a essay about hinduism

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By: History.com Editors

Updated: November 16, 2023 | Original: October 6, 2017

Hinduism is the world’s oldest religion, according to many scholars, with roots and customs dating back more than 4,000 years. Today, with more than 1 billion followers , Hinduism is the third-largest religion worldwide, after Christianity and Islam . Roughly 94 percent of the world’s Hindus live in India. Because the religion has no specific founder, it’s difficult to trace its origins and history. Hinduism is unique in that it’s not a single religion but a compilation of many traditions and philosophies: Hindus worship a number of different gods and minor deities, honor a range of symbols, respect several different holy books and celebrate with a wide variety of traditions, holidays and customs. Though the development of the caste system in India was influenced by Hindu concepts , it has been shaped throughout history by political as well as religious movements, and today is much less rigidly enforced. Today there are four major sects of Hinduism: Shaivism, Vaishnava, Shaktism and Smarta, as well as a number of smaller sects with their own religious practices.

Hinduism Beliefs, Symbols

Some basic Hindu concepts include:

• Hinduism embraces many religious ideas. For this reason, it’s sometimes referred to as a “way of life” or a “family of religions,” as opposed to a single, organized religion.
• Most forms of Hinduism are henotheistic, which means they worship a single deity, known as “Brahman,” but still recognize other gods and goddesses. Followers believe there are multiple paths to reaching their god.
• Hindus believe in the doctrines of samsara (the continuous cycle of life, death, and reincarnation) and karma (the universal law of cause and effect).
• One of the key thoughts of Hinduism is “atman,” or the belief in soul. This philosophy holds that living creatures have a soul, and they’re all part of the supreme soul. The goal is to achieve “moksha,” or salvation, which ends the cycle of rebirths to become part of the absolute soul.
• One fundamental principle of the religion is the idea that people’s actions and thoughts directly determine their current life and future lives.
• Hindus strive to achieve dharma, which is a code of living that emphasizes good conduct and morality.
• Hindus revere all living creatures and consider the cow a sacred animal.
• Food is an important part of life for Hindus. Most don’t eat beef or pork, and many are vegetarians.
• Hinduism is closely related to other Indian religions, including Buddhism , Sikhism and Jainism.

There are two primary symbols associated with Hinduism, the om and the swastika. The word swastika means "good fortune" or "being happy" in Sanskrit, and the symbol represents good luck . (A hooked, diagonal variation of the swastika later became associated with Germany’s Nazi Party  when they made it their symbol in 1920.)

The om symbol is composed of three Sanskrit letters and represents three sounds (a, u and m), which when combined are considered a sacred sound. The om symbol is often found at family shrines and in Hindu temples.

Hinduism Holy Books

Hindus value many sacred writings as opposed to one holy book.

The primary sacred texts, known as the Vedas, were composed around 1500 B.C. This collection of verses and hymns was written in Sanskrit and contains revelations received by ancient saints and sages.

The Vedas are made up of:

• The Rig Veda
• The Samaveda
• Atharvaveda

Hindus believe that the Vedas transcend all time and don’t have a beginning or an end.

The Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, 18 Puranas, Ramayana and Mahabharata are also considered important texts in Hinduism.

Origins of Hinduism

Most scholars believe Hinduism started somewhere between 2300 B.C. and 1500 B.C. in the Indus Valley, near modern-day Pakistan. But many Hindus argue that their faith is timeless and has always existed.

Unlike other religions, Hinduism has no one founder but is instead a fusion of various beliefs.

Around 1500 B.C., the Indo-Aryan people migrated to the Indus Valley, and their language and culture blended with that of the indigenous people living in the region. There’s some debate over who influenced whom more during this time.

The period when the Vedas were composed became known as the “Vedic Period” and lasted from about 1500 B.C. to 500 B.C. Rituals, such as sacrifices and chanting, were common in the Vedic Period.

The Epic, Puranic and Classic Periods took place between 500 B.C. and A.D. 500. Hindus began to emphasize the worship of deities, especially Vishnu, Shiva and Devi.

The concept of dharma was introduced in new texts, and other faiths, such as Buddhism and Jainism, spread rapidly.

Hinduism vs. Buddhism

Hinduism and Buddhism have many similarities. Buddhism, in fact, arose out of Hinduism, and both believe in reincarnation, karma and that a life of devotion and honor is a path to salvation and enlightenment. 

But some key differences exist between the two religions: Many strains of Buddhism reject the caste system, and do away with many of the rituals, the priesthood, and the gods that are integral to Hindu faith.

Medieval and Modern Hindu History

The Medieval Period of Hinduism lasted from about A.D. 500 to 1500. New texts emerged, and poet-saints recorded their spiritual sentiments during this time.

In the 7th century, Muslim Arabs began invading areas in India. During parts of the Muslim Period, which lasted from about 1200 to 1757, Islamic rulers prevented Hindus from worshipping their deities, and some temples were destroyed.

Mahatma Gandhi

Between 1757 and 1947, the British controlled India. At first, the new rulers allowed Hindus to practice their religion without interference, but the British soon attempted to exploit aspects of Indian culture as leverage points for political control, in some cases exacerbating Hindu caste divisions even as they promoted westernized, Christian approaches.

Many reformers emerged during the British Period. The well-known politician and peace activist, Mahatma Gandhi , led a movement that pushed for India’s independence.

The partition of India occurred in 1947, and Gandhi was assassinated in 1948. British India was split into what are now the independent nations of India and Pakistan , and Hinduism became the major religion of India.

Starting in the 1960s, many Hindus migrated to North America and Britain, spreading their faith and philosophies to the western world.

Hindus worship many gods and goddesses in addition to Brahman, who is believed to be the supreme God force present in all things.

Some of the most prominent deities include:

• Brahma: the god responsible for the creation of the world and all living things
• Vishnu: the god that preserves and protects the universe
• Shiva: the god that destroys the universe in order to recreate it
• Devi: the goddess that fights to restore dharma
• Krishna: the god of compassion, tenderness and love
• Lakshmi: the goddess of wealth and purity
• Saraswati: the goddess of learning

Places of Worship

Hindu worship, which is known as “puja,” typically takes place in the Mandir (temple). Followers of Hinduism can visit the Mandir any time they please.

Hindus can also worship at home, and many have a special shrine dedicated to certain gods and goddesses.

The giving of offerings is an important part of Hindu worship. It’s a common practice to present gifts, such as flowers or oils, to a god or goddess.

Additionally, many Hindus take pilgrimages to temples and other sacred sites in India.

Hinduism Sects

Hinduism has many sects, and the following are often considered the four major denominations.

Shaivism is one of the largest denominations of Hinduism, and its followers worship Shiva, sometimes known as “The Destroyer,” as their supreme deity.

Shaivism spread from southern India into Southeast Asia and is practiced in Vietnam, Cambodia and Indonesia as well as India. Like the other major sects of Hinduism, Shaivism considers the Vedas and the Upanishads to be sacred texts.

Vaishnavism is considered the largest Hindu sect, with an estimated 640 million followers, and is practiced worldwide. It includes sub-sects that are familiar to many non-Hindus, including Ramaism and Krishnaism.

Vaishnavism recognizes many deities, including Vishnu, Lakshmi, Krishna and Rama, and the religious practices of Vaishnavism vary from region to region across the Indian subcontinent.

Shaktism is somewhat unique among the four major traditions of Hinduism in that its followers worship a female deity, the goddess Shakti (also known as Devi).

Shaktism is sometimes practiced as a monotheistic religion, while other followers of this tradition worship a number of goddesses. This female-centered denomination is sometimes considered complementary to Shaivism, which recognizes a male deity as supreme.

The Smarta or Smartism tradition of Hinduism is somewhat more orthodox and restrictive than the other four mainstream denominations. It tends to draw its followers from the Brahman upper caste of Indian society.

Smartism followers worship five deities: Vishnu, Shiva, Devi, Ganesh and Surya. Their temple at Sringeri is generally recognized as the center of worship for the denomination.

Some Hindus elevate the Hindu trinity, which consists of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Others believe that all the deities are a manifestation of one.

Hindu Caste System

The caste system is a social hierarchy in India that divides Hindus based on their karma and dharma. Although the word “caste” is of Portuguese origin, it is used to describe aspects of the related Hindu concepts of varna (color or race) and jati (birth). Many scholars believe the system dates back more than 3,000 years.

The four main castes (in order of prominence) include:

• Brahmin: the intellectual and spiritual leaders
• Kshatriyas: the protectors and public servants of society
• Vaisyas: the skillful producers
• Shudras: the unskilled laborers

Many subcategories also exist within each caste. The “Untouchables” are a class of citizens that are outside the caste system and considered to be in the lowest level of the social hierarchy.

For centuries, the caste system determined most aspect of a person’s social, professional and religious status in India.

