techniques in UAE classrooms: A thesis in teaching English to speakers of other languages
: master's thesis
: American University of Sharjah
: Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Document Example:
Proper Bibliographic Reference Format:
Bibliographic references are double-spaced and indented half an inch after the first line.
Use italics and "sentence-style" capitalization for dissertation / thesis titles.
Identify the work as a doctoral dissertation / master’s thesis in parentheses after the title.
Sabbagh, S. A. (2009). Investigating oral presentation skills and non-verbal communication techniques in UAE classrooms: A thesis in teaching English to speakers of other languages (master’s thesis). American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
In-Text Citations:
Citations are placed in the context of discussion using the author’s last name and date of publication.
(Sabbagh, 2009)
Alternatively, you can integrate the citation into the sentence by means of narrative.
Sabbagh (2009) compares a variety of oral presentation techniques.
Use a 1/2" indent for every paragraph and footnote.
Indent set-off quotations 1/2" from the left margin.
Text Formatting
Use 12 pt Times New Roman font.
Do not justify the text or use hyphenation.
commas, colons, and semicolons;
periods that separate parts of a reference citation
periods following the initials in personal names (e.g., J. R. Zhang) (American Psychological Association, 2010, pp. 87-88).
Do not insert space after periods in abbreviations or around colons in ratios
Space twice after punctuation marks at the end of a sentence
Page Header (Running Head)
Include a running head on every page.
Page number should be flush right.
Type the entire title in capital letters. Title should be flush left.
Shorten the title if necessary. It cannot exceed more than 50 characters.
Actual words "Running head" only appear on title page
Title should not include abbreviations or exceed more than 12 words.
Title should be typed using upper and lower case letters.
Center the title and position in the upper half of the page.
Center the author's name directly under the title.
Format the name omitting titles (Dr, Prof, etc.) and degrees: First name, middle initial, last name.
Center the institutional affiliation directly under the author's name.
Author's notes are not required for dissertations and theses.
Introduction
Begin introduction on a new page.
Identify it with the running head or abbreviated title and the page number.
Type the title of the manuscript in upper and lower case letters, centered, at the top of the page.
The summary itself should be single spaced without indentation.
References (Reference Page)
Starts on new page
The word "References" should appear (without quotation marks) centered at the top of the page
Double-space all reference entries
Use a hanging indent for reference- first line of each reference is flush with the left margin while subsequent lines are indented.
Use footnotes to provide additional content or acknowledge copyright permission
Content footnotes convey just one idea and only include simple, relevant or essential information
Use a footnote to acknowledge the source of lengthy quotes, scale adn test items, and figures or tables that have been reproduced or adapted
Number all footnotes consecutively in the order they appear, use superscript Arabic numerals within the text
Begin each appendix on a new page.
Center the word Appendix and the identifying capital letter (A, B, etc.) at the top of the page.
Center the title of the appendix, and use upper and lower case letters.
Begin the text of the appendix flush left, followed by indented paragraphs.
Adapted from American Psychologial Association (2010) Publication manual (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychologial Association
APA Quick Answers- Formatting Find quick answers to basic APA formatting directly from APA Style
The correct form of abbreviation must be used in reference lists:
chap.
chapter
ed.
edition
Rev. ed.
Revised edition
2nd ed.
second edition
Ed. (Eds.)
Editor (Editors)
Trans.
Translators
n.d.
no date
p. (pp.)
Page (pages)
Vol.
Volume (as in Vol. 4)
Vols.
Volumes (as in 4 vols.)
No.
Number
Pt.
Part
Tech. Rep.
Technical Report
Suppl.
supplement
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Last Updated: Sep 22, 2022 11:20 AM
URL: https://libguides.usc.edu/APA-citation-style
APA Style (6th ed.)
Position of the citation
Secondary Referencing
Date of Publication
Page numbers
Citing Sources Multiple Times
Citing from Web pages
Paraphrasing and Summarising
Reference Lists and Bibliographies
Examples of References in APA (6th ed.) style
Examples of References in APA style (6th edition)
Examples of References in APA style
APA Reference Examples A-Z
Comparison of 6th and 7th editions of APA
Setting the Bibliographic Style
Inserting In-text Citations
How to create a Reference List
Managing Sources
Editing Citations
Updating your Reference list
Find Sources
Evaluate Sources
Write the Reference
Write the Annotation
Examples of Annotations
Journal Articles
Web pages and social media
Newspaper articles
Dictionary or Encyclopaedia
Thesis or dissertation.
Reports and Datasets
Conferences
Images, figures and tables
Exhibitions
Audiovisual and Digital Media
Lecture Notes and Presentations
Author/Editor (Surname, Initials) ,
(Year of publication).
Title (in italics) .
Edition (other than first edition) .
Place of publication: Publisher.
An e-book retrieved from an academic database that does not have a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is referenced as though it were the print version, as above. (A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the internet. DOIs can be found in database records and the reference lists of published works).
