS cards)
• Enhanced Tribal Cards and Native American tribal photo IDs
• In-state, fully-valid learner's permit with photo
• In-state, fully-valid non-driver ID with photo
• Temporary driver's license with photo

If you do not have one of these photo IDs, go to our  Identification page  for more information.

5. Show More Documents (if both parents or guardians cannot apply)

• Both parents or guardians must approve that we can issue a passport to a child, and go with the child to apply in person.
• If one or both parents or guardians cannot apply in person with their child, you will need to show more documents.

If...	Then...
One parent can't go in person (but both of you have custody)	Submit a  . The parent that cannot apply with the child must:
You have sole legal custody, or you are the only parent	Submit one of these documents:  parent  .
You cannot find the other parent (but both of you have custody)	Submit a  .
Neither parent able to appear	Submit a  or a notarized statement from both parents or guardians giving that person (example: grandparent) permission to apply for the child.

Important : Submit  Form DS-3053  and other notarized statements within three months of signing them.

6. Provide a Photo

You must provide one photo with your child's application. Go to our  Passport Photo page  for photo requirements and to see examples of photos. 

• Do not attach or staple your child's photo to the form. The acceptance agent or passport employee will review the photo and staple it to your form.
• Some  passport acceptance facilities
• A company which offers photo services
• Home. Ask your friend or family member to take your child's photo. Print it on glossy or matte photo quality paper. 

7. Calculate Fees

When applying using Form DS-11, you will pay two separate fees - an application fee and an execution (acceptance) fee. You will pay the application fee to the U.S. Department of State, and the execution (acceptance) fee to the facility which takes your application. 

• Add $60 to your application fee if you want  expedited service .
• Add $19.53 to your application fee if you want us to ship your completed passport in 1-2 days after we issue it.  

Child Applicants :

Product	Form	Application Fee	Execution (Acceptance) Fee
Passport Book		$100	$35
Passport Card		$15	$35
Passport Book & Card		$115	$35

For more information on how to pay and a full list of fees, go to our  Passport Fees  page.

*How to fill out your check and pay the application fee to the U.S. Department of State. Please note you must pay a separate execution (acceptance) fee. 

Families may write one check or money order to the U.S. Department of State if they are applying at the same time. The check or money order must include the name and date of birth of each applicant.

8. Find Location to Apply

In the United States:

• Traveling in more than 3 weeks?  Go to a  passport acceptance facility  such as a post office, library, or local government office. Check with the facility to see if you need to make an appointment. 
• Traveling in less than 3 weeks?   Make an appointment  to apply at a passport agency or center.

In another country:

• Contact your  U.S. embassy or consulate .

9. Track Your Application Status

You can  subscribe to email updates  about your application status, and  learn more about each status update .

It may take 2 weeks from the day you apply until your child's application status is “In Process.” 

Frequently Asked Questions

How will you send my child's passport and supporting documents.

You will get multiple mailings. The number of mailings depends on what document(s) you asked for.

Passport Book : You may get your new passport and citizenship documents in two mailings. You may wait 8 weeks after getting your passport before you get a second mailing with your citizenship documents. We will return the passport book using a trackable delivery service.

Passport Card : You may get your new passport card and your citizenship documents in two mailings. You may wait 8 weeks after getting your passport before you get a second mailing with your citizenship documents. We only send the passport card via First Class Mail. We do not send cards using 1-2 day delivery services.

Both a Passport Book and Card : You may get three separate mailings:

• New passport book
• New passport card
• Citizenship documents

Contacting Us : If you have been waiting more than 8 weeks for your documents, call us at  1-877-487-2778  to report that you have not received your documents. 

If you want us to reimburse you for a lost supporting document, you must contact us within 90 days of the date which we mailed your passport. You will also need to provide a receipt to show the cost of replacing the document. 

Can I pay for faster delivery and return shipping?

Yes. You may choose one or both of the following shipment options:

• Delivering application to us : Pay for Priority Mail Express for faster shipping. The price for this service varies depending on the area of the country.
• Returning the passport to you : Pay $19.53 for 1-2 day delivery. This means you will receive your passport   1-2 days after we send it. Include this fee with your check or money order payable to the U.S. Department of State. Do not submit a return envelope to us with postage pre-paid. 

You may receive your passport and supporting documents in separate mailings. If you are renewing a passport card, we will send it to you via First Class Mail. We do not use 1-2 day delivery services if you only applied for a passport card.

What countries require Form DS-3053 "Statement of Consent" to be notarized at an embassy or consulate?

In certain countries, a DS-3053 must be notarized at a  U.S. embassy or consulate  and cannot be notarized by a local notary public. Currently, these countries include:

Afghanistan	Indonesia	Pakistan
Algeria	Iran	Panama
Angola	Iraq	Philippines
Bangladesh	Jamaica	Saudi Arabia
Bulgaria	Kenya	Senegal
Cambodia	Kuwait	Sierra Leone
Cameroon	Laos	Somalia
Central African Republic	Lebanon	Sudan
Cote d'Ivoire	Liberia	Syria
Dominican Republic	Libya	Tajikistan
Egypt	Mali	Tanzania
Equatorial Guinea	Mauritania	Trinidad and Tobago
Ethiopia	Mauritius	Uganda
Gabon	Moldova	Ukraine
Guatemala	Nepal	United Arab Emirates
Guinea	Nicaragua	Venezuela
Haiti	Nigeria	Vietnam
Honduras	North Korea	Yemen

Special Passport Fairs

Find a Special Passport Fair  near you!

We're holding special passport fairs all across the United States to help you get your passport more easily. New events are added to our site every week.

Most events are for first-time applicants and children, (who use Form DS-11). If you can use Form DS-82, you can renew by mail at your convenience!

Processing Times

Routine:  6-8 weeks*

Expedited: 2-3 weeks and an extra $60*

*Consider the total time it will take to get a passport when you are booking travel.  Processing times only include the time your application is at a passport agency or center.

• It may take up to 2 weeks for applications to arrive at a passport agency or center. It may take up to 2 weeks for you to receive a completed passport after we print it. 
• Processing times + mailing times = total time to get a passport

Urgent Travel:  See our Get my Passport Fast page. 

How to Apply for your Child's Passport

Watch this video to learn how to apply in person for your child's U.S. passport!

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Requirements And Information

• Required Documentation
• Domestic Airline Travel ID Requirements for US Citizens
• Cruising and/or flying through Canada
• Visa Requirements

Travel Documentation Resources

Age requirements for travel, travel sanctions and regulations, required travel documentation and information for cruise holidays, required travel documentation.

Carefully read the documentation that each guest must present at the pier prior to boarding. Travel to some destinations may require special visas and travel authorizations before the cruise. If travelling internationally, the countries you are flying to and/ or connecting through may have different visa or travel requirements, whilst we attempt to provide you with most up to date information below, we encourage you to visit the government and airport websites of every country you will be travelling to throughout your journey to familiarise yourself with their requirements. Please visit Norwegian Cruise Line global visa support centre for additional visa requirements for your cruise by clicking here .

For vaccination requirement details, please visit Sail Safe .

For country specific requirements, please visit Cruise Travel Requirements by Country .

On cruises that begin and end in the same US port and do not sail through the Panama Canal or to any South American ports, you are required to carry one of the below documents:

OR

Government-issued photo ID

(Baptismal paper, hospital certificates of birth, and Puerto Rico birth certificates issued prior to 7/1/10 are not acceptable.)

Photocopies or pictures of documents will not be accepted.

-->

*A U.S. citizen under the age of 16 does not require a government-issued photo ID.

A valid passport is required on all sailings that begin in one US port and end in another US port.

for the following reasons:

If you need to obtain a passport quickly, please contact VisaCentral at 844-834-5702 and reference account 75006 for discounted VisaCentral service fees. VisaCentral can obtain a passport in as little as 48 hours.

There's no need for a passport when you sail on any Hawaii inter-island cruise. If the ship never sails beyond the islands of Hawaii, all you need is a government-issued photo I.D. which includes a passport or a valid driver's license with a photo.

Valid passports are required to board the ship for all Panama Canal sailings. No passport cards, birth certificates or other form of proof of US citizenship will be accepted. Failure to present a valid passport at check-in will result in denial of boarding. On cruises that visit a port of call in Panama but do NOT go through the Panama Canal, Panamanian authorities require all guests to have a valid passport in order to go ashore. Guests that do not have a passport will be blocked from going ashore in Panama on these sailings.

You’re required to carry a valid passport, not expiring within six (6) months of the return of your cruise.

Specific visas may be required for entry into . Some must be obtained in advance; some can be obtained onboard.

--> -->

Beginning May 7, 2025, every air traveller 18 years of age and older will need a REAL ID-compliant driver's license, state-issued enhanced driver's license, or another acceptable form of ID to fly within the United States. REAL IDs are marked by a star on the top of the card. Between now and the effective date of the new regulations, we encourage all travellers to check their IDs and obtain a REAL ID if they don't already have one. To obtain a REAL ID requires documentation beyond what is required for most standard drivers' licenses. Prepare to collect and present several documents to DMV officials that prove residency and identification.

Guests should take this into consideration when planning travels for their cruise.

.

.

.

In addition, a tourist visa may be required for entry into certain countries/ports of call. To confirm the specific documents required, please be sure to check with the proper authorities (such as your local immigration office) for each port that you are entering. You can also contact to answer your questions.

U.S. Alien Residents holding an Alien Resident Card (ARC), also known as a "Green Card" must be in possession of the ARC in order to sail. U.S. Alien Residents who do not have their ARC with them at check in will be denied boarding. It is recommended that these guests also carry their passports from their country of citizenship if available. In some instances, ARC holders may still be required to have travel permits and/or visas to enter countries Norwegian Cruise Line visits in these destinations.

Canadian Residency Permit (CRP) holders who are NOT in possession of their permanent resident papers or a valid Temporary Resident Visa will be denied boarding if the ship visits any Canadian port during the cruise. In addition, the Canadian resident can be refused re-entry into Canada without their proper resident documentation.

Effective November 29, 2016, all Chinese passport holders that have a 10 year B1/B2 non-immigrant visa are now required to fill out an Electronic Visa Update System (EVUS) enrolment in order to enter the United States. All Chinese guests with a 10 year B1/B2 visa must complete their EVUS enrolment prior to arriving to the pier. Proof of EVUS enrolment must be shown at check-in and is required to board the ship. This applies to all U.S. ports. For more information, please visit .

U.S. Citizens
Non-U.S. Citizens

Visa-exempt foreign nationals who enter Canada by air, must obtain and have in their possession a .

)

To apply for a Canadian eTA, please click on the following link: . Guests may be denied boarding by the airline carrier or Norwegian Cruise Line without having proper documentation upon check-in.

For additional information regarding Canada’s new eTA requirement, please visit the following website:

Based on Canadian entry requirements, some passengers may require a valid Temporary Resident Visa (TRV) in order to visit or travel through Canada. for more information.

Para os hóspedes que chegam no Canadá de navio de cruzeiro, o eTA não é aplicável, nesse caso o visto de Turismo deve ser obtido antes de sua viagem. Em determinados itinerários e/ou voos que incluam ou transitem pelo Canadá, os hóspedes podem exigir um Visto de Trânsito, dependendo da duração da estadia no Canadá. Visite para obter mais informações.

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Effective February 29, 2024, all Mexican citizens entering Canada by air, excluding those with a U.S. permanent resident card, will require an Electronic Travel Authorisation (eTA) in order to fly into a Canadian airport.

To qualify for an Electronic Travel Authorisation (eTA), Mexican citizens must possess a valid U.S. nonimmigrant visa, or a Canadian visa issued within the last decade. The eTA visa only applicable when entering Canada by air, for cruises embarking in Vancouver. For additional information regarding the eTA visa, guests can visit:

Effective February 29, 2024, all Mexican citizens entering Canada by sea, excluding those with a U.S. permanent resident card, are required to present a visitor visa at embarkation in order to board the vessel.

The visitor visa can take several weeks to obtain. As such, guests are strongly encouraged to begin the application process as soon as possible. For additional information regarding the visitor visa, guests can visit:

On embarkation day before boarding the ship, all guests must pass through a U.S. Customs and Border Protection immigration inspection inside the cruise terminal. To facilitate and expedite the immigration process, the United States Customs and Border Protection is requiring all guests to provide accurate passport and travel documentation information at online check-in, prior to embarkation. Failure to provide accurate passport and travel documentation information at online check-in, could result in denial of boarding.

Online Check-in will be available at 21 days prior to sailing and up to 3 days before the cruise embarkation date. Please ensure you upload all passport and travel documentation information during this timescale. To access your online check-in, log in to your MyNCL account .

Cruising and/or Flying Through Canada

Travel Visa Requirements

Norwegian Cruise Line has partnered with VisaCentral to provide our guests with comprehensive, accurate information regarding travel visas. Some of VisaCentral’s guest travel services include visa application kits and assistance with obtaining other visas where required. Visit the Global Visa Support Centre on the VisaCentral ( http://visacentral.com/Norwegian-cruise-line-splash?login=103407 ) page for assistance with visa applications.

United States Electronic System for Travel Authorisation (ESTA) - for Citizens of Visa Waiver Programme Countries (VWP) Entering the United States Per the Visa Waiver Programme (VWP) requirements, all VWP travellers must obtain an electronic travel authorisation (ESTA) prior to boarding a travel carrier to enter the United States. This can be done by completing the online application on the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s website. Applications may be submitted at any time prior to travel. However, DHS recommends that applications be submitted no less than 72 hours prior to travel. Passport holders from the below countries with biometric passports are eligible to participate in the US Visa Waiver Programme: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brunei, Chile, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Kingdom All passport holders from the above countries must be able to present a valid ESTA or US Visa before boarding a cruise that starts, visits, or ends in the United States. Any person unable to do so will be denied boarding.

Schengen Visas - for Entry to the European Union for Applicable Nationalities The Schengen Agreement (effective March 26, 1995) is an agreement between several member states of the European Union (EU) to remove immigration controls for travel within their collective territories. This creates a "borderless" region known as the Schengen Area , which changes the procedures for entering, connecting or travelling between any of the Schengen States. Click here for more information.

There are four types of Schengen visas; Type C is the one typically needed by passengers, which can be issued by any one of the Schengen states and is valid for all the others. Due to the type of itineraries in Europe, The Schengen Agreement maintains that certain nationalities require a visa to enter the EU zone. Guests who are not US, Canadian, or European nationals are strongly encouraged to contact the nearest EU-member country embassy to determine if a Schengen visa is necessary.

Some European itineraries require a Multiple Entry Schengen visa because the ship leaves and re-enters the Schengen Zone.

Asia, Australia and South America Itineraries For sailings that visit Asia, Australia, and South America, a specific visa may be required for entry. Some must be obtained in advance; some can be obtained onboard; some will be handled by Norwegian Cruise Line.

Please visit Visa Central for support with obtaining these required visas.

Visas must be obtained in advance of departure if your cruise is visiting any of the destinations listed below.

Visas for the following countries will be obtained for U.S. and Canadian passport holders with the help of the cruise line while you are onboard. Costs may be associated with the processing of arrival visas. Any fees related to securing these visas will be charged to your onboard account."

