To develop breadth and depth, add to the base of the diversified core, and contribute strength in areas related to their interest and research direction, students must take four advanced electives. Each student designs a program of advanced electives that satisfies the distribution and area requirements in close consultation with members of the graduate committee.
Two subjects in the student's research area or department | ||
One subject in engineering | ||
One subject in science |
CSB PhD students may take classes beyond the required diversified core and advanced electives described above. These additional subjects can be used to add breadth or depth to the proposed curriculum, and might be useful to explore advanced topics relevant to the student's thesis research in later years. The CSB Graduate Committee works with each graduate student to develop a path through the curriculum appropriate for his or her background and research interests.
Throughout the program, students will be expected to attend workshops and other activities that provide training in the ethical conduct of research. This is particularly important in interdisciplinary fields such as computational and systems biology, where different disciplines often have very different philosophies and conventions. By the end of the fifth year, students will have had about 16 hours of training in the responsible conduct of research.
In addition to coursework and a research thesis, each student must pass a written and an oral qualifying examination at the end of the second year or the beginning of the third year. The written examination involves preparing a research proposal based on the student's thesis research, and presenting the proposal to the examination committee. This process provides a strong foundation for the thesis research, incorporating new research ideas and refinement of the scope of the research project. The oral examination is based on the coursework taken and on related published literature. The qualifying exams are designed to develop and demonstrate depth in a selected area (the area of the thesis research) as well as breadth of knowledge across the field of computational and systems biology.
Research will be performed under the supervision of a CSBi faculty member, culminating in the submission of a written thesis and its oral defense before the community and thesis defense committee. By the second year, a student will have formed a thesis advisory committee that they will meet with on an annual basis.
Print this page.
The PDF includes all information on this page and its related tabs. Subject (course) information includes any changes approved for the current academic year.
Share this page.
Harvard was one of the first institutions to offer a program to explore this exciting new field. The program’s core curriculum includes courses on the methods and logic that shape research, how to conceptualize and present research, and an introduction to the faculty’s research.
The program has 48 faculty located in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard-affiliated teaching hospitals including Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Mass General, and Boston Children’s Hospital. SSQB is one of 14 PhD programs in the Harvard Integrated Life Sciences program that collectively gives you access to over 900 faculty research groups situated in the heart of Boston’s biotech hub. Our students are working on projects that range from fundamental problems in biology to translational research, whose goal is to directly affect medicine and global sustainability.
Graduates of the program have gone on to faculty positions at prestigious institutions such as MIT and Princeton University, while others are now industry leaders as startup founders or as decision-makers at companies including Boston Consulting Group, Yumanity Therapeutics, McKinsey & Company, and Regeneron.
Additional information on the graduate program is available from the Systems, Synthetic, and Quantitative Biology PhD Program , and requirements for the degree are detailed in Policies .
Please review admissions requirements and other information before applying. You can find degree program-specific admissions requirements below and access additional guidance on applying from the Systems, Synthetic, and Quantitative Biology PhD Program .
Applicants typically have a background in biology, physics, chemistry, computer science, engineering, or mathematics and work to forge a new approach to biology that combines theoretical and experimental approaches. The typical student has a strong background in one of the disciplines relevant to systems biology and an interest in interdisciplinary research.
GRE General: Optional
Applicants should indicate their faculty of interest in the application. You are not required to contact any faculty in advance but are welcome to.
Applications are reviewed by the admissions committee during December and early January. Selected applicants are notified if they have been chosen for an on-campus interview. These visits provide students with the opportunity to meet with faculty and current students and to get a better feel for our community and the types of research conducted here. Applicants invited for an interview who reside overseas and cannot visit the Harvard campus may interview remotely.
Theses & Dissertations for Systems, Synthetic, and Quantitative Biology
See list of Systems, Synthetic, and Quantitative Biology faculty
Questions about the program.
The Department of Chemical and Systems Biology explores the frontiers of basic science and molecular medicine, particularly at the crossroads of cellular, chemical, and computational biology. We train Ph.D. students to apply genetic, chemical, cell biological, and quantitative methods to decipher the complex regulatory systems associated with normal physiology and disease states.
Specific research areas include cell signaling pathways, cell cycle control, epigenetics, cell fate specification, and genomic stability. The Chemical and Systems Biology Ph.D. program also emphasizes collaborative learning, and our research community includes scientists trained in molecular biology, cell biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering.
Our Ph.D. program consistently ranks among the top graduate training programs in the world. Most recently the National Research Council named us the top pharmacology-related training program in the United States, based on students’ GRE scores, faculty publications, median time to degree, program requirements, and training resources. The Chemical and Systems Biology graduate program was especially commended for the quality of its research activities.
