cite websites in latex

• Plagiarism and grammar
• Citation guides

Cite a Website in BIBTEX

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?
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How can I use BibTeX to cite a website in LaTeX?

There are several ways to cite a website in LaTeX. In this short answer to the question, we give three, the easiest being BibLaTeX via the CiteDrive browser extension in the last example.

Need a simple solution for managing your BibTeX entries? Explore CiteDrive!

• Web-based, modern reference management
• Collaborate and share with fellow researchers
• Integration with Overleaf
• Comprehensive BibTeX/BibLaTeX support
• Save articles and websites directly from your browser
• Search for new articles from a database of tens of millions of references

Using BibTeX

In BibTeX we use @misc as a workaround and make use of the note field to specify the URl and usually an access date. In this example, url ( or hyperref ) is required using usepackage{url} .

Alternatively, the howpublished field can be used:

Using BibLaTeX

If you use BibLaTeX, which we recommend, the @online entry type is inherently supported and works without a further tweak. You can enter the URL and access date in the fields url and urldate , respectively.

Using natbib

People frequently inquire about how to cite web pages using natbib . We emphasize that it works in the same way as BibTeX. Natbib is a tool for styling in-text citations, and it depends on BibTeX as a backend.

• Plagiarism and grammar
• Citation guides

Cite a Website in BIBTEX

- powered by chegg, check your paper before your teacher does, avoid plagiarism — quickly check for missing citations and check for writing mistakes., is your source credible don’t forget to consider these factors., purpose : reason the source exists.

• Is the point of the information to inform, persuade, teach, or sell?
• Do the authors/publishers make their intentions clear?
• Does the information appear to be fact or opinion?
• Does the point of view seem impartial? Do they identify counter-arguments?

Authority - Author: Source of the information

• Who is the author? What are their credentials or qualifications?
• What makes the author qualified to write on this topic?
• Is there clearly defined contact information for the author?

Authority - Publisher: Source of the information

• Who is the publisher? Is it a non-profit, government agency, or organization? How might this affect their point of view?
• What makes the publisher qualified to generate works on this subject?
• What can the URL tell you about the publisher? For instance, .gov may signify that it is a government agency.

Relevance : Importance of the information to your topic

Currency : timeliness of the information.

• When was the information published? When was it last updated? Does it reflect the most current information available?
• How does your topic fit in with this source’s publication date? Do you need current information to make your point or do older sources work better?

Comprehensiveness

• Does the source present one or multiple viewpoints on your topic?
• Does the source present a large amount of information on the topic? Or is it short and focused?
• Are there any points you feel may have been left out, on purpose or accidentally, that affect its comprehensiveness?
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How to Cite a Website in BibTeX

BibTeX is a tool and a file format used for managing citations and bibliographies in LaTeX documents. Since citing websites requires a hack, there are a few things to remember when referencing a website in a BibTeX document. To simplify matters, BibLaTeX was developed.

Need a simple solution for managing your BibTeX entries? Explore CiteDrive!

• Web-based, modern reference management
• Collaborate and share with fellow researchers
• Integration with Overleaf
• Comprehensive BibTeX/BibLaTeX support
• Save articles and websites directly from your browser
• Search for new articles from a database of tens of millions of references

Overleaf and R Studio are just two of the many online publishing platforms that CiteDrive synchronizes with automatically. In order to facilitate citing academic articles in, say, an Overleaf project, we provide a browser extension that lets you do so without leaving the browser and in the proper BibTeX format. The extension can also be used to save web pages in BibLaTeX format, which will record the page’s title, URL, and access date automatically.

Basic Format

The basic format for citing a website in BibTeX is as follows:

In this format, the label is a unique identifier for the citation, the title is the title of the website, the url is the website’s URL, the author is the name of the website’s author (if known), the year is the year the website was published (if known), and the note is the date you accessed the website.

Using BibLaTeX

We advise using BibLaTeX because it automatically supports the ‘@online’ entry type and requires no additional configuration for use. The fields “url” and “urldate” are where you can put in the URL and the date you accessed it.

In-Text Citation

To include the citation in your document, you can use the \cite command followed by the citation’s label like this:

\cite{label}

This will create an in-text citation that looks like this: [label]

Full Reference

To include the full reference for the website at the end of your document, you can use the \bibliography command, followed by the name of your BibTeX file (without the .bib extension), like this:

\bibliography{bibfile}

This will create a reference list that includes the full citation for the website, using the information from the BibTeX file.

With these basic guidelines, you can easily cite a website in a BibTeX file and include it in your LaTeX document. Just remember to follow your target publication’s specific formatting and style guidelines to ensure that your citations are correct.

How to cite a website in LaTeX

There are multiple ways to cite a website in LaTeX, but I find this the easiest and quickest -

Use the following as bib entry -

And use url package in your tex file -

Written by Anupama Aggarwal

Related protips, switch to select bibtex or biber., the texmaker "solve my problems" user command, using font awesome with (xe)latex, have a fresh tip share with coderwall community.

Citation Management and Writing Tools: LaTeX and BibTeX

• LaTeX and BibTeX
• Other Citation Tools
• LaTeX & BibTeX & Overleaf
• Zotero & BibTeX
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LaTeX & BibTeX (& Overleaf)

What is LaTeX?

LaTeX is a typesetting program that takes a plain text file with various commands in it and converts it to a formatted document based on the commands that it has been given. The source file for the document has a file extension of .tex. It is widely used at MIT for theses and other technical papers due to its prowess with mathematical and foreign characters. For more information on LaTeX, see  LaTeX on Athena Basics , provided by the Athena On-Line Help system.

What is BibTeX?

BibTeX is a bibliographic tool that is used with LaTeX to help organize the user's references and create a bibliography. A BibTeX user creates a bibliography file that is separate from the LaTeX source file, wth a file extension of .bib. Each reference in the bibliography file is formatted with a certain structure and is given a "key" by which the author can refer to in the source .tex file.  For more information on BibTeX, see  see MIT IS&T's page:  How do I Create Bibliographies in LaTeX .

Overleaf at MIT

If you're new to LaTeX/BibTeX, consider using Overleaf ,  an online LaTeX and Rich Text collaborative writing and publishing tool. It includes built-in features to link your Zotero or Mendeley library to your LaTeX document .

MIT Libraries provides Overleaf Pro+ accounts for all MIT faculty, students and staff. Learn more on how to get started with Overleaf.  

Zotero & BibTeX

Export from Zotero to BibTeX:

• To export all of the references in a certain library to BibTeX, click on the Actions drop-down menu in Zotero and select "Export Library..."
• To export only certain references, select those references using control-clicks and shift-clicks, then right click one of them and select "Export Selected Items..."
• From the dialog box that pops up, select the BibTeX format, and click OK.
• Navigate to the directory where you are storing your manuscript (your .tex file), and save the file. This will generate a file in the appropriate format for BibTeX to read and create a bibliography from.