• Cuba ( click here for more info)

Contact VisaCentral for more information or for assistance with obtaining any visas that are required in advance of your cruise.

A specific visa may be required for entry to certain countries.

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of departure if your cruise is visiting any of the destinations listed below:

Contact the embassy of the countries listed above or visit  , a full service agency, for assistance with obtaining any visas that are required in advance of your cruise..

US and Canadian Passport holders require a visa to enter the countries listed below. Norwegian Cruise Line will obtain visas on your behalf if you have not done so before the cruise. Costs (ranging from $64 USD per visa and up) will be charged to your onboard account:

--> while you are onboard at no cost:

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U.S. and Canadian Citizens

Visa Requirements for American Samoa

All guests of any nationality are welcome to go ashore whilst in transit in American Samoa ports, there are no visa requirements before or during the cruise.

Visa Requirements for Angola

In transit guests visiting as a port of call do not require a visa before or during the cruise.

Passport holders from the below listed countries between the ages of 9 months and 60 years are required to have a yellow fever vaccine certificate , without it guests will be detained onboard.

Angola, Argentina, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Congo, Congo Republic, Cote d’ Ivory, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, French-Guiana, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Guyana, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Rwanda, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, and Venezuela

Visa Requirements for Argentina

Passport holders from the below listed countries do not require a visa for Argentina. Passport holders from all other countries not mentioned below will require a visa prior to the cruise issued by an Argentinean embassy or consulate. Guests without a valid visa will be denied boarding on embarkation day. It is not an option to remain onboard in Argentinean ports without a visa.

Andorra, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, South Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Macedonia Republic, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Mónaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Perú, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts And Nevis, Saint Lucia, Samoa (Ex Samoa Occidental), Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia Rep., Somalía, South Sudan, Sudan Rep., Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Tonga, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Vanuatu, and Vatican City

The below nationalities may be eligible for AVE Electronic Travel Authorisation if they meet certain requirements:

Albania, Angola, Antigua And Barbuda, Bahamas, Bahrain, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia And Herzegovina, Botswana, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Rep, China, Dem. Rep. Congo, Congo, Rep. Pop., Côte D`Ivoire (Costa De Marfil), Cuba, Djibouti, Dominican Rep, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini (Swaziland), Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Marshall, Islands, Mauritius, Moldova, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Níger, Oman, Palau, Papúa New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Saint Vincent And The Grenadines, Salomon Islands, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Republic Serbia, Seychelles, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, The Gambia, Togo, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, and Zambia.

If the above nationals do not have a valid AVE Electronic Travel Authorisation they will require a visa issued by an Argentinean embassy or consulate prior to the cruise or be denied boarding on embarkation day.

Under the MERCOSUR agreement the following nationalities may travel with a Cedula or National ID that is valid and in good condition:

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela.

Visa Requirements for Australia

Anyone who does not carry a passport from Australia or New Zealand must have an Australian visa to go on any cruise that calls to an Australian port or they cannot sail.

Passport holders from the following countries are eligible to apply for the ETA via the app on their own. Third parties, like Visa Central cannot assist with the app set up as it has to be done on the mobile phone the applicant takes with them on the trip.

Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Brunei, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Monaco, Norway, Portugal, Republic of San Marino, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States and Vatican City.

The Australia Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) is only available via an APP on your mobile device. This was introduced by the Government of Australia following the pandemic. The APP can be found in Apple APP store, ANDROID, or where you normally find APPS for your device. Here are some instructions on the APP for Australia ETA:

• Once you download the app be sure to have your passport with you when you start the eVisa application process.
• The App requires that the physical passport is scanned. The Passport Chip and Info Page scan line is read in real-time.
• In addition to providing a scan of passport you will need to take a photo and answer a series of questions.
• Cost is $20 paid on the APP. Fee is set by Australia government and subject to change
• APP validity is typically multi entry, one-year validity with stay of up to 3 months. Please note, visa validity is always at the discretion of the Consulate.

All other nationalities not mentioned above must apply for a visitor visa that can be applied for using this link https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/visas/getting-a-visa/visa-finder/visit

• The cost for the visa is up to AUD150
• The stay is granted for up to 12 months

Visa Requirements for Bahrain

Visa requirements for bermuda.

Based on Bermuda's immigration regulations, some passengers may require a visa to visit the country. Effective March 1st, 2014, guests who require a visa for Bermuda may enter Bermuda visa-free as long as they have a valid multiple-entry U.S. visa or U.S. Residence Card.

Learn More About Visas

Visa Requirements for Brazil

*Starting April 10th, 2024, passport holders from Australia, Canada, Japan, and United States will require an eVisa to enter Brazil. The eVisa must be obtained in advance and will take up to 5 working days to process. The application process is done online and can be found on this website https://brazil.vfsevisa.com/ .

Passport holders from the following countries require a visa for Brazil from an embassy or consulate before the cruise:

Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Australia*, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada*, Cabo Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Comoros, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of the Cook Islands, Côte 'Ivoire, Cuba, Djibouti, East Timor, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan*, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Federated States of Micronesia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nauru, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Pakistan, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, United States*, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Under the MERCOSUR agreement the following nationalities may travel with a Cedula or National ID that is valid and in good condition on sailings that remain in South America:

Visa Requirements for Brunei Darussalam

All foreign passengers must hold a passport with remaining validity of at least 6 months as of the date of entry.

All passengers are required to fill out and submit an Electronic Arrival Declaration Form for Brunei before embarking on any cruise that visits Brunei Darussalam.

Brunei Electronic Declaration (imm.gov.bn)

Passport holders from the following countries do not require a visa to go ashore in Brunei:

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cambodia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Laos, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Peru, Poland, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Slovenia, Singapore, Slovakia, South Korea, Thailand, The Principality of Liechtenstein, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam.

Passport holders from the below countries will be charged $20 per person for a Brunei visa upon arrival into ports in Brunei Darussalam. This visa is mandatory and will be charged to the onboard account for all guests onboard the ship who do not already possess a Brunei visa. The visa is required for both guests who go ashore and guests who choose to remain onboard. The cost of the visa will not be waived for guests who remain onboard.

Australia, Bahrain, China, Kuwait, Qatar, Taiwan

Passport holders from all other counties must have a visa for Brunei from an embassy or consulate before the cruise.

Visa Requirements for Cambodia

Passport holders from the following countries do not require a visa to visit Cambodia:

Brunei, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam

Passport holders from the below countries will be charged $30 per person for a Cambodian visa upon arrival into Cambodian ports. This visa is mandatory and will be charged to the onboard account for all guests onboard the ship who do not already possess a Cambodian visa. The visa is required for both guests who go ashore and guests who choose to remain onboard. The cost of the visa will not be waived for guests who remain onboard in Cambodian ports.

Albania, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Dem Rep of Congo, Rep of Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, North Korea, Norway, Oman, Palau, Palestinian Territories, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Sint Maarten, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, South Sudan, Spain, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Passport holders from the below countries and any countries not mentioned above require a visa from a Cambodian embassy or consulate.

Afghanistan, Algeria, Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Sudan

Please note that electronic visas "e-visas" obtained online are only valid to enter Cambodia by air or land. These visas cannot be used to enter Cambodia by sea onboard cruise ships.

Visa Requirements for Canada

Click here for more information on Cruising and/or flying through Canada.

Visa Requirements for Cape Verde

Visa requirements for chile.

Passport holders from the following countries require a visa for Chile before the cruise. To apply for a Chilean visa please visit https://tramites.minrel.gov.cl/Solicitudes/visa.aspx . Guests without a visa for Chile will be denied boarding on embarkation day. It is not an option to remain onboard whilst the ship is in Chilean ports:

Afghanistan, Angola, Algeria, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chad, China, Comoros Islands, Congo, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Eritrea, East Timor, Ethiopia, Philippines, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Haiti, India, Iraq, Iran, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Kiribati, Kosovo, Kuwait, Laos, Lesotho, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Marshall Islands, Mozambique, Myanmar, Morocco, Maldives, Mauritius, Micronesia, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Niger Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Papa New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Korea, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Tanzania, Tajikistan, Togo, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Visa Requirements for Colombia

Passports are required for all sailings that visit Cartagena as a port of call.

Canadian passport holders that embark or disembark in Cartagena will be charged a fee of CAD $85 by local immigration authorities. This fee does not apply to in transit guests visiting as a port of call.

Visa Requirements for Dominican Republic

Guests that are in transit and visiting Dominican Republic as a port of call only, do not require a visa to go ashore.

The following requirements are for guests that are embarking the ship in La Romana, Dominican Republic only.

• All foreign and Dominican passengers entering or leaving Dominican Republic on commercial flights must complete the free electronic entry and exit form, which combines the Traveller's Health Affidavit, Customs Declaration, and International Embarkation/Disembarkation forms. The form is available in different languages and can be accessed through the following link: https://eticket.migracion.gob.do . It must be complete up to 72 hours before the flight. This form is not required for transit guests.
• Passport holders from the below countries are required to pay for a tourist card at the port of embarkation at La Romana under the following circumstances. If a guest flies into the Dominican Republic, and is in the country for over 24 hours when they board the ship, they will have to purchase a tourist card from authorities at the cruise terminal. The cost is $20 USD or 20 Euros which has to be paid in cash. They only accept these two currencies. If a guest is disembarking in La Romana and remaining in the Dominican Republic for more than 24 hours, they need to purchase a tourist card from authorities in the cruise terminal for $10 USD or 10 Euros cash. They only accept these two currencies. American Samoa, Andorra, Antigua & Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba*, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, El Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Germany, Greece, Greenland, Grenada, Guadalupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Holland, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Hawaii, Ireland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, Marshall Islands, Salomon Islands, Italy, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Kuwait, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macao, Macedonia, Malaysia, Malta, Martinique, Mauricio, Mexico, Micronesia, Monaco, Montserrat, Namibia, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Palau Island, Panama, Papa New Guinea, Paraguay, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Romania, Russia, San Marino, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, Scotland, Serbia, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Suriname, Thailand, Taiwan, Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago, Turkey, Turks & Caicos, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, United Arab Emirates, US Virgin Islands, Vatican City, Vanuatu, Venezuela.
• Passport holders from Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Peru, Uruguay do not require a visa from an embassy or consulate before the cruise.
• Passport holders from Cuba and Haiti must be a valid United States Green Card holder to be eligible for the tourist card. Without a valid Green Card, those nationalities will require a visa from an embassy or consulate before the cruise.
• Passport holders from all other nationalities not mentioned in the above categories, will require a visa to enter Dominican Republic from an embassy or consulate before the cruise.

Visa Requirements for Ecuador

All foreign passengers must hold a passport with remaining validity of at least 6 months as of the date of departure.

Passport holders from the following countries require a visa for Ecuador from an embassy or consulate before embarking a cruise visiting Ecuador.

Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Bangladesh, Cameroon, Cuba, Democratic Republic of Congo, , Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Haiti, India, Iraq, Iran, Ivory Coast, Kenia, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, North Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, Republic of Chad, Republic of Congo, Republic of Guinea Bissau, Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Syria, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen.

Passport holders from all other counties may visit Ecuador as port of call without a visa.

Visa Requirements for Egypt

Israeli passport holders require a visa for Egypt before the cruise.

No other nationalities require a visa to visit Egyptian ports by sea on a cruise ship. Some nationalities, such as Canadians, require a visa to fly to Egypt, but do not require a visa if entering Egypt by sea.

Visa Requirements for Faroe Islands

Passport holders from the following countries require a visa for Faroe Islands from an embassy or consulate before the cruise. Visas on arrival are not available, therefore any guest who does not have a valid visa before the cruise will be detained onboard whilst the ship is in Faroe Islands' ports. Please note Schengen visa is not sufficient for entry into Faroe Islands. Entry requires a visa specifically for Faroe Islands if the nationality is on the visa-required list below.

Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina*, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia*, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Moldova*, Mongolia, Montenegro*, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, North Macedonia, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Serbia*, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Taiwan (citizens with a passport issued which contains an identity card number are exempt from the visa requirement), Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine*, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

*Only biometric passport holders are exempt from the visa requirement.

Visa Requirements for Falkland Islands

In transit guests visiting as a port of call do not require a visa for Falkland Islands before or during the cruise.

Visa Requirements for Fiji

Passport holders from the following countries do not require a visa for Fiji:

Antigua & Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cook islands, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Estonia, Germany, Micronesia, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guyana, Vatican, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kiribati, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Macau, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Nauru, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Ireland, Marshall Islands, Romania, Russia, Samoa, Serbia, Slovakia, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Ukraine, United Kingdom & Northern Ireland, United States of America, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Passport holders from all other nationalities not mentioned above are eligible to apply for a visa on arrival. The visa cost is $99 and will be charged to the onboard account for all guests onboard the ship who do not already posses a visa for Fiji. The visa is required for both guests who go ashore and guests who choose to remain onboard. The cost of the visa will not be waived for guests who remain onboard in Fiji ports.

Visa Requirements for French Polynesia

Passport holders from the following countries do not require a visa to go ashore in French Polynesia ports. Passport holders from all other countries not listed below will require a visa for French Polynesia prior to the cruise.

Andorra, Antigua & Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Cyprus, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Fiji, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kiribati, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Micronesia, Monaco, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, St. Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Marteen, St. Vincent and the grenadines, Salomon Islands, Western Samoa, Serbia, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Timon, Tonga, Tuvalu, Trinidad & Tobago, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, USA, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam

Visa Requirements for Gambia

Passport holders not mentioned in the below category will require a visa on arrival to go ashore in Gambia. Guests will be charged $150 USD per person for the visa. This visa is mandatory and will be charged to the onboard account for all guests onboard the ship who do not already possess a Gambia visa. The visa is required for both guests who go ashore and guests who choose to remain onboard. The cost of the visa will not be waived for guests who remain onboard in Gambia ports.

Passport holders from the following countries do not require a visa to go ashore in ports in Gambia:

Algeria, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine.

Visa Requirements for Greenland

Passport holders from the following countries require a visa for Greenland from an embassy or consulate before the cruise. Visas on arrival are not available, therefore any guest who does not have a valid visa before the cruise will be detained onboard whilst the ship is in Greenland ports. Please note Schengen visa is not sufficient for entry into Greenland. Entry requires a visa specifically for Greenland if the nationality is on the visa-required list below.

Visa requirements for Guadeloupe

Passport holders from the following countries will require a visa to go ashore in Guadeloupe: Algeria, China, Dominican Republic, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Montenegro, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine.

These restricted nationalities must hold a resident card from a European country, a Schengen visa issued by French authorities or a valid visa from the United States. Guests without a visa will be detained onboard and unable to go ashore whilst the ship is in Guadeloupe.

Passport holders from all other nationalities not mentioned above do not require a visa to cruise.

Visa Requirements for Ireland

Passport holders from the below listed countries do not require a visa to go ashore in Irish ports. Passport holders from all other countries not mentioned below will require a visa prior to the cruise issued by an Irish embassy or consulate. Guests without a valid visa will be denied boarding on embarkation day. It is not an option to remain onboard in Irish ports without a visa. A Schengen visa or United Kingdom visa is not valid for travel to Ireland.

Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, El Salvador, Estonia, Eswatini, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kiribati, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Nauru, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Vatican City

Certain nationalities may be eligible for the visa waiver programme if they meet certain requirements, these include the following nationalities Bahrain, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kuwait, Montenegro, Oman, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Thailand, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, India, Kazakhstan, Thailand, Uzbekistan, Vietnam

Visa Requirements for Israel

Passport holders from the following countries will require a visa from an Israeli embassy or consulate before the cruise:

Angola, Antigua & Barbuda, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bahrain, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Botswana, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, China, Cape Verde, Chad, Comoros Island, Congo, Cook Island, Cuba, Djibouti, Dubai, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kirghizstan, Kiribati, Kosovo, Laos, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Malaysia, Mauritania, Morocco, Myanmar, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Reunion Island, Rwanda, Samoa, St. Thomas, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra ¬¬Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Passport holders from the following countries do not require a visa for Israel before or during the cruise:

Albania, Andorra, Anguilla, Antilles, Argentina, Austria, St. Kitts & Nevis, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Eswatini, Falkland, Finland, Fiji, France, Germany, Greece, Georgia, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Lesotho, Macau, Macedonia, Malta, Malawi, Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Montserrat, Netherlands, New Guinea, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Suriname, Taiwan, Turks and Caicos, Trinidad & Tobago, United Kingdom, United States of America, Ukraine, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Vatican City.

Passport holders from the following countries are restricted from entering Israel. Guests from these countries are not allowed to go ashore and must remain onboard whilst the ship is in Israeli ports:

Aden, Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Yemen.

Nationalities not mentioned in the above categories above must obtain a visa from an Israeli Embassy or Consulate prior to their cruise. Guests who do not possess the Israel visa must remain onboard in Israeli ports.

Visa Requirements for India

Anyone who does not hold a passport from India requires a visa to visit Indian ports. The visa can be an embassy-issued visa sticker or an electronic visa. Both types of visas must be obtained in advance, prior to the beginning of the cruise. Anyone who requires an Indian visa and is unable to present one at check in on embarkation day will be denied boarding. The e-Tourist Visa can be arranged online, please refer to this website https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html to submit the application.

Visa Requirements for Indonesia

Passport holders from the below countries do not require a visa to visit Indonesia:

Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Philippines, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, and Vietnam

Passport holders from the below countries require an e-voa or an Electronic Visa upon Arrival for Indonesia. This visa is mandatory and can be applied for here starting 60 days prior to entry into Indonesia. This visa is required for both guests who go ashore and guests who choose to remain onboard and must be applied for and received prior to sailing. E-VOA must be printed to be considered valid.

Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, England, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hongkong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, Maldives, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Palestine, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Timor Leste, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uzbekistan, and Vatican

Passport holders of the following countries require an Indonesian visa from an Indonesian embassy or consulate prior to sailing. Anyone who requires a visa for Indonesia and does not have one will be denied boarding on embarkation day.

Afghanistan, Congo, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen

Passport holders from all countries not listed above require an Indonesian E-visa arranged online at the below website or through an Indonesian embassy or consulate prior to sailing. Anyone who requires a visa for Indonesia and does not have one will be denied boarding on embarkation day. E-Visa must be printed to be considered valid.

https://molina.imigrasi.go.id/

Visa Requirements for Ivory Coast

In transit guests do not require a visa to go ashore before or during the cruise.

Guests over the age of 9 months and of any nationality are required to have a yellow fever vaccine certificate , without it guests will be denied boarding. A medical waiver will be accepted in lieu of the yellow fever vaccine.

Visa Requirements for Japan

Please refer to this website for the most updated visa policies to visit Japan by cruise ship. Anyone who requires a Japanese visa and is unable to present one at check in on embarkation day will be denied boarding. This visa cannot be arranged onboard the ship. It must be done through a Japanese embassy or consulate prior to sailing.

Click Here for More Information

Visa Requirements for Jordan

All guests of any nationality are welcome to go ashore whilst in transit in Jordan ports, there are no visa requirements before or during the cruise.

Visa Requirements for Kenya

Passport holders from the below countries will be charged $55 USD per person for a Mombasa visa upon arrival into ports in Kenya:

Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil. Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo Brazzaville, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Ivory Coast, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Egypt, El Salvador, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Guyana, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Greenland, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Haiti, Hong Kong, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malagasy, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldovia, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Palau Pacific Isles, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Reunion, Romania, Russia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United States, United kingdom, Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen.

All guests of any nationality are required to have a yellow fever vaccine certificate , without it guests will be detained onboard. A medical waiver will be accepted in lieu of the yellow fever vaccine.

Visa Requirements for Madagascar

A visa is not required to visit Madagascar by cruise; this applies to all nationalities.

Visa Requirements for Malaysia

Israeli passport holders are prohibited from entering Malaysia and must remain onboard in all Malaysian ports.

All passengers are required to fill out and submit an Online Arrival Card for Malaysia before entering Malaysia by plane or ship starting 3 days prior to entry. Passengers should submit this form at the below website before embarkation where applicable: Malaysia Online Arrival Card (imigresen-online.imi.gov)

Passport holders from the below listed countries require a visa to embark or debark in Malaysia:

Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo Democratic Republic, Congo Republic, Cote D'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Hong Kong, India, Liberia, Mali, Montenegro, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Rwanda, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Western Sahara

Passport holders from the below listed countries and guests who have visited or passed through the below countries are required to have a yellow fever vaccine certificate in order to be given clearance to go ashore in Malaysian ports, without it guests will be detained onboard:

Angola, Argentina, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Colombia, Cameroon, Central Afrika Republic, Chad, Congo, Djibouti, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, French Guiana, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Rwanda, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Suriname, Somalia, Togo, Trinidad & Tobago, Uganda, Venezuela, Zambia, Zaire, United Republic Of Tanzania

Visa Requirements for Martinique

Passport holders from the following countries require a visa for Martinique before the cruise. A valid Schengen visa, United States visa or a Canadian visa is accepted to go ashore in Martinique. Any guest without the visa is required to remain onboard whilst the ship is in Martinique ports.

Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Belarus, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Bhutan, Brunei, Cape Verde, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Comoros, Congo, Cote D’Ivoire, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macedonia*, Madagascar, Malawi, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Micronesia, Moldovia*, Mongolia, Montenegro*, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Papua-New Guinea, Philippines, Rwanda, Qatar, Russia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Serbia*, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine*, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

* Only biometric passport holders are exempt from the visa requirement.

Visa Requirements for Mauritius

If you are booked on a cruise that starts or ends in Mauritius, please read carefully the following visa requirements for your entry to Mauritius.

Passport holders from the below countries require a visa for Mauritius before the cruise from an embassy or consulate:

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iraq, Laos, Libya, Mali, North Korea, Pakistan, Palestinian State, Saharawi Republic, Somalia, Yemen.

Passport holders from the below countries will require a visa for Mauritius. If you are booked on a cruise that begins in Mauritius, this visa can be obtained at the airport. If you are booked on a cruise that ends in Mauritius, this visa is eligible to purchase on arrival for $80 USD per person. This visa is mandatory and will be charged to the onboard account for all guests onboard the ship who do not already possess a Mauritius visa.

Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Liberia, Madagascar, Mauritania, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Moldova, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Palau, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor Leste, Togo, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam.

All other nationalities not mentioned in the above categories do not require a visa before or during the cruise.

Visa requirements for Morocco

Passport holders from the following countries do not require a visa to go ashore in ports in Morocco:

Algeria, Andorra, Australia, Austria, Argentina, Belgium, Bahrain, Brazil, Bulgari, Burkina-Faso, Cote D’lvoire, Canada, Chile, Cyprus, Colombia, Congo, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Finland, Gabon, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Ireland, Indonesia, Japan, Hong Kong, Hungary, Kuwait, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Mali, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mexico, Niger, Norway, New Zealand, Oman, Portugal, Netherlands, Philippines, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Russia, St. Marteen, Senegal, Singapore, Switzerland, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, South Korea, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United States of America.

Passport holders from countries not mentioned above will require a visa for Morocco from an embassy or consulate before the cruise. Guests without the visa must remain onboard whilst the ship is in Moroccan ports.

Visa Requirements for Mozambique

Passport holders from Canada, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, Israel, United States of America, Russia, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Norway, Sweden, Netherland, United Kingdom, South Korea, Ivory Coast, Finland, Indonesia, Ireland, Singapore, Ghana, Senegal, German, France, Italy, China, Portugal and Ukraine will be charged $30 USD for the arrival visa.

All other passport holders from nationalities not mentioned above will be charged $90 USD for the arrival visa.

Visa Requirements for Namibia

Passport validity of 6 months is strictly enforced.

Passport holders from the following countries do not require a visa to go ashore in ports in Namibia:

Angola, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Denmark, Finland France, Germany, Hong Kong, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Liechtenstein, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Macau, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Moldova, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Seychelles, Singapore South Africa, Spain, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uzbekistan, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

All other nationalities not mentioned above require a visa for Namibia before the cruise from an embassy or consulate. Guests without a visa may remain onboard with no penalty.

Passport holders from the below listed countries and guests who have visited or passed through the below countries are required to have a yellow fever vaccine certificate, without it guests will be detained onboard.

Angola, Argentina, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Congo, Congo Republic, Cote d’ Ivory, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, French-Guiana, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Guyana, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Rwanda, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, and Venezuela.

Visa Requirements for New Caledonia

Passport holders from the following countries do not require a visa for New Caledonia:

Albania*, Andorra, Antigua & Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia*, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominique Islands, Estonia, Finland, Fiji, France, Germany, Georgia*, Great Britain, Greece, Grenade, Guatemala, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kiribati, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macao, Macedonia*, Malaysia, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova*, Monaco, Montenegro*, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, North Marianne Islands, Norway, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Salvador, Samoa, Serbia, Seychelles Islands, Singapore, Solomon Island, South Korea, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, St. Christophe & Nieves, St. Marteen, Vatican City, St. Vincent, St. Lucie, Switzerland, Sweden, Timor Eastern, Tonga Islands, Trinidad & Tobago, Tuvalu Islands, Ukraine*, United Arab Emirates, United States of America, Uruguay, Vanuatu Islands, Venezuela. *Only holders of biometric passports do not require a visa

Passport holders from all nationalities not listed above require a visa for New Caledonia issued either, by a French embassy or a Schengen Visa issued by a French embassy, before the cruise. Guests without a valid visa will be detained onboard whilst the ship is in ports in New Caledonia.

Visa Requirements for New Zealand

All passengers debarking in New Zealand are required to download the New Zealand Travel Declaration App "NZTD" and fill out the privacy policy before embarkation. 24 hours before departing the last port before entering New Zealand, all guests will be required to fill out and submit the full travel declaration form on the "NZTD" app. Any guests unable to access the app may use the below website to fill out the and submit the New Zealand Travel Declaration.

New Zealand Travel Declaration Website

The government of New Zealand has recently launched an electronic visa called the NZeTA that will be required for all guests not holding New Zealand or Australian passports to obtain prior to their cruise.

The NZeTA visa will be available for purchase via New Zealand's immigration website, or their mobile app, called NZeTA. Guests will also have to pay what is called the International Visitor Conservation And Tourism Levy (IVL) which is done at the same time as the visa application.

NZeTA visa will cost 9 NZD if purchased via the mobile app, and will cost 12 NZD if purchased via the website. The IVL will cost 35 NZD, and price remains the same whether purchased through the mobile app or website. Therefore, total cost will be either 44 NZD or 47 NZD per person to get both the NZeTA and IVL.

WHO NEEDS THE NZeTA VISA?

All guests who do not hold passports from New Zealand or Australia require the NZeTA visa to enter New Zealand by sea (for cruises that start and end in Sydney).  Australian permanent residents who do not hold Australian passports also require the NZeTA.  All nationalities are eligible to enter New Zealand by sea on a ship with the NZeTA.  However, only the visa waiver countries can obtain an NZeTA visa to enter New Zealand by air (for cruises that start in Auckland). Guests from all nationalities that are not part of the visa waiver programme (except for New Zealand and Australian passport holders) must get a visitor visa to enter New Zealand by air.  This is a separate visa that is also obtained online.

All guests MUST have the NZeTA or visitor visa in order to take any cruise that visits New Zealand ports. It is not an option to detain a guest onboard in New Zealand ports if they do not have the required visa. For cruises that begin in Sydney, we will check for the NZeTA confirmation email from every guest at check in so please print or have the confirmation email available on your phone. Anyone who has not yet applied can do so at the pier, but will not be boarded if they do not receive approval before the ship sails.

Click here to view countries and territories that are visa waiver countries.

HOW LONG IT TAKES TO GET THE VISA:

It is recommended that everyone applies for the NZeTA at least 72 hours prior to travel, as it can take up to 72 hours for the visa to be approved for certain individuals. 

Guests who are flying into New Zealand (for cruises beginning in Auckland) who are not from visa waiver countries, must get a New Zealand visitor visa prior to travel. This visitor visa is now obtained online by all nationalities, and it takes an average of 14 working days to be processed. The visitor visa can also be used to enter New Zealand by sea, so if a guest already has a visitor visa and is entering New Zealand by sea, it is not necessary for them to also get an NZeTA.

More information on the NZeTA can be found at www.immigration.govt.nz/nzeta .

Visa Requirements for Nicaragua

Guests from the following countries require a visa to go ashore in Nicaraguan ports. If a guest does not have a visa, immigration in Nicaragua may allow the guest to go ashore if they purchase a visa for $64 USD. It is not guaranteed that the option will be given for guests to purchase a visa upon arrival to Nicaragua.

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Bangladesh, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, China, Cuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Mali, Mongolia, Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Timor Leste, Vietnam, Yemen

Guests from the following countries must have a Yellow Fever vaccination certificate in order to go ashore in Nicaraguan ports, unless they are permanent residents of another country, not mentioned below.

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela, and all African countries except Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sao Tome and Principe, Somalia and Tanzania.

Visa Requirements for Norway

Passport holders from the following countries do not require a visa to enter Norway. All other nationalities not mentioned below are required to hold a valid Schengen visa from an embassy or consulate before the cruise:

Albania (applies to holders of biometric passports), Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Bermuda (BDTC passports), Bosnia and Herzegovina (applies to holders of biometric passports), Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia (applies to holders of biometric passports), Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Holy See, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kiribati, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Korea (Republic of), Macau, Malaysia, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro (applies to holders of biometric passport), Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, North Macedonia (applies to holders of biometric passports), Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, the Seychelles, Serbia (applies to holders of biometric passport), Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Spain, St. Kitts and Nevis, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Ukraine (applies to holders of biometric passport), United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, United States, and Venezuela

Do I Need a Visa for Norway? - UDI

The Norwegian government has implemented new policies with Russians travelling to Norway. Russian passport holders cannot embark or disembark cruises that end start or end in Norway, even if they have a Schengen visa issued by the Norwegian government. Exceptions will be granted in certain cases, for example to visit close family (parents, spouses, cohabitants and children) living in Norway and for Russian citizens who will work or study in Norway or other Schengen countries. Russian passport holders that cannot prove their visit under the aforementioned exceptions will be denied boarding. Norwegian Cruise Line also has policies for Russian passport holders to sail which need to be met in addition to the Norwegian government policies. More information can be found below in our travel sanctions section.