Books with a URL or a DOI can be referenced like this:
Author/editor (Surname, Initials)
(Year of publication)
Title of book (in italics)
(Edition) (if not the 1st edition)
DOI or Retrieved from URL
Book Chapter
Author of chapter/section (Surname, Initials)
‘Title of chapter/section’.
‘In:’ followed by author/editor of book, (in direct order)
Title of book (in italics) .
(Page reference).
Place of publication: Publisher,
Journal article (print)
Author(s) (Surname, Initials)
Title of article
Title of journal (in italics, first letter of each word should be capitalised, except for words such as and, of, the)
Issue information (volume, issue, pages) (volume in italics)
Journal article (online)
Title of article.
Title of journal (in italics, first letter of each word should be capitalised, except for words such as and, of, the)
Issue information (date, volume, issue no., pages) (volume in italics)
Retrieved from: URL
Journal article (database without DOI)
Journal articles retrieved from databases without a DOI can be referenced like a print journal, as above.
Journal article (with DOI)
Issue information (date, volume , issue no., pages) (volume in italics)
Journal article (more than 7 authors)
List the first six authors followed by three spaced ellipsis points (...) and then the last author's name.
Journal article (pre-publication)
“Pre-print”, “In press” and “advanced online publication” usually refer to articles that have been accepted for publication, but may not yet have been assigned to a publication volume/issue. These articles can be cited using the year of online publication and the DOI.
Issue information (date, volume, issue no., pages) (if any available)
Advance online publication.
arXiv is a collection facility for scientific 'e-prints'. Some of them have been published and some have not. APA recommends updating your references when you're close to finishing your assignment. If you've cited a preprint that has since been published, cite the published journal article.
In the example below, you will see that the title is in italics. This is because it hasn't yet been accepted in a journal and is, therefore, considered a stand-alone work.
Journal Article (with article numbers, not page numbers)
If the journal article has an article number instead of a page range, include the word “Article” and then the article number instead of the page range.
Journal Title (in italics)
Volume , (in italics)
Article number
Magazine Article
(Year of publication, Month day)
Title of magazine (in italics, first letter of each word should be capitalised, except for words such as and, of, the)
Author (Surname, Initials or Organisation name)
(Year) (Month Day, if applicable).
Title of webpage (in italics)
If no date can be established, use n.d. to indicate no date in the citation and the reference.
Author of message
(Year, Month Day).
Title of message
[Blog post]
Author (surname followed by initials) and/or [screen name]
(Year, Month day) tweet posted
full text of tweet (If a tweet is longer than 40 words, write the first 40 words)
Author and/or [given name]
(Year, month day)
Title of page or post
[Facebook status update].
For individual authors, provide their full first name in square brackets after their initial as this is their social media identity information.
For the title, provide the name of the page or the content or caption of the post (up to the first 40 words).
LinkedIn Profile
Author (name associated with the account)
Title of page ( Use the page title in the reference (e.g., “Home,” “About,” “Jobs”).)
[LinkedIn page].
Retrieved date from: URL ( Provide a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and is not archived)
Author and/or [screen name]
(Year posted, month day)
Content of the post (up to the first 20 words)
[Photograph]
Retrieved from URL
Author and/or [Username]
Content of the post up to the first 20 words. Count a URL or other link, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words. Do not italicize emojis.
[Video] description of the audiovisuals
Wikipedia is a free online encyclopaedia, created and edited by volunteers around the world. It is not a scholarly source, so your lecturer may not be happy for you to use it as a source in your assignments. Scholarly assignments should generally rely on peer-reviewed and other scholarly work vetted by experts in the field. However, it may be a good starting point for you in your research to find citations to original source materials that you do want to use.
Wikipedia is a constantly changing site, so cite an archived version of the page, if you can (select 'view history' and then the date of the version you used). If it doesn't have a permanent link to an archived version of the page, include a URL for the entry and the retrieval date. The retrieval date is always required because the source material may change over time. 'n.d.' is an abbreviation of 'no date' and it is used as Wikipedia is constantly changing.
Title of wiki (in italics)
Retrieved date, from URL
Newspaper article (print)
Author (Surname, Initials)
(Year of publication, Month day).
Title of article
Title of newspaper (in italics) .
Page reference.
Newspaper article (online)
Author of entry (if there is one) (Surname, initials)
Title of entry.
‘In:’ Editor (initial and surname) (Ed.)
Title of dictionary or encyclopaedia (in italics) .
(Edition, page numbers of entry)
Author (Surname, Initials)
(Year of submission).
Title of thesis (in italics) .
(Type of thesis or dissertation) e.g. Unpublished Master's thesis
Degree awarding body, location (if unpublished)
Name of database or archive, URL (if published)
Title of data (version) (in italics)
[Type of work] (i.e. dataset)
Government Publication
Name of Government Department
Title (in italics)
(Report Series and number) (if available)
Place of publication: Publisher (if in print)
URL (if online)
Company Report
Title of report . (in italics)
Place of Publication: Publisher or URL
Name of authority or organisation.