Auto-syncing from Zotero to BibTeX:

Auto-updating your .bib file when you make changes or additions to your Zotero Library is not available directly in Zotero. You can, however, install and enable a Zotero extension,  Better BibTeX , to enable these features. 

• Once Better BibTeX is enabled, select the folder/library/items you wish to include in your .bib file as you would do in the basic export process described above.
• In the export dialog box, you will now see many more options for your export format. Select the “Better BibTeX” option, and, to set up the auto sync, make sure you also check the “Keep updated” box.
• Click Ok, name your .bib file and save in the same location as your LaTeX file.

You can adjust or remove a .bib auto sync of Zotero records at any time by going to your Zotero preferences and clicking on the Better BibTeX tab, followed by the Automatic export tab.

For more detailed instructions on setting up your Zotero export, see the  Zotero and BibTeX Quick Guide .

Linking with Overleaf:

In Overleaf, you can link your entire library or a Group library to your Overleaf project. This link allows you to have synced records with Zotero while actively accessing them in Overleaf. More information on linking your Zotero and Overleaf accounts may be found on this Overleaf How-To Guide .

Mendeley & BibTeX

Export to BibTeX:

• Within your Library in Mendeley Reference Manager, select the references that you would like to export to BibTeX.
• In the dropdown menu in the toolbar at the top of the screen, click File > Export All > BibTeX (*.bib)
• Make sure you save your BibTeX file to the same location as your LaTeX file.

In Overleaf, you can link your entire library or a subset of your records to your Overleaf project. This link allows you to have synced records with Mendeley while actively accessing them in Overleaf. More information on linking your Mendeley and Overleaf accounts may be found on this Overleaf How-To Guide .

JabRef & BibTeX

If you primarily create documents in LaTeX (versus a word processing software like Microsoft Word) you may want to consider using JabRef as your primary citation management software.

JabRef is a reference manager that acts as an interface to the BibTeX style used by the LaTeX typesetting system. JabRef is open source and is freely downloadable. The graphical interface allows the user to easily import, edit, search, and group citations in the BibTeX format. It also offers automatic citation key generation. JabRef does not offer any citation styles of its own; instead the citation is generated from the BibTeX file by LaTeX. Specifications for each style are given by the chosen style file.

JabRef can be used on Windows, Linux, and Mac.

For more detailed instructions on setting up JabRef as your LaTeX citation management software, see the JabRef Getting Started guidance .

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• Last Updated: Jul 2, 2024 11:57 AM
• URL: https://libguides.mit.edu/cite-write

Jonas Mönnig

IT-Sicherheit, Softwareentwicklung

How to Cite a Website with BibTeX

Citing a website in some kind of scientific writing can be really annoying. If you use LaTeX (which you should do) to write it, you probably will use BibTeX for bibliography managment. However, because the BibTeX format has been relatively unchanged since 1985 there is no entry type for a website. The solution to this is just using the newer BibLaTeX which supports the @ONLINE entry type.

In order to switch from BibTeX to BibLaTeX you just need to add \usepackage{biblatex} to your preamble. Assuming your bibliography file is called bibliography.bib you will also have to add \bibliography{bibliography.bib} to the preamble. Printing the bibliography is done by \printbibliography instead of \bibliography{bibliography} . Instead of running bibtex on the .aux-file after running pdflatex for the first time, you will have to run biber on the generated .bcf-file. Much more about BibTeX and bibliography management in general can be found here .

Having done all this, this website for example could be cited after adding the following to your bibliography file:

This is a simple format but still annoying to type manually. Wouldn’t it be easier if you could just generate these entries automatically? That is why I have written a Firefox Add-on that does exactly this. It tries to extract author, title and publishing year from the website and generates an @ONLINE entry that can be copied and pasted into your .bib file. You still have to change the cite key manually as the add-on cannot guess what you would prefer. You can find the add-on in the Mozilla Add-on store .

Unfortunately version 1.0 requires Firefox 48 which at the time of this writing is only available as a beta version. A stable version can be expected mid-August. Until then you can install version 0.9.1 manually here .

If you don’t like the default template, for example because you want to use plain BibTeX and not BibLaTeX, from version 1.0 upwards you can change the template in the preferences. For a plain BibTeX format you could simply use

which would result to something like this:

Sometimes the add-on has multiple guesses available for author name, title and publishing year. In this case you can click on the current value to open a menu with all of the guesses from which you can choose from. Sometimes however, it doesn’t find the right values at all in which case you have to fill in the blanks manually.

As the add-on uses the WebExtension standard it can be easily ported to Chrome. If you want the add-on to be released as a Chrome extension, you can just leave a comment down below or feel free to fork the project on GitHub and do it yourself.

4 Gedanken zu „How to Cite a Website with BibTeX“

Doesn’t seem to work with Firefox 60.0.1

That happens sometimes on some Firefox-Versions. I don’t know why. It probably will work with future releases again. Sometimes it helps to close the popup and open it again.

BibTex seem very convenient, but as I said, doesn’t work (everything is empty). I tried it on your article announcing it.

Just tried it on one webpage with Firefox 86.0 and it worked flawlessly! Thanks for sharing!

Schreibe einen Kommentar Antworten abbrechen

Meinen Namen, meine E-Mail-Adresse und meine Website in diesem Browser für die nächste Kommentierung speichern.

Generate BibTeX from URL

Paste URL below and generate BibTeX citation. Keep in mind that most educators and professionals do not consider it appropriate to use tertiary sources such as encyclopedias as a sole source for any information — citing an encyclopedia as an important reference in footnotes or bibliographies may result in censure or a failing grade.

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• Bibtex bibliography styles
• 1 Introduction and example
• 2 Table of stylename values
• 3 Further reading

Introduction and example

When using BiBTeX , the bibliography style is set and the bibliography file is imported with the following two commands:

where bibfile is the name of the bibliography .bib file, without the extension, and stylename is one of values shown in the table below .

Here is an example that you can open in Overleaf—the .bib file is created for you:

 Open in Overleaf (a suitable .bib file is generated)

Table of stylename values

Further reading

For more information see:

• Bibliography management with bibtex
• BibTeX documentation at CTAN web site
• tocbind package documentation
• Bibliography management with natbib
• Bibliography management with biblatex
• Table of contents
• Management in a large project
• Multi-file LaTeX projects
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Overleaf guides

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• Using bibliographies in Overleaf
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BibTeX, natbib, biblatex: Managing Citations in LaTeX: Citation Styles in LaTeX

• LaTeX Bibliography Resources
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But what about importing from databases?

Some tools, like the Astrophysics Data System (ADS), Inspec, and Google Scholar, make exporting to BibTeX user-friendly. They escape special characters and generate citation keys for you. Other tools are a bit less straightforward. 

In general, the BibTeX export will be located in either an "export" or "cite" menu just above your search results. The cite menu is sometimes activated with an icon that looks like a quotation mark. It can be more effective to use a reference management tool like Zotero to manage your references, so we recommend taking a look at that tab for more information on semi-automated ways to manage your references.

Here are some additional pages with specialized information for you.