Visa Requirements for Oman

Guests of all nationalities except for Israel will receive a visa upon arrival to Oman arranged by the shipboard team. If the ship is in Oman for only one day, the visa is free of charge. If the ship is in Oman for 48 hours or more, the visa cost is $29 per person, which will be charged automatically to all guests' onboard accounts. The visa cost will not be waived for guests who choose to remain onboard in Oman.

Visa Requirements for Peru

Passport holders from the following countries do not require a visa for Peru:

Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Austria, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Belarus, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Cook Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, Fiji, France, Germany, Granada, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Holly See, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, Latvia, Lithuania, Lichtenstein, Luxemburg, Macedonia, Malta, Malaysia, Marshal Islands, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Nauru, Niue, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Poland, Portugal, Philippines, Romania, Russia, Salomon Islands, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia, South Africa, South Korea, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Suriname, Taiwan, Thailand, Tongo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Tuvalu, UAE, Ukraine, UK, Uruguay, and Vanuatu

Passport holders from all other counties must have a visa for Peru from an embassy or consulate before the cruise.

Visa Requirements for Philippines

All passengers are required to fill out and submit an Electronic Travel Declaration Form before entering the Philippines by Plane or Ship starting 6 days prior to entry into the Philippines. Passengers should submit this form at the below website before embarkation where applicable.

eTravel - Philippine One-Stop Electronic Travel Declaration System

Passport holders from the below countries do not require a visa to visit the Philippines.

Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d' Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Korea (ROK), Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Oman, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vatican, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Indian nationals with a valid Australian, Japanese, American, Canadian, Schengen, Singaporean or UK visa or permanent residence permit and Chinese nationals from mainland China with valid Australian, Japanese, Canadian, Schengen or US visa do not require a visa to visit the Philippines.

Passport holders from all countries not mentioned above require a visa obtained from an embassy or consulate before the cruise.

Visa Requirements for Qatar

Passport holders from the below countries will receive a visa on arrival. For guests arriving by ship, the cost for visa on arrival is $75 USD per person:

Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Andorra, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belgium, Bulgaria, Belarus, Bolivia, Bosnia, Brazil, Brunei, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Ecuador, Finland, France, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, Germany, Greece, Georgia, Guyana, Holland, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Lebanon, Malaysia, Malta, Macau, Macedonia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, San Marino, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Suriname, Turkey, Thailand, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela.

For all other nationalities not mentioned above a visa will be required for Qatar, please visit https://visitqatar.com/intl-en/practical-info/visas/visa-details for more information on how to apply for a visa.

Visa Requirements for Reunion Island

Passport holders from the following countries do not require a visa to visit Reunion Island before or during the cruise. All other nationalities not mentioned below will require a visa before the cruise from an embassy or consulate. Any guest without a visa for Reunion Island will be detained onboard:

Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Brunei, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Costa Rica, Denmark, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Grenade, Guatemala, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Israel, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Macao, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mauritius, Monaco, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Netherlands, Norway, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, St. Kitts and Nevis, Vatican, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marina, Seychelles, South Africa, East Timor, Taiwan*, Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago, Turkey, Uruguay, Ukraine, United States, United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu.

Passport holders from China and India are eligible for a visa voucher in lieu of a visa provided by an approved travel agency only. The visa voucher must be valid for the duration of the stay in Reunion Island. Please find the list of approved travel agencies attached.

Visa Requirements for Samoa

All guests of any nationality are welcome to go ashore in ports in Samoa, there are no visa requirements before or during the cruise.

Visa Requirements for Sao Tome

Passport holders from the below countries do not require a visa to go ashore in Sao Tome ports:

Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United States.

All other nationalities not mentioned above will require a visa upon arrival, the cost of the visa is $50 USD per person. The ship will process the visa on your behalf and charge your onboard account.

Guests of any nationality over the age of 9 years old are required to have a yellow fever vaccine certificate , without it guests will be detained onboard. A medical waiver will be accepted in lieu of the yellow fever vaccine.

Visa Requirements for Saudi Arabia

If you are booked on a cruise that visits Saudi Arabia as port of call, please read carefully the following visa requirements to go ashore. Passport validity of 6 months is strictly enforced.

Passport holders from Israel, Iran, Lebanon, Palestine, Yemen and Syrian nationals are prohibited from entering Saudi Arabia and must remain onboard whilst the ship is in Saudi Arabian ports. These passport holders are not eligible to apply for e-visa or visa on arrival.

Passport holders from all nationalities not mentioned in the above category are required to apply for e-visa. Eligible guests must apply for the e-visa online before the cruise using this website https://visa.mofa.gov.sa/Account/LoginIndividuals . E-visa transit by sea, starts at just USD $25 and payment is taken online whilst completing your application. For comprehensive visa application guidelines, please refer to the attached document:

Passport holders from the following countries are eligible to purchase a visa on arrival at a cost of $128 USD per person. Guests holding a valid and used US, Schengen, or UK visas are eligible for a visa on arrival. We encourage all eligible guests to apply for the e-visa instead because the cost for the visa on arrival is significantly more expensive.

Australia, Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Brunei, Canada, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Netherlands, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Monaco, Montenegro, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Seychelles, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, St. Kitts and Nevis, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States.

Passport holders from the following countries do not require a visa for Saudi Arabia before or during the cruise:

Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates.

Guests without the visa may remain onboard with no penalty.

Visa Requirements for Senegal

Passport holders from the below countries will require a visa from an embassy or consulate before the cruise to go ashore. Guests without the visa must remain onboard.

Afghanistan, Albania, Antigua & Barbuda, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belize, Belarus, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bhutan, Chile, China, Cambodia, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Eritrea, Georgia, Guyana, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Maldives, Macedonia, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nauru, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sao Tome & Principe, Serbia, Somalia, Sudan, Southern Sudan, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen.

Passport holders from the following countries will receive a visa on arrival at no cost to go ashore.

Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Botswana, Brunei, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Gabon, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, Israel, Jamaica, Kiribati, Kuwait, Lesotho, Libya, Lichtenstein, Madagascar, Malawi, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Monaco, Namibia, Nepal, Norway, New Zealand, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, San Marino, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Switzerland, Suriname, Swaziland, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad & Tobago, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Passport holders from the following countries will not require a visa before or during the cruise to go ashore.

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Brazil, Canada, Cape-Verde, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Germany, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, India, Japan, Kenya, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Liberia, Malta, Mali, Malaysia, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Singapore, Spain, South Korea, Sweden, Togo, Tunisia, United States of America, United Kingdom.

Passport holders not mentioned in the above categories will require a visa from an embassy or consulate before the cruise.

The yellow fever vaccine is no longer mandatory but it is recommended by the local health authorities to go ashore.

Visa Requirements for Seychelles

A visa is not required to visit Seychelles by cruise. This applies to all nationalities.

Visa Requirements for Singapore

All passengers are required to fill out and submit an Electronic Arrival Card before entering Singapore by Plane or Ship starting 3 days prior to entry. Passengers should submit this form at the below website before embarkation where applicable. ICA | SG Arrival Card

Passport holders from the following countries require a visa for Singapore from an embassy or consulate before the cruise.

Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Egypt, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Moldova, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine, China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Yemen.

Passport holders from China, Hong Kong, India, and Taiwan may be eligible to enter Singapore without a visa if they meet both the below conditions:

Have a valid onward air/ferry/cruise ticket departing Singapore within 96 hours.

Have a valid visa or long-term pass issued by Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland, United Kingdom, or United States of America.

Passport holders from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Georgia, Turkmenistan and Ukraine may be eligible to enter Singapore visa free if they have a valid onward air ticket departing within 96 hours of entry. This only applies if departing Singapore by air, if departing Singapore by land or sea a visa from an embassy or consulate must be obtained before the cruise.

Passport holders from all nationalities not mentioned above do not require a visa to go to Singapore.

ICA | Check if You Need an Entry Visa

Visa Requirements for South Africa

Passport holders from the following countries do not require a visa for South Africa issued from an embassy or consulate prior to the cruise. Passport holders not mentioned below will require a visa for South Africa from an embassy or consulate before the cruise. Any guest who requires a South African visa and does not have one will be denied boarding on embarkation day.

Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados. Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Chile, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Falkland Islands, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Guyana, Henderson, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Palestine, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Qatar, South Korea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Trinidad & Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turks and Caicos, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Passport holders from the below listed countries and guests who have visited or passed through the below countries are required to have a yellow fever vaccine certificate, without it guests will be denied boarding.

Visa Requirements for South Korea

Passport holders from the below countries may be eligible for the K-ETA Electronic Travel Authorisation programme if they meet certain requirements. The below nationalities must have a K-ETA or South Korean visa issued from an embassy or consulate before the cruise if embarking or disembarking in South Korea.

Albania, Andorra, Antigua-Barbuda, Argentina, Australia*, Austria*, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belgium*, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada*, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark*, Dominica, Dominican Rep., Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Eswatini, Fiji, Finland*, France*, Germany*, Greece, Grenada, Guam, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hong Kong*, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy*, Jamaica, Japan*, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Kuwait, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macao*, Malaysia, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Nauru, Netherlands*, New Caledonia, New Zealand*, Nicaragua, Norway*, Oman, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland*, Portugal, Qatar, Republic Of Serbia, Romania, Russia, Samoa, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Singapore*, Slovak, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain*, St. Kitts-Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Surinam, Sweden*, Switzerland, Taiwan*, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad-Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, U.A.E, United Kingdom*, United States*, Uruguay, and Venezuela

Passport holders from all other counties must have a visa for South Korea from an embassy or consulate before the cruise.

*South Korea has provided the below 22 countries with a temporary exemption from the K-ETA from April 1, 2023 - December 31, 2024.

Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Macau, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, United Kingdom, United States

Official Notice of K-ETA Exemption

Visa Requirements for Sri Lanka

All passengers are required to obtain an electronic ETA visa prior to arrival to Sri Lanka. This visa is free of charge and must be obtained online at least 48 hours in advance. Anyone who does not obtain the ETA visa in advance must remain onboard in Sri Lankan ports. This visa must be obtained using this link http://www.eta.gov.lk/slvisa/ and click on “Transit ETA” to complete application.

Visa Requirements for Taiwan

Please refer to this website for a list of countries that do not require a visa for Taiwan.

Passport holders from Hong Kong, Macau, UK overseas must obtain a Taiwan Entry & Exit permit. There are different documents required depending on the place of birth and/or residence.

Chinese (People’s Republic of China) Passport holder must obtain Taiwan Entry & Exit Permit before boarding cruise, on-line entry permit is not available.

The below documents are required to enter Taiwan:

• PRC Passport with validity at least 6 months after enter Taiwan
• PRC Travel pass to Taiwan
• Entry & Exit Permit Taiwan Republic of China

Passport holders from the following countries are eligible for an eVisa when they meet relevant criteria, by accessing this link eVisa Application (boca.gov.tw) :

Bahrain, Burkina Faso, Colombia, Dominica, Ecuador, Kiribati, Kuwait, Mauritius, Montenegro, Oman, Panama, Peru, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Solomon Islands, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Kosovo, Bosnia-Herzegovina.

All other nationalities not mentioned above require a visa before the cruise from an embassy or consulate, anyone without a visa for Taiwan will be denied boarding.

Visa Requirements for Tanzania

Passport holders from many countries will require an e-visa to go ashore in Tanzania. Guests must apply for the e-visa prior to embarkation. There is a 10 day approval process on the e-visa, approvals may be granted whilst on the ship in transit to Tanzania. Please visit https://immigration.go.tz/index.php/immigration-services/visa-information to apply for the e-visa online.

All guests of any nationality are required to have a yellow fever vaccine certificate , without it guests will be detained onboard. A medical waiver will be accepted in lieu of the yellow fever vaccine. A 10-day inoculation period is required for the vaccine to be valid.

Visa Requirements for Thailand

Passport holders from the following countries do not require a visa for Thailand:

Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belgium, Brazil, Brunei, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Monaco, Mongolia, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Peru, The Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Russia, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovak, Slovenia, Spain, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, Ukraine, UAE, UK, USA, Vietnam

Passports holders from the following countries can purchase a Thai visa on arrival onboard the ship for $80 USD per person. This visa is mandatory and will be charged to the onboard account for all guests onboard the ship who do not already possess a Thai visa. The visa is required for both guests who go ashore and guests who choose to remain onboard. The cost of the visa will not be waived for guests who remain onboard in Thai ports.

Bulgaria, Bhutan, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Fiji, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Malta, Mexico, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Uzbekistan, and Vanuatu

Passport holders from all nationalities not listed in one of the above categories require a Thai visa issued by a Thai embassy or consulate prior to the cruise. Any guest who requires a Thai visa and does not have one will be denied boarding on embarkation day. Applications for Thai VISA can be done online or in person at the Thai embassy or consulate in the country of departure of the applicant.

Visa Requirements for Turkey

If you are booked on a cruise that starts or ends in Turkey, please read carefully the following visa requirements for your entry to Turkey. Passport validity of six months is strictly enforced.

Passport holders from the following countries are eligible to apply for an e-visa that must be applied for online before the cruise using this website https://www.evisa.gov.tr/en/ :

Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Australia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Canada, China, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Fiji, Gabon, Grenada, Haiti, Hong Kong, Jamaica, Maldives, Mauritius, Namibia, Oman, St. Lucia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, St. Vincent & Grenadines, Suriname, Syria, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, United States of America, Zambia.

Passport holders from the following countries require a visa before the cruise from an embassy or consulate:

Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Cuba, Egypt, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, India, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Kiribati, Republic of Congo, Laos, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mexico, Micronesia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nauru, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, North Mariana Islands, Pakistan, Palau Republic, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Somaliland, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire, Zimbabwe.

Passport holders that are visa free and do not require a visa for Turkey before or during the cruise:

Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, El Salvador, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Kosovo, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Malta, Macedonia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, San Marino, Serbia, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, St. Kitts and Nevis, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tajikistan, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom*, United States, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vatican, Venezuela.

For cruises that visit Turkey as a port of call, a visa is not required for any nationality. However, passport validity of 6 months is strictly enforced. Any guest whose passport will expire in less than six months must remain onboard in Turkish ports.

Visa Requirements for United Arab Emirates

Passport holders from the following countries will receive a visa upon arrival to the United Arab Emirates free of charge. Passport holders from all nationalities not listed below require a UAE visa before the cruise. Please visit https://www.emirates.com/ae/english/before-you-fly/visa-passport-information/uae-visa-information/ for more information on how to apply for a visa. Any guest who requires a UAE visa and does not have one will be denied boarding on embarkation day.

Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Mexican, Monaco, Montenegro, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Ireland, Romania, Russia, Grenadines, San Marino, Serbia, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Vatican City.

Visa Requirements for United Kingdom

Passport holders from the below listed countries require a visa to go ashore in United kingdom ports. Guests from these countries that do not hold a United Kingdom Visa on embarkation day will be denied boarding. This visa must be arranged prior to your cruise through an embassy or consulate. A Schengen Visa or Irish Visa is not valid for travel to United Kingdom.