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When India became an independent nation, its constitution banned discrimination based on caste.

Today, the caste system still exists in India but is loosely followed. Many of the old customs are overlooked, but some traditions, such as only marrying within a specific caste, are still embraced.

Hindus observe numerous sacred days, holidays and festivals.

Some of the most well-known include:

• Diwali : the festival of lights
• Navaratri: a celebration of fertility and harvest
• Holi: a spring festival
• Krishna Janmashtami: a tribute to Krishna’s birthday
• Raksha Bandhan: a celebration of the bond between brother and sister
• Maha Shivaratri: the great festival of Shiva

Hinduism Facts. Sects of Hinduism . Hindu American Foundation. Hinduism Basics . History of Hinduism, BBC . Hinduism Fast Facts, CNN .

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Essay on Hinduism

Introduction to Hinduism

Hinduism, a complex and vibrant tapestry of beliefs and practices, is among the world’s oldest and most diverse religions. Rooted in the ancient civilizations of the Indian subcontinent, Hinduism encompasses a vast array of philosophies, rituals, and cultural expressions.

Thousands of years ago, sages, scriptures, and mythologies evolved their origins through wisdom and insights. Hinduism’s enduring appeal lies in its multifaceted approach to spirituality, embracing concepts like karma, dharma, and moksha. In this essay, we will delve into the essence of Hinduism and reveal its profound mysteries.

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Origins and Historical Development of Hinduism

The origins of Hinduism are deeply intertwined with the cultural, philosophical, and religious evolution of the Indian subcontinent. While pinpointing its exact inception is challenging, scholars often trace the roots of Hinduism to the ancient civilizations of the Indus Valley , around 2500 BCE. However, the foundations of Hinduism as we know it today began to take shape during the Vedic period, which spanned roughly from 1500 BCE to 500 BCE.

• Early Vedic Period: The Early Vedic Period (circa 1500 BCE – 600 BCE) marks the foundational phase of Hinduism, characterized by the composition of the Rigveda, the oldest of the four Vedas, which contain hymns dedicated to various deities. During this period, pastoral and agricultural communities organized society and rituals centered on offerings to deities for prosperity and well-being. The Vedic literature provides insights into the religious, social, and cultural practices of ancient Indian society, including the reverence for nature and the importance of sacrificial rites.
• Upanishadic Thought: The Upanishads, philosophical texts around 800 BCE to 200 BCE, represent a significant shift in Hindu thought from ritualistic practices to philosophical inquiry. They delve deeply into the essence of existence, the self (Atman), and ultimate reality (Brahman), establishing the framework for important philosophical themes in Hinduism. The Upanishads challenge traditional notions of divinity and offer deeper insights into the nature of reality, consciousness, and liberation (moksha).
• Evolution of Hindu Scriptures: Hindu scriptures include the Vedas, Upanishads, Epics (Mahabharata, Ramayana), and Puranas. The Vedas considered the most authoritative scriptures, contain hymns, rituals, and philosophical discussions. The epics Mahabharata and Ramayana are repositories of moral and ethical teachings, while the Puranas elaborate on cosmology, mythology, and religious practices. These scriptures reflect ancient India’s evolving religious and cultural landscape, integrating diverse traditions, beliefs, and narratives.
• Influence of Key Figures: Revered figures such as rishis (sages), gurus (spiritual teachers), and avatars (divine incarnations) shape Hinduism through their teachings and contributions. Rishis played a crucial role in transmitting sacred knowledge and preserving oral traditions through the ages. Gurus impart spiritual guidance and wisdom to their disciples, fostering spiritual growth and enlightenment. Avatars, divine manifestations of the Supreme Being, descend to Earth to restore cosmic balance and guide humanity towards righteousness and liberation.

Core Beliefs and Philosophical Foundations

In the section on “Core Beliefs and Philosophical Foundations” of Hinduism, we delve into the fundamental tenets and philosophical underpinnings that define the essence of the religion:

Concept of Brahman: The Ultimate Reality

• Definition and Nature: Brahman represents the ultimate, formless, and transcendent reality in Hinduism. It is beyond human comprehension, existing beyond the manifested world.
• Immanence and Transcendence: Brahman is both immanent, permeating the entire cosmos, and transcendent, existing beyond the material world. The duality of immanence and transcendence reflects the multifaceted nature of Brahman.
• Unity in Diversity: Despite the diverse manifestations of the divine in Hinduism, all deities are considered expressions of the underlying unity of Brahman.

Understanding Atman: The Inner Self

• Nature of Atman: Atman is each individual’s eternal, unchanging essence. It is distinct from the physical body and mind, representing the true self.
• Cycle of Rebirth (Samsara) and Karma: The soul goes through a cycle of birth, death, and reincarnation (samsara), which is driven by the law of karma. Karma refers to the consequences of one’s deeds, which affect future life conditions.
• Liberation (Moksha): Moksha is the ultimate goal, signifying liberation from the cycle of rebirth. Achieving moksha involves realizing the oneness of Atman and Brahman through spiritual knowledge and self-realization.

Law of Karma and Reincarnation (Samsara)

• Karma Defined: Karma is the law of cause and effect, determining the consequences of one’s actions. Actions can be categorized as good (punya) or bad (paap), influencing the soul’s journey through samsara.
• Samsara and Reincarnation: Samsara is the continuous cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Reincarnation involves transmigration the soul into a new body based on accumulated karma.
• Breaking the Cycle: Moksha is the liberation from samsara, breaking the cycle of rebirth. Individuals strive to accumulate positive karma and engage in righteous actions to progress towards moksha.

Paths to Liberation

• Karma Yoga: Emphasizes selfless action and performing duties without attachment to the results. Balancing one’s responsibilities while maintaining a detached attitude leads to spiritual growth.
• Bhakti Yoga: Devotion to a personal deity fosters an emotional connection with the divine. Practitioners cultivate love and devotion through prayer, worship, and surrender, transcending ego.
• Jnana Yoga: Focuses on knowledge and wisdom, seeking to understand the nature of reality. Introspection, study of sacred texts, and contemplation lead to realizing the ultimate truth.
• Raja Yoga: Involves the practice of meditation and disciplined control of the mind and body. Through concentration and meditation, individuals attain self-realization and inner peace.

Importance of Dharma: Duty and Moral Order

• Dharma Defined: Dharma refers to one’s duty and righteous conduct according to one’s societal role. It upholds moral and ethical principles that guide individuals in leading a virtuous life .
• Four Pillars of Dharma: Dharma encompasses duties related to personal conduct (Achara), social ethics (vyavahara), personal well-being (svabhava), and spiritual practices (sadhana).
• Dharma and Social Harmony: Upholding Dharma contributes to societal harmony and the well-being of individuals and the community. It serves as the moral compass for ethical decision-making in the personal and social realms.

Deities and Divine Manifestations

In Hinduism, deities and divine manifestations play a crucial role in the religious and spiritual landscape, reflecting the multifaceted nature of the divine. Here’s a concise exploration of this aspect:

• Brahma : The creator deity responsible for manifesting the universe and all beings.
• Vishnu : The preserver deity who maintains cosmic order and incarnates on Earth to restore balance.
• Shiva : The destroyer deity who facilitates transformation and renewal, representing both destruction and regeneration.
• Devi : The supreme goddess, embodying feminine energy and representing the universe’s creative force.
• Lakshmi : The goddess of wealth, prosperity, and abundance, associated with Vishnu as his consort.
• Parvati : The consort of Shiva, embodying power, devotion, and divine energy.
• Ganesha : The elephant-headed god, worshipped as the remover of obstacles, is associated with intelligence, prosperity, and success.
• Hanuman : The monkey deity known for his unwavering devotion to Lord Rama, embodying strength, loyalty, and courage.
• Saraswati : The goddess of knowledge, music, and the arts, associated with wisdom, creativity, and learning.
• Durga : The warrior goddess who combats evil forces and represents the fierce aspect of feminine power.
• Concept of Avatar: The avatar concept involves divine incarnations, where a deity descends to Earth to fulfill a specific purpose or restore cosmic balance. Vishnu’s avatars, such as Rama and Krishna, exemplify this concept.
• Devotion (Bhakti) and Temples: Bhakti, the path of devotion, involves profound love and devotion to a chosen deity. Temples dedicated to various deities are focal points for worship, rituals, and community gatherings.
• Personal Gods and Ishta Devata: Many Hindus choose a personal deity, Ishta Devata, to whom they feel a special connection. This chosen deity becomes a focus of individual worship and devotion.
• Symbolism and Iconography: Artists often depict deities with specific symbols and iconography that convey their attributes and stories. The symbolism aids devotees in contemplating the divine qualities represented by each deity.
• Pan-Hinduism and Local Variations: Hindus universally worship specific deities but encounter regional variations with unique local deities and practices. This diversity reflects the adaptability and inclusivity within the broader framework of Hinduism.