• TeXMed - a BibTeX interface for PubMed TeXMed is just an interface to NCBI PubMed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, that allows you to query PubMed and to store references in BibTeX format.
• Documentation on Web of Knowledge/Web of Science for BibTeX Citations Quick summary: Once you've found a citation you want to save, just go to the bottom of the article information page and export using the options in the Output Record box.
• Documentation on Exporting to BibTeX in ProQuest Quick summary: Click the Cite button in the light blue bar above your search results. A box will come up that will walk you through citing the resource(s). Select BibTeX as your citation style, then press the orange "Change" button. Copy the citation to your .bib file. NOTE THAT YOU WILL NEED TO PROVIDE THE IDENTIFIERS FOR EXPORTED CITATIONS.

Other Resources

• Choosing a BibTeX Style Reed College has provided several modified versions of APA, MLA, and Chicago. Click on the name of the style you want to download under the Styles Recommended by Reed section. Place the style in the directory of your paper.
• Online BibTeX Tidy This tool tidies bibtex files by fixing inconsistent whitespace and special characters, removing duplicates, removing unwanted fields, and sorting entries. It has a lot of options in the right-hand column to help you with messy BibTeX files.
• Using EndNote with LaTeX [HTML web log] A quick, easy guide to using .bib files and EndNote at the same time.
• Using Overleaf with RefWorks A quick guide from Overleaf on using RefWorks.

Finding a Citation Style

The LaTeX Bibliography Resources page includes information about LaTeX templates, many of which include a bibliography style and sample bib file to get you started. If you need to locate another style, though, here are some instructions. Please note that templates built for BibTeX + natbib will not always easily translate to ones built for biber/Biblatex if the template is complex.

We start by searching for filetype:bst and the name of whatever we're looking for. In the example search, I'm looking for the style for Geophysical Research . If you are using biber, you can look for a bbx style file with filetype:bbx .

You should see a variety of results that all have that filetype. Use online savviness to avoid clicking on results that might not be safe — we're dealing with code files, after all. Many people will put style files on GitHub or on their academic personal websites. Often, the creator will upload the style file as a text document that you can copy-paste into Overleaf or save into the directory you're working from on your computer.

Please note that many of these styles are generated using command line utilities. Take note of what was used (in this case,  docstrip ) so that you can search for it if you need to debug. Some of the command line-generated style files will cause package conflicts. See the Troubleshooting tab on this guide for a common example.

Once you have pasted in the contents, you're fine to add it to the document preamble.

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• Last Updated: Jun 30, 2023 9:11 AM
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Bibtex Citation Generator

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Popular BibTeX generic citation style style Citation Examples

How to cite a book in bibtex generic citation style style.

Use the following template to cite a book using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

Reference List

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

How to cite a Journal in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a journal using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite Film or Movie in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a film or movie using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an Online image or video in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an online image or video using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Website in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a website using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

Additional BibTeX generic citation style style Citation Examples

How to cite a blog in bibtex generic citation style style.

Use the following template to cite a blog using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Court case in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a court case using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Dictionary entry in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a dictionary entry using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an E-book or PDF in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an e-book or pdf using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an Edited book in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an edited book using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an Email in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an email using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an Encyclopedia article in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an encyclopedia article using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an Interview in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an interview using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Magazine in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a magazine using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Newspaper in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a newspaper using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Podcast in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a podcast using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Song in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a song using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite The Bible in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite The Bible using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a TV Show in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a TV Show using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

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LaTeX forum ⇒ BibTeX, biblatex and biber ⇒ Citing Websites using BibTex

Citing websites using bibtex.

Post by Noobix Cube » Mon Dec 15, 2008 1:34 am

Recommended reading 2021:

Re: Citing Websites using BibTex

Post by phi » Wed Feb 04, 2009 1:00 am

Post by kaiserkarl13 » Fri Feb 13, 2009 4:49 am

Post by JoKo » Wed Feb 25, 2009 11:10 pm

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A REUTERS SPECIAL REPORT

Onlyfans vows it's a safe space. predators are exploiting kids there..

OnlyFans says it vets every user and all content to keep children off its porn-driven platform. But a Reuters investigation of U.S. police and court files found complaints that hundreds of sexually explicit videos and images of minors – from toddlers to teens – appeared on the website. "Watch me get super wild," reads one post cited by authorities featuring a 16-year-old.

By LINDA SO , ANDREW R.C. MARSHALL and JASON SZEP

Filed July 2, 2024, 10 a.m. GMT

Editor’s note: Story contains accounts of child abuse

When a 16-year-old girl from Florida went missing in April 2023, her parents searched her phone, desperate for clues. What they found shocked them: For months, she’d sent nude photos and videos of herself to a man they now feared had abducted her.

“Some guy just flew in from New Jersey,” her bewildered father told a 911 dispatcher after reading her messages. “There’s some kind of sexual business and explicit photos… Something bad like that.”

The next day, sheriff’s deputies found the girl, partially naked, in a rented house with the man, according to police records. An investigation revealed he had posted dozens of sexual videos and images of the girl on OnlyFans, a booming online marketplace for homemade porn. One video, advertised for $20, showed the girl penetrating herself.

“Watch me get super wild,” read the caption. The man, Ethan Diaz, 22, was later charged with human trafficking and other offenses. He has pleaded not guilty.

OnlyFans makes reassuring promises to the public: It’s strictly adults-only, with sophisticated measures to monitor every user, vet all content and swiftly remove and report any child sexual abuse material. “We know the age and identity of everyone on our platform,” said CEO Keily Blair in a speech last year. “No children allowed, nobody under 18 on the platform.”

The Florida girl’s case, detailed in police records, court documents and interviews with law enforcement, undercuts OnlyFans’ claims. And it’s not an isolated example.

Reuters documented 30 complaints in U.S. police and court records that child sexual abuse material appeared on the site between December 2019 and June 2024. The case files examined by the news organization cited more than 200 explicit videos and images of kids, including some adults having oral sex with toddlers. In one case, multiple videos of a minor remained on OnlyFans for more than a year, according to a child exploitation investigator who found them while assisting Reuters in its reporting and alerted authorities in June.

The impact on some victims was devastating. “After I found out about the video, I couldn’t go outside without being scared somebody saw my face,” a young man told a Massachusetts court after a film of his sexual encounter at age 15 with a volunteer football coach ended up for sale on OnlyFans.

Parents expressed disbelief and outrage. “There has to be accountability for these platforms,” the father of a 16-year-old boy from Kansas told Reuters. The family’s ordeal, he said, is “a wound that will never heal.”

Of the 30 cases reviewed by Reuters, more than half resulted in an arrest and at least three in criminal convictions. Most – including that of the missing Florida girl – involved adults accused of preying on minors to create explicit content and sell it on the site. In other cases, minors got past OnlyFans vetting to purvey their own sexually explicit material, police records show. In the case involving toddlers, a man used the site to send another man more than 100 files featuring the abuse of children of all ages.