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Burma (Myanmar), Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Zaire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Korea, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Palestinian, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Rwanda, Sao Tome e Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Surinam, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkeminstan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Visa Requirements for Uruguay

All guests of any nationality are welcome to go ashore whilst in transit in Uruguay ports, there are no visa requirements before or during the cruise.

Visa Requirements for Vanuatu

Passport holders from the below listed countries do not a require a visa to go ashore in Vanuatu ports. Passport holders from all other countries not listed below will require a visa for Vanuatu prior to the cruise.

Argentina, Australia, Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Botswana, Belize, Brazil, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Cuba, China, Cook Islands, Cyprus, Croatia, Czech Republic, Dominica, Denmark, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Gambia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guyana, Hungary, India, Israel, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jamaica, Kenya, Kuwait, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, Mauritius, Mexico, Malaysia, Maldives, Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Namibia, Nigeria, Nauru, new Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Peru, Philippines, Pakistan, Palau, Papa New Guinea, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Serbia, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Turkey, Taiwan, Thailand, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago, Tanzania, Uruguay, Uganda, United States, United Kingdom, Ukraine, Vatican City, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Visa Requirements for Vietnam

Passport holders from the below listed countries do not require a visa for Vietnam. Passport holders from all other countries require a visa to go ashore in ports in Vietnam. The visa on arrival will be arranged by the onboard team. Guests will be charged $50 USD per person. This visa is mandatory and will be charged to the onboard account for all guests on the ship with the exception of the below passport holders. The visa is required for both guests who go ashore and guests who choose to remain onboard. The cost of the visa will not be waived for guests who remain onboard in Vietnamese ports.

Belarus, Cambodia, Chile, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Norway, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, and UK

Birth Certificates To obtain an original or state certified copy of a birth certificate, you can contact your hospital of birth or the Vital Statistics Department of the County where you were born.

Passports For more information on obtaining a passport, please visit the U.S. Passports & International Travel website, the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative , or VisaCentral .

Government-issued Photo I.D.’s You can usually obtain a state-issued photo I.D. from your local driver's license/Division of Motor Vehicles office. Contact your local office or visit your state's DMV website for more information and instructions. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to access their list of State Departments of Motor Vehicles.-->

Electronic Travel Authorisation Per the Visa Waiver Programme (VWP) requirements, all VWP travellers must obtain an electronic travel authorisation prior to boarding a travel carrier to enter the United States. This can be done by completing the online application on the U.S. Department of Homeland Security ’s website. Applications may be submitted at any time prior to travel. However, DHS recommends that applications be submitted no less than 72 hours prior to travel. In most cases you will receive a response within seconds. Potential responses include:

• Authorisation Approved
• Travel Not Authorised : Travellers must obtain a nonimmigrant visa at a U.S. Embassy or Consulate before travelling to the U.S.
• Authorisation Pending : Travellers should check the ESTA website for updates and final response.

An approved travel authorisation will be:

• Required for all VWP travellers prior to boarding a travel carrier to enter the United States under the VWP.
• Valid unless revoked, for up to two (2) years or until the traveller's passport expires, whichever comes first;
• Valid for multiple entries but not a guarantee of admissibility to the United States at a port of entry.

Norwegian Cruise Line guests can contact VisaCentral for visa inquires or assistance with the visa application process. Norwegian Cruise Line guests receive discounted VisaCentral service fees. Be sure to access the VisaCentral website at http://visacentral.com/Norwegian-cruise-line-splash?login=103407 or calling (844) 834-5702 and reference account 75006 when calling to receive the discounted rates.

Note: These terms are effective at the time of boarding.

Travelling with Infants:

• At least six (6) months of age on the day of boarding
• At least twelve (12) months of age on the day of boarding if your cruise has 3 or more consecutive days at sea.

Travelling with Minors and Young Adults: Norwegian Cruise Line’s policy dictates that a minor or young adult must be accompanied in the same stateroom (or connecting stateroom) by a passenger 21 years of age or older at the time of boarding.

• Minors – an individual under the age of 18 on the day of embarkation/boarding.
• Young Adult – an individual between the ages of 18 and 20.

Note: Two people under the age of 21 may travel together in the same stateroom if they are a married couple and provide proof of marriage to a Norwegian Cruise Line representative at the pier prior to boarding.

Travelling with Minors Unaccompanied by Parent or Legal Guardian*:

For passengers under the age of 18 travelling with an accompanying adult, who is not the minor's parent or legal guardian, a Parent/Guardian Consent Form that authorises the minor's travel and further authorises medical treatment in case of an emergency must be delivered to a Norwegian representative at the pier during check-in. Failure to produce this letter at embarkation may result in boarding being denied. Both living parents/legal guardians must sign and complete this form and attach a copy of his/her driver's license or other government issued identification. Minors of the same parent(s)/legal guardian(s) may be listed on the same form:

• Download and Complete the  Parental Consent Release form  (PDF)

Minors or the same parent(s)/legal guardian(s) may be listed on the same form

• Copy of both parents/legal guardians Driver’s License or other Government Issued ID

Adoptive parents, legal guardians or persons separated or divorced are advised to keep legal and other relevant documents available in order to clarify custody rights.

*If travelling to Canada, you’ll need the following document in addition to items #1 and 2 (Alaska, Pacific Coastal, and Canada/New England Itineraries):

Canadian entry requirements stipulate that a child under the age of 18 travelling alone, or with person(s) other than both parents , should be in possession of a letter (preferably notarised) from the parents or legal guardian containing:

• Authorisation for the child to travel with another person and to be outside the country;
• The name and a 24-hour contact telephone number of the parents or guardian;
• The destination and length of stay in Canada.

OFAC Sanctions/Regulations Please be advised that the United States Department of the Treasury through the Office of Foreign Assets Control ('OFAC') has issued a series of sanctions against these countries, certain nationals, and certain entities. These sanctions limit the ability of cruise lines to conduct business with these countries, their citizens, and any other entities designated by OFAC.

Sanctioned Countries are as follows: CRIMEA REGION OF UKRAINE, THE SO-CALLED “DONETSK PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF UKRAINE,” THE SO-CALLED “LUHANSK PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF UKRAINE,” CUBA, NORTH KOREA (DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA), SYRIA, OR IRAN.

High-Risk Countries are as follows: VENEZUELA, RUSSIA, OR BELARUS.

Accordingly, it is Norwegian Cruise Line’s policy that if you are a citizen or resident of one of these sanctioned or high-risk countries, Norwegian Cruise Line is entitled to cancel your booking and refuse boarding unless you can satisfy the following conditions:

• Proof of citizenship in a non-sanctioned country; OR
• Proof of residency** in a non-sanctioned country; AND
• Evidence that you are funding the cruise, including all onboard charges by providing a credit card from a bank associated with a non-sanctioned country and a non-sanctioned financial institution.

** This must be in the form of a valid passport, temporary or permanent resident card, or national ID card including personal information and photography. Russian passport holders may also present a valid US visa. Documentation, such as a rental agreement, showing address, will not be sufficient. Venezuelan passport holders are only required to provide a method of payment from a non-sanctioned country and a non-sanctioned financial institution.

You must be able to satisfy the above criteria to sail on board a Norwegian Cruise Line ship. Please note that Norwegian Cruise Line reserves the right to cancel your booking and refuse boarding if there are any changes to the laws and regulations or other circumstances such that completing the booking would cause Norwegian Cruise Line to be in noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations.

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Note: The APA Publication Manual, 7 th Edition specifies different formatting conventions for student  and  professional  papers (i.e., papers written for credit in a course and papers intended for scholarly publication). These differences mostly extend to the title page and running head. Crucially, citation practices do not differ between the two styles of paper.

However, for your convenience, we have provided two versions of our APA 7 sample paper below: one in  student style and one in  professional  style.

Note: For accessibility purposes, we have used "Track Changes" to make comments along the margins of these samples. Those authored by [AF] denote explanations of formatting and [AWC] denote directions for writing and citing in APA 7. 

APA 7 Student Paper:

Apa 7 professional paper:.

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By: History.com Editors

Updated: October 17, 2023 | Original: November 9, 2009

The National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazi Party, grew into a mass movement and ruled Germany through totalitarian means from 1933 to 1945 under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. Founded in 1919 as the German Workers’ Party, the group promoted German pride and anti-Semitism, and expressed dissatisfaction with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the 1919 peace settlement that ended World War I. Hitler joined the party the year it was founded and became its leader in 1921. In 1933, he became chancellor of Germany and his Nazi government soon assumed dictatorial powers. After Germany’s defeat in World War II, the Nazi Party was outlawed and many of its officials were convicted of war crimes related to the Holocaust.

Nazi Party Origins

In 1919, army veteran Adolf Hitler , frustrated by Germany’s defeat in World War I —which had left the nation economically depressed and politically unstable—joined a fledgling political organization called the German Workers’ Party.

Founded earlier that same year by a small group of men including locksmith Anton Drexler and journalist Karl Harrer, the party promoted German nationalism and anti-Semitism, and felt that the Treaty of Versailles , the peace settlement that ended the war, was extremely unjust to Germany by burdening it with reparations it could never pay.

Hitler soon emerged as a charismatic public speaker and began attracting new members with speeches blaming Jews and Marxists for Germany’s problems and espousing extreme nationalism and the concept of an Aryan “master race.” In July 1921, he assumed leadership of the organization , which by then had been renamed the Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ (abbreviated to Nazi) Party.

Did you know? Sales of Hitler's political autobiography “Mein Kampf,” sometimes referred to as the bible of the Nazi Party, made him a millionaire. From 1933 to 1945, free copies were given to every newlywed German couple. But after World War II, the publication of “Mein Kampf” in Germany became illegal.

Through the 1920s, Hitler gave speech after speech in which he stated that unemployment, rampant inflation, hunger and economic stagnation in postwar Germany would continue until there was a total revolution in German life. Most problems could be solved, he explained, if communists and Jews were driven from the nation. His fiery speeches swelled the ranks of the Nazi Party, especially among young, economically disadvantaged Germans.

Many dissatisfied former army officers in Munich also joined the Nazis, including Ernst Röhm , the man responsible for recruiting the Sturmabteilung (SA) “strong arm” squads that Hitler used to protect party meetings and attack opponents.

Beer Hall Putsch

In 1923, Hitler and his followers staged the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, a failed takeover of the government in Bavaria, a state in southern Germany. Hitler had hoped that the “putsch,” or coup d’etat, would spark a larger revolution against the national government.

In the aftermath of the Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler was convicted of treason and sentenced to five years in prison but spent less than a year behind bars (during which time he dictated the first volume of Mein Kampf , or My Struggle, his political autobiography).

The publicity surrounding the Beer Hall Putsch and Hitler’s subsequent trial turned him into a national figure. After his release from prison, he set about rebuilding the Nazi Party and attempting to gain power through the election process.

Nazi Rise to Power

In 1929, Germany’s Weimar Republic entered a period of severe economic depression and widespread unemployment. The Nazis capitalized on the situation by criticizing the ruling government and began to win elections. In the July 1932 elections, they captured 230 out of 608 seats in the “ Reichstag ,” or German parliament.

In January 1933, Hitler was appointed German chancellor and his Nazi government soon came to control every aspect of German life. Under Nazi rule, all other political parties were banned.

In 1933, after coming to power, the Nazis established the Dachau concentration camp in Germany to detain political prisoners. Dachau evolved into a death camp where countless thousands of Jews died from malnutrition, disease and overwork—or were executed.

In addition to Jews, the camp’s prisoners included members of other groups Hitler considered unfit for the new Germany, including artists, intellectuals, Roma , the physically and mentally handicapped and homosexuals.

Nazi Foreign Policy

Once Hitler gained control of the government, he directed Nazi Germany’s foreign policy toward undoing the Treaty of Versailles and restoring Germany’s standing in the world. He railed against the treaty’s redrawn map of Europe and argued it denied Germany—Europe’s most populous state—“living space” for its growing population.

Although the Treaty of Versailles was explicitly based on the principle of the self-determination of peoples, he pointed out that it had separated Germans from Germans by creating such new postwar states as Austria and Czechoslovakia, where many Germans lived.

Germany Invades Poland

From the mid- to late 1930s, Hitler undermined the postwar international order step by step. He withdrew Germany from the League of Nations in 1933, rebuilt German armed forces beyond what was permitted by the Treaty of Versailles, reoccupied the German Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938 and invaded Czechoslovakia in 1939 .

When Nazi Germany moved toward Poland, Great Britain and France countered further aggression by guaranteeing Polish security. Nevertheless, Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, and Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. Six years of Nazi Party foreign policy had ignited World War II .

Nazis Fight to Dominate Europe

After conquering Poland, Hitler focused on defeating Britain and France. As the war expanded, the Nazi Party formed alliances with Japan and Italy in the Tripartite Pact of 1940, and honored its 1939 Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact with the Soviet Union until 1941, when Germany launched a massive blitzkrieg invasion of the Soviet Union.

In the brutal fighting that followed, Nazi troops tried to realize the long-held goal of crushing the world’s major communist power. After the United States entered the war in 1941, Germany found itself fighting in North Africa, Italy, France, the Balkans and a counterattacking Soviet Union.

At the beginning of the war in 1939, Hitler and his Nazi Party were fighting to dominate Europe; five years later they were fighting to survive.

The Holocaust

When Hitler and the Nazis came to power in 1933, they instituted a series of measures aimed at persecuting Germany’s Jewish citizens. By late 1938, Jews were banned from most public places in Germany.

During the war, the Nazis’ anti-Jewish campaigns increased in scale and ferocity. In the invasion and occupation of Poland, German troops shot thousands of Polish Jews, confined many to ghettoes where they starved to death and began sending others to death camps in various parts of Poland, where they were either killed immediately or forced into slave labor.

In 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union, Nazi death squads machine-gunned tens of thousands of Jews in the western regions of Soviet Russia.

In early 1942, at the Wannsee Conference near Berlin, the Nazi Party decided on the last phase of what it called the “ Final Solution ” of the “Jewish problem” and spelled out plans for the systematic murder of all European Jews in the Holocaust .

In 1942 and 1943, Jews in the western occupied countries including France and Belgium were deported by the thousands to the death camps mushrooming across Europe. In Poland, huge death camps such as Auschwitz began operating with ruthless efficiency.

The murder of Jews, communists, homosexuals, political prisoners and other people in German-occupied lands stopped only in last months of the war, as the German armies were retreating toward Berlin. By the time Hitler committed suicide in April 1945, some 6 million Jews had been killed.

Denazification

After the war ended in 1945, the Allies occupied Germany, outlawed the Nazi Party and worked to purge its influence from every aspect of German life. The party’s swastika flag quickly became a symbol of evil in modern postwar culture.

Although Hitler killed himself before he could be brought to justice, a number of Nazi officials were convicted of war crimes in the Nuremberg trials , which took place in Nuremberg, Germany, from 1945 to 1949.

The Nazi Party. Holocaust Encyclopedia . The Rise of the Nazi Party. College of Education, University of South Florida . Rise of the Nazi Party. Holocaust Memorial Day Trust .