Rituals, Festivals, and Sacred Practices

In Hinduism, rituals, festivals, and sacred practices are central to fostering spiritual growth, community cohesion, and reverence for the divine. Here’s an exploration:

Worship and Rituals:

• Puja : A ritualistic worship conducted by individuals or communities to honor deities and seek their blessings.
• Elements : Puja involves various rituals, such as offering flowers, incense, lamps, and food to the deity.
• Mantras and Prayers : Devotees chant sacred mantras and recite prayers to invoke divine presence and express devotion.  

Importance of Temples and Pilgrimage Sites

• Temples : Serve as sacred spaces dedicated to specific deities, providing a place for worship, meditation, and community gatherings.
• Pilgrimage : Hindus journey to holy sites such as Varanasi, Rishikesh, and Tirupati to seek spiritual purification and divine blessings.

Celebration of Festivals

• Diwali : Another name for the Festival of Lights, Diwali rejoices in the victory of right over wrong and light over darkness. It include eating celebratory meals, exchanging gifts, and lighting fireworks and lamps.
• Holi : The festival of colors commemorates the arrival of spring and celebrates the victory of devotion over ego. Participants engage in playful activities, music, and throwing colored powders.
• Navaratri : A nine-night festival dedicated to worshiping the divine feminine in her various forms, culminating in the celebration of Durga Puja .
• Ganesh Chaturthi : Honors the elephant-headed deity Ganesha , marking his birthday with elaborate rituals, processions, and the immersion of Ganesha idols in water bodies.

Sacraments of Life

• Birth Rituals : Ceremonies such as Namakaran (naming ceremony) and Annaprashan (first feeding of solid food) mark significant milestones in a child’s life.
• Marriage Rituals : Weddings involve elaborate ceremonies, rituals, and vows conducted according to religious scriptures and cultural traditions.
• Death Rituals : Funerary rites such as cremation or burial, along with prayers and offerings, guide the soul’s journey to the afterlife.  

Spiritual Practices

• Meditation : Practiced in various forms, such as mantra meditation, mindfulness, and breath awareness, to cultivate inner peace and spiritual insight.
• Yoga : Includes physical postures (asanas), breathing techniques (pranayama), and meditation aimed at harmonizing body, mind, and spirit.
• Scripture Study : The study of sacred texts such as the Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and Ramayana provides spiritual guidance and philosophical insights.

Hindu Ethics and Social Structure

In Hinduism, religious teachings, cultural norms, and philosophical principles deeply intertwine with ethics and social structure. Here’s an explanation of each point:

• Concept of Ahimsa: Ahimsa, or non-violence, is a foundational principle in Hindu ethics, emphasizing compassion, kindness, and harmlessness towards all living beings. It extends beyond physical harm to mental and emotional well-being, promoting peace and harmony in thought, word, and action. Ahimsa is embodied in the lives of spiritual leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and forms the basis for vegetarianism and animal welfare practices among Hindus.
• Caste System: The caste system, rooted in ancient Indian society, classifies individuals into hierarchical social groups based on birth, occupation, and social status. Traditionally, the caste system comprised four main varnas: Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and farmers), and Shudras (laborers). While individuals have made efforts to eradicate caste discrimination and promote social equality, challenges persist, including caste-based discrimination, social exclusion, and disparities in access to education and opportunities.
• Importance of Family, Community, and Guru-Disciple Relationship: Hindu society considers the family (kutumb) as the cornerstone, providing emotional support, moral guidance, and continuity of cultural traditions. The community (sangha) plays a vital role in fostering social cohesion, collective worship, and mutual assistance among its members. In Hinduism, disciples revere the guru-disciple relationship, with spiritual teachers (gurus) guiding them on self-discovery, moral conduct, and spiritual realization.
• Stewardship of Nature: Hinduism reveres nature as sacred and emphasizes the interconnectedness of all living beings with the environment. The concept of vasudhaiva kutumbakam (the world is one family) underscores the need for responsible stewardship and sustainable living practices. Environmental ethics in Hinduism advocate reverence for rivers, mountains, plants, and animals, promoting ecological balance and preserving natural resources.

Influence of Hinduism on Indian Culture and Beyond

The influence of Hinduism on Indian culture and beyond is profound, touching every aspect of life, including spirituality, art, philosophy, literature, and societal norms. Here’s an exploration of its impact:

• Spirituality and Philosophy: Hinduism has shaped the spiritual landscape of India, providing a diverse array of philosophical perspectives and spiritual practices. Concepts such as karma, dharma, moksha, and reincarnation have permeated Indian thought and influenced the understanding of life, death, and the purpose of existence.
• Art and Architecture: With their intricate carvings, majestic spires, and sacred sculptures, Hindu temples serve as architectural marvels and centers of spiritual worship. Iconography and symbolism in Hindu art reflect divine narratives, mythological stories, and spiritual teachings, conveying deeper philosophical truths to devotees and visitors alike.
• Literature and Epics: The epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, along with other ancient texts like the Vedas and Upanishads, form the literary backbone of Hinduism. These narratives contain moral lessons, ethical dilemmas, and profound insights into human nature, shaping cultural identity and values across generations.
• Philosophical Traditions: Hindu philosophy encompasses diverse schools of thought, including Advaita Vedanta, Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, and Vaisheshika, offering unique metaphysics, ethics, and epistemology perspectives. These philosophical traditions have influenced not only Indian thought but also global philosophical discourse, fostering dialogue and exchange across cultural boundaries.
• Social Customs and Traditions: Hindu rituals, festivals, and social customs are deeply ingrained in Indian society, fostering a sense of community, continuity, and spiritual connection. Practices such as puja (worship), samskaras (life-cycle rituals), and sankirtan (devotional singing) serve as avenues for cultural expression and spiritual devotion.
• Cultural Expressions and Performing Arts: Indian classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, and Kuchipudi are infused with Hindu mythology and spirituality themes, serving as mediums for storytelling, expression, and devotion. Hindu themes, symbols, and metaphors have enriched music, poetry, and literature in Sanskrit, Tamil, Hindi, and Bengali languages.
• Diaspora Communities and Global Influence: Hinduism has transcended geographical boundaries, with millions of adherents forming vibrant diaspora communities worldwide. The spread of yoga, meditation, Ayurveda, and vegetarianism reflects the global influence of Hindu spirituality and holistic wellness practices.

Contemporary Challenges and Responses

In the contemporary context, Hinduism faces various challenges that necessitate thoughtful responses from practitioners, scholars, and leaders. Here are some of the key challenges and potential responses:

1. Secularism and Religious Pluralism

• Challenge: In pluralistic societies, maintaining the principles of secularism while preserving Hinduism’s cultural and religious identity can be challenging.
• Response: Emphasize the inclusive and pluralistic nature of Hinduism, promoting dialogue, understanding, and respect for diverse religious beliefs and practices.

2. Hinduism in the Modern World

• Challenge: The rapid pace of globalization , technological advancements, and societal changes present new opportunities and challenges for Hindu communities worldwide.
• Response: Adapt traditional teachings and practices to address contemporary issues such as environmental sustainability, social justice , and ethical dilemmas posed by technological advancements.

3. Addressing Social Issues

• Challenge: Persistent social issues such as caste discrimination, gender inequality , poverty, and social injustice continue to affect Hindu society.
• Response: Advocate for social reforms, education, and awareness programs that promote equality, social justice, and empowerment of marginalized communities within Hinduism.

4. Interfaith Dialogue and Harmony

• Challenge: Interfaith tensions and conflicts between religious communities can arise due to misunderstandings, stereotypes, and historical grievances.
• Response: Engage in interfaith dialogue, collaborative initiatives, and mutual respect to promote understanding, cooperation, and peaceful coexistence among diverse religious groups.

5. Preservation of Cultural Heritage

• Challenge: Rapid urbanization, modernization, and globalization threaten the preservation of Hindu cultural heritage, sacred sites, and traditional practices.
• Response: Undertake efforts to document, preserve, and promote Hindu cultural heritage, including ancient temples, art forms, rituals, and languages , through education, advocacy, and conservation initiatives.

6. Promoting Ethics and Values

• Challenge: Ethical dilemmas, moral relativism, and materialistic values challenge Hinduism’s ethical foundations and moral teachings.
• Response: Emphasize the ethical teachings of Hindu scriptures, including principles of ahimsa (non-violence), dharma (duty), karma (action), and seva (selfless service), to guide individuals in making ethical choices and leading virtuous lives.

7. Role of Hinduism in Promoting Peace

• Challenge: Political conflicts, religious extremism, and communal tensions threaten peace and stability in various regions with Hindu populations.
• Response: Advocate for peacebuilding, reconciliation, and conflict resolution efforts rooted in the principles of compassion, tolerance, and non-violence espoused by Hinduism.