How do cells achieve directed migration? Why doesn’t a skin cell become a neuron? How do drug-resistant cancers arise and how might they be prevented or overcome? Finding answers to these and other biomedical questions increasingly requires molecular, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approaches.
The Department of Chemical and Systems Biology is uniquely focused on understanding cell biology at the molecular and systems levels, and many of its faculty have expertise in biochemistry, chemistry, physics, and engineering. Developing novel technologies for basic research and translating discoveries into therapeutic strategies are also areas of special interest in the Chemical and Systems Biology community.
Our goal is to train a new generation of scientists with the interdisciplinary skills and creative thinking required to tackle emerging challenges in biomedical research. We invite all interested students to apply to the Chemical and Systems Biology Ph.D. program through the Stanford Biosciences online application form. Applicants whose research interests match well with our scientific mission are encouraged to select Chemical and Systems Biology as their primary home program.
All disciplines
All locations
Institution
All Institutions
All PhD Types
All Funding
Doctoral researcher (m/f/div) in microbiome systems biology, phd research project.
PhD Research Projects are advertised opportunities to examine a pre-defined topic or answer a stated research question. Some projects may also provide scope for you to propose your own ideas and approaches.
This project has funding attached, subject to eligibility criteria. Applications for the project are welcome from all suitably qualified candidates, but its funding may be restricted to a limited set of nationalities. You should check the project and department details for more information.
Self-funded phd students only.
This project does not have funding attached. You will need to have your own means of paying fees and living costs and / or seek separate funding from student finance, charities or trusts.
Phd student positions at international max planck research school for molecules of life, munich, funded phd programme (students worldwide).
Some or all of the PhD opportunities in this programme have funding attached. Applications for this programme are welcome from suitably qualified candidates worldwide. Funding may only be available to a limited set of nationalities and you should read the full programme details for further information.
A German PhD usually takes 3-4 years. Traditional programmes focus on independent research, but more structured PhDs involve additional training units (worth 180-240 ECTS credits) as well as placement opportunities. Both options require you to produce a thesis and present it for examination. Many programmes are delivered in English.
Max Planck Research Programmes are structured PhD opportunities set up by the Max Planck Society, an independent non-profit German research organisation. Max Planck Institutes and universities collaborate to offer interdisciplinary and international PhD opportunities providing high standards of training and support as well as generous funding.
Austria phd programme.
An Austrian PhD usually takes 3-4 years. Most students complete their projects within broader PhD programmes incorporating a curriculum of courses and training worth a certain number of ECTS credits as well as research towards an original thesis. This will be presented for a public examination by two academic experts. Most programmes are delivered in German, but some universities offer English-language teaching.
Switzerland phd programme.
A Swiss PhD usually takes 3-5 years. Traditional doctorates focus on independent research; more structured programmes include additional training and sometimes involve two or more universities working in partnership. Both types of PhD require you to produce an original thesis and present it for a public examination. Some programmes are delivered in English, with others offered in German, French or Italian.
Competition funded phd project (students worldwide).
This project is in competition for funding with other projects. Usually the project which receives the best applicant will be successful. Unsuccessful projects may still go ahead as self-funded opportunities. Applications for the project are welcome from all suitably qualified candidates, but potential funding may be restricted to a limited set of nationalities. You should check the project and department details for more information.
Understanding the evolution of gene regulatory networks through biophysical modelling and machine learning, 12 fully funded ph.d. positions at the cologne graduate school of ageing research, phd position in antiviral immunity and vaccinology (m/f/d), investigating the impact of inflammation on cardiovascular disease, international ph.d. programs in the life sciences, gene regulation in cancer metastasis.
FindAPhD. Copyright 2005-2024 All rights reserved.
Unknown ( change )
Have you got time to answer some quick questions about PhD study?
You haven’t completed your profile yet. To get the most out of FindAPhD, finish your profile and receive these benefits:
Or begin browsing FindAPhD.com
or begin browsing FindAPhD.com
*Offer only available for the duration of your active subscription, and subject to change. You MUST claim your prize within 72 hours, if not we will redraw.
Create your FindAPhD account and sign up to our newsletter:
Looking to list your PhD opportunities? Log in here .
Filtering Results
2023-24 edition, mathematical, computational, and systems biology, ph.d..
The graduate program in Mathematical, Computational, and Systems Biology (MCSB) is designed to meet the interdisciplinary training challenges of modern biology and function in concert with existing departmental programs (Departmental option) or as an individually tailored program (stand-alone option) leading to a Ph.D. degree.
The degree program provides students with both opportunity for rigorous training toward research careers in areas related to systems biology and flexibility through individualized faculty counseling on curricular needs, and access to a diverse group of affiliated faculty and research projects from member departments. Current member departments include Biomedical Engineering, Biological Chemistry, Computer Science, Developmental and Cell Biology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Mathematics, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Physics.