The 30 cases almost certainly understate the presence of child sexual abuse material on OnlyFans. Reuters used public records laws to obtain documents mentioning OnlyFans from more than 250 of the largest U.S. law enforcement agencies. While nearly half the agencies provided records, many heavily redacted them or declined to disclose any cases involving children, citing state laws to protect minors’ identities.

In response to detailed questions from Reuters, a company spokesperson said: “OnlyFans is proud of the work we do to aggressively target, report, and support the investigations and prosecutions of anyone who seeks to abuse our platform in this way.”

The spokesperson said OnlyFans had “rigorous safety controls” and voluntarily reports all suspected cases of child sexual abuse material to the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children, or NCMEC, a U.S. nonprofit designated by Congress to collect and disseminate tips to law enforcement. OnlyFans also works closely with law enforcement, charities, governments and other groups to “ensure we remain an industry leader in this field,” the spokesperson said.

OnlyFans didn’t respond to most of Reuters’ questions about the cases in this story, including how child abuse material was able to evade its monitoring and whether it has kept its revenue from accounts involving minors. None of the cases involved criminal charges against the website or its parent company, Fenix International. Reuters found no evidence that OnlyFans has been sued or held criminally liable for child sexual abuse content, according to a search of U.S. and international legal databases.

Federal free-speech protections have largely immunized social media platforms from liability for abusive content posted by their users. But as concerns mount about online harms – particularly involving children – Congress is seeking to toughen federal laws to hold the platforms accountable.

At a U.S. Senate hearing in January on the effects of social media, lawmakers lambasted Meta and four other major platforms for allegedly failing to sufficiently protect children. Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg pledged at the hearing to do better.

OnlyFans, which wasn’t summoned to the Senate hearing, has been praised by sex workers for making porn safer and more profitable. Celebrities and social media influencers, teachers and mothers boast that the platform has made them rich. Its 3.2 million content creators typically sell explicit images and videos for a monthly subscription fee, plus one-off payments, keeping 80% of the sales. OnlyFans takes the rest – a cut that yielded almost $1.1 billion in revenue in 2022, its latest financial disclosures show.

Those subscriptions – effectively, a paywall around nearly every OnlyFans creator – make the site difficult to scrutinize. Most content is inaccessible to non-subscribers and therefore harder to find and monitor compared to platforms such as Facebook or X.

This can impede investigations of alleged child abuse on OnlyFans, said Matt W.J. Richardson, a child exploitation investigator with the Anti-Human Trafficking Intelligence Initiative, a U.S. nonprofit whose work includes identifying illegal content online. “It’s really hard to know specifically or exactly how much is on there,” he said.

Visitors to OnlyFans.com can only search for creators by their account names; they cannot search by interest category. This makes creators heavily dependent on popular social media sites to drive traffic to their OnlyFans accounts.

Some predators also use these mainstream sites to find minors to exploit on OnlyFans, police records show.

That’s how Diaz, the New Jersey man, allegedly ensnared the Florida girl. Reuters retraced her journey to OnlyFans from interviews with detectives, court records, police reports and bodycam footage. It began on Snapchat, a popular online hangout for teens, where she caught Diaz’s eye.

‘Romeo pimps’

Ethan Diaz, 22

CHARGE: Human trafficking, promoting a sexual performance by a child, other crimes

He opened with a deception.

The girl had been posting naked photos of herself on Snapchat. Diaz messaged her in February 2023, posing as a woman who – with a boyfriend’s help – had made lots of money selling such photos. Did the girl want to meet him?

Diaz then introduced himself as the boyfriend, messaging her under his own name. He gained her trust. He bought her a cell phone and told her she was beautiful, said St. Johns County Sheriff’s Detective Edward Scoggins, who investigated the case. Before long, the detective recalled, Diaz said he loved her and wanted to be with her forever.

Such tactics are often used by “Romeo pimps” who use “love bombing” and gifts to “manipulate somebody into doing things they wouldn’t otherwise do,” said Scoggins.

Diaz enticed the girl into making hardcore videos featuring masturbation and sex toys and then sold them on an OnlyFans account he controlled, police say. The girl also posted sexual content of herself to the account, allegedly under Diaz’s direction.

Then, on April 30 last year, Diaz flew in from New Jersey to film himself having sex with her. Porn with two people was “more desirable” on OnlyFans than videos of her solo, he told the girl. He picked her up in a white Tesla and drove her to an Airbnb 15 minutes from her home. He took her shopping and bought her lingerie, jewelry and shoes, according to Scoggins and police photos of the items and receipts.

When sheriff’s deputies discovered them at the Airbnb, Diaz had already filmed six sex videos with the girl, prosecutors said. He was arrested before he could post them on OnlyFans.

Still, over about three months in 2023, Diaz was able to post as many as 100 images and videos of the girl on the site, Scoggins said.

Diaz evaded controls meant to hold account holders responsible for their own content, according to Scoggins and a review of OnlyFans policies. Under OnlyFans current rules, would-be creators must provide at least nine pieces of personally identifying information and documents, including bank details, a selfie while holding a government photo ID, and – in the United States – a social security number. All this is verified by human judgment and age-estimation technology that analyzes the selfie, says the company.

But Diaz set up an account and had another woman verify it as hers, Scoggins said. That woman, whom police didn’t identify, later quit OnlyFans. But her account remained live and accessible to Diaz. He filled it with videos of the girl and promoted the content on Snapchat and Discord, a messaging service popular with gamers, to draw customers to her OnlyFans page. He made about $10,000 from all three platforms, Scoggins said, and paid the girl $1,500.

A Snapchat spokesperson said the platform’s “robust measures” make it “difficult for teens to be discovered and contacted by strangers.” A Discord spokesperson said “child-harm content” had no place on the platform. Neither commented specifically on the case.

Diaz is awaiting trial in state court, charged with human trafficking, multiple counts of promoting a sexual performance by a child and other crimes. In a statement, James Hill, his Florida lawyer, noted that Diaz was “only 21” when arrested. “From the date of his arrest, he has been aggressively fighting these charges against him,” Hill added. “He is, by law, presumed innocent.”

If found guilty of the charges, Diaz faces a mandatory life sentence.

Meanwhile, the girl has been left scarred, the family told the state attorney’s office. “No physical injuries,” a family member said in a written statement, “but emotional trauma.”

‘We see everything’

OnlyFans has made online safety central to its image.

“We moderate all of the content on our platform. Every text, every message, every audio clip, every livestream, everything gets moderated. We see everything,” CEO Blair said at a TEDx talk in 2023. “We’re doing it to keep our community safe.”

The company spokesperson said “the lack of anonymity and absence of end-to-end encryption on OnlyFans” allow law enforcement to investigate reports of illegal content on the site. End-to-end encryption keeps data entirely private between sender and recipient.

Some child-protection groups have praised OnlyFans. NCMEC, the U.S.-based clearinghouse, said the company participates in voluntary initiatives to detect and remove abusive content and has safety measures, such as age and identity checks, that some other sites don’t. NCMEC, which is heavily funded by the U.S. Justice Department, said it receives no financial support from OnlyFans.