Number and title of standard (in italics) .
Place of publication: Publisher (if in print) .
URL (if accessed online)
Conference Paper (in edited book)
Title of the contribution paper
In: Name of editor or conference chair (Initial, Last name (Ed (s).)
Title of conference proceedings (in Italics)
(Page numbers)
Place of publication: Publisher
Conference Paper (Journal)
Author of paper
Title of paper
Title of Journal (in italics)
Issue information (volume, issue, date)
Conference Paper or Poster Presentation
(Year, month of conference).
Paper or Poster presented at Title of conference: Subtitle of conference
Images, illustrations, photos (print)
If you are citing an illustration, figure, diagram or table, start with the source in which it appeared. In your in-text citation, give the page number and any caption number that will help to identify the illustration, using the terminology in the book or article (for example, illus./fig./diagram/logo/table). The reference list entry will be for the whole article or book.
In-text citation:
Reference List:
In the reference list, you list the book in which the image is found:
When you include an image or photo in your text, as well as citing the source, you will also need to include a caption and list it in a Table of Figures ( click here for more information ). Images you created yourself don't have to be cited, but should still be included in the list of figures.
Image, illustration, photo or table (online)
Creator (Surname, initial(s))
[Internet handle] (if appropriate)
Title of image, figure, illustration or table
[Type of image]. (image, chart, diagram, graph, illustration or photograph)
Photographs (Online Collection)
Photographer
Title of photograph/video (or collection)
[Type of image].
If you viewed an image in person rather than online (e.g. in a museum or gallery), the source information is different. You will need to include the name and location of the institution where you viewed the image.
(Year of creation) (if available)
Title of the work (in italics)
[Format description] (in square brackets)
City, Country: Institution or collection that houses the work
If you haven't seen the artwork in person and saw it online, use the website in the location part of your reference.
Originator (Name of organisation)
Sheet number, scale.
Publisher (if different from author)
URL (if viewed online)
It can often be hard to find accurate information about images accessed online. However, if you do need to cite an image with no author, date or title listed, there are ways around this. For untitled images, include a description of the image, in square brackets, where the title would usually go. If there is no publication date, add “n.d.” in place of the date, and add the date that you accessed the image.
Curator(s) (Surname, Initial(s)) .
(Year or years ran).
Exhibition Title [Exhibition].
Museum name,
City, Country.
URL of exhibition website (if available)
When the curator is unknown, move the title of the exhibition to the author position of the reference.
Exhibition Catalogue
Artist (Surname, Initial) (or Gallery/Institution).
[Exhibition catalogue].
City of publication, Country/State: Publisher.
Director(s) (Surname, Initial) (Director) &
Producer(s) (Surname, Initial) (Producer)
(Year of original release).
[Description]. (e.g. Film)
Country of origin: studio.
Film (from Streaming Service)
(Year) (in round brackets)
Online Video
Creator (Surname, Initial). [Screen name].
(Year, Month day).
Title of video [Video file]
TV Programme
Producer(s) & Director(s)
(Year, Month day)
Title (in italics) [Television broadcast].
Place of broadcast: Name of broadcaster.
Episode of a TV Series
Writer (surname and initial(s)) & Director (surname and initial(s))
(Date of broadcast or copyright)
Title of episode [Television series episode]
Producer (initials and surname)
Series title (in italics)
Place of publication: Production company
Radio Programme (Online)
Presenter (Surname, Initial) (Host).
( Year, Month Day of broadcast).
Title of programme [Description i.e. Radio broadcast ].
Place of production: Broadcast channel.
Retrieved from URL (if heard online)
Name of primary contributor (Host or Producer)
Title of podcast (in italics)
Lecture Notes
Notes you took during a lecture or class handouts that are not posted online are not retrievable by someone else, so do not belong in your reference list. Instead, you treat them like personal communication and just refer to them in your text.
Lecture Notes or Powerpoint Slides (online)
Lecturer (Surname, Initial(s))
Course/Module and T it le of lecture [Lecture notes or PowerPoint slides]. (in italics)
Recorded Lectures/Talks
Author (Surname, Initial(s))
(Year, Month).
Title of lecture [file format].
Online Course or Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)
Instructor(s) (Surname, Initial(s))
(Year of course creation if known ).
Title of course [format].
Site that holds the course
Open Educational Resource
Author (Surname, Initial(s))
(Year added with Month day).
Retrieved date from URL
Vinyl
Music on CD or Vinyl
Writer ( Surname, Initial ).
Title of song
[Recorded by Artist (Initial, Surname or Band name, if different from writer) ].
Title of album (in italics)
[Medium of recording].
Location: Record Label.
Music Streaming
Name of artist.
Title of album/track (in italics)
[Description; Name of streaming service].