With its ancient roots and profound teachings, Hinduism continues to guide cultural, spiritual, and ethical landscapes. Despite facing contemporary challenges, such as social issues and the need for adaptation to a rapidly changing world, Hinduism offers a resilient framework. Through introspection, dialogue, and an emphasis on timeless values, Hindu communities can contribute to global harmony, peace, and understanding. The enduring wisdom of Hindu philosophy serves as a beacon, inspiring individuals to navigate the complexities of the modern era while upholding the timeless principles of compassion, righteousness, and spiritual enlightenment.

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Origins of Hinduism: Ancient Roots and Cultural Evolution

This essay is about Hinduism, one of the oldest religions, tracing its roots back to the ancient Indus Valley civilization around 2000 to 1500 BCE. The Indo-Aryans later influenced this religious landscape, bringing the Vedas, the foundational scriptures of Hinduism, which introduced concepts like duty, karma, and rebirth. Over time, Hinduism evolved, incorporating philosophical texts like the Upanishads, which shifted focus from rituals to introspection, and epic narratives like the Mahabharata and Ramayana, embedding deep philosophical ideas. Hinduism’s growth and adaptation over centuries reflect its resilience and complexity, becoming a fundamental part of India’s history and identity.

How it works

Hey there, let’s dive into the fascinating world of Hinduism, one of the oldest religions out there. It’s like this intricate tapestry of cultures, traditions, and deep thoughts that’s been weaving its way through history for thousands of years.

So, where did it all start? Well, we gotta go way back to around 2000 to 1500 BCE, to the ancient civilizations of the Indus Valley. These folks were onto something with their rituals, deity worship, and maybe even a belief in life after death.

Fast forward a bit to around 1500 BCE, and you’ve got the Indo-Aryans rolling into the scene. They brought with them a whole new vibe that would leave a lasting mark on the religious landscape.

Now, picture this: the early Indo-Aryans are sitting around, composing what would become the Vedas, the OG scriptures of Hinduism. These bad boys were all about praising gods, performing rituals, and getting into the nitty-gritty of life’s big questions. Over time, these texts laid down the groundwork for some pretty deep concepts like duty, karma, and the whole cycle of rebirth deal.

But wait, there’s more! As the centuries rolled on, Hinduism started soaking up influences from all over the place. Take the Upanishads, for example – these philosophical texts were like a game-changer, shifting the focus from external rituals to deep introspection. And let’s not forget about those epic stories of the Mahabharata and Ramayana, featuring legendary figures like Krishna and Rama. These tales didn’t just entertain – they packed a punch with their deep philosophical ideas, embedding themselves deep into the hearts of the people.

In the end, Hinduism isn’t just about one single moment in history – it’s a journey, a story of growth and adaptation. From ancient rituals to philosophical explorations and epic narratives, Hinduism has been evolving and expanding for centuries. It’s a testament to the resilience and complexity of religious traditions, a living, breathing tapestry woven into the very fabric of India’s history and identity.

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AP®︎/College Art History

Course: ap®︎/college art history   >   unit 2, hinduism and buddhism, an introduction.

• Beliefs made visible: Hindu art in South Asia
• Hindu temples
• Varanasi: sacred city

Origins of Hinduism

Hindu gods and worship of the gods, hindu worship, the hindu world, buddhism and the buddha, the middle way, the buddha’s teachings.

Life is suffering: it is suffering because we are not perfect nor is the world in which we live perfect. The origin of suffering is attachment or desire: attachment to transient things and ignorance thereof. Objects of attachment also include the idea of a “self” which is a delusion, because there is no abiding self. What we call “self” is just an imagined entity, and we are merely a part of the ceaseless becoming of the universe. The cessation of suffering can be attained through the detachment of desire and craving. The end of suffering is achieved by seeking the middle path. It is the middle way between the two extremes of excessive self-indulgence and excessive self-mortification, leading to the end of the cycle of rebirth.

Right or Perfect View: is the beginning and the end of the path, it simply means to see and to understand things as they really are and to realize the Four Noble Truths. Right Intention: can be described as a commitment to ethical and mental self-improvement. Right Speech: is abstaining from the use of false, slanderous, and harmful words which hurt others. Right Action: means to abstain from harming others, abstain from taking what is not given to you, and avoid sexual misconduct. Right livelihood: means that one should earn one's living in a righteous way and that wealth should be gained legally and peacefully. Right Effort: is the prerequisite for the other principles of the path as one needs the will to act or else nothing will be achieved. Right Mindfulness: the ability to contemplate actively one’s mind, body, and soul. Right Concentration: the ability to focus on the right thoughts and actions through meditation.

Buddhist practice

Theravada buddhism, mahayana buddhism, differences, decline of buddhism in india, want to join the conversation.

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139 Hinduism Essay Topics & Examples

Looking for Hinduism topics to write about? The world’s third largest religion is definitely worth exploring!

🏆 Best Hinduism Topic Ideas & Essay Examples

☸️ free hinduism essay examples, 💡 interesting hinduism project ideas, 🥇 hinduism topics to write about, 📌 hinduism research paper topics, ❓ questions about hinduism.

In your Hinduism essay, you might want to focus on the beliefs, practices, or symbols in this religion. Another option is to concentrate on the concept of God. One more idea is to compare Hinduism and Buddhism. Whether you need to write an argumentative, persuasive, or critique essay, our article will be helpful. Here you will find everything you might need to write a Hinduism essay. We’ve collected topics for essays and research papers, Hinduism project ideas and prompts, as well as essay examples.