The Internet Watch Foundation, a British nonprofit focused on eradicating online child sexual abuse, calls OnlyFans “an industry leader in online safety.” The foundation said OnlyFans pays 90,000 pounds ($114,000) a year for its services designed to detect images of child abuse.

A Reuters investigation published in March, however, found flaws in the website’s moderation process for adult content. In more than 120 cases in the United States and 18 in Britain, adults complained that sexually explicit material had been posted without their consent, in violation of OnlyFans rules and, in some cases, criminal statutes. An OnlyFans spokesperson said misuse of its platform is rare.

Underage users can also slip past OnlyFans’ monitoring and post their own explicit material for sale, police records and interviews show. A 19-year-old Maryland woman, Monie Graham, told Reuters she set up two accounts as a minor, both times evading the company’s age verification system.

After excelling in high school and graduating a year early in June 2022, Graham rebelled, she and her mother, Krystal McKeever, said. Graham was coming home late at night, getting into fights and refusing to get a job. McKeever kicked her out.

By that September, Graham said she turned to OnlyFans out of desperation. “I felt scared, I didn’t know what to do. I just needed a way to make money. So that’s when I was just like, okay, let me start an OnlyFans.”

Using the driver’s license of an adult acquaintance, she said, she set up an OnlyFans account and began selling sexually explicit material of herself. Soon, she was making money.

McKeever said she discovered the account in December 2022, tipped off by friends. They sent her a flurry of alarming texts with screenshots and recordings they had discovered on Graham’s OnlyFans account showing the girl having sex with “grown men,” according to a police report the mother filed.

The words “HORNY HOURS” were emblazoned on the girl’s OnlyFans profile page at that time, according to a screenshot viewed by Reuters. She used Twitter – now called X – and Instagram to promote the page, McKeever told police. “I have a sale going on,” the girl posted on Instagram. “Next 5 subscribers are only $5.”

Instagram parent company Meta didn’t comment on the case but said it doesn’t allow the sharing or solicitation of child sexual exploitation content. X declined to comment.

McKeever reported the underage sex videos to OnlyFans and offered to provide the child’s birth certificate, she said. She received a message from OnlyFans saying it would investigate and get back to her, she said. The girl’s OnlyFans account remained live on the site for weeks.

“I kept checking it every day and it was still up there,” McKeever said. “They never reached back out to me.”

McKeever wanted to press charges against OnlyFans for facilitating illegal content that exploited her child, she said. But when she contacted police in Baltimore County, Maryland, in December 2022, the officer said she couldn’t, “because he wouldn’t even know who to write the charge up against,” McKeever recalled.

A spokesperson for the Baltimore County Police Department declined to comment on McKeever’s statement. Reuters couldn’t reach the officer, who the spokesperson said no longer works at the department.

Frustrated, McKeever said she called the Federal Bureau of Investigation and pleaded for help in getting the videos removed. Ultimately, a county police detective got them taken down, according to the police spokesperson. Within a few weeks, the teen’s entire account was closed, McKeever said.

But Graham found another way onto OnlyFans. She asked her Instagram followers if anyone had an OnlyFans account they weren’t using, and a woman “just gave it to me,” she told Reuters. While still underage, Graham said, she started posting content on the new account.

“I wouldn’t want an underage kid doing what I did,” she said. “But at the same time, I had to do what I had to do.”

Reuters was assisted by Richardson, the child exploitation investigator, in tracing Graham’s activity on OnlyFans. He confirmed finding several sexually explicit videos of Graham that had been posted on the newer account on Jan. 4, 2023, months before Graham’s 18th birthday.

The videos were watermarked with the name of Graham’s closed OnlyFans account and had simply been reposted to the newer one. They had been sitting in that account, seemingly undetected by OnlyFans, for 16 months. Richardson reported the videos in June to NCMEC, and the account was shut down within days.

NCMEC declined to comment on the case but said all CyberTipline reports are shared with law enforcement for possible investigation.

OnlyFans declined to explain how the videos evaded its detection for so long.

Dangers and dollar signs

For some children, bypassing age controls is a gateway to an alluring world.

OnlyFans “presents itself as a platform that provides unrivaled access to influencers, celebrities and models,” said Elly Hanson, a clinical psychologist and researcher who focuses on preventing sexual abuse and reducing its impact. “This is an attractive mix to many teens, who are pulled into its world of commodified sex, unprepared for what this entails.”

In addition to the 30 police complaints of child sexual content on OnlyFans, Reuters found another 17 cases in which minors allegedly had OnlyFans accounts but showed no indication they had posted sexual content of themselves. In some of those cases, the police files made it clear that no sexual content of a child was posted; in others, it was impossible to establish due to redactions and limited information.

Even so, for a child to possess an account violates OnlyFans’ bedrock adults-only policy.

In one case in Riverview, Florida, police learned of a 15-year-old girl’s OnlyFans account in March 2023 after her classmates reported to school authorities that she was promoting it in group chats with other students.

The girl’s father told police she admitted to creating the account to “exploit men” and make money by posting nude images of women taken from the internet, pretending they were hers, according to a report by the Hillsborough County Sheriff’s Office.

The father told Reuters he doesn’t know how his daughter was able to create the OnlyFans account and said the company should keep children off the site.

“A kid may only see dollar signs,” he said. “But they’re not understanding the dangers.”

‘People love your video’

Some children sound their own alarm.

In April 2021, a 17-year-old boy walked into the Boston Police Department to report that a volunteer high-school football coach almost twice his age was selling a sexually explicit video of the teen on OnlyFans.

Details of the case come from previously unreported court filings, including screenshots of messages between the two, an interview with the lead prosecutor on the case and an emotional statement the victim read out in court last December.

The boy was 15, but listed his age as 18, when he met the coach, Kharee Louis-Jeune, on a dating app in 2019.

Kharee Louis-Jeune, 36

CONVICTION: Child rape, distribution of child sexual abuse material, possession of child pornography SENTENCE: Three to five years in prison; ordered not to use OnlyFans

Louis-Jeune, of Brockton, Massachusetts, convinced the teen to let him record the two having oral sex in a Boston parking lot, insisting he wouldn’t share the video with anyone. Soon after, the boy told Louis-Jeune his true age. But the sexual relationship continued, on and off, for at least another six months.

In late 2019, the boy discovered the video had been posted on OnlyFans. He cut and dyed his hair, petrified that someone would recognize him, but soon the video began circulating at his high school. A classmate asked “if I had been sucking any penises in cars,” he recalled in his court statement. “My heart dropped and he ended up showing me the video.”

In March 2021, the boy had a final meeting with Louis-Jeune and told him he didn’t want to be touched. He secretly took down the man’s license plate number in case he needed it for a police report.

Two weeks later, Louis-Jeune messaged the teen: “People love your video.” Louis-Jeune sent a link to the OnlyFans site, where he was selling the parking-lot video for $6.

Later that day, the boy reported him to Boston Police. Authorities used a search warrant to obtain the video from OnlyFans. Part of the caption on the 36-second footage read, “Jamaican boo loves older men.”