If you have any questions or would like to learn more about the MCSB Program, please email [email protected] .
Students interested in the MCSB Program apply to the Office of Graduate Studies (OGS). Applicants must specify that they wish to pursue the M.S. or Ph.D. Upon completion of the M.S., students who may wish to pursue a Ph.D. may request to be evaluated together with the pool of prospective Ph.D. candidates for admission to the Ph.D. program.
Applicants are expected to hold a Bachelor’s degree in one of the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields. Applicants are evaluated on the basis of their prior academic record and their potential for creative research and teaching, as demonstrated in submitted application materials (official university transcripts, letters of recommendation, GRE scores, and statement of purpose).
Graduate Tutorial in Developmental and Cell Biology | |
Biophysics of Molecules and Molecular Machines | |
Systems Cell and Developmental Biology | |
Graduate Tutorial in Developmental and Cell Biology | |
Mathematical and Computational Biology | |
or | Dynamic Systems in Biology and Medicine |
Mathematical and Computational Biology | |
Computational Systems Biology | |
or | Mathematical and Computational Biology |
Enrolled students participate in a common first-year “gateway” program and must complete the seven required core courses (listed above). Students are assigned an MCSB Advisory Committee consisting of two participating faculty members to oversee course and laboratory work. Subsequently, students select a thesis advisor and choose between the Departmental or Interdisciplinary (Stand-Alone) options for the remainder of their Ph.D. training.
For students who select the Departmental option, a faculty member in a participating department must agree to serve as the student’s thesis advisor. Completion of the Ph.D. is subject to the degree requirements of the departmental Ph.D. program in which the student enrolls. Participating departments accept both the course work and research conducted during the “gateway” year in partial fulfillment of such requirements. Students are encouraged to consult with the department of choice for specific information on additional requirements. All department student advisory committees are established according to the rules of the participating department. In addition, the student’s MCSB Advisory Committee meets annually to follow progress and provide additional guidance. The normative time to degree for students in the Departmental option is five years.
To complete the coursework requirements for the Departmental option, students must:
For students who select the stand-alone option, the student’s thesis advisor assumes the role of the Committee Chair when a participating MCSB faculty member agrees to accept that role. Adjustments to the MCSB Advisory Committee may be made based on the area of the student’s research, or by request of the student, thesis advisor, or committee members. The student meets biannually with the Advisory Committee until an Advancement to Candidacy Committee has formed, which then assumes the duties until the M.S. or Ph.D. defense. The normative time to degree for students in the Stand-Alone option is five years.
To complete the coursework requirements for the Stand-Alone option, students must:
Send Page to Printer
Print this page.
Download Page (PDF)
The PDF will include all information unique to this page.
2023-2024 Catalogue
A PDF of the entire 2023-2024 catalogue.
Main content, phd program systems biology.
The aim of this highly interdisciplinary PhD program of systems biological researchers of the University of Zurich and ETH in Zurich and Basel is to train students from various disciplines and departments including Computer Science and (Bio)Informatics, Biological Sciences, and Engineering to become future leaders in Systems Biology.
Systems Biology aims at the quantitative analysis and predictive mathematical modeling at all levels of biological organization. The PhD program “Systems Biology” provides students with the generic skills for working in this new scientific field as well as training in project-specific (biological and/or computational) aspects of their PhD work.
The PhD program Systems Biology is associated with the external page Life Science Zurich Graduate School call_made . The Life Science Zurich Graduate School consists of several highly competitive PhD programs, jointly run by the ETH Zurich and the University of Zurich.
Find out about the research groups that are part of the Systems Biology program.
2024-2025 academic catalog, integrative and systems biology, phd.
Graduate Program Director: Michael Wunder Website: https://clas.ucdenver.edu/integrative-biology/academics/graduate-programs
Please click here to see Integrative Biology department information.
The PhD program in Integrative and Systems Biology at the University of Colorado Denver is a multidisciplinary, dual campus program that offers students opportunities to address complex questions in biology using computational, laboratory and field approaches. The more than 40 program faculty members allow students to participate on a diversity of projects at all levels of biological organization, ranging from ecology and environmental microbiology to biochemistry, developmental biology and neuroscience. Depending on the track an incoming student chooses, the approach will either be to explore the problem at multiple levels of biological organization (integrative biology) or to explore the multi-component nature of a biological system (systems biology).
The PhD program is research-based. Applicants to the program must have a declared area of specialization that aligns with the research focus of a program graduate faculty member. Faculty expertise can be found undergraduate faculty profiles on the Department of Integrative Biology website (clas.ucdenver.edu/biology/). Students must contact prospective faculty advisors to determine if openings are available within the faculty member’s research group.