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Parent Story: (TV) Other: (Movie) (Movie) Visit MALxJapan MALxJapan -More than just anime- Characters & Voice Actors Opening Theme No opening themes have been added to this title. Help improve our database by adding an opening theme . Ending Theme "Kono Hoshi no Dokoka de (この星のどこかで)" by Saori Yuki, Sachiko Yasuda Recent News Recent forum discussion, more top anime. 1 Sousou no Frieren 2 Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood 3 Steins;Gate 5 Shingeki no Kyojin Season 3 Part 2 More Top Airing Anime 1 One Piece 2 Hibike! Euphonium 3 3 Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku wo! 3 4 Doupo Cangqiong: Nian Fan 5 Mushoku Tensei II: Isekai Ittara Honki Dasu Part 2 More Most Popular Characters 1 Lamperouge, Lelouch 3 Monkey D., Luffy 4 Lawliet, L 5 Roronoa, Zoro Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format APA Format for Students & Researchers In this guide, students and researchers can learn the basics of creating a properly formatted research paper according to APA guidelines. It includes information on how to conceptualize, outline, and format the basic structure of your paper, as well as practical tips on spelling, abbreviation, punctuation, and more. The guide concludes with a complete sample paper as well as a final checklist that writers can use to prepare their work for submission. APA Paper Formatting Basics All text should be double-spaced Use one-inch margins on all sides All paragraphs in the body are indented Make sure that the title is centered on the page with your name and school/institution underneath Use 12-point font throughout All pages should be numbered in the upper right hand corner The manual recommends using one space after most punctuation marks A shortened version of the title (“running head”) should be placed in the upper left hand corner Table of Contents Here’s a quick rundown of the contents of this guide on how to do APA format. Information related to writing and organizing your paper: Paper and essay categories General paper length Margin sizes Title pages Running Heads APA Outline APA Abstract The body of papers APA headings and subheadings Use of graphics (tables and figures) Writing style tips: Proper tone. Reducing bias and labels Abbreviation do’s and don’ts Punctuation Number rules Citing Your Sources: Citing Sources In-text Citations Reference Page Proofing Your Paper: Final checklist Submitting your project APA Information: What is APA APA 7 Updates What you won’t find in this guide: This guide provides information related to the formatting of your paper, as in guidelines related to spacing, margins, word choice, etc. While it provides a general overview of APA references, it does not provide instructions for how to cite in APA format. For step-by-step instructions for citing books, journals, how to cite a website in APA format, information on an APA format bibliography, and more, refer to these other EasyBib guides: APA citation (general reference guide) APA In-text citation APA article citation APA book citation APA citation website Or, you can use our automatic generator. Our APA formatter helps to build your references for you. Yep, you read that correctly. Writing and Organizing Your APA Paper in an Effective Way This section of our guide focuses on proper paper length, how to format headings, spacing, and more! This information can be found in Chapter 2 of the official manual (American Psychological Association, 2020, pp. 29-67). Categories of papers Before getting into the nitty-gritty details related to APA research paper format, first determine the type of paper you’re about to embark on creating: Empirical studies Empirical studies take data from observations and experiments to generate research reports. It is different from other types of studies in that it isn’t based on theories or ideas, but on actual data. Literature reviews These papers analyze another individual’s work or a group of works. The purpose is to gather information about a current issue or problem and to communicate where we are today. It sheds light on issues and attempts to fill those gaps with suggestions for future research and methods. Theoretical articles These papers are somewhat similar to a literature reviews in that the author collects, examines, and shares information about a current issue or problem, by using others’ research. It is different from literature reviews in that it attempts to explain or solve a problem by coming up with a new theory. This theory is justified with valid evidence. Methodological articles These articles showcase new advances, or modifications to an existing practice, in a scientific method or procedure. The author has data or documentation to prove that their new method, or improvement to a method, is valid. Plenty of evidence is included in this type of article. In addition, the author explains the current method being used in addition to their own findings, in order to allow the reader to understand and modify their own current practices. Case studies Case studies present information related an individual, group, or larger set of individuals. These subjects are analyzed for a specific reason and the author reports on the method and conclusions from their study. The author may also make suggestions for future research, create possible theories, and/or determine a solution to a problem. Since APA style format is used often in science fields, the belief is “less is more.” Make sure you’re able to get your points across in a clear and brief way. Be direct, clear, and professional. Try not to add fluff and unnecessary details into your paper or writing.  This will keep the paper length shorter and more concise. Margin sizes in APA Format When it comes to margins, keep them consistent across the left, right, top, and bottom of the page. All four sides should be the same distance from the edge of the paper. It’s recommended to use at least one-inch margins around each side. It’s acceptable to use larger margins, but the margins should never be smaller than an inch. Title pages in APA Format The title page, or APA format cover page, is the first page of a paper or essay. Some teachers and professors do not require a title page, but some do. If you’re not sure if you should include one or not, ask your teacher. Some appreciate the page, which clearly displays the writer’s name and the title of the paper. The APA format title page for student papers includes six main components: the title of the APA format paper names of all authors institutional affiliation course number and title instructor’s name Title pages for professional papers  also require a running head; student papers do not. Some instructors and professional publications also ask for an author’s note. If you’re required or would like to include an author’s note, place it below the institutional affiliation. Examples of information included in an author’s note include an ORCID iD number, a disclosure, and an acknowledgement. Here are key guidelines to developing your title page: The title of the paper should capture the main idea of the essay, but should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. For example, instead of using the title “A Look at Amphibians From the Past,” title the paper “Amphibians From the Past.” Delete the unnecessary fluff! Center the title on the page and place it about 3-4 lines from the top. The title should be bolded, in title case, and the same font size as your other page text. Do not underline or italicize the title. Other text on the page should be plain (not bolded , underlined, or italicized ).  All text on the title page should be double-spaced. The APA format examples paper below displays proper spacing, so go take a look! Do not include any titles in the author’s name such as Dr. or Ms. In contrast, for your instructor’s name, use the form they prefer (e.g., Sagar Parekh, PhD; Dr. Minako Asato; Professor Nathan Ian Brown; etc.). The institutional affiliation is the school the author attends or the location where the author conducted the research. In a hurry? Try the  EasyBib title page maker to easily create a title page for free. Sample of an APA format title page for a student paper: Sample of title page for a professional paper: Running heads in APA Format The 7th edition of the American Psychological Association Publication Manual (p. 37) states that running heads are not required for student papers unless requested by the instructor. Student papers still need a page number included in the upper right-hand corner of every page. The 6th edition required a running head for student papers, so be sure to confirm with your instructor which edition you should follow. Of note, this guide follows the 7th edition. Running heads are required for professional papers (e.g., manuscripts submitted for publication). Read on for instructions on how to create them. Are you wondering what is a “running head”? It’s basically a page header at the top of every page. To make this process easier, set your word processor to automatically add these components onto each page. You may want to look for “Header” in the features. A running head/page header includes two pieces: the title of the paper page numbers. Insert page numbers justified to the right-hand side of the APA format paper (do not put p. or pg. in front of the page numbers). For all pages of the paper, including the APA format title page, include the “TITLE OF YOUR PAPER” justified to the left in capital letters (i.e., the running head). If your full title is long (over 50 characters), the running head title should be a shortened version. Preparing outlines in APA Format Outlines are extremely beneficial as they help writers stay organized, determine the scope of the research that needs to be included, and establish headings and subheadings. There isn’t an official or recommended “APA format for outline” structure. It is up to the writer (if they choose to make use of an outline) to determine how to organize it and the characters to include. Some writers use a mix of roman numerals, numbers, and uppercase and lowercase letters. Even though there isn’t a required or recommended APA format for an outline, we encourage writers to make use of one. Who wouldn’t want to put together a rough outline of their project? We promise you, an outline will help you stay on track. Here’s our version of how APA format for outlines could look: Don’t forget, if you’re looking for information on APA citation format and other related topics, check out our other comprehensive guides. How to form an abstract in APA An APA format abstract (p. 38) is a summary of a scholarly article or scientific study. Scholarly articles and studies are rather lengthy documents, and abstracts allow readers to first determine if they’d like to read an article in its entirety or not. You may come across abstracts while researching a topic. Many databases display abstracts in the search results and often display them before showing the full text of an article or scientific study. It is important to create a high quality abstract that accurately communicates the purpose and goal of your paper, as readers will determine if it is worthy to continue reading or not. Are you wondering if you need to create an abstract for your assignment? Usually, student papers do not require an abstract. Abstracts are not typically seen in class assignments, and are usually only included when submitting a paper for publication. Unless your teacher or professor asked for it, you probably don’t need to have one for your class assignment. If you’re planning on submitting your paper to a journal for publication, first check the journal’s website to learn about abstract and APA paper format requirements. Here are some helpful suggestions to create a dynamic abstract: Abstracts are found on their own page, directly after the title or cover page. Professional papers only (not student papers): Include the running head on the top of the page. On the first line of the page, center the word “Abstract” (but do not include quotation marks). On the following line, write a summary of the key points of your research. Your abstract summary is a way to introduce readers to your research topic, the questions that will be answered, the process you took, and any findings or conclusions you drew. Use concise, brief, informative language. You only have a few sentences to share the summary of your entire document, so be direct with your wording. This summary should not be indented, but should be double-spaced and less than 250 words. If applicable, help researchers find your work in databases by listing keywords from your paper after your summary. To do this, indent and type Keywords : in italics.  Then list your keywords that stand out in your research. You can also include keyword strings that you think readers will type into the search box. Active voice: The subjects reacted to the medication. Passive voice: There was a reaction from the subjects taking the medication. Instead of evaluating your project in the abstract, simply report what it contains. If a large portion of your work includes the extension of someone else’s research, share this in the abstract and include the author’s last name and the year their work was released. APA format example page: Here’s an example of an abstract: Visual design is a critical aspect of any web page or user interface, and its impact on a user’s experience has been studied extensively. Research has shown a positive correlation between a user’s perceived usability and a user’s assessment of visual design. Additionally, perceived web quality, which encompasses visual design, has a positive relationship with both initial and continued consumer purchase intention. However, visual design is often assessed using self-report scale, which are vulnerable to a few pitfalls. Because self-report questionnaires are often reliant on introspection and honesty, it is difficult to confidently rely on self-report questionnaires to make important decisions. This study aims to ensure the validity of a visual design assessment instrument (Visual Aesthetics of Websites Inventory: Short version) by examining its relationship with biometric (variables), like galvanic skin response, pupillometry, and fixation information. Our study looked at participants assessment of a webpage’s visual design, and compared it to their biometric responses while viewing the webpage. Overall, we found that both average fixation duration and pupil dilation differed when participants viewed web pages with lower visual design ratings compared to web pages with a higher visual design rating. Keywords : usability, visual design, websites, eye tracking, pupillometry, self-report, VisAWI The body of an APA paper On the page after the title page (if a student paper) or the abstract (if a professional paper), begin with the body of the paper. Most papers follow this format: At the top of the page, add the page number in the upper right corner of all pages, including the title page. On the next line write the title in bold font and center it. Do not underline or italicize it. Begin with the introduction and indent the first line of the paragraph. All paragraphs in the body are indented. Sample body for a student paper: Most scientific or professional papers have additional sections and guidelines: Start with the running head (title + page number). The heading title should be in capital letters. The abstract page should be page 2. The introduction presents the problem and premise upon which the research was based. It goes into more detail about this problem than the abstract. Begin a new section with the Method and use this word as the subtitle. Bold and center this subtitle. The Method section shows how the study was run and conducted. Be sure to describe the methods through which data was collected. Begin a new section with the Results . Bold and center this subtitle. The Results section summarizes your data. Use charts and graphs to display this data. Draw conclusions and support how your data led to these conclusions. Discuss whether or not your hypothesis was confirmed or not supported by your results. Determine the limitations of the study and next steps to improve research for future studies. Sample body for a professional paper: Keep in mind, APA citation format is much easier than you think, thanks to EasyBib.com. Try our automatic generator and watch how we create APA citation format references for you in just a few clicks. While you’re at it, take a peek at our other helpful guides, such as our APA reference page guide, to make sure you’re on track with your research papers. Proper usage of headings & subheadings in APA Format Headings (p. 47) serve an important purpose in research papers — they organize your paper and make it simple to locate different pieces of information. In addition, headings provide readers with a glimpse to the main idea, or content, they are about to read. In APA format, there are five levels of headings, each with a different formatting: This is the title of your paper The title should be centered in the middle of the page The title should be bolded Use uppercase and lowercase letters where necessary (called title capitalization) Place this heading against the left margin Use bold letters Use uppercase and lowercase letters where necessary Place this heading against the left side margin End the heading with a period Indented in from the left margin Following general formatting rules, all headings are double spaced and there are no extra lines or spaces between sections. Here is a visual APA format template for levels of headings: Use of graphics (tables and figures) in APA Format If you’re looking to jazz up your project with any charts, tables, drawings, or images, there are certain APA format rules (pp. 195-250) to follow. First and foremost, the only reason why any graphics should be added is to provide the reader with an easier way to see or read information, rather than typing it all out in the text. Lots of numbers to discuss? Try organizing your information into a chart or table. Pie charts, bar graphs, coordinate planes, and line graphs are just a few ways to show numerical data, relationships between numbers, and many other types of information. Instead of typing out long, drawn out descriptions, create a drawing or image. Many visual learners would appreciate the ability to look at an image to make sense of information. Before you go ahead and place that graphic in your paper, here are a few key guidelines: Follow them in the appropriate numerical order in which they appear in the text of your paper. Example : Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, Figure 3. Example: Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, Figure 3 Only use graphics if they will supplement the material in your text. If they reinstate what you already have in your text, then it is not necessary to include a graphic. Include enough wording in the graphic so that the reader is able to understand its meaning, even if it is isolated from the corresponding text. However, do not go overboard with adding a ton of wording in your graphic. Left align tables and figures In our APA format sample paper , you’ll find examples of tables after the references. You may also place tables and figures within the text just after it is mentioned. Is there anything better than seeing a neatly organized data table? We think not! If you have tons of numbers or data to share, consider creating a table instead of typing out a wordy paragraph. Tables are pretty easy to whip up on Google Docs or Microsoft Word. General format of a table should be: Table number Choose to type out your data OR create a table. As stated above, in APA format, you shouldn’t have the information typed out in your paper and also have a table showing the same exact information. Choose one or the other. If you choose to create a table, discuss it very briefly in the text. Say something along the lines of, “Table 1 displays the amount of money used towards fighting