Record Label
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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2024 9:20 AM
URL: https://atlantictu.libguides.com/APA_Style6
APA Research Paper Formatting: APA 6th Edition Resources
Home of APA 7th Edition Resources
APA 6th Edition Resources
APA (American Psychological Association) style was developed by social and behavioral scientists to standardize scientific writing. It is used for term papers, research reports, empirical studies, literature reviews, theoretical articles, methodological articles, and case studies. (APA website)
Writers in the following disciplines usually use APA style:
Social sciences- psychology, sociology, economics, criminology
*IMPORTANT NOTE: In October 2019 the American Psychological Association released the latest edition of the APA format - the 7th edition. For Spring term 2021 many instructors will have shifted to using APA 7th edition, while some may still request (or allow) students to choose APA 6th edition. It would be a good idea to verify which edition your professor will be requiring.
As of January 2021, the APA citation generators in the Gale and Ebsco databases are formatting APA citations in 7th edition instead of 6th edition.
This Library Guide will also be updated throughout Spring 2021, to add additional resources for the 7th edition and links that should remain accessible for the 6th edition.
ALL RESOURCES ON THIS PAGE ARE FOR APA 6TH EDITION.
FOR 7TH EDITION RESOURCES, SEE THE 7TH EDITION TAB AT THE TOP OF THIS GUIDE.
APA - Publication Manual
(In 2021 most instructors will be using the 7th edition instead.)
APA 6th ed. Template & Paper Sample
APA 6th ed. Paper Sample (including headings)
APA Template - 6th Edition You are going to love this! Save this template somewhere safe or e-mail it to yourself. Then resave it immediately with the name of your new document. This will keep your template safe and ready to reuse again for future assignments.
How to Use the APA Template
How Do I Write a Thesis Statement?
Thesis Statement Help - Owl @ Purdue
Free Citation Creation Tools on the Web
BibMe BibMe is a free automatic bibliography generator that supports MLA, APA, Chicago, and Turabian formatting.
Citation Machine Select APA citation style. Then choose they type of resource to cite.
CiteFast APA citation generator. Choose APA tab at top (if not already selected). Then select the source to be cited.
KnightCite APA citation generator. Choose type of resource on the left.
How to Generate Citations Using CiteFast
Parenthetical References or In-text Citations
APA Parenthetical (In-text) Citations - Purdue OWL
APA Parenthetical (In-text) Citations - EasyBib
Everything APA - 6th Edition
APA Style - Official 6th Edition Archive
Purdue OWL - APA 6th ed.
APA Inclusive Language Guidelines
American Psychological Association's Inclusive Language Guidelines and related information can be found here: https://www.apa.org/about/apa/equity-diversity-inclusion/language-guidelines
<< Previous: Home of APA 7th Edition Resources
Last Updated: Feb 21, 2024 12:13 PM
URL: https://libguides.polk.edu/apa
Polk State College is committed to equal access/equal opportunity in its programs, activities, and employment. For additional information, visit polk.edu/compliance .
Fast and free citation generator APA 6th and 7th ed. • MLA 8th ed. • Chicago 16th ed.
Create Title Page
Style Guide
Manage Bibliographies
Mindfullness & COVID-19
General Format Rules
In-Text Citations
General Rules – Reference List
Encyclopedia & Dictionary
Government Publication
Social media
Dissertation/Thesis
Online Video
Audio/Podcast
Lecture notes
APA 6 Style Guide
Color Guide for Format
Blue text
Replace with information from source
Purple bold text
Text required by the APA style
[Gray text in brackets]
Tips
Thesis/Dissertation – APA Reference List
Capitalization.
The document title is in sentence case – Only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. Always capitalize the first word, the first word after a colon or a dash.
The title of the thesis or dissertation is in title case – Each word in the name is capitalized, except for articles (a, an, the), prepositions (against, between, in, of, to), conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet), and the infinitive 'to'.
Thesis/Dissertation – Unpublished/Print version
For papers written in United States list City and State. For countries outside United States list City and Country.
Author , A . A . ( Year ). Title of dissertation/thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation [OR] Unpublished master's thesis). Academic Institution , City , State [OR] Country .
Considine, M. (1986). Australian insurance politics in the 1970s: Two case studies . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Kassover,A. (1987). Treatment of abusive males: Voluntary vs. court-mandated referrals (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Nova University, Fort Lauderdale, FL.
Thesis/Dissertation – From a commercial database (e.g., ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database)
Author , A ( Year ). Title of dissertation/thesis (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Name of database . ( Accession or Order Number )
Cooley, T. (2009). Design, development, and implementation of a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): The Hartford Job Corps Academy case study (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3344745)
Thesis/Dissertation – Institutional Database (i.e. University website)
For U.S. thesis do not include university or locations. Include the university and location (City and Country) for a non-U.S. online thesis.