These program requirements are subject to periodic revision by the academic department, and the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences reserves the right to make exceptions and substitutions as judged necessary in individual cases. Therefore, the College strongly urges students to consult regularly with their Biology advisor to confirm the best plans of study before finalizing them.
Graduate Education Policies and Procedures apply to this program.
Research-based PhD degree program requires :
Code | Title | Hours |
---|---|---|
Complete all of the following required courses: | 18 | |
Biology Skills Sets - Pedagogy (taken in the first year; only required for students supported by a Graduate Teaching Assistantship) | ||
Seminar (taken two different times in the student's career) | ||
Biological Research Workshop (taken two different times in the student's career) | ||
Biological Data Analysis (taken in the first year) | ||
Integrative and Systems Biology (taken in the first year) | ||
Special Topics (a minimum of 3 credits must be completed, but students may take up to 9 credits) | ||
Students should complete a minimum of 12 elective credit hours from graduate level Biology coursework. | 12 | |
Complete dissertation after passing the Comprehensive Exam. | 30 | |
Doctoral Dissertation | ||
Total Hours | 60 |
Master's Thesis ( BIOL 6950 ) credits will not apply to the PhD.
To learn more about the Student Learning Outcomes for this program, please visit our website.
Send Page to Printer
Print this page.
Download Page (PDF)
The PDF will include all information unique to this page.
CU Denver Undergraduate Catalog
A PDF of the entire Undergraduate catalog.
CU Denver Graduate Catalog
A PDF of the entire Graduate catalog.
CU Anschutz Catalog
A PDF of the entire Anschutz catalog.
Center for Computational Biology
The main objective of the Computational Biology PhD is to train the next generation of scientists who are both passionate about exploring the interface of computation and biology, and committed to functioning at a high level in both computational and biological fields.
The program emphasizes multidisciplinary competency, interdisciplinary collaboration, and transdisciplinary research, and offers an integrated and customizable curriculum that consists of two semesters of didactic course work tailored to each student’s background and interests, research rotations with faculty mentors spanning computational biology’s core disciplines, and dissertation research jointly supervised by computational and biological faculty mentors.
The Computational Biology Graduate Group facilitates student immersion into UC Berkeley’s vibrant computational biology research community. Currently, the Group includes over 46 faculty from across 14 departments of the College of Letters and Science, the College of Engineering, the College of Natural Resources, and the School of Public Health. Many of these faculty are available as potential dissertation research advisors for Computational Biology PhD students, with more available for participation on doctoral committees.
The time to degree (normative time) of the Computational Biology PhD is five years. The first year of the program emphasizes gaining competency in computational biology, the biological sciences, and the computational sciences (broadly construed). Since student backgrounds will vary widely, each student will work with faculty and student advisory committees to develop a program of study tailored to their background and interests. Specifically, all first-year students must:
Entering students are required to complete three laboratory rotations during their first year in the program to seek out a Dissertation Advisor under whose supervision dissertation research will be conducted. Students should rotate with at least one computational Core faculty member and one experimental Core faculty member. Click here to view rotation policy.
Students must complete the following coursework in the first three (up to four) semesters. Courses must be taken for a grade and a grade of B or higher is required for a course to count towards degree progress:
Students are expected to develop a course plan for their program requirements and to consult with the Head Graduate Advisor before the Spring semester of their first year for formal approval (signature required). The course plan will take into account the student’s undergraduate training areas and goals for PhD research areas.
Satisfactory completion of first year requirements will be evaluated at the end of the spring semester of the first year. If requirements are satisfied, students will formally choose a Dissertation advisor from among the core faculty with whom they rotated and begin dissertation research.
Waivers: Students may request waivers for the specific courses STAT 201A, STAT 201B, and CS61A. In all cases of waivers, the student must take alternative courses in related areas so as to have six additional courses, as described above. For waiving out of STAT 201A/B, students can demonstrate they have completed the equivalent by passing a proctored assessment exam on Campus. For waiving out CS61A, the Head Graduate Advisor will evaluate student’s previous coursework based on the previous course’s syllabus and other course materials to determine equivalency.
Electives: Of the three electives, students are required to choose one course in each of the two following cluster areas:
In the below link we give some relevant such courses, but students can take courses beyond this list; for courses not on this list, the Head Graduate Advisor will determine to which cluster a course can be credited. For classes that have significant overlap between these two clusters, the department which offers the course may influence the decision of the HGA as to whether the course should be assigned to cluster A or B.
See below for some suggested courses in these categories:
Suggested Coursework Options
At the beginning of the fall of the second year, students begin full-time dissertation research in earnest under the supervision of their Dissertation advisor. It is anticipated that it will take students three (up to four) semesters to complete the 6 course requirement. Students are required to continue to participate annually in the computational biology seminar series.