• Hinduism and Christianity: Comparison and Contrast Sufficient knowledge regarding the history and the fundamental values of Hinduism may be the key to sharing Christ with Hindus. Therefore, it is closely linked with the concept of Karma, and Hindus strive to achieve […]
• Christianity and Hinduism: Comparative Analysis In Christianity, the Holy Trinity consists of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit while in Hinduism,the concept is analogous to Trimurti.
• Hinduism and Buddhism: Comparative Analysis One of the basic concepts in Indian philosophy: the soul, drowning in the “ocean of samsara,” seeks liberation and deliverance from the results of its past actions, which are part of the “net of samsara”.
• Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism Elements Hindus, the last power is discovered in the Vedas and the writing of the religious leaders willing to view the fact nature of reality.
• Essential Beliefs in Hinduism: Analysis The three forms of deities allow Hindus to understand the nature of God and the universe. The social and religious life of a Hindu in the Dalit group is different from others.
• Buddhism and Hinduism: Similarities and Differences The most conspicuous similarity is the origin of the two religions in sub-continent India. Some worship and religious practices are similar but there is a profound difference in the style and purpose of life in […]
• Hinduism and Christianity In Christianity, it is believed that, the human soul enters heaven after going through the process of subjective perfection and not pure perfection as in Hinduism. Both religions believe in God who has the power […]
• ”The History of God” by Karen Armstrong: An Overview of the History of Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, and Hinduism “The History of God” by Karen Armstrong is a comprehensive overview of the history of the development of Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, and Hinduism.
• Dharma in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism This essay aims to describe the ideas of dharma in the religions of Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism in terms of their doctrines, rituals, origin tales, and modes of worship.
• Caste System in Hinduism The caste system is a description of the way the people in the Hindu society were divided based on their talents and the corresponding vocations; it was once supposedly devised to bring order, discipline, and […]
• Hinduism Definition and Characteristics The Hindu religion also has some followers in the United Kingdom that amount to approximately 1% of the UK population; in the UK it developed in the 1960s and 1970s following the migration of people […]
• Hinduism: What Is Its Essence and Uniqueness? These are “the manifestation creation and the creator, the manifestation of survival and protection and the manifestation of extinction and transformation.
• Hinduism in ‘The World’s Religions’ by Huston Smith Prior to the aforementioned passage, Smith explains the concept of the Path of Desire that is used in Hinduism to summarize possible people’s desires and their causes.
• Theories about Human Nature: Hinduism and Christianity Christianity and Hinduism are certainly at the top of the list of important attempts at explaining the origin of the universe and human nature, since approximately 47% of the world’s population belongs to these two […]
• Comparison of Islam and Hinduism: Core Beliefs and the Perception of the Central Problem of Humanity The goal of the Mulsims’ life is to follow the Five Pillars and regularly pray to Allah. The continuous cycle of death and rebirths in Hinduism is opposed to a single life of devotion in […]
• Comparison of Hinduism and Buddhism Rituals Buddhism and Hinduism are some of the popular religions in the world with their origins dating back to the Common Era in India.
• Hinduism as the Oldest Religion in the World Hinduism believers esteem the teachings of Karma and samsara, that is, the cycle of life, death, and reincarnation. Mercifulness is embraced as one of the critical teachings of the Hinduism religion.
• The Major Aspects of the Hinduism: The Concept of Karma and Samsara The body of the person who has passed on is believed to undergo a transformation. The quietness of the spirit of this person is also escalated.
• History: Women in Hinduism and Buddhism For instance, one of the main problems that arise when examining the situation of women in Karimpur is the fact that there is a considerable level of disparity in the survival rates between male and […]
• Hinduism and Christianity: Comparative Analysis Hinduism and Christianity are respectively eastern and western religions that share few similarities and differences in terms of origins, core beliefs and doctrines, historical and geographic, and core rituals and practices.
• Reflection on Self in Buddhism and Hinduism The specificity of the Buddhist concept of the human self lies in the acceptance of the distinction between self and general in a spiritual aspect.
• Hinduism: Origin and Development, the Basic Concept Hinduism, many believe, is not a religion; it is a way of life, a set of beliefs and traditions evolved over a period of time in the Indian subcontinent.
• Hinduism: History, Teachings, Ethics and Beliefs One of the main elements of Hinduism is the Veda. Hinduism provides a lot of teaching in regard to the principles of right and wrong as accepted in the society.
• Teachings of Hinduism, Sikhism, and Jainism Karma is partly determined by the will of God, in addition to the actions of an individual. Hindus believe that Karma is partly determined by the will of God, in addition to the actions of […]
• Dharma in Hinduism Therefore, various Hindu translations have defined dharma as “that which sustains or upholds the right or positive order of the world, a person, the family, society, nation and the entire world”. In the texts, Dharma […]
• Christianity and Hinduism Religions Comparison Western religions are mostly monotheism and are separate from the western religions which are generally distinguished as polytheist.generally, western religions such as Christianity are based on the believe of a supreme being or one deity […]
• Hinduism’s Cultural and Religious Opinions As a result, it is not easy to trace the history of Hinduism and the Hindus are not concerned about the specific dates when the religion might have started.
• Paths to Enlightenment in Hinduism and Buddhism This paper will compare the paths to moksha with the Four Noble Truths and argue that raja yoga would best utilize the Buddhist method of the Eightfold Path.
• Worldview Questions in Christianity and Hinduism In turn, Brahman is referred to as the source of everything existent and non-existent, which means responsible for establishing the sky, earth, and atmosphere, and is generally the creator of reality.
• Anatman and Atman Concepts in Buddhism and Hinduism Rendering to the Atman notion, Atman is eventually in the custody of people’s reactions to what happens in the outside world. The idea of the self in assembly to God is where Hinduism and Buddhism […]
• Hinduism: Mythology, Rituals, and Symbols Hindus hold that the purpose of Buddha’s arrival on earth was to distract an individual from the appropriate awe of the Vedas, causing the world to deteriorate and eventually end as the cosmic pattern dictates.
• Indigenous Religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism For example, Confucianism is one of the modern national religions of China, which was formed at the turn of the new era based on the ethical-philosophical teachings of Confucius and his followers.
• Buddhism and Hinduism: A Comparative Study While in the case of Hinduism, samsara is the cyclical rebirth of the soul that remains unchanged, Buddhism teaches that samsara is the transformation of a person into something else.
• Hinduism, Buddhism, the Bhagavad Gita, and the Ramayana in the News Media It also implies that the government of the country where Hinduism is the predominant religion is concerned because of the mistakes revealed by mass media.
• Hinduism in Palliative and End of Life Care: Practice Guidelines for Medical Professionals The knowledge gap here is the fact that the medical professionals and patients or their families may have different opinions regarding end-of-life care and since this topic is sensitive, it is vital to examine how […]
• Free Will in Hinduism and Christianity: Ideologies on Both Religious Practices and Philosophy On the basis of the aspect of free will, the determination of the laws of karma is not favoring to particular people as everyone is treated the same, and has the same opportunity for personal […]
• Unique Characteristics of Hinduism and Its Methods: Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Karma Yoga, and Raja Yoga It is a part of Vedanta tradition, which is a school of Hindu philosophy. That is why there is a platform with sacred religious books, such as The Texts of Taoism and The Bible.
• Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism in America: A Country of Many Religions This paper aims to explore the impact of Islam, Hindu, and Buddhism on the diversity in America today and answer the question what role they are playing in the society.
• Religions: Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism Comparison Primal religions, the religions of antiquity, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Jainism are all united by their understanding of religious meaning which the followers of these religions see in different rituals, as well as by the presence […]
• Hinduism History and Its Epics This essay gives an overview of historic development of Hinduism and the importance of epics in Hinduism. Hinduism basically encompasses the development of religion in India from the time of Iron Age, which dates back […]
• Vedic Hinduism, Classical Hinduism, and Buddhism: A Uniting Belief Systems The difference between Vedic and Classical Hinduism is fundamentally approach towards life rather than beliefs or reformation and the progression from the former to latter is not clear in terms of time.
• Nirvana in Buddhism and Atman in Hinduism The Mantras which is the text of the Vedas are the personification of the Brahman and are divided into two forms which are the karma-Kanda and the Jnana-Kanda.
• Christian & Hinduist Religions and Ecology: Human Life and Its Interaction With the Environment It was in this writing whereby he tried to explain that the universe is the most Gods revelation since the universe in this case is trying to unfold hence can reveal the nature of God […]
• Religious Studies and Theology: Hinduism The religion places emphasis upon the importance of truth, like any other religion the main aim of Hinduism is to make the people aware of the supreme power and considering the same the people under […]
• Hinduism: Religious Adaptation in Britain They began to grow in numbers and had to move into the interior and south of India, mingling with the Dravidians who were probably the people of the Indus civilization.
• Buddhism and Hinduism: A Comparison Both of Hinduism and Buddhism have shared beliefs but they are different in the practice of duties, worshipped, the founders of the religions.
• Hinduism as a Religion of South Florida There are many predominant themes in the religion, and they can be grouped as ethics and duties called as “Dharma”, the cycle of life that includes birth, living, death, and again rebirth or “Samsara”; the […]
• Hinduism in the West and Transformation of Yoga The religious encounter issue examined in this case study is appropriation and transition of the Hindu religious and cultural practice of yoga for mass adoption in the West.
• Hinduism Beliefs and Western Philosophy of Religion The Ramayana is an epic poem by Valmiki, and it majors on the life of the Kosala Prince, Rama, by exploring how his father, King Dasaratha, kicked him out of the kingdom and his adventures […]
• Hinduism and Buddhism: Definition and Comparison The only technique required in this context is wouldevotion.’ The followers of this religious group are required to demonstrate outstanding devotion as they strive to serve their religious faiths.
• Hinduism and Its Understandings of the Divine Vishnu – known as the “preserver”, Vishnu is credited as being the protector of the world as we know it and is responsible for the restoration of moral order in society.
• Hinduism Philosophy in “The Upanishads” The following paper will discuss the relationship between Atman and Brahman in “The Upanishads”, observe the tractate’s perspective regarding pantheism or panentheism, and explain differences between both higher and lower selves to prove that the […]
• Zoroastrianism and Hinduism Religious Practices The religion set forth in the Zend-Avesta bases its teachings on the concept of struggle between good and evil. Once ranked as the most influential religions in the world, Zoroastrianism started fading during the turn […]
• Religious Studies Discussion: Hinduism and Buddhism It is believed that Hinduism evolved and later spread to other areas in India. In conclusion, the objectives and practices of Hinduism and Buddhism are similar in many ways.
• Religious Teachings: Jainism vs. Buddhism and Hinduism The Jains believe in the existence of a divine being, and they attribute the forces that govern their fate in life to the Supreme Being.
• Hinduism Religion: Food and Asceticism The concept of meagerness asserts the need to supply the body with “just enough food to sustain the body for the service for which it is made”. Food is an important part of the Hindu […]
• Islam and Hinduism Development in India There are various reasons that led to the flourishing of Hinduism and Islam in the country while Christianity and Buddhism took a beating in the country.
• Women Status in Hinduism and Islam This paper explores the meaning of women in Hinduism and Islam and the possible sources of such aggressive opposition to gender equality in some areas of Hindu and Islamic majority countries.
• Hinduism and Judaism’ Religions: Practices and Rituals Practices and rituals signify the activities that the followers of a religion are required to engage in. Practices and rituals are the physical manifestations of the activities of religion.
• Religious Studies: Hinduism and Buddhism Samsara refers to the processor rebirth whereby the individual is reincarnated in a succession of lives. This is what has led to the many differences that arise, causing Buddhism to be viewed as a religious […]
• Three Concepts of Hinduism Tradition The concept mainly involves the ability of an individual to do the right thing both in the family and beyond the universe.
• Contemporary Accounts of Nature and Grace: Karl Rahner’s Christian Theology and Hindu Theology The studies have helped in the elimination of stereotypes against the followers of Hindu religion and encouraged Christian thinkers to reflect on the foundations of their religious beliefs through the motifs of Hindu.
• Comparison Between Hinduism and Buddhism The Afghans, Persians, and Arabs first used the term “Hindu” to denote the inhabitants of the aforementioned regions. The aspect of worship is one of the most vital religious practices in Hinduism.
• Interactions between Hinduism and Modernity Hinduism which is one of the religions in the world has a lot of interactions with the modern world despite being an ancient religion.
• Hinduism’s Religion and Its Scriptures The scriptures that determined the practices of Rishis are regarded as the basis of the religion of Hinduism. Irrespective of the differences in religious practices among different sections of the Hindu, the perception of the […]
• The Concept of Hinduism Religion All the different denominations endorse the belief in the Brahman which is the ultimate reality seen as the universal soul as well as the individual soul called Aatman.
• Hinduism and the Issue of Mortality In discussing the concept of mortality in Hinduism, it is vital to appreciate the fact that liberation of the souls ensures that life remains permanent, before death and after the natural process of recuperation.
• Evil in the Theology and Practice of Hinduism and Christianity To understand the concept of evil in Hinduism one should understand the meaning the concept of karma, which is believed to be one of the simplest and at the same time one of the most […]
• The History of Judaism and Hinduism This essay aims at providing a brief history of Judaism as well as Hinduism in an attempt to provide a better understanding of the similarities and differences of the two religions from their places of […]
• The Confluence of Buddhism and Hinduism in India The basis of Buddhism is found in the answers to two questions that Gautama attempted to answer. Buddhism was spread to other parts of the world with different doctrines and beliefs.
• Hinduism’s Main Principles Overall, one can identify the following characteristics of Hinduism, namely the acceptance of different religious views, the belief in reincarnation of soul, and the idea that God can take many different forms.
• Buddhism & Hinduism: Comparisons and Contractions To start with the two religions share many things in their beliefs in that they both believe in rebirth which is determined by the actions one does in the daily life.
• Buddhism and Hinduism Thus it is each individuals role to return the soul but this is not possible because of the sins and impurities one becomes exposed to once living in this world and since the process of […]
• A Brief Comparison of Native American Religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Confucianism, and Taoism
• A History of the Ancient Cultures and Religions of Hinduism and Greek Rationalism
• The Diffferences In Marriage Between Islam And Hinduism
• A Look at the Beliefs of Karma, Reincarnation, Samsara and Enlightenment as Depicted in Hinduism, Buddhism and Taoism
• An Analysis of the Beliefs, Rituals of Life, Worship, Holy Books and Pilgrimage in Hinduism
• Comparison between the Beliefs and Ideas of Plato, Freud and Hinduism
• The Significance of Cow Protection and Vegetarianism in Hinduism
• An Analysis of the Similarities and Differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian Civilizations, and the Religion of Hinduism
• Hinduism is an Umbrella Term for a Group of Similar Religions
• An Overview of the Origins and Examples of Buddhism and Hinduism in the United States
• Compare and Contrast the Role of Women in the Following Belief Systems Buddhism Christianity Confucianism Hinduism
• Cultural Influences on Economic Thought in India: Resistance to diffusion of neo-classical economics and the principles of Hinduism
• The Funeral/Burial Rituals Of The Hinduism Tradition
• Evaluation of the Principle of Ahimsa is Hinduism’s Greatest Gift to the World
• Explain the Impact on Hinduism of One Significant Person or School of Thought Other Than the Vedas
• Hinduism and Its Relation to the Indus Valley Civilization
• The Central Scriptures in Hinduism, the Role of the Caste System in India, the Path to Moksha in Hinduism, and the Gods and Goddesses in Hinduism
• Hinduism Composition – Religious beliefs Religious Values Spirituality Works
• How Buddhism and Hinduism Share a Belief That Life Suffering is Caused by Desire
• The Diwali Festival, Its Importance to Hinduism, and Pollution in Diwali
• Major Gods of Hinduism
• The Different Reactions of Women and Dalits to the Persecution by Religion, Hinduism, and Society in Hinduism
• Women Of Hinduism : A Religious And Cultural Tradition Of India
• The Idea of Human Perfection in Three Major Eastern Religions of Hinduism, Buddhism and Daoism
• Yoga And Hinduism
• The Similarities between Hinduism and Greek Mythology and Their Rulers of All Gods Indra and Zeus
• Considering that Hinduism lacks a uniting belief system, what makes up the Hindu religion?
• Why Hinduism Does not Have a Founder and a Common Scripture?
• Are Hinduism’s Practices Philosophical or Strictly Religious?
• How Hinduism is Very Different from Christianity and Other Western Religions?
• What Are the Core Moral Teachings of Hinduism and Budhism? On What Are They Based?
• How Rituals Permit the Practice of Worship in Hinduism?
• What Everyone Needs to Know About Hinduism the Sacred Cow?
• Why Rama is the Most Popularly Worshiped Deity in Hinduism
• What is a Worldview and Compare and contrast Hinduism to a Biblical Christian?
• How Buddhism and Hinduism Are Alike and Are Also Different?
• How Buddhism and Hinduism Share a Belief That Life Suffering Is Caused by Desire?
• How Did the Revival of Hinduism Influence Buddhist Followers?
• How Christianity and Hinduism Contribute to World Peace?
• How Does Sibi Reflects the Values Shown in Hinduism?
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Visiting Sleeping Beauties: Reawakening Fashion?