Author , A . A . ( Year ). Title of dissertation/thesis (Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis). Retrieved from http:// url.com
Adams, R. J. (1973). Building a foundation for evaluation of instruction in higher education and continuing education (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/
Barua, S. (2010). Drought assessment and forecasting using a nonlinear aggregated drought index (Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia). Retrieved from http://vuir.vu.edu.au/1598
Thesis/Dissertation – Web
For U.S. thesis do not include locations. Include the location (City and Country) for a non-U.S. online thesis.
Author , A . A . ( Year ). Title of dissertation/thesis (Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis, Institution issuing degree). Retrieved from http:// www.url.com
Bruckman, A. (1997). MOOSE Crossing: Construction, community, and learning in a networked virtual world for kids (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Retrieved from http://www-static.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/thesis
Generate accurate APA citations for free
Knowledge Base
APA Style 6th edition
APA title page (6th edition)
APA Title Page (6th edition) | Guidelines, Example, Template
Published on November 6, 2020 by Raimo Streefkerk .
An APA title page must include:
A running head (including page number)
The title of your paper (one or two lines long)
The full name of the author(s)
Your university or institution
Additional information, such as a course number or an author’s note, should be placed on a separate line below the institution.
APA title page template
Table of contents
Apa title page example, general formatting guidelines, running head, paper title, author name(s), setting up the title page.
Scribbr Citation Checker New
The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:
Missing commas and periods
Incorrect usage of “et al.”
Ampersands (&) in narrative citations
Missing reference entries
The APA cover page adheres to the general APA formatting guidelines :
12 pt Times New Roman
Double line spacing
1 inch (2.54 cm) margins
The formatting requirements for each element on the APA title page are listed below.
Write “Running head:” followed by a (shortened) version of your paper’s title. It must be:
Left aligned
Capitalized
Maximum 50 characters (not including the words “running head:”)
Read more on how to insert and format a running head .
Use an informative, striking title that summarizes the main idea of your paper.
Apply title case ( capitalize the first letter of each word, except small words such as articles and short prepositions )
Keep it shorter than 12 words
Don’t use abbreviations or contractions
Place the title in the center of the page
The names of the authors are written in full (first name, initial of middle name(s), last name). Include the names of all authors in order of contribution. Don’t include titles (Dr., Prof.) or degrees (PhD, MSc).
APA title page with multiple authors
There are specific guidelines for multiple authors. The formatting guidelines depend on whether the authors have the same affiliation.
APA title page multiple authors
Multiple author variations
Example
Two authors, one affiliation
John T. Taylor and George Kotler University of California, Berkeley
Three authors, one affiliation
John T. Taylor, George Kotler and Dennis G. Parker University of California, Berkeley
Two authors, two affiliations
John T. Taylor University of California, Berkeley Laura Johnson Harvard University
Three authors, two affiliations
John T. Taylor and George Kotler University of California, Berkeley Laura Johnson Harvard University
This video will demonstrate how to set up the title page in Google Docs.
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Streefkerk, R. (2020, November 06). APA Title Page (6th edition) | Guidelines, Example, Template. Scribbr. Retrieved June 7, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/6th-edition/archived-title-page/
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Reference Examples
More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual . Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual .
To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of work (e.g., journal article ) and follow the relevant example.
When selecting a category, use the webpages and websites category only when a work does not fit better within another category. For example, a report from a government website would use the reports category, whereas a page on a government website that is not a report or other work would use the webpages and websites category.
Also note that print and electronic references are largely the same. For example, to cite both print books and ebooks, use the books and reference works category and then choose the appropriate type of work (i.e., book ) and follow the relevant example (e.g., whole authored book ).
Examples on these pages illustrate the details of reference formats. We make every attempt to show examples that are in keeping with APA Style’s guiding principles of inclusivity and bias-free language. These examples are presented out of context only to demonstrate formatting issues (e.g., which elements to italicize, where punctuation is needed, placement of parentheses). References, including these examples, are not inherently endorsements for the ideas or content of the works themselves. An author may cite a work to support a statement or an idea, to critique that work, or for many other reasons. For more examples, see our sample papers .
Reference examples are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Chapter 10 and the Concise Guide Chapter 10
Related handouts
Common Reference Examples Guide (PDF, 147KB)
Reference Quick Guide (PDF, 225KB)
Textual Works
Textual works are covered in Sections 10.1–10.8 of the Publication Manual . The most common categories and examples are presented here. For the reviews of other works category, see Section 10.7.
Journal Article References
Magazine Article References
Newspaper Article References
Blog Post and Blog Comment References
UpToDate Article References
Book/Ebook References
Diagnostic Manual References
Children’s Book or Other Illustrated Book References
Classroom Course Pack Material References
Religious Work References
Chapter in an Edited Book/Ebook References
Dictionary Entry References
Wikipedia Entry References
Report by a Government Agency References
Report with Individual Authors References
Brochure References
Ethics Code References
Fact Sheet References
ISO Standard References
Press Release References
White Paper References
Conference Presentation References
Conference Proceeding References
Published Dissertation or Thesis References
Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References
ERIC Database References
Preprint Article References
Data and Assessments
Data sets are covered in Section 10.9 of the Publication Manual . For the software and tests categories, see Sections 10.10 and 10.11.