Students are expected to take and pass an oral Qualifying Examination (QE) by the end of the spring semester (June 15th) of their second year of graduate study. Students must present a written dissertation proposal to the QE committee no fewer than four weeks prior to the oral QE. The write-up should follow the format of an NIH-style grant proposal (i.e., it should include an abstract, background and significance, specific aims to be addressed (~3), and a research plan for addressing the aims) and must thoroughly discuss plans for research to be conducted in the dissertation lab. Click here for more details on the guidelines and format for the QE. Click here to view the rules for the composition of the committee and the form for declaring your committee.
After successfully completing the QE, students will Advance to Candidacy. At this time, students select the members of their dissertation committee and submit this committee for approval to the Graduate Division. Students should endeavor to include a member whose research represents a complementary yet distinct area from that of the dissertation advisor (ie, biological vs computational, experimental vs theoretical) and that will be integrated in the student’s dissertation research. Click here to view the rules for the composition of the committee and the form for declaring your committee.
After Advancing to Candidacy, students are expected to meet with their Dissertation Committee at least once each year.
Computational Biology PhD students are required to teach at least two semesters (starting with Fall 2019 class), but may teach more. The requirement can be modified if the student has funding that does not allow teaching. Starting with the Fall 2019 class: At least one of those courses should require that you teach a section. Berkeley Connect or CMPBIO 293 can count towards one of the required semesters.
Dissertation projects will represent scholarly, independent and novel research that contributes new knowledge to Computational Biology by integrating knowledge and methodologies from both the biological and computational sciences. Students must submit their dissertation by the May Graduate Division filing deadline (see Graduate Division for date) of their fifth–and final–year.
Students will be required to present their research either orally or via a poster at the annual retreat beginning in their second year.
The Computational Biology Graduate Group provides a competitive stipend (the stipend for 2023-24 is $43,363) as well as full payment of fees and non-resident tuition (which includes health care). Students maintaining satisfactory academic progress are provided full funding for five to five and a half years. The program supports students in the first year, while the PI/mentor provides support from the second year on. A portion of this support is in the form of salary from teaching assistance as a Graduate Student Instructor (GSI) in allied departments, such as Molecular and Cell Biology, Integrative Biology, Plant and Microbial Biology, Mathematics, Statistics or Computer Science. Teaching is part of the training of the program and most students will not teach more than two semesters, unless by choice.
Due to cost constraints, the program admits few international students; the average is two per year. Those admitted are also given full financial support (as noted above): stipend, fees and tuition.
Students are also strongly encouraged to apply for extramural fellowships for the proposal writing experience. There are a number of extramural fellowships that Berkeley students apply for that current applicants may find appealing. Please note that the NSF now only allows two submissions – once as an undergrad and once in grad school. The NSF funds students with potential, as opposed to specific research projects, so do not be concerned that you don’t know your grad school plans yet – just put together a good proposal! Although we make admissions offers before the fellowships results are released, all eligible students should take advantage of both opportunities to apply, as it’s a great opportunity and a great addition to a CV.
CCB no longer requires the GRE for admission (neither general, nor subject). The GRE will not be seen by the review committee, even if sent to Berkeley.
PLEASE NOTE: The application deadline is Wednesday, November 30 , 2023, 8:59 PST/11:59 EST
If you would like to learn more about our program, you can watch informational YouTube videos from the past two UC Berkeley Graduate Diversity Admissions Fairs: 2021 recording & 2020 recording .
We invite applications from students with distinguished academic records, strong foundations in the basic biological, physical and computational sciences, as well as significant computer programming and research experience. Admission for the Computational Biology PhD is for the fall semester only, and Computational Biology does not offer a Master’s degree.
We are happy to answer any questions you may have, but please be sure to read this entire page first, as many of your questions will be answered below or on the Tips tab.
IMPORTANT : Please note that it is not possible to select a specific PhD advisor until the end of the first year in the program, so contacting individual faculty about openings in their laboratories will not increase your chances of being accepted into the program. You will have an opportunity to discuss your interests with relevant faculty if you are invited to interview in February.
Minimum requirements for admission to graduate study:
ALL materials, including letters, are due November 30, 2023 (8:59 PST). More information is provided and required as part of the online application, so please create an account and review the application before emailing with questions (and please set up an account well before the deadline):
The GRE general test is not required. GRE subject tests are not required. GRE scores will not be a determining factor for application review and admission, and will NOT be seen by the CCB admissions committee. While we do not encourage anyone to take the exam, in case you decide to apply to a different program at Berkeley that does require them: the UC Berkeley school code is 4833; department codes are unnecessary. As long as the scores are sent to UC Berkeley, they will be received by any program you apply to on campus.