You must join the virtual exhibition queue when you arrive. If capacity has been reached for the day, the queue will close early.

Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Essays

Hinduism and hindu art.

Krishna Killing the Horse Demon Keshi

Standing Four-Armed Vishnu

Linga with Face of Shiva (Ekamukhalinga)

Standing Parvati

Shiva as Lord of Dance (Nataraja)

Standing Ganesha

Standing Female Deity, probably Durga

Ardhanarishvara (Composite of Shiva and Parvati)

Vaikuntha Vishnu

Krishna on Garuda

Durga as Slayer of the Buffalo Demon Mahishasura

Seated Ganesha

Kneeling Female Figure

Hanuman Conversing

The Goddess Durga Slaying the Demon Buffalo Mahisha

Loving Couple (Mithuna)

Karaikkal Ammaiyar, Shaiva Saint

Vidya Dehejia Department of Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University

February 2007

According to the Hindu view, there are four goals of life on earth, and each human being should aspire to all four. Everyone should aim for dharma , or righteous living; artha , or wealth acquired through the pursuit of a profession; kama , or human and sexual love; and, finally, moksha , or spiritual salvation.

This holistic view is reflected as well as in the artistic production of India. Although a Hindu temple is dedicated to the glory of a deity and is aimed at helping the devotee toward moksha , its walls might justifiably contain sculptures that reflect the other three goals of life. It is in such a context that we may best understand the many sensuous and apparently secular themes that decorate the walls of Indian temples.

Hinduism is a religion that had no single founder, no single spokesman, no single prophet. Its origins are mixed and complex. One strand can be traced back to the sacred Sanskrit literature of the Aryans, the Vedas, which consist of hymns in praise of deities who were often personifications of the natural elements. Another strand drew on the beliefs prevalent among groups of indigenous peoples, especially the faith in the power of the mother goddess and in the efficacy of fertility symbols. Hinduism, in the form comparable to its present-day expression, emerged at about the start of the Christian era, with an emphasis on the supremacy of the god Vishnu, the god Shiva, and the goddess Shakti (literally, “Power”).

The pluralism evident in Hinduism, as well as its acceptance of the existence of several deities, is often puzzling to non-Hindus. Hindus suggest that one may view the Infinite as a diamond of innumerable facets. One or another facet—be it Rama, Krishna, or Ganesha—may beckon an individual believer with irresistible magnetism. By acknowledging the power of an individual facet and worshipping it, the believer does not thereby deny the existence of many aspects of the Infinite and of varied paths toward the ultimate goal.

Deities are frequently portrayed with multiple arms, especially when they are engaged in combative acts of cosmic consequence that involve destroying powerful forces of evil. The multiplicity of arms emphasizes the immense power of the deity and his or her ability to perform several feats at the same time. The Indian artist found this a simple and an effective means of expressing the omnipresence and omnipotence of a deity. Demons are frequently portrayed with multiple heads to indicate their superhuman power. The occasional depiction of a deity with more than one head is generally motivated by the desire to portray varying aspects of the character of that deity. Thus, when the god Shiva is portrayed with a triple head, the central face indicates his essential character and the flanking faces depict his fierce and blissful aspects.

The Hindu Temple Architecture and sculpture are inextricably linked in India . Thus, if one speaks of Indian architecture without taking note of the lavish sculptured decoration with which monuments are covered, a partial and distorted picture is presented. In the Hindu temple , large niches in the three exterior walls of the sanctum house sculpted images that portray various aspects of the deity enshrined within. The sanctum image expresses the essence of the deity. For instance, the niches of a temple dedicated to a Vishnu may portray his incarnations; those of a temple to Shiva , his various combative feats; and those of a temple to the Great Goddess, her battles with various demons. Regional variations exist, too; in the eastern state of Odisha, for example, the niches of a temple to Shiva customarily contain images of his family—his consort, Parvati, and their sons, Ganesha, the god of overcoming obstacles, and warlike Skanda.