Data Set References
Toolbox References
Audiovisual Media
Audiovisual media are covered in Sections 10.12–10.14 of the Publication Manual . The most common examples are presented together here. In the manual, these examples and more are separated into categories for audiovisual, audio, and visual media.
Artwork References
Clip Art or Stock Image References
Film and Television References
Musical Score References
Online Course or MOOC References
Podcast References
PowerPoint Slide or Lecture Note References
Radio Broadcast References
TED Talk References
Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References
YouTube Video References
Online Media
Online media are covered in Sections 10.15 and 10.16 of the Publication Manual . Please note that blog posts are part of the periodicals category.
Facebook References
Instagram References
LinkedIn References
Online Forum (e.g., Reddit) References
TikTok References
X References
Webpage on a Website References
Clinical Practice References
Open Educational Resource References
Whole Website References
Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts
MLA General Format
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MLA Style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and citing research in writing. MLA Style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages.
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material. Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material produced by other writers.
If you are asked to use MLA format, be sure to consult the MLA Handbook (9th edition). Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition). The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries. It is also widely available in bookstores, libraries, and at the MLA web site. See the Additional Resources section of this page for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA Style.
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA Style is covered in part four of the MLA Style Manual . Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA Style :
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper.
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (e.g. Times New Roman). Whatever font you choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are each distinct from one another. The font size should be 12 pt.
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise prompted by your instructor).
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides.
Indent the first line of each paragraph one half-inch from the left margin. MLA recommends that you use the “Tab” key as opposed to pushing the space bar five times.
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page. Always follow your instructor's guidelines.)
Use italics throughout your essay to indicate the titles of longer works and, only when absolutely necessary, provide emphasis.
If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page. Entitle the section Notes (centered, unformatted).
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper
Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested or the paper is assigned as a group project. In the case of a group project, list all names of the contributors, giving each name its own line in the header, followed by the remaining MLA header requirements as described below. Format the remainder of the page as requested by the instructor.
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and the date. Again, be sure to use double-spaced text.
Double space again and center the title. Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks. Write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization), not in all capital letters.
Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text. For example: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play; Human Weariness in "After Apple Picking"
Double space between the title and the first line of the text.
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name, followed by a space with a page number. Number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit the last name/page number header on your first page. Always follow instructor guidelines.)
Here is a sample of the first page of a paper in MLA style:
The First Page of an MLA Paper
Section Headings
Writers sometimes use section headings to improve a document’s readability. These sections may include individual chapters or other named parts of a book or essay.
MLA recommends that when dividing an essay into sections you number those sections with an Arabic number and a period followed by a space and the section name.
MLA does not have a prescribed system of headings for books (for more information on headings, please see page 146 in the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing , 3rd edition). If you are only using one level of headings, meaning that all of the sections are distinct and parallel and have no additional sections that fit within them, MLA recommends that these sections resemble one another grammatically. For instance, if your headings are typically short phrases, make all of the headings short phrases (and not, for example, full sentences). Otherwise, the formatting is up to you. It should, however, be consistent throughout the document.
If you employ multiple levels of headings (some of your sections have sections within sections), you may want to provide a key of your chosen level headings and their formatting to your instructor or editor.
Sample Section Headings
The following sample headings are meant to be used only as a reference. You may employ whatever system of formatting that works best for you so long as it remains consistent throughout the document.
APA Format for Academic Papers and Essays [Template]
College essay: Apa format 6th edition sample paper
💐 Apa 6th edition citation format. A complete guide to APA in. 2022-11-04
Free APA Format 6th Edition Template
VIDEO
LESSON 78
APA style thesis and article writing #sk notes ugc net
How is APA Style for Papers different from the APA Publication Manual 6th Edition (2010)?
How to Format a Paper in APA Style
Citation for a Textbook Reading APA 6th edition
Format APA 6th Edition Paper: MS Word
COMMENTS
APA Formatting and Style Guide (6th Edition)
Types of APA Papers. APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page.
How to Cite a Dissertation in APA Style
In the square brackets, specify the type of dissertation or thesis and the university. As with other database sources, no URL or DOI is included. APA format. Author last name, Initials. ( Year ). Dissertation title (Publication No. Number) [ Type of dissertation/thesis, University Name ]. Database Name.
Thesis/Dissertation
Thesis, from a commercial database. Nicometo, D. N. (2015). Increasing international education to develop culturally competent social workers: Social media recommendations for social work abroad program 501(c)3 (Order No. 1597712).Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
APA Format (6th ed.) for Academic Papers and Essays [Template]
The most important APA format guidelines in the 6th edition are: Use 12 pt Times New Roman. Set 1 inch page margins. Apply double line spacing. Insert a running head on every page. Indent every new paragraph ½ inch.