Adequate proficiency in English must be demonstrated by those applicants applying from countries where English is not the official language. There are two standardized tests you may take: the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), and the International English Language Testing System (IELTS). TOEFL minimum passing scores are 90 for the Internet-based test (IBT) , and 570 for the paper-based format (PBT) . The TOEFL may be waived if an international student has completed at least one year of full-time academic course work with grades of B or better while in residence at a U.S. university (transcript will be required). Please click here for more information .
The Application Deadline is 8:59 pm Pacific Standard Time, November 30, 2023 . The application will lock at 9pm PST, precisely. All materials must be received by the deadline. While rec letters can continue to be submitted and received after the deadline, the committee meets in early December and will review incomplete applications. TOEFL tests should be taken by or before the deadline, but self-reported scores are acceptable for review while the official scores are being processed. All submitted applications will be reviewed, even if materials are missing, but it may impact the evaluation of the application.
It is your responsibility to ensure and verify that your application materials are submitted in a timely manner. Please be sure to hit the submit button when you have completed the application and to monitor the status of your letters of recommendation (sending prompts, as necessary). Please include the statement of purpose and personal statement in the online application. While you can upload a CV, please DO NOT upload entire publications or papers. Please DO NOT send paper résumés, separate folders of information, or articles via mail. They will be discarded unread.
The Computational Biology Interview Visit dates will be: February 25-27, 2024
Top applicants who are being considered for admission will be invited to visit campus for interviews with faculty. Invitations will be made by early January. Students are expected to stay for the entire event, arriving in Berkeley by 5:30pm on the first day and leaving the evening of the final day. In the application, you must provide the names of between 7-10 faculty from the Computational Biology website with whom you are interested in conducting research or performing rotations. This helps route your application to our reviewers and facilitates the interview scheduling process. An invitation is not a guarantee of admission.
International students may be interviewed virtually, as flights are often prohibitively expensive.
Uploaded Documents: Be sure to put your name and type of essay on your essays ( Statement of Purpose [2-3 pages], Personal Statement [1-2 pages]) as a header or before the text, whether you use the text box or upload a PDF or Word doc. There is no minimum length on either essay, but 3 pages maximum is suggested. The Statement of Purpose should describe your research and educational background and aspirations. The Personal Statement can include personal achievements not necessarily related to research, barriers you’ve had to overcome, mentoring and volunteering activities, things that make you unique and demonstrate the qualities you will bring to the program.
Letters of Recommendation: should be from persons who have supervised your research or academic work and who can evaluate your intellectual ability, creativity, leadership potential and promise for productive scholarship. If lab supervision was provided by a postdoc or graduate student, the letter should carry the signature or support of the faculty member in charge of the research project. Note: the application can be submitted before all of the recommenders have completed their letters. It is your responsibility to keep track of your recommender’s progress through the online system. Be sure to send reminders if your recommenders do not submit their letters.
Extramural fellowships: it is to your benefit to apply for fellowships as they may facilitate entry into the lab of your choice, are a great addition to your CV and often provide higher stipends. Do not allow concerns about coming up with a research proposal before joining a lab prevent you from applying. The fellowships are looking for research potential and proposal writing skills and will not hold you to specific research projects once you have started graduate school.
Calculating GPA: Schools can differ in how they assign grades and calculate grade point averages, so it may be difficult for this office to offer advice. The best resource for calculating the GPA for your school is to check the back of the official transcripts where a guide is often provided or use an online tool. There are free online GPA conversion tools that can be found via an internet search.
Faculty Contact/Interests: Please be sure to list faculty that interest you as part of the online application. You are not required to contact any faculty in advance, nor will it assist with admission, but are welcome to if you wish to learn more about their research.
Submitting the application: To avoid the possibility of computer problems on either side, it is NOT advisable to wait until the last day to start and/or submit your application. It is not unusual for the application system to have difficulties during times of heavy traffic. However, there is no need to submit the application too early. No application will be reviewed before the deadline.
Visits: We only arrange one campus visit for recruitment purposes. If you are interested in visiting the campus and meeting with faculty before the application deadline, you are welcome to do so on your own time (we will be unable to assist).
Name: Please double check that you have entered your first and last names in the correct fields. This is our first impression of you as a candidate, so you do want to get your name correct! Be sure to put your name on any documents that you upload (Statement of Purpose, Personal Statement).
California Residency: You are not considered a resident if you hope to enter our program in the Fall, but have never lived in California before or are here on a visa. So, please do not mark “resident” on the application in anticipation of admission. You must have lived in California previously, and be a US citizen or Permanent Resident, to be a resident.
Faculty Leadership Head Graduate Advisor and Chair for the PhD & DE John Huelsenbeck ( [email protected] )
Associate Head Graduate Advisor for PhD & DE Liana Lareau ( [email protected] )
Equity Advisor Rasmus Nielsen ( [email protected] )
Director of CCB Elizabeth Purdom ( [email protected] )
Core PhD & DE Faculty ( link )
Staff support Student Services Advisor (GSAO): Kate Chase ( [email protected] )
Phd in bioinformatics and systems biology with emphasis in biomedical informatics.