Malaria.” Or, “Stomach cancer rates are displayed in Table 4.” If you’re submitting your project for a class, place your table close to the text where it’s mentioned. If you’re submitting it to be published in a journal, most publishers prefer tables to be placed in the back. If you’re unsure where to place your tables, ask! Include the table number first and at the top. Table 1 is the first table discussed in the paper. Table 2 is the next table mentioned, and so on. This should be in bold. Add a title under the number. Create a brief, descriptive title. Capitalize the first letter for each important word. Italicize the title and place it under the table number. Only use horizontal lines. Limit use of cell shading. Keep the font at 12-point size and use single or double spacing. If you use single spacing in one table, make sure all of the others use single spaces as well. Keep it consistent. All headings should be centered. In the first column (called the stub), center the heading, left-align the information underneath it (indent 0.15 inches if info is more than one line). Information in other columns should be centered. General . Information about the whole table. Specific . Information targeted for a specific column, row, or cell. Probability . Explains what certain table symbols mean. For example, asterisks,  p values, etc. Here’s an APA format example of a table: We know putting together a table is pretty tricky. That’s why we’ve included not one, but a few tables on this page. Scroll down and look at the additional tables in the essay in APA format example found below. Figures represent information in a visual way. They differ from tables in that they are visually appealing. Sure, tables, like the one above, can be visually appealing, but it’s the color, circles, arrows, boxes, or icons included that make a figure a “figure.” There are many commonly used figures in papers. Examples APA Format: Photographs Hierarchy charts General format of a figure is the same as tables. This means each should include: Figure number Use the same formatting tables use for the number, title, and note. Here are some pointers to keep in mind when it comes to APA format for figures: Only include a figure if it adds value to your paper. If it will truly help with understanding, include it! Either include a figure OR write it all out in the text. Do not include the same information twice. If a note is added, it should clearly explain the content of the figure. Include any reference information if it’s reproduced or adapted. APA format sample of a figure: Photographs: We live in a world where we have tons of photographs available at our fingertips. Photographs found through Google Images, social media, stock photos made available from subscription sites, and tons of other various online sources make obtaining photographs a breeze. We can even pull out our cell phones, and in just a few seconds, take pictures with our cameras. Photographs are simple to find, and because of this, many students enjoy using them in their papers. If you have a photograph you would like to include in your project, here are some guidelines from the American Psychological Association. Create a reference for the photograph. Follow the guidelines under the table and figure sections above. Do not use color photos. It is recommended to use black and white. Colors can change depending on the reader’s screen resolution. Using black and white ensures the reader will be able to view the image clearly. The only time it is recommended to use color photos is if you’re writing about color-specific things. For example, if you’re discussing the various shades of leaf coloration, you may want to include a few photographs of colorful leaves. If there are sections of the photograph that are not related to your work, it is acceptable to crop them out. Cropping is also beneficial in that it helps the reader focus on the main item you’re discussing. If you choose to include an image of a person you know, it would be respectful if you ask their permission before automatically including their photo in your paper.  Some schools and universities post research papers online and some people prefer that their photos and information stay off the Internet. B. Writing Style Tips Writing a paper for scientific topics is much different than writing for English, literature, and other composition classes. Science papers are much more direct, clear, and concise. This section includes key suggestions, explains how to write in APA format, and includes other tidbits to keep in mind while formulating your research paper. Verb usage in APA Research experiments and observations rely on the creation and analysis of data to test hypotheses and come to conclusions. While sharing and explaining the methods and results of studies, science writers often use verbs. When using verbs in writing, make sure that you continue to use them in the same tense throughout the section you’re writing. Further details are in the publication manual (p. 117). Here’s an APA format example: We tested the solution to identify the possible contaminants. It wouldn’t make sense to add this sentence after the one above: We tested the solution to identify the possible contaminants. Researchers often test solutions by placing them under a microscope. Notice that the first sentence is in the past tense while the second sentence is in the present tense. This can be confusing for readers. For verbs in scientific papers, the APA manual recommends using: Past tense or present perfect tense for the explantation of the procedure Past tense for the explanation of the results Present tense for the explanation of the conclusion and future implications If this is all a bit much, and you’re simply looking for help with your references, try the EasyBib.com APA format generator . Our APA formatter creates your references in just a few clicks. APA citation format is easier than you think thanks to our innovative, automatic tool. Even though your writing will not have the same fluff and detail as other forms of writing, it should not be boring or dull to read. The Publication Manual suggests thinking about who will be the main reader of your work and to write in a way that educates them. How to reduce bias & labels The American Psychological Association strongly objects to any bias towards gender, racial groups, ages of individuals or subjects, disabilities, and sexual orientation (pp. 131-149). If you’re unsure whether your writing is free of bias and labels or not, have a few individuals read your work to determine if it’s acceptable. Here are a few guidelines that the American Psychological Association suggests : Only include information about an individual’s orientation or characteristic if it is important to the topic or study. Do not include information about individuals or labels if it is not necessary. If writing about an individual’s characteristic or orientation, for essay APA format, make sure to put the person first. Instead of saying, “Diabetic patients,” say, “Patients who are diabetic.” Instead of using narrow terms such as, “adolescents,” or “the elderly,” try to use broader terms such as, “participants,” and “subjects.” “They” or “their” are acceptable gender-neutral pronouns to use. Be mindful when using terms that end with “man” or “men” if they involve subjects who are female. For example, instead of using “Firemen,” use the term, “Firefighter.” In general, avoid ambiguity. When referring to someone’s racial or ethnic identity, use the census category terms and capitalize the first letter. Also, avoid using the word, “minority,” as it can be interpreted as meaning less than or deficient. Instead, say “people of color” or “underrepresented groups.” When describing subjects in APA format, use the words “girls” and “boys” for children who are under the age of 12. The terms, “young woman,” “young man,” “female adolescent,” and “male adolescent” are appropriate for subjects between 13-17 years old; “Men,” and “women,” for those older than 18. Use the term, “older adults.” for individuals who are older. “Elderly,” and “senior,” are not acceptable if used only as nouns. It is acceptable to use these terms if they’re used as adjectives. Read through our example essay in APA format, found in section D, to see how we’ve reduced bias and labels. Spelling in APA Format In APA formatting, use the same spelling as words found in Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (American English) (p. 161). If the word you’re trying to spell is not found in Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, a second resource is Webster’s Third New International Dictionary . If attempting to properly spell words in the psychology field, consult the American Psychological Association’s Dictionary of Psychology Thanks to helpful tools and features, such as the spell checker, in word processing programs, most of us think we have everything we need right in our document. However, quite a few helpful features are found elsewhere. Where can you find a full grammar editor? Right here, on EasyBib.com. The EasyBib Plus paper checker scans your paper for spelling, but also for any conjunction , determiner, or adverb out of place. Try it out and unlock the magic of an edited paper. Abbreviation do’s and don’ts in APA Format Abbreviations can be tricky. You may be asking yourself, “Do I include periods between the letters?” “Are all letters capitalized?” “Do I need to write out the full name each and every time?” Not to worry, we’re breaking down the publication manual’s abbreviations (p. 172) for you here. First and foremost, use abbreviations sparingly. Too many and you’re left with a paper littered with capital letters mashed together. Plus, they don’t lend themselves to smooth and easy reading. Readers need to pause and comprehend the meaning of abbreviations and quite often stumble over them. If the abbreviation is used less than three times in the paper, type it out each time. It would be pretty difficult to remember what an abbreviation or acronym stands for if you’re writing a lengthy paper. If you decide to sprinkle in abbreviations,  it is not necessary to include periods between the letters. Example: While it may not affect a patient’s short-term memory (STM), it may affect their ability to comprehend new terms. Patients who experience STM loss while using the medication should discuss it with their doctor. Example : AIDS The weight in pounds exceeded what we previously thought. Punctuation in APA Format One space after most punctuation marks. The manual recommends using one space after most punctuation marks, including punctuation at the end of a sentence (p. 154). It doesn’t hurt to double check with your teacher or professor to ask their preference since this rule was changed recently (in 2020). The official APA format book was primarily created to aid individuals with submitting their paper for publication in a professional journal. Many schools adopt certain parts of the handbook and modify sections to match their preference. To see an example of an APA format research paper, with the spacing we believe is most commonly and acceptable to use, scroll down and see section D. For more information related to the handbook, including frequently asked questions, and more, here’s further reading on the style It’s often a heated debate among writers whether or not to use an Oxford comma (p. 155), but for this style, always use an Oxford comma. This type of comma is placed before the words AND and OR or in a series of three items. Example of APA format for commas: The medication caused drowsiness, upset stomach, and fatigue. Here’s another example: The subjects chose between cold, room temperature, or warm water. Apostrophes When writing a possessive singular noun, you should place the apostrophe before the s. For possessive plural nouns, the apostrophe is placed after the s. Singular : Linda Morris’s jacket Plural : The Morris’ house Em dashes (long dash) are used to bring focus to a particular point or an aside. There are no spaces after these dashes (p. 157). Use en dashes (short dash) in compound adjectives. Do not place a space before or after the dash. Here are a few examples: custom-built 12-year-old Number rules in APA Format Science papers often include the use of numbers, usually displayed in data, tables, and experiment information. The golden rule to keep in mind is that numbers less than 10 are written out in text. If the number is more than 10, use numerals. APA format examples: 14 kilograms seven individuals 83 years old Fourth grade The golden rule for numbers has exceptions. In APA formatting, use numerals if you are: Showing numbers in a table or graph 4 divided by 2 6-month-olds Use numbers written out as words if you are: Ninety-two percent of teachers feel as though…. Hundred Years’ War One-sixth of the students Other APA formatting number rules to keep in mind: World War II Super Bowl LII It’s 1980s, not 1980’s! Additional number rules can be found in the publication manual (p. 178) Need help with other writing topics? Our plagiarism checker is a great resource for anyone looking for writing help. Say goodbye to an out of place noun , preposition , or adjective, and hello to a fully edited paper. Overview of APA references While writing a research paper, it is always important to give credit and cite your sources; this lets you acknowledge others’ ideas and research you’ve used in your own work. Not doing so can be considered plagiarism , possibly leading to a failed grade or loss of a job. APA style is one of the most commonly used citation styles used to prevent plagiarism. Here’s more on crediting sources . Let’s get this statement out of the way before you become confused: An APA format reference and an APA format citation are two different things! We understand that many teachers and professors use the terms as if they’re synonyms, but according to this specific style, they are two separate things, with different purposes, and styled differently. A reference displays all of the information about the source — the title, the author’s name, the year it was published, the URL, all of it! References are placed on the final page of a research project. Here’s an example of a reference: Wynne-Jones, T. (2015). The emperor of any place . Candlewick Press. An APA format citation is an APA format in-text citation. These are found within your paper, anytime a quote or paraphrase is included. They usually only include the name of the author and the date the source was published. Here’s an example of one: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is even discussed in the book, The Emperor of Any Place . The main character, Evan, finds a mysterious diary on his father’s desk (the same desk his father died on, after suffering from a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy attack). Evan unlocks the truth to his father and grandfather’s past (Wynne-Jones, 2015). Both of the ways to credit another individual’s work — in the text of a paper and also on the final page — are key to preventing plagiarism. A writer must use both types in a paper. If you cite something in the text, it must have a full reference on the final page of the project. Where there is one, there must be the other! Now that you understand that, here’s some basic info regarding APA format references (pp. 281-309). Each reference is organized, or structured, differently. It all depends on the source type. A book reference is structured one way, an APA journal is structured a different way, a newspaper article is another way. Yes, it’s probably frustrating that not all references are created equal and set up the same way. MLA works cited pages are unique in that every source type is formatted the same way. Unfortunately, this style is quite different. Most references follow this general format: Author’s Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year published). Title of source . URL. Again, as stated in the above paragraph, you must look up the specific source type you’re using to find out the placement of the title, author’s name, year published, etc. For more information on APA format for sources and how to reference specific types of sources, use the other guides on EasyBib.com. Here’s another useful site . Looking for a full visual of a page of references? Scroll down and take a peek at our APA format essay example towards the bottom of this page. You’ll see a list of references and you can gain a sense of how they look. Bonus: here’s a link to more about the fundamentals related to this particular style. If you want to brush up or catch up on the Modern Language Association’s style, here’s a great resource on how to cite websites in MLA . In-text APA citation format Did you find the perfect quote or piece of information to include in your project? Way to go! It’s always a nice feeling when we find that magical piece of data or info to include in our writing. You probably already know that you can’t just copy and paste it into your project, or type it in, without also providing credit to the original author. Displaying where the original information came from is much easier than you think.Directly next to the quote or information you included, place the author’s name and the year nearby. This allows the reader of your work to see where the information originated. APA allows for the use of two different forms of in-text citation, parenthetical and narrative Both forms of citation require two elements: author’s name year of publication The only difference is the way that this information is presented to the reader. Parenthetical citations are the more commonly seen form of in-text citations for academic work, in which both required reference elements are presented at the end of the sentence in parentheses. Example: Harlem had many artists and musicians in the late 1920s (Belafonte, 2008). Narrative citations allow the author to present one or both of the required reference elements inside of the running sentence, which prevents the text from being too repetitive or burdensome. When only one of the two reference elements is included in the sentence, the other is provided parenthetically. Example: According to Belafonte (2008), Harlem was full of artists and musicians in the late 1920s. If there are two authors listed in the source entry, then the parenthetical reference must list them both: (Smith & Belafonte, 2008) If there are three or more authors listed in the source entry, then the parenthetical reference can abbreviate with “et al.”, the latin abbreviation for “and others”: (Smith et al., 2008) The author’s names are structured differently if there is more than one author. Things will also look different if there isn’t an author at all (which is sometimes the case with website pages). For more information on APA citation format, check out this page on the topic: APA parenthetical citation and APA in-text citation . There is also more information in the official manual in chapter 8. If it’s MLA in-text and parenthetical citations you’re looking for, we’ve got your covered there too! You might want to also check out his guide on parenthetical citing . Would you benefit from having a tool that helps you easily generate citations that are in the text? Check out EasyBib Plus! References page in APA Format An APA format reference page is easier to create than you probably think. We go into detail on how to create this page on our APA reference page . We also have a guide for how to create an annotated bibliography in APA . But, if you’re simply looking for a brief overview of the reference page, we’ve got you covered here. Here are some pointers to keep in mind when it comes to the references page in APA format: This VIP page has its very own page. Start on a fresh, clean document (p. 303). Center and bold the title “References” (do not include quotation marks, underline, or italicize this title). Alphabetize and double-space ALL entries. Use a readable font, such as Times New Roman, Arial, Calibri, or Lucida (p. 44). Every quote or piece of outside information included