Published Dissertation or Thesis References
The same format can be adapted for other published theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate (e.g., "Undergraduate honors thesis"). Include a URL for the dissertation or thesis if the URL will resolve for readers (as shown in the Miranda and Zambrano-Vazquez examples).
Library Guides: APA 6th Referencing Style Guide: Theses
For study purposes and for your APA reference you need to know the level of the work. At Auckland University of Technology (and other NZ universities) Thesis is either for a doctoral or a master's degree. Dissertation is either for a master's or a bachelor's degree with honours. Exegesis is the written component of a practice-based thesis where ...
Thesis
APA 7th referencing style. This is a guide to using the APA7 referencing style from the American Psychological Association. It is based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. ... Title of thesis - italicised (Publication No. - if available) [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Institution]. Database Name ...
Quick Guide to APA Citation (6th ed.)
APA Style citations consist of two parts: In-text citation: A brief citation in parentheses when you mention a source, citing the author's last name and the year of publication, e.g. (Smith, 2019). It identifies the full source in the reference list. Reference list entry: Full publication details listed on the reference page, which appears at ...
LibGuides: APA 6th Edition Citation Style: Dissertation / Thesis
Document Example: Proper Bibliographic Reference Format: Bibliographic references are double-spaced and indented half an inch after the first line. Use italics and "sentence-style" capitalization for dissertation / thesis titles. Identify the work as a doctoral dissertation / master's thesis in parentheses after the title. Sabbagh, S. A. (2009).
Basics of APA Formatting
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association by American Psychological Association Staff The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the style manual of choice for writers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioural sciences. It provides invaluable guidance on all aspects of the writing process, from the ethics of authorship to the ...
APA Style (6th Edition)
APA Style Workshop. This workshop provides an overview of APA (American Psychological Association) style and where to find help with different APA resources. It provides an annotated list of links to all of our APA materials and an APA overview. It is an excellent place to start to learn about APA format.
Formatting Details
Adapted from American Psychologial Association (2010) Publication manual (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychologial Association APA Quick Answers- Formatting
PDF Running head: APA SAMPLE PAPER AND STYLE GUIDE (6
1. Annotated APA Sample Paper and Style Guide for Student Writers (6th Edition) Center and double-space your title, author(s), and institutional affiliation in the top half of your first page (p. 23). If your title runs more than one line (here and on page 3), you may insert a break wherever you want or can just let your title wrap onto a new ...
Examples of References in APA (6th ed.) style
This guide shows how to reference with the APA 6th edition style. Home; In-text Citations Toggle Dropdown. Position of the citation ; Authorship ; ... Title of thesis (in italics). (Type of thesis or dissertation) ... [Format description] (in square brackets) City, Country: Institution or collection that houses the work ...
Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References
Narrative citation: Harris (2014) When a dissertation or thesis is unpublished, include the description " [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]" or " [Unpublished master's thesis]" in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title. In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree.
Quick Answers—Formatting (6th edition)
Publication Manual (6th ed., sections 5.07-5.19, pp. 128-150; Table 5.1, p. 129, illustrates the basic components of a table; section 8.03, p. 228) From the APA Style website: APA publishes a companion guide to the manual that focuses exclusively on tables: Presenting Your Findings: A Practical Guide for Creating Tables. From the APA Style ...
APA Research Paper Formatting: APA 6th Edition Resources
APA 6th Edition Resources. APA (American Psychological Association) style was developed by social and behavioral scientists to standardize scientific writing. It is used for term papers, research reports, empirical studies, literature reviews, theoretical articles, methodological articles, and case studies. (APA website)
Dissertation/Thesis
Thesis/Dissertation - APA Reference List Capitalization. The document title is in sentence case - Only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. Always capitalize the first word, the first word after a colon or a dash. The title of the thesis or dissertation is in title case - Each word in the name is capitalized, except for articles (a, an, the), prepositions ...
A complete guide to APA in-text citation (6th edition)
Include a comma between "et al." and the publication date (e.g. Taylor et al., 2018). There should be no punctuation between "et al." and the author's name preceding it. The period ending the sentence always comes after the citation (even when quoting). Never use an ampersand symbol ("&") in the running text.
Title page setup
Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the student title page. Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize major words of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired.
APA Title Page (6th edition)
An APA title page must include: A running head (including page number) The title of your paper (one or two lines long) The full name of the author (s) Your university or institution. Additional information, such as a course number or an author's note, should be placed on a separate line below the institution. APA title page template.
Reference examples
More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual.Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual.. To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of ...
Welcome to the Purdue Online Writing Lab
Mission. The Purdue On-Campus Writing Lab and Purdue Online Writing Lab assist clients in their development as writers—no matter what their skill level—with on-campus consultations, online participation, and community engagement. The Purdue Writing Lab serves the Purdue, West Lafayette, campus and coordinates with local literacy initiatives.