The PhD curriculum for our trainees consists of formal instruction to provide the intellectual framework for conducting research.
1 Students with a clinical background will replace MED 265 with an additional course: Bioinformatics Applications to Human Disease (MED 263).
The core courses provide foundations in the biological basis of human health and disease and the statistical discovery of medical knowledge from biological experimentation. These classes are taken during the first year.
For the fourth core class, choose one of the following. In the event that a student completes two or more of these with suitable grades, one will count as core and the other(s) as electives.
All students in years 1 and 2 must take both seminars in fall, winter, and spring quarters.
All students must take one of the two ethics courses by the end of second year. However, funding sources may require that it be taken first year, so we recommend taking it the first year.
During the academic year, all students must be enrolled in the appropriate research course for their level. Students typically do three rotations in year 1 (BNFO 298) and then do research units (BNFO 299) with their thesis advisor in years 2 and later. BNFO 299 units may be varied to meet the full-time enrollment requirement of 12 units per quarter in fall, winter, and spring.
Students must take 16 units of elective courses, including 8 units from the BMI series and 4 units from the CS series. The final 4 units can be taken from any series. The two BMI core courses MED 265 (or MED 263 for students with a clinical background) and MED 267 count as electives. Please check this BISB curriculum page for the list of all approved electives and elective series.
There are three formal evaluations that students must complete prior to being awarded a PhD degree:
Application for admission to graduate studies is made directly through the Bioinformatics and Systems Biology website.
To be considered for the NLM fellowship, in addition to submitting your application and documentation to the degree program of your choice, please send the following to dbmi fellowship at ucsd dot edu:
Science transforming health.
Co-founder, Professor and Chief Strategy Officer, ISB; Emeritus Science Advisor, Providence
Send Email [email protected], [email protected]
Lab Website: Visit Lab Website http://hood-price.isbscience.org
A world-renowned scientist and recipient of the National Medal of Science in 2011, Dr. Leroy Hood co-founded the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) in 2000, served as its first President from 2000-2017 and is a Professor and Chief Strategy Officer. In 2016, ISB affiliated with Providence where Dr. Hood now serves as Emeritus Science Advisor.
He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the National Academy of Medicine. Of the more than 6,000 scientists worldwide who belong to one or more of these academies, Dr. Hood is one of only 20 people elected to all three.
He received his MD from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and his PhD in biochemistry from Caltech. Dr. Hood was a faculty member at Caltech from 1967-1992, serving for 10 years as the Chair of Biology. During this period, he and his colleagues developed four sequencer and synthesizer instruments that paved the way for the Human Genome Project’s successful mapping and understanding of the human genome. He and his students also deciphered many of the complex mechanisms of antibody diversification. In 1992, Dr. Hood founded and chaired the Department of Molecular Biotechnology at the University of Washington, the first academic department devoted to cross-disciplinary biology.
Dr. Hood is currently carrying out studies in Alzheimer’s Disease, cancer, and wellness. He is pioneering a 1 million patient genome/phenome project, and is bringing scientific (quantitative) wellness to the contemporary U.S. health care system.
Dr. Hood has played a role in founding 15 biotechnology companies including Amgen, Applied Biosystems, Arivale, and Nanostring. He has co-authored textbooks in biochemistry, immunology, molecular biology, genetics, and systems biology.
In addition to having received 18 honorary degrees from prestigious universities in the U.S. and abroad, Dr. Hood has published more than 850 peer-reviewed articles and currently holds 36 patents.
Dr. Hood is the recipient of numerous national and international awards, including the Lasker Award for Studies of Immune Diversity (1987), the Kyoto Prize in advanced technology (2002), the Heinz Award for pioneering work in Systems Biology (2006), the National Academy of Engineering Fritz J. and Delores H. Russ Prize for developing automated DNA sequencing (2011), and the National Academy of Science Award for Chemistry in Service to Society (2017).