The exterior of the halls and porch are also covered with figural sculpture. A series of niches highlight events from the mythology of the enshrined deity, and frequently a place is set aside for a variety of other gods. In addition, temple walls feature repeated banks of scroll-like foliage, images of women, and loving couples known as mithunas . Signifying growth, abundance, and prosperity, they were considered auspicious motifs.

Dehejia, Vidya. “Hinduism and Hindu Art.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/hind/hd_hind.htm (February 2007)

Further Reading

Dehejia, Vidya. Indian Art . London: Phaidon, 1997.

Eck, Diana L. Darsan: Seeing the Divine Image in India. 2d ed . Chamberburg, Pa.: Anima Books, 1985.

Michell, George. The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms. Reprint . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

Mitter, Partha. Indian Art . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Additional Essays by Vidya Dehejia

• Dehejia, Vidya. “ Buddhism and Buddhist Art .” (February 2007)
• Dehejia, Vidya. “ Recognizing the Gods .” (February 2007)
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• Essay on Hinduism

Essay On Hinduism

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Hinduism , Religion , Community , India , Democracy , Ethics , Life , Belief

Words: 1000

Published: 11/14/2019

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Introduction

Hinduism is one of the most prime and indigenous religion of the Hindus. It stands as one of the oldest and distinctive religious traditions owing to the fact that its origins are not founded on prophetic ways compared to religions such as Christianity, Islam and Buddhism (Flood 23). In addition, the distinctiveness of Hinduism is based on the fact that its teachings of a particular prophet or any dogmas that were preached by a given people, implying that it is a religion that is free from devotion. This essay attempts to analyze the religion of Hinduism by putting into consideration the characteristics that are common to all religious traditions.

Hinduism embraces the aspect of sacrifices as a form of thanksgiving through the Yagna, which is beseeched by priests who are qualified, as a form of worship whereby the offerings are made to the various goddesses in a prearranged and methodical manner. The priests usually serve to assist the worshipper to achieve some certain desired life outcomes, which may be the welfare of the individual, the society as a whole or a particular group of people. Yagna can take various forms with the simplest being the lighting of a sacred fire, after which offerings are poured to the sacred fire. Sacrifices are in the form of selected food substances and animals that are selected by the qualified priests. The fundament belief of Hinduism is that the religion believes in the value of sacrifice and the aspect of merit, which are attained after the undertaking of charity works in order to reduce suffering during the afterlife (Knott 89).

The second aspect of Hinduism is that it is entails various rituals, which are conducted depending on the objective such as, worship and thanksgiving among many other reasons. A significant characteristic of Hinduism religion is the distinction between purity and pollution. An important aspect of Hinduism is that the practitioner of the rituals must neutralize his impurities before undertaking any form of ritualistic practices. Just like many religions, purification in Hinduism is often done using water. Some of the forms of rituals practiced in Hinduism include meditation, the chanting of mantras, reciting scripts from religious scriptures, and so many others (Senker 120).

Beliefs also form an integral element of Hinduism. Beliefs can be defined as particular concepts that the members of a religious group uphold to foster their well being and a sensitivity of security. With respect to Hinduism, its practitioners hold the view that it evolved organically by use of intrinsic innovation and incorporation of external traditions into the Hindu way of life. The outcome of this is that the religion spread its wings into the entire sub continent of India. An important belief in Hinduism is that it guarantees total freedom of worship. According to Hinduism, the world is perceived as a single family that adores the single truth; as a result, Hinduism embraces all other forms of beliefs, and ignores other religious beliefs that attempt to divide the one identity (Narayanan 89). Some of the most common beliefs in Hinduism include the Dharma, which specifies the ethics and duties; the Karma, which specifies the actions and their respective reactions; the Yogas, which identifies various paths and many more beliefs.

Ethical codes are another integral characteristic of Hinduism, whereby the religion principally focuses on ethical discipline at various levels. Ethical codes are the fundamental building blocks of the various religious philosophies of the Hindu religion. According to Hinduism, ethics helps a religious practitioner in the progress of religious path. For example, the Moshka presupposes that any individual who upholds a religious life achieves freedom (Knott 100).

Hinduism also offers explanation for various supernatural and natural phenomenons that the religion holds on to. For instance, a fundamental explanation for its existence bases on the concept of organic evolution and the spread into the sub continent of India, which resulted to the embracement of religious diversity (Flood 58). Basing on the fact that Hinduism is based on the concept of total freedom of worship; the religion provides an explanation for almost all the religious aspects and the being of their deity’s.

Spirituality is also an important aspect of Hinduism, as evident by their religious beliefs regarding the distinction between the physical life and after life. Hinduism approach to after life is based on the perception that peace during after life is achieved by undertaking good deeds in the physical life. Hinduism teachings have a clear distinction of the relationship that exists between the physical world and the human soul, owing to the fact that the development of the afterlife is determined by the deeds that a person undertakes in the physical world (Senker 74).

With respect to the explanation of the purpose of human existence in Hinduism, the objectives of human life are divided into four fundamental stages, which are Dharma, which a stage of righteousness; Artha, which is a stage of wealth and livelihood; Kama, which is a stage of sensual pleasure; and Moksa, which is a stage of liberation and freedom. The goal of life in Hinduism is usually determined by the paths outlined in the Yoga. A mythical perspective towards Hinduism is also an important characteristic in the religion. Hinduism has its own creation story, just like other religions (Narayanan 89).

Despite the vast differences with other religions in terms of the characteristics that are common to all religions, an important aspect of Hinduism is its concept of total freedom of religion, in the sense that it embraces all other religious forms that encourage unity in divinity and dismisses religious beliefs that are out to seek division in the cause of divinity.

Works cited

Flood, Gavin. An introduction to Hinduism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Knott, Kim. Hinduism: a very short introduction. Oxford : University Press, 2000. Narayanan, Vasudha. Hinduism. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, , 2009. Senker, Cath. Hinduism: Signs, Symbols, and Stories. New York : The Rosen Publishing Group, 2009.

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Hinduism summary

Learn about the branches and basic beliefs of hinduism.

Hinduism , Oldest of the world’s major religions. It evolved from the Vedic religion of ancient India. The major branches of Hinduism are Vaishnavism and Shaivism, each of which includes many different sects. Though the various sects each rely on their own set of scriptures, they all revere the ancient Vedas, which were likely composed about the mid-2nd millennium bce . The philosophical Vedic texts called the Upanishad s explored the search for knowledge that would allow humankind to escape the cycle of reincarnation . Fundamental to Hinduism is the belief in a cosmic principle of ultimate reality called brahman and its identity with the individual soul, or atman . All creatures go through a cycle of rebirth, or samsara, which can be broken only by spiritual self-realization, after which liberation, or moksha , is attained. The principle of karma determines a being’s status within the cycle of rebirth. The Hindu deities having the widest following are Vishnu and Shiva , who are worshipped in various avatars, or incarnations. The goddess Durga also has a wide following. The major sources of classical stories about the gods are the Mahabharata (which includes the Bhagavadgita , one of the most important religious texts of Hinduism), the Ramayana , and the Puranas. Historically, the hierarchical social structure of the caste system was also important in Hinduism. In the 20th century Hinduism blended with Indian nationalism to become a powerful political force in Indian politics. In the early 21st century there were more than 850 million Hindus worldwide.

Can I write an essay about Hinduism?

In this lesson, we are going to be writing an essay about Hinduism, based on the knowledge we have acquired throughout the unit.

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• Pupils will review and bring together their knowledge to write a synoptic essay aimed at answering the question of: What makes Hinduism unique?

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Hinduism - Free Essay Examples and Topic Ideas

Hinduism, one of the seasoned beliefs, indicated by several academics, by roots and customs going back over 4,000 years. Since the faith has no particular founder, it’s hard to follow the aforementioned starting points. Hinduism is an assembly of various customs and methods of reasoning. Researchers think Hinduism began anywhere near 2300 B.C and 1500 B.C. around the Indus Valley, close to Pakistan. In any case, numerous Hindus contend that their belief is ageless and has consistently existed.

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Content of Vedas

Hindus hold several blessed works instead of one blessed book. The essential holy messages, called the Vedas, created approximately 1500 B.C. This range of choruses and songs was authored in Sanskrit and comprises disclosures by early holy people and thinkers. There are two fundamental classifications of strict messages inside this tremendous range, Shruti (uncovered) and Smrti (recollected). Shruti for the foremost part alludes to the Vedas, the Brahmanas, and therefore the Upanishads; some Hindus additionally demand the Bhagavad Gita as Shruti. Smrti regularly alludes to everything else. Hindus accept that the Vedas rise above unequaled and do not have a start or a conclusion. The era when the Vedas were created got called the ‘Vedic Period’ and kept going from around 1500 B.C. to 500 B.C. Ceremonies, as an example, forfeits and reciting, were regular within the Vedic Era. The literary convention of Hinduism incorporates a practically deep range of oral and composed sacred texts that incorporate fantasies, ceremonies, philosophical hypothesis, reverential sonnets and tunes, neighborhood accounts, etc.