General Format
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (e.g. Times New Roman). Whatever font you choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are each distinct from one another.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Types of APA Papers. APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page.
In the square brackets, specify the type of dissertation or thesis and the university. As with other database sources, no URL or DOI is included. APA format. Author last name, Initials. ( Year ). Dissertation title (Publication No. Number) [ Type of dissertation/thesis, University Name ]. Database Name.
Thesis, from a commercial database. Nicometo, D. N. (2015). Increasing international education to develop culturally competent social workers: Social media recommendations for social work abroad program 501(c)3 (Order No. 1597712).Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
The most important APA format guidelines in the 6th edition are: Use 12 pt Times New Roman. Set 1 inch page margins. Apply double line spacing. Insert a running head on every page. Indent every new paragraph ½ inch.
The same format can be adapted for other published theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate (e.g., "Undergraduate honors thesis"). Include a URL for the dissertation or thesis if the URL will resolve for readers (as shown in the Miranda and Zambrano-Vazquez examples).
For study purposes and for your APA reference you need to know the level of the work. At Auckland University of Technology (and other NZ universities) Thesis is either for a doctoral or a master's degree. Dissertation is either for a master's or a bachelor's degree with honours. Exegesis is the written component of a practice-based thesis where ...
APA 7th referencing style. This is a guide to using the APA7 referencing style from the American Psychological Association. It is based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. ... Title of thesis - italicised (Publication No. - if available) [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Institution]. Database Name ...
APA Style citations consist of two parts: In-text citation: A brief citation in parentheses when you mention a source, citing the author's last name and the year of publication, e.g. (Smith, 2019). It identifies the full source in the reference list. Reference list entry: Full publication details listed on the reference page, which appears at ...
Document Example: Proper Bibliographic Reference Format: Bibliographic references are double-spaced and indented half an inch after the first line. Use italics and "sentence-style" capitalization for dissertation / thesis titles. Identify the work as a doctoral dissertation / master's thesis in parentheses after the title. Sabbagh, S. A. (2009).
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association by American Psychological Association Staff The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the style manual of choice for writers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioural sciences. It provides invaluable guidance on all aspects of the writing process, from the ethics of authorship to the ...
APA Style Workshop. This workshop provides an overview of APA (American Psychological Association) style and where to find help with different APA resources. It provides an annotated list of links to all of our APA materials and an APA overview. It is an excellent place to start to learn about APA format.
Adapted from American Psychologial Association (2010) Publication manual (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychologial Association APA Quick Answers- Formatting
1. Annotated APA Sample Paper and Style Guide for Student Writers (6th Edition) Center and double-space your title, author(s), and institutional affiliation in the top half of your first page (p. 23). If your title runs more than one line (here and on page 3), you may insert a break wherever you want or can just let your title wrap onto a new ...
This guide shows how to reference with the APA 6th edition style. Home; In-text Citations Toggle Dropdown. Position of the citation ; Authorship ; ... Title of thesis (in italics). (Type of thesis or dissertation) ... [Format description] (in square brackets) City, Country: Institution or collection that houses the work ...
Narrative citation: Harris (2014) When a dissertation or thesis is unpublished, include the description " [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]" or " [Unpublished master's thesis]" in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title. In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree.
Publication Manual (6th ed., sections 5.07-5.19, pp. 128-150; Table 5.1, p. 129, illustrates the basic components of a table; section 8.03, p. 228) From the APA Style website: APA publishes a companion guide to the manual that focuses exclusively on tables: Presenting Your Findings: A Practical Guide for Creating Tables. From the APA Style ...
APA 6th Edition Resources. APA (American Psychological Association) style was developed by social and behavioral scientists to standardize scientific writing. It is used for term papers, research reports, empirical studies, literature reviews, theoretical articles, methodological articles, and case studies. (APA website)
Thesis/Dissertation - APA Reference List Capitalization. The document title is in sentence case - Only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. Always capitalize the first word, the first word after a colon or a dash. The title of the thesis or dissertation is in title case - Each word in the name is capitalized, except for articles (a, an, the), prepositions ...
Include a comma between "et al." and the publication date (e.g. Taylor et al., 2018). There should be no punctuation between "et al." and the author's name preceding it. The period ending the sentence always comes after the citation (even when quoting). Never use an ampersand symbol ("&") in the running text.
Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the student title page. Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize major words of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired.
An APA title page must include: A running head (including page number) The title of your paper (one or two lines long) The full name of the author (s) Your university or institution. Additional information, such as a course number or an author's note, should be placed on a separate line below the institution. APA title page template.
More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual.Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual.. To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of ...
Mission. The Purdue On-Campus Writing Lab and Purdue Online Writing Lab assist clients in their development as writers—no matter what their skill level—with on-campus consultations, online participation, and community engagement. The Purdue Writing Lab serves the Purdue, West Lafayette, campus and coordinates with local literacy initiatives.
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (e.g. Times New Roman). Whatever font you choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are each distinct from one another.