“After I found out about the video, I couldn’t go outside without being scared somebody saw my face.” Teenage victim

In June 2021, police arrested Louis-Jeune. He initially denied knowing the victim or having an OnlyFans account. But police found the video on his phone.

Louis-Jeune, 36, pleaded guilty in December in Suffolk County Superior Court to charges of child rape, distribution of child sexual abuse material, and possession of child pornography. He was sentenced to three to five years in prison and ordered not to use OnlyFans. His lawyer declined to comment.

His victim, now an adult, wants to move on. “I just want this to be over so I can pretend it never happened,” he told the court.

Without his “courage,” said Ashley Polin, chief of the Suffolk County District Attorney’s Human Trafficking and Child Exploitation Unit, “I don’t think this ever would’ve crossed my desk.”

A risky business

OnlyFans has been hit before by accusations that it doesn’t adequately protect children.

In 2021, the BBC detailed several cases of explicit videos on OnlyFans involving teenagers. In response, OnlyFans’ parent company, Fenix, said it closed accounts it found to have indecent images of children. That same year, 102 Republican and Democratic members of the U.S. House of Representatives called on the Justice Department to investigate child sexual abuse on OnlyFans. The Justice Department told the lawmakers three months later that it couldn’t confirm or deny it was investigating OnlyFans. Contacted recently, a department spokesperson declined to comment further.

More reports of child abuse could pose a risk to the website. Mastercard, Visa and Discover have shown they will take dramatic steps when faced with allegations that their cards are paying for child sexual abuse videos and images.

In 2020, the card companies cut ties with Pornhub, another big adults-only platform, after a public outcry over alleged child abuse material and other illegal content. It was a painful hit, stopping card payments for Pornhub’s paid content and forcing it to rely more on ads and sales of user data.

OnlyFans says it doesn’t sell user data or allow third-party ads. That leaves it starkly dependent upon Mastercard, Visa and Discover: The website only accepts transactions with cards issued by them.

The three card companies said they still don’t accept payments from Pornhub. They didn’t comment further.

Pornhub parent company Aylo said it has “far-reaching safeguards” to prevent abuses on its platform and that any ongoing payment restrictions it faces are based on inaccurate or outdated information.

OnlyFans’ fortunes also lean heavily on other social media sites. The platform’s search function doesn’t allow users to trawl for content; they need to already know the name of the creator they want to subscribe to. That’s why OnlyFans creators often advertise on mainstream sites, attracting subscribers using sexualized photos, video snippets, and – on X – hardcore porn.

Wyatt Maxwell, 25

CONVICTION: Attempted production of child pornography

Half of the 30 police complaints about child exploitation on OnlyFans said Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat and other social media played a role in promoting the content.

X, then called Twitter, helped 25-year-old Wyatt Maxwell earn thousands of dollars on OnlyFans before federal investigators discovered he had been exploiting a boy.

Maxwell, a cabaret singer, repeatedly filmed himself and a 16-year-old Kansas boy having sex at Maxwell’s home and a local park in 2020 and 2021. He posted about 20 videos on OnlyFans and a smaller rival website, JustFor.Fans, charging subscribers $15 a month on both platforms.

To promote his content, Maxwell used his Twitter accounts – including one called @someones_son. It paid off: Maxwell told a federal investigator he hauled in between $3,000 and $10,000 a month from OnlyFans and JustFor.Fans.

Ultimately, prosecutors said, he earned more than $49,000 on OnlyFans alone. OnlyFans’ cut would have been about $10,000, based on the standard 20% share the site takes.

In April, Maxwell pleaded guilty to one count of attempting to produce child pornography. He faces a mandatory minimum sentence of 15 years. Maxwell’s lawyer declined to comment.

A JustFor.Fans spokesperson said the website was informed about Maxwell’s account by the FBI in February 2021 and immediately shut it down. “We take any activities involving minors incredibly seriously,” he added.

The boy’s father said the sexual exploitation was damaging enough to his family. That companies profited from it, he said, was just as bad if not worse.

X declined to comment.

Snapchat told Reuters that using the platform to promote OnlyFans, or any pornographic content, violates its policies. Meta said Instagram doesn’t allow users to share links to porn sites but doesn’t consider OnlyFans to be solely a porn site.

‘A little disturbing’

Once creators have built an audience, they can promote and sell content through chats or direct messages with subscribers. Those messages, along with all other content, are moderated, CEO Blair said in her TEDx talk and other speeches last year.

In one case, however, the messaging function allowed one man to share with another 125 explicit videos and images featuring sex acts involving at least 13 children. The sharing of the files went undetected for at least seven months, along with the lurid messages the two men exchanged about them, before OnlyFans reported the case to NCMEC. The case is detailed in documents Reuters obtained from the Broward County State Attorney’s Office in Florida. The documents didn’t record the origin of the material the two men shared or the identities of the exploited children.

Christopher Varney, 60, of Florida and Abel Esquivel, 35, of San Francisco started direct messaging on OnlyFans in August 2019.

Esquivel paid $5 a month to subscribe to Varney’s account, FTLgloryHole, which featured footage of Varney performing oral sex on strangers at his Fort Lauderdale-area home. The affidavit didn’t specify whether any were minors.

Christopher Varney, 60

CONVICTION: Obscenity SENTENCE: 60 months’ probation; ordered to stay away from children

Esquivel “became interested in child pornography” during the pandemic, he told investigators. He said he used OnlyFans to talk to others with similar interests.

In September 2020, Varney began asking his subscriber, Esquivel, for content: “You have any vids of y0ung you can upload?” Varney used a zero instead of the letter O, possibly as code. The word “young” is sometimes flagged by porn sites as denoting possible child sexual abuse material.

Several days later, Esquivel sent Varney eight files containing videos of boys aged eight to 16 masturbating and engaged in anal penetration. He sent three more videos, including one that showed a man sexually assaulting a young boy grimacing in pain, the records said. In March 2021, Esquivel sent videos and images of adults engaging in oral sex with toddlers, including one who was 18 to 24 months old, according to the case file.

“That’s a little disturbing,” Varney wrote after viewing the material.

When Esquivel apologized, Varney responded, “lol it’s all good. The toddler stuff just kinda freaks me out and a couple of them seemed like they weren’t exactly willing.”

Esquivel continued sending child sexual abuse material to Varney, including content that showed boys in bondage, according to a report by the San Francisco Police Department, which also investigated the case.

OnlyFans ultimately reported the illegal material to NCMEC in May 2021, seven months after it was first shared, leading to Esquivel’s and Varney’s arrests. The OnlyFans spokesperson didn’t respond to a question about why the company failed to discover the material sooner.

Esquivel pleaded guilty to possession and was sentenced in June 2023 in San Francisco Superior Court to two years’ probation and 13 days in jail but was given credit for time served. Varney pleaded no contest to an obscenity count in Florida’s 17th Judicial Circuit Court. He was sentenced to 60 months’ probation in July 2023 and ordered to stay away from children. Possessing and sharing child sexual abuse material generally carry a lighter sentence than producing it.