‘Culmination’ of the Vedas

The Vedas structure the establishment of Hinduism, the bedrock whereupon the entire convention is assembled. Even though Hindus of various schools and various organizations regularly adjust to several writings, for all objectives and purposes all Hindus perceive the legitimizing power of the Vedas. They together contain over 1,000 songs of acknowledgment routed to the divine beings, likewise explain directions on the foremost proficient method to steer amends to those tremendous beings, and a huge body of legends. Every Veda, thusly, has four divisions. The essential division is thought to be the Samhita, which is just the Vedic content. The opposite three divisions—the Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads—are critiques and elaborations on the essential Vedic content.

Although remembered for the Vedas, the Upanishads are fairly un-Vedic sacred manuscripts. The key Upanishads, of which there are generally thirteen, were presumably created somewhere within the range of 800 and 100 B.C.E. The Upanishads are normally comprehended by the Hindu custom as an expansion of the Vedas; they’re likewise noted, on the entire, as Vedanta, the ‘culmination’ of the Vedas. Be that because it may, the Upanishads fundamentally dismiss a major number of Vedic beliefs and traditions. The Upanishads to a good extent dismiss the various gods of the Vedas, contending that each one amongst the one gets from such custom is progressively material. The elders who created the Upanishads probe for something else—extreme, unceasing salvation. Along these lines, they place a solitary, interminable, generic grand power that quickens and saturates the entire universe—Brahman.

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NICEP 2024-08: Transfers and the rise of Hindu nationalism in India

In democracies with widespread poverty, what is the impact of programmatic transfers on voting and on incumbent power? This paper provides the first village-level quasiexperimental evidence on this for India, in the context of the Hindu-nationalist party in power. First, I provide a novel method for linking Indian villages to polling booths and for obtaining village-level electoral data. Second, focusing on a program which transfers development funds to villages with a high share of disadvantaged castes, I use a discontinuity design to identify the effects of both past and promised transfers on voting in India’s largest state. Promised transfers increase village turnout slightly but neither treatment impact the villages’ vote share for the Hindu-nationalist incumbent, which is high across the board. The results suggest that political competition limits the impact of programmatic transfers on voting behavior, and they shed light on the recent slide to ethnic nationalism in the world’s largest democracy.

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• Why India should create dozens of new states

The success of Telangana, the youngest, shows the benefits

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A decade ago the Union of India welcomed into the fold its newest member: the state of Telangana. Of India’s then 29 states, it ranked 12th by population, 11th by area and 10th by per-person income. One of those rankings has since changed dramatically. By last year Telangana had shot up to boast the highest per-person income of any decent-size state, behind only tiny Sikkim and Goa.

That is not all. In the past decade the state’s GDP growth has outperformed India as a whole. With just 2.7% of India’s population, its share of the country’s annual output has increased nearly a fifth, to 4.8%. Hyderabad, its economic powerhouse, is a multilingual, multireligious metropolis with an abundance of high-tech jobs, including the largest Amazon office anywhere. Microsoft and Google are expanding their already substantial presence in the city. It is also a pharma hub. What is Telangana’s recipe for success?

The story of Telangana’s independence starts in 1956, when the region became part of a new Telugu-speaking state called Andhra Pradesh, or AP (see map). They shared a language, but the two had different histories, cuisines and dialects. Tensions soon rose, as Telugus from coastal regions came to dominate business and politics in Hyderabad, the capital. Telanganites insisted they were being discriminated against. A decades-long agitation for statehood culminated in its creation by an act of India’s Parliament in 2014.

The very fact of being new is one benefit of state formation. In 2000 India created three new states, hiving off chunks from unwieldy giants. For several years the new entities did better economically than the rumps they left behind. Yet that Telangana would thrive was not foretold (none of the other newish states sustained their early momentum). It was the poorer part of the state from which it was carved out. Unlike other prosperous southern states, it is landlocked. It still has only one airport. With the exception of Hyderabad, it lacks any cities of size. Many foresaw economic difficulties, even unrest.

K. Chandrashekar Rao, better known as KCR , had led the movement for statehood. But as the first chief minister of the new entity, he had to transition to governing. “There were a lot of apprehensions,” says K.T. Rama Rao, KCR ’s son and a minister in that government (he is known, inevitably, as KTR ). People worried that “these guys were running amok in the street… can they actually come govern?” The new government proved practical, reassuring businesses that their interests were safe. There were no reprisals against the Andhraite-dominated business community.

The moment of founding has a clarifying effect, says Suyash Rai of Carnegie India, a think-tank in Delhi, causing elites to think: “We need to get our act together…so the state becomes a stable political and economic entity.” There is immense pressure on leaders to prove themselves, both to voters and to their detractors. Having something to prove had “a lot” to do with the government’s thinking, says KTR .

Another advantage of new states is that they may have greater leeway to experiment. Upon creation, Telangana immediately set about making itself attractive to investors. Many Indian states eager to rise up ease-of-doing-business rankings promise “single-window clearance” for businesses to deal with the bureaucracy. But the process is still a painful mess, with multiple departments working to their own timelines. Telangana’s innovation was to do away with many requirements and promise approvals within 15 days. Such ideas were “only possible because we were a new state, and there was no legacy to pull you down”, says Jayesh Ranjan, a senior bureaucrat who was involved in drafting the policies. “Everything was a clean slate.”

Lastly, carving smaller chunks out of India’s bigger states—undivided AP was the fourth-largest by area—allows politicians and officials to more carefully tackle local issues. On a practical level, it also eases travel and administration. In Telangana the government focused on long-standing grouses: power, water and funds. Electricity generation capacity expanded from 7.8 GW to 19.5 GW between 2014 and 2023. Several projects to boost water for drinking and irrigation were put in motion. Welfare schemes for farmers were rolled out.

To be sure, Telangana had an advantage: Hyderabad. N. Chandrababu Naidu, chief minister of the undivided state between 1995 and 2004, had positioned himself as a tech-savvy leader, earning the city the nickname “Cyberabad”. KCR ’s government doubled down on the tech-first strategy. According to a state-government report, IT exports more than quadrupled to 2.4trn rupees ($29bn) between 2014 and 2023, and IT jobs nearly tripled to 900,000.

Yet the dominance of Hyderabad alienated rural voters. Per-person income in its tech district is over twice the state average and five times that of its poorest district. Undernutrition among children has risen. Telangana’s voters showed the door to KCR at elections last year. He should have seen it coming: 20 years ago undivided AP booted out the urbane Mr Naidu in favour of a rival promising more evenly spread prosperity. (The rump of AP also grew robustly since bifurcation but lavished spending on handouts. Its fiscal deficit is nearly twice Telangana’s. This month voters brought Mr Naidu back from opposition.)

Telangana’s new government, led by the Congress party, has made it a priority to encourage growth elsewhere. It plans to promote investment outside Hyderabad. At the same time it has signalled that it will not reverse policies that are working well. Telangana’s record as a new state is impressive. But the real work to ensure its long-term prosperity—and strengthen the case for new states—is only beginning. ■

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This article appeared in the Asia section of the print edition under the headline “Here’s a model”

Asia June 22nd 2024

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Bandu’s Blockbusters for June 23, 2024

Guess the stock that will give the best return by next friday.

By BL Research Bureau

On April 1, four years ago, piqued by the incessant jokes in the village at his expense, Bandu Barve decided he’d had enough. It was time for him to turn ‘smart’. His dead granny’s voice rang in his ears — “Read the papers, Bandya, they tell you all.”

So, off went Bandu to the stash of newspapers on his father’s desk. As luck would have it, the first paper Bandu got his hands on was the hindu businessline . The stock recos, in particular, had him in thrall. Soon, Bandu metamorphosed into an ace investor and trader.

These days, Bandu picks five stocks each Sunday, which he believes will be blockbusters over the next week. Here’s your chance to match step with Bandu.

Guess the stock that will give the best return by next Friday (BSE prices). By this Wednesday noon, mail us your pick and its expected price rise to [email protected] with your name, mobile number and address. One lucky winner will get a prize of ₹2,000.

Bandu’s picks

Kalyan Jewellers

Poly Medicure

KPIT Technologies

Last week’s winner: Hina Bheda

Last week’s winning stock: Elgi Equipments

Closing price (June 14): ₹687

Closing price (June 21): ₹737.35

Return: 7.33 per cent

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