in the paper should be referenced and have an entry. Even though it’s called a “reference page,” it can be longer than one page. If your references flow onto the next page, then that’s a-okay. Only include the running head if it is required by your teacher or you’re writing a professional paper. Sample reference page for a student paper: Here’s another friendly reminder to use the EasyBib APA format generator (that comes with EasyBib Plus) to quickly and easily develop every single one of your references for you. Try it out! Our APA formatter is easy to use and ready to use 24/7. Final APA Format Checklist Prior to submitting your paper, check to make sure you have everything you need and everything in its place: Did you credit all of the information and quotes you used in the body of your paper and show a matching full reference at the end of the paper? Remember, you need both! Need more information on how to credit other authors and sources? Check out our other guides, or use the EasyBib APA format generator to credit your sources quickly and easily. EasyBib.com also has more styles than just the one this page focuses on. 12-pt. Times New Roman 11-pt. Calibri, Arial, Georgia 10-pt. Lucida, Sans Unicode, Computer Modern If you created an abstract, is it directly after the title page? Some teachers and professors do not require an abstract, so before you go ahead and include it, make sure it’s something he or she is expecting. Professional paper — Did you include a running head on every single page of your project? Student paper — Did you include page numbers in the upper right-hand corner of all your pages? Are all headings, as in section or chapter titles, properly formatted? If you’re not sure, check section number 9. Are all tables and figures aligned properly? Did you include notes and other important information directly below the table or figure? Include any information that will help the reader completely understand everything in the table or figure if it were to stand alone. Are abbreviations used sparingly? Did you format them properly? Is the entire document double spaced? Are all numbers formatted properly? Check section 17, which is APA writing format for numbers. Did you glance at the sample paper? Is your assignment structured similarly? Are all of the margins uniform? Submitting Your APA Paper Congratulations for making it this far! You’ve put a lot of effort into writing your paper and making sure the t’s are crossed and the i’s are dotted. If you’re planning to submit your paper for a school assignment, make sure you review your teacher or professor’s procedures. If you’re submitting your paper to a journal, you probably need to include a cover letter. Most cover letters ask you to include: The author’s contact information. A statement to the editor that the paper is original. If a similar paper exists elsewhere, notify the editor in the cover letter. Once again, review the specific journal’s website for exact specifications for submission. Okay, so you’re probably thinking you’re ready to hit send or print and submit your assignment. Can we offer one last suggestion? We promise it will only take a minute. Consider running your paper through our handy dandy paper checker. It’s pretty simple. Copy and paste or upload your paper into our checker. Within a minute, we’ll provide feedback on your spelling and grammar. If there’s a pronoun , interjection , or verb out of place, we’ll highlight it and offer suggestions for improvement. We’ll even take it a step further and point out any instances of possible plagiarism. If it sounds too good to be true, then head on over to our innovative tool and give it a whirl. We promise you won’t be disappointed. What is APA Format? APA stands for the American Psychological Association . In this guide, you’ll find information related to “What is APA format?” in relation to writing and organizing your paper according to the American Psychological Association’s standards. Information on how to cite sources can be found on our APA citation page. The official American Psychological Association handbook was used as a reference for our guide and we’ve included page numbers from the manual throughout. However, this page is not associated with the association. You’ll most likely use APA format if your paper is on a scientific topic. Many behavioral and social sciences use this organization’s standards and guidelines. What are behavioral sciences? Behavioral sciences study human and animal behavior. They can include: Cognitive Science Neuroscience What are social sciences? Social sciences focus on one specific aspect of human behavior, specifically social and cultural relationships. Social sciences can include: Anthropology Political Science Human Geography Archaeology Linguistics What’s New in the 7th Edition? This citation style was created by the American Psychological Association. Its rules and guidelines can be found in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . The information provided in the guide above follows the 6th edition (2009) of the manual. The 7th edition was published in 2020 and is the most recent version. The 7th edition of the Publication Manual is in full color and includes 12 sections (compared to 8 sections in the 6th edition). In general, this new edition differentiates between professional and student papers, includes guidance with accessibility in mind, provides new examples to follow, and has updated guidelines.We’ve selected a few notable updates below, but for a full view of all of the 7th edition changes visit the style’s website linked here . Paper title Student name Affiliation (e.g., school, department, etc.) Course number and title Course instructor 6th edition – Running head: SMARTPHONE EFFECTS ON ADOLESCENT SOCIALIZATION 7th edition – SMARTPHONE EFFECTS ON ADOLESCENT SOCIALIZATION Pronouns . “They” can be used as a gender-neutral pronoun. Bias-free language guidelines . There are updated and new sections on guidelines for this section. New sections address participation in research, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality. Spacing after sentences. Add only a single space after end punctuation. Tables and figures . The citing format is now streamlined so that both tables and figures should include a name and number above the table/figure, and a note underneath the table/figure. 6th ed. – (Ikemoto, Richardson, Murphy, Yoshida 2016) 7th ed. – (Ikemoto et al., 2016) Citing books. The location of the publisher can be omitted. Also, e-books no longer need to mention the format (e.g., Kindle, etc.) Example: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-019-0153-5 Using URLs. URLs no longer need to be prefaced by the words “Retrieved from.” New citing information . There is new guidance on citing classroom or intranet resources, and oral traditions or traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples. Visit our EasyBib Twitter feed to discover more citing tips, fun grammar facts, and the latest product updates. American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) (2020). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000 Published October 31, 2011. Updated May 14, 2020. Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau. Michele Kirschenbaum is a school library media specialist and the in-house librarian at EasyBib.com. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg. She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing. APA Formatting Guide APA Formatting Annotated Bibliography Block Quotes et al Usage Multiple Authors Paraphrasing Page Numbers Parenthetical Citations Sample Paper View APA Guide Citation Examples Book Chapter Journal Article Magazine Article Newspaper Article Website (no author) View all APA Examples How useful was this post? Click on a star to rate it! We are sorry that this post was not useful for you! Let us improve this post! Tell us how we can improve this post? We should not use “et al.” in APA reference list entries. If the number of authors in the source is up to and including 20, list all author names and use an ampersand (&) before the final author’s name. If the number of authors is more than 20, list the first 19 authors’ names followed by an ellipsis (but no ampersand), and then add the final author’s name. An example of author names in a reference entry having more than 20 authors is given below: Author Surname1, F. M., Author Surname2, F. M., Author Surname3, F. M., Author Surname4, F. M., Author Surname5, F. M., Author Surname6, F. M., Author Surname7, F. M., Author Surname8, F. M., Author Surname9, F. M., Author Surname10, F. M., Author Surname11, F. M., Author Surname12, F. M., Author Surname13, F. M., Author Surname14, F. M., Author Surname15, F. M., Author Surname16, F. M., Author Surname17, F. M., Author Surname18, F. M., Author Surname19, F. M., . . .  Last Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Alvarez, L. D., Peach, J. L., Rodriguez, J. F., Donald, L., Thomas, M., Aruck, A., Samy, K., Anthony, K., Ajey, M., Rodriguez, K. L., Katherine, K., Vincent, A., Pater, F., Somu, P., Pander, L., Berd, R., Fox, L., Anders, A., Kamala, W., . . . Nicole Jones, K. (2019). Note that, unlike references with 2 to 20 author names, the symbol “&” is not used here before the last author’s name. APA 7, released in October 2019, has some new updates. Here is a brief description of the updates made in APA 7. Different types of papers and best practices are given in detail in Chapter 1. How to format a student title page is explained in Chapter 2. Examples of a professional paper and a student paper are included. Chapter 3 provides additional information on qualitative and mixed methods of research. An update on writing style is included in Chapter 4. In chapter 5, some best practices for writing with bias-free language are included. Chapter 6 gives some updates on style elements including using a single space after a period, including a citation with an abbreviation, the treatment of numbers in abstracts, treatment for different types of lists, and the formatting of gene and protein names. In Chapter 7, additional examples are given for tables and figures for different types of publications. In Chapter 8, how to format quotations and how to paraphrase text are covered with additional examples. A simplified version of in-text citations is clearly illustrated. Chapter 9 has many updates: listing all author names up to 20 authors, standardizing DOIs and URLs, and the formatting of an annotated bibliography. Chapter 10 includes many examples with templates for all reference types. New rules covering the inclusion of the issue number for journals and the omission of publisher location from book references are provided. Explanations of how to cite YouTube videos, power point slides, and TED talks are included. Chapter 11 includes many legal references for easy understanding. Chapter 12 provides advice for authors on how to promote their papers. For more information on some of the changes found in APA 7, check out this EasyBib article . APA Citation Examples Writing Tools Citation Generators Other Citation Styles Plagiarism Checker Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style. Get Started Ben Horowitz More about ben. Ben Horowitz is a cofounder and general partner at the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz. He is the author of the New York Times bestsellers, The Hard Thing About Hard Things and What You Do Is Who You Are . He also created the a16z Cultural Leadership Fund to connect the greatest cultural leaders to the best new technology companies, and enable more young African Americans to enter the technology industry. Prior to a16z, Ben was cofounder and CEO of Opsware (formerly Loudcloud), which was acquired by Hewlett-Packard for $1.6 billion in 2007, and was appointed vice president and general manager of Business Technology Optimization for Software at HP. Earlier, he was vice president and general manager of America Online’s E-commerce Platform division, where he oversaw development of the company’s flagship Shop@AOL service. Previously, Ben ran several product divisions at Netscape Communications. He also served as vice president of Netscape’s widely acclaimed Directory and Security product line. Before joining Netscape in July 1995, he held various senior product marketing positions at Lotus Development Corporation. Ben has an MS and a BA in computer science from UCLA and Columbia University, respectively. Ben serves on the board of Anyscale, Caffeine, Databricks, Mayvenn, NationBuilder, Okta ($OKTA), Navan, and UnitedMasters. Latest Content New funds, new era. We have just raised $7.2B for American Dynamism ($600M), Apps ($1B), Games ($600M), Infrastructure ($1.25B), and Growth ($3.75B). This marks an important milestone for us. Politics & the Future of Tech with Marc Andreessen and Ben Horowitz “If America is going to be America in the next one hundred years, we have to get this right.” – Ben Horowitz Snowboards, software, and scaling (with Shopify CEO) Shopify CEO Tobi Lütke speaks with a16z cofounder Ben Horowitz about scaling tech startups, leadership, business strategy, and more. Money, power, politics, and the internet’s next battleground Marc Andreessen and Ben Horowitz discuss the new bestselling book Read Write Own with author Chris Dixon on the web3 with a16z crypto podcast. Fixing Higher Education & New Startup Opportunities with Marc and Ben "The Ben & Marc Show" features a16z's co-founders Ben Horowitz & Marc Andreessen. In this episode, Marc and Ben continue their in-depth exploration of the current education system. While Part I of their discussion unpacked the crisis facing higher education, Part II presents solutions to overhaul the modern university. Want more a16z? Sign up to get the best of a16z content, news, and investments. Thanks for signing up for the a16z newsletter. Check your inbox for a welcome note. National Poetry Month Materials for Teachers Literary Seminars American Poets Magazine Main navigation Academy of American Poets User account menu Search more than 3,000 biographies of contemporary and classic poets. Page submenu block literary seminars materials for teachers poetry near you Walt Whitman Walt Whitman was born on May 31, 1819, in West Hills, on Long Island, New York. He was the second son of Walter Whitman, a house-builder, and Louisa Van Velsor. In the 1820s and 1830s, the family, which consisted of nine children, lived in Long Island and Brooklyn, where Whitman attended the Brooklyn public schools. At the age of twelve, Whitman began to learn the printer’s trade and fell in love with the written word. Largely self-taught, he read voraciously, becoming acquainted with the works of  Homer ,  Dante ,  Shakespeare , and the Bible. Whitman worked as a printer in New York City until a devastating fire in the printing district demolished the industry. In 1836, at the age of seventeen, he began his career as teacher in the one-room schoolhouses of Long Island. He continued to teach until 1841, when he turned to journalism as a full-time career. He founded a weekly newspaper, The Long-Islander , and later edited a number of Brooklyn and New York papers, including the Brooklyn Daily Eagle . In 1848, Whitman left the Brooklyn Daily Eagle to become editor of the New Orleans Crescent for three months. After witnessing the auctions of enslaved individuals in New Orleans, he returned to Brooklyn in the fall of 1848 and co-founded a “free soil” newspaper, the Brooklyn Freeman , which he edited through the next fall. Whitman’s attitudes about race have been described as “ unstable and inconsistent .” He did not always side with the abolitionists , yet he celebrated human dignity. In Brooklyn, Whitman continued to develop the unique style of poetry that later so astonished Ralph Waldo Emerson . In 1855, Whitman took out a copyright on the first edition of Leaves of Grass , which consisted of twelve untitled poems and a preface. He published the volume himself, and sent a copy to Emerson in July of 1855. Whitman released a second edition of the book in 1856, containing thirty-two poems, a letter from Emerson praising the first edition, and a long open letter by Whitman in response. During his lifetime, Whitman continued to refine the volume, publishing several more editions of the book. Noted Whitman scholar, M. Jimmie Killingsworth writes that “the ‘merge,’ as Whitman conceived it, is the tendency of the individual self to overcome moral, psychological, and political boundaries. Thematically and poetically, the notion dominates the three major poems of 1855: ‘ I Sing the Body Electric ,’ ‘ The Sleepers ,’ and ‘Song of Myself,’ all of which were merged in the first edition under the single title ‘Leaves of Grass’ but were demarcated by clear breaks in the text and the repetition of the title.” At the outbreak of the Civil War, Whitman vowed to live a “purged” and “cleansed” life. He worked as a freelance journalist and visited the wounded at New York City–area hospitals. He then traveled to Washington, D.C. in December 1862 to care for his brother, who had been wounded in the war. Overcome by the suffering of the many wounded in Washington, Whitman decided to stay and work in the hospitals; he ended up staying in the city for eleven years. He took a job as a clerk for the Bureau of Indian Affairs within the Department of the Interior, which ended when the Secretary of the Interior, James Harlan, discovered that Whitman was the author of  Leaves of Grass , which Harlan found offensive. After Harlan fired him, he went on to work in the attorney general's office. In 1873, Whitman suffered a stroke that left him partially paralyzed. A few months later he travelled to Camden, New Jersey, to visit his dying mother at his brother’s house. He ended up staying with his brother until the 1882 publication of  Leaves of Grass  (James R. Osgood), which brought him enough money to buy a home in Camden. In the simple two-story clapboard house, Whitman spent his declining years working on additions and revisions to his deathbed edition of  Leaves of Grass  (David McKay, 1891–92) and preparing his final volume of poems and prose,  Good-Bye My Fancy  (David McKay, 1891). After his death on March 26, 1892, Whitman was buried in a tomb he designed and had built on a lot in Harleigh Cemetery. Along with  Emily Dickinson , he is considered one of America’s most important poets. Related Poets William Wordsworth William Wordsworth, who rallied for “common speech” within poems and argued against the poetic biases of the period, wrote some of the most influential poetry in Western literature, including his most famous work,  The Prelude , which is often considered to be the crowning achievement of English romanticism. W. B. Yeats William Butler Yeats, widely considered one of the greatest poets of the English language, received the 1923 Nobel Prize for Literature. His work was greatly influenced by the heritage and politics of Ireland. Edgar Allan Poe Born in 1809, Edgar Allan Poe had a profound impact on American and international literature as an editor, poet, and critic. William Blake William Blake was born in London on November 28, 1757, to James, a hosier, and Catherine Blake. Two of his six siblings died in infancy. From early childhood, Blake spoke of having visions—at four he saw God "put his head to the window"; around age nine, while walking through the countryside, he saw a tree filled with angels. Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson was born on December 10, 1830, in Amherst, Massachusetts. While she was extremely prolific as a poet and regularly enclosed poems in letters to friends, she was not publicly recognized during her lifetime. She died in Amherst in 1886, and the first volume of her work was published posthumously in 1890. Newsletter Sign Up Academy of American Poets Newsletter Academy of American Poets Educator Newsletter Teach This Poem Research paper writing service 1k+ adept writers at your service Leave your research paper worries to us. 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