In a memo explaining the charge, prosecutors said Varney justified his conduct by saying he “played along” with his subscriber to avoid getting “a reputation for being judgmental.”

‘I do realize it’s illegal’

Online child sexual abuse can be hard to investigate and prosecute. Nearly a third of the U.S. police cases Reuters examined were closed without an arrest. In some instances, investigators couldn’t identify children who appeared on OnlyFans. In others, they cited a lack of evidence, exhausted leads or uncooperative witnesses.

Were you exposed on OnlyFans?

Got a story to share about possible abuses on OnlyFans or other social media platforms? Please contact our reporters via our confidential tips page .

One young woman in Lakeland, Florida, dropped a complaint because she said she partly blamed herself, not her adult partner, for a filmed encounter posted on OnlyFans when she was 17, records show. Police closed the case of another minor in Houston because they said she seemed to be, of her own accord, selling content on the site that showed her and her boyfriend engaged in sex acts.

Because of OnlyFans’ paywalls, investigators must rely heavily on witnesses who happen to spot child content on the site and report it to parents or police.

It was a witness who in December 2022 tipped off authorities that a 16-year-old New York girl was featured in an OnlyFans video. She had been missing for a week after running off with a man in his 30s whom she’d met in a grocery store.

Police quickly identified the man as Matthew Richardson (unrelated to the child exploitation investigator with a similar name). An officer found Richardson’s OnlyFans account – listed under the pseudonym Skylar Ravenwood – where an FBI agent located a video of him having sex with the girl.

Matthew Richardson, 36

CHARGE: Producing and distributing child pornography

The next day, on Dec. 9, 2022, a police officer in Ohio found the pair in a stolen car at a highway rest stop and arrested Richardson. When FBI agents asked Richardson if he was aware that having sex with a 16-year-old was against the law, he replied, “I do realize it’s illegal,” according to a federal affidavit.

Richardson, now 36, has pleaded not guilty in federal court to charges of producing and distributing child pornography. His lawyer declined to comment.

Local police and federal authorities also declined to comment on the case, including whether they had alerted OnlyFans to the arrest.

OnlyFans says it continuously scans its website and can deactivate accounts that violate its rules. As of mid-June, the video allegedly featuring the girl appeared to have been removed. But, for $20 a month, people could still subscribe to Richardson’s account.

When Reuters asked OnlyFans about the case, the account was shut down.

Millions of paywalls impede scrutiny of OnlyFans

It is difficult to measure the extent of child sexual abuse images and videos on the porn-driven website OnlyFans, investigators and experts say.

The only publicly available statistics are provided by OnlyFans itself. Under federal law, U.S.-based electronic service providers – including social media platforms and porn sites – must report any suspected child abuse to the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC), a nonprofit designated by Congress to serve as a clearinghouse for such reports. As a UK-based company, OnlyFans isn’t legally obligated to file reports to NCMEC but says it does so voluntarily.

OnlyFans says it immediately removes any suspected child sexual abuse material it detects and makes a report to NCMEC’s CyberTipline. In 2023, the company made 347 such CyberTipline reports “out of hundreds of millions of posts,” an OnlyFans spokesperson said. “This is testament to the rigorous safety controls OnlyFans has in place.”

Much of this suspect material “does not turn out to be CSAM” – child sexual abuse material – “and/or are duplicate images or videos,” OnlyFans says on its website.

But five specialists in online child sexual abuse told Reuters the actual amount of CSAM on OnlyFans is difficult to verify independently due to the existence of individual paywalls for many of its 3.2 million creators.

“It’s not just one paywall. It’s a paywall for each and every contributor,” said Trey Amick, director of forensic consultants at Magnet Forensics Inc, a Canada-based company that supplies law enforcement agencies with tools to search for child sexual abuse material.

The information police can typically get from an account, without paying for a subscription or enlisting OnlyFans’ help, is a website address, a non-explicit photo of the creator and some text describing the account.

“Beyond that, it’s extremely difficult to acquire content that’s hosted behind the paywalls of OnlyFans,” said Amick.

Once police seek OnlyFans’ help in a case, the company provides them all the information they need, including account details, content and direct messages, the OnlyFans spokesperson said. “Police investigators do not need to subscribe to content,” she said.

The spokesperson also noted that NCMEC has “full access” to the site behind its paywalls.

NCMEC said that access began in late 2023 and was “limited” to OnlyFans accounts reported to its CyberTipline or connected to a missing child case. Beyond that, it added, NCMEC “does not proactively monitor, moderate, or actively seek to review content at scale” behind OnlyFans’ paywalls, or on any other website.

In 2021, OnlyFans appointed an “independent third party” monitor, Michael Ward, “to provide even greater transparency into our industry-leading safety measures,” its website said.

Ward, a former U.S. Justice Department prosecutor who now works at the law firm Baker Botts, was tasked with analyzing and assessing OnlyFans’ safety controls, the website said. OnlyFans didn’t respond to questions about him.

Contacted by Reuters, Ward said he couldn’t comment or confirm that he performed the role OnlyFans said he did.

How Reuters investigated alleged child sexual abuse on OnlyFans

Reuters used public records laws to seek documents on cases opened since 2016 involving OnlyFans from more than 250 of the largest U.S. law enforcement agencies. More than half supplied records that, at a minimum, mentioned OnlyFans in connection with a criminal complaint or information provided to police. Drawing from police and court records, reporters identified 30 complaints of child sexual abuse material on OnlyFans. Most documents were redacted by authorities to protect the privacy of alleged victims and witnesses.

Some agencies withheld case files in their entirety, citing privacy exemptions. Others didn’t respond, said they had no relevant records or provided records that weren’t relevant to this story.

Reuters also reviewed OnlyFans profile pages, body camera footage and messages exchanged between creators and subscribers or alleged victims.

Reuters sought to trace cases from their inception through the legal process and independently corroborate allegations but didn’t have enough information to investigate or corroborate every allegation. Reuters determined the status of cases, such as arrests and convictions, from records and interviews in 2023 and early 2024. The analysis doesn’t reflect subsequent developments.

In assessing the case reports, Reuters set criteria for including examples in its tally. Reporters didn’t include cases of people who simply heard from friends or family of child sexual abuse material that had been seen on OnlyFans, unless the person provided police with supporting information, such as an OnlyFans account name or other specific details of the explicit content.

OnlyFans Exposed

By Linda So, Andrew R.C. Marshall and Jason Szep.

So reported from St. Augustine, Florida, and Washington; Szep from Washington; and Marshall from London.

Photo editing: Maye-E Wong

Art direction: Catherine Tai

Design: John Emerson

Edited by Julie Marquis

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Watch CBS News

Trump seeks to overturn criminal conviction, citing Supreme Court immunity decision

By Graham Kates

Updated on: July 2, 2024 / 3:11 PM EDT / CBS News

Editor's note: Justice Juan Merchan  agreed to delay sentencing until Sept. 18. The original story appears below:

Donald Trump is trying to leverage a Supreme Court decision holding that presidents are immune from federal prosecution for official actions to overturn his conviction in a New York State criminal case.

A letter to the judge presiding over the New York case was made public on Tuesday. It was filed Monday after the Supreme Court's landmark holding further slowed the former president's criminal cases . 

"[T]he Trump decision confirmed the defense position that [the district attorney] should not have been permitted to offer evidence at trial of President Trump's official acts," Trump attorneys Todd Blanche and Emil Bove wrote. 

"The verdicts in this case violate the presidential immunity doctrine and create grave risks of 'an Executive Branch that cannibalizes itself,'" the wrote, quoting from the Supreme Court's decision. "After further briefing on these issues beginning on July 10, 2024, it will be manifest that the trial result cannot stand."

Lawyers from Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg's office responded in a letter of their own on Tuesday, telling the judge they disagreed with the Trump attorneys' argument but did not oppose delaying Trump's July 11 sentencing date. They asked for a deadline of July 24 to respond to the defense's motion.

Trump's criminal case in New York is the only one of four against him to go to trial. On May 30, a unanimous jury concluded Trump was guilty of 34 felony counts of falsifying business records in an effort to cover up reimbursements for a "hush money" payment to an adult film star. Trump signed off on falsifying the records while he was in the White House in 2017.

Monday's Supreme Court decision extended broad immunity from criminal prosecutions to former presidents for their official conduct. But the issue of whether Trump was engaged in official acts has already been litigated in his New York case.

Trump sought in 2023 to move the case from state to federal jurisdiction. His lawyers argued that the allegations involved official acts within the color of his presidential duties.

That argument was rejected by a federal judge who wrote that Trump failed to show that his conduct was "for or relating to any act performed by or for the President under color of the official acts of a president."

"The evidence overwhelmingly suggests that the matter was purely a personal item of the president — a cover-up of an embarrassing event," U.S. District Judge Alvin Hellerstein wrote. "Hush money paid to an adult film star is not related to a president's official acts. It does not reflect in any way the color of the president's official duties."

Trump initially appealed that decision, but later dropped it. 

His case went to trial in April, and soon after the jury's unanimous decision finding him guilty, Trump vowed to appeal the conviction.

• Supreme Court of the United States
• Donald Trump

Graham Kates is an investigative reporter covering criminal justice, privacy issues and information security for CBS News Digital. Contact Graham at [email protected] or [email protected]

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Citing URL in latex

I've already asked this question on stackoverflow.com, but someone considered me to ask the question in this forum

see: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/51902210/citing-in-url-in-latex

I am trying to write my bachelor's thesis in latex but I'm struggling with the URL in the literature. I use Citavi and converted it to a bib file. However, when inserting in latex, the URL citation doesn't look properly.

My prerequisites are: Windows 10 Pro Texmaker 5.0.2 Citavi 6.0.0.2

This is what my compiled file looks like:

Literatur (2017): "Deforestation and Forest Degradation," .

That is what I'd need:

International Union for Conservation of Nature (Hg.) (2017): Deforestation and Forest Degradation (Issues Brief). URL: https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/deforestation-forest_degradation_issues_brief_final.pdf , zuletzt geprüft am 07.07.2018.

My Bib file, generated from Citavi, looks like this:

and that is my current tex file. I've removed text and sections for clearity. But I've used all packages as in the original file.

Thanks a lot for your help - I'am a totally newbee and therefore thankful for every advice. Even if it's a different approach to citing properly. Magdalena

• Aside: You may be able to inform Citavi that you use BibTeX and natbib with a fairly old bibliography style, and hence that bib entries shouldn't use the url and urldate field names. Ideally, Citavi would place the URL string in a field called note . –  Mico Commented Aug 17, 2018 at 22:30

3 Answers 3

The ecta (Econometrica, right?) bibliography style doesn't recognize fields named url , urldate , and series for entries of type @misc . Moreover, for entries of type @misc , it doesn't process editor fields either. You need to change the name of the url field to note , and you need to change the editor field name to author . If you want the information contained in the urldate field to be shown in the formatted bib entry as well, be sure to make it part of the note field. And, copy the information in the series field ("Issues Brief") to the end of the author field.

For the \url macro to work, you must load either the url package and/or the hyperref package. If you want the citation call-outs and any URL strings in the bibliography to be made into hyperlinks, you should definitely load the hyperref package.

Two additional comments. First, the german and ngerman packages are obsolete. Don't load them. Instead, load the babel package with the option german or ngerman ; use the latter option if your document is supposed to adhere to post-1997 (1998?) spelling and hyphenation conventions. Second, don't manipulate the low-level \baselinestretch parameter directly. Instead, load the setspace package and issue a suitable \setstretch directive.

• thanks a lot for your very helpful response and your further advice! this works very well! –  Magdalena Commented Aug 18, 2018 at 10:11
• I am wondering can you help me in this topic please? tex.stackexchange.com/questions/661304/… –  RFZ Commented Oct 11, 2022 at 23:35
• @zfr - Is my impression correct that your main objective, now that you've found a bibliography style ( plainurl ) that doesn't ignore url fields, is to place the publication year after rather than before the URL string? If it's not that, is it a desire to abbreviate first names? Something else still? Please advise. –  Mico Commented Oct 12, 2022 at 1:47

Another way to solve the problem is modifying your bibliography template (ecta). There is the package named urlbst containing Perl script doing some tricky things.

The package adds new entry type (webpage) and recognizes new fields: url and lastchecked (instead of urldate). On the other hand there will be needed sam minor changes to generated BibTeX template to meet your needs.

After some minor changes to your files: bibliography file:

and LaTeX file:

The result is:

And the BibTeX template: ecta-url (created by urlbst ).

• thanks a lot for your answer! I've already solved the problem and therefore did not try this one out - but I may do so in further files –  Magdalena Commented Aug 18, 2018 at 18:27
• The contents of the editor field (a "corporate" author) must be enclosed in a double pair of curly braces. Otherwise -- as is shown in your screenshot -- BibTeX parses the name quite incorrectly: Given-name components International and Union , "von" component for , and surname component Conservation of Nature . Yikes! Do write editor = {{International Union for Conservation of Nature}} to avoid this problem. A separate issue: Are you sure that @webpage is the correct entry type for the document at hand? The document is a pdf file, not an html file or other type of webpage. –  Mico Commented Aug 18, 2018 at 21:41

One approach you could use is manually format the bibliography using \begin{thebibliography}{9} and \end{thebibliography} .

Additionally, I suspect you want to customize the citation style, an example is available at https://www.sharelatex.com/learn/Natbib_citation_styles

The best situation would be read the natbib documentation.

• 1 The OP's issues are related mainly to the formatting of a bibliographic entry. The natbib package does not affect these formatting matters directly. Hence, suggesting to the OP that he/she read the natbib documentation is probably not all that helpful. –  Mico Commented Aug 17, 2018 at 22:27
• darn, I'm new hmm. –  GrandFleet Commented Aug 17, 2018 at 22:59

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