2017 NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society 2016 The UCD Ulysses Medal 2015 The Johns Hopkins University Alumni Association Global Achievement Award 2014 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal for Innovations in Healthcare Technology 2014 Geoffrey Beene Builders of Science award presented by Research!America 2013 Alvin J. Thompson Award for Leadership in K-12 education and science (awarded by NW Association for Biomedical Research) 2013 Future in Review, CEO of the Year 2012 Elected as a Fellow to the American Association for Cancer Research 2011 National Medal of Science 2011 Fritz and Dolores Russ Prize, National Academy of Engineering 2007 Elected Member, National Academy of Engineering 2007 Elected Member, Inventors Hall of Fame for the automated DNA sequencer 2006 Heinz Award for pioneering work in systems biology 2005 AACR-Irving Weinstein Foundation Distinguished Lecturer Award 2003 Elected Member, Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Science 2003 Lemelson-MIT Prize for Innovation and Invention 2002 Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology 2000 Elected Member, American Philosophical Society 1993 Scientist of the Year, Research and Development Magazine 1987 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award 1982 Elected Member, National Academy of Science 1982 Elected Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2018-present Chief Strategy Officer and Professor, Institute for Systems Biology 2016-present Chief Science Officer and Senior Vice President, Providence St. Joseph Health 2000-2017 President, Co-founder and Professor, Institute for Systems Biology 1992-2000 Chairman and Founder of the Department of Molecular Biotechnology at University of Washington 1970-1992 Caltech Faculty Member — Chair of Biology for 10 years 1967-1970 Senior Investigator, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health 1967 PhD Caltech 1964 MD The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 1960 BS Caltech
Download CV
2323737 2RQKSFR5 hood items 1 0 date asc year 1 1 3969 https://isbscience.org/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/ %7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3A%22zotpress-908c6e8203b75018ff311e4f64f3d1fa%22%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A350%2C%22request_next%22%3A50%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22HG377FEG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hood%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHood%2C%20L.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BThe%20Human%20Genome%20Project%26%23x2013%3BLaunch%20Pad%20for%20Human%20Genetic%20Engineering.%26%23x201D%3B%20In%20%3Ci%3EEngineering%20the%20Human%20Germline%20%281st%20Edition%29%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20edited%20by%20J.%20Campbell%2C%2017%26%23x2013%3B24.%20New%20York%3A%20Oxford%20University%20Press.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DHG377FEG%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20human%20genome%20project%5Cu2013launch%20pad%20for%20human%20genetic%20engineering%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campbell%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Engineering%20the%20Human%20Germline%20%281st%20Edition%29%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IK4XRJ93%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ideker%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EIdeker%2C%20T.%2C%20V.%20Thorsson%2C%20A.%20F.%20Siegel%2C%20and%20L.%20E.%20Hood.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BTesting%20for%20Differentially-Expressed%20Genes%20by%20Maximum-Likelihood%20Analysis%20of%20Microarray%20Data.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJ%20Comput%20Biol%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%207%20%286%29%3A%20805%26%23x2013%3B17.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DIK4XRJ93%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Testing%20for%20differentially-expressed%20genes%20by%20maximum-likelihood%20analysis%20of%20microarray%20data%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ideker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thorsson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siegel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Although%20two-color%20fluorescent%20DNA%20microarrays%20are%20now%20standard%20equipment%20in%20many%20molecular%20biology%20laboratories%2C%20methods%20for%20identifying%20differentially%20expressed%20genes%20in%20microarray%20data%20are%20still%20evolving.%20Here%2C%20we%20report%20a%20refined%20test%20for%20differentially%20expressed%20genes%20which%20does%20not%20rely%20on%20gene%20expression%20ratios%20but%20directly%20compares%20a%20series%20of%20repeated%20measurements%20of%20the%20two%20dye%20intensities%20for%20each%20gene.%20This%20test%20uses%20a%20statistical%20model%20to%20describe%20multiplicative%20and%20additive%20errors%20influencing%20an%20array%20experiment%2C%20where%20model%20parameters%20are%20estimated%20from%20observed%20intensities%20for%20all%20genes%20using%20the%20method%20of%20maximum%20likelihood.%20A%20generalized%20likelihood%20ratio%20test%20is%20performed%20for%20each%20gene%20to%20determine%20whether%2C%20under%20the%20model%2C%20these%20intensities%20are%20significantly%20different.%20We%20use%20this%20method%20to%20identify%20significant%20differences%20in%20gene%20expression%20among%20yeast%20cells%20growing%20in%20galactose-stimulating%20versus%20non-stimulating%20conditions%20and%20compare%20our%20results%20with%20current%20approaches%20for%20identifying%20differentially-expressed%20genes.%20The%20effect%20of%20sample%20size%20on%20parameter%20optimization%20is%20also%20explored%2C%20as%20is%20the%20use%20of%20the%20error%20model%20to%20compare%20the%20within-%20and%20between-slide%20intensity%20variation%20intrinsic%20to%20an%20array%20experiment.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226HPSQVJM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Chaudhary%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EChaudhary%2C%20P.%20M.%2C%20M.%20T.%20Eby%2C%20A.%20Jasmin%2C%20A.%20Kumar%2C%20L.%20Liu%2C%20and%20L.%20Hood.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BActivation%20of%20the%20NF-KappaB%20Pathway%20by%20Caspase%208%20and%20Its%20Homologs.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EOncogene%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2019%20%2839%29%3A%204451%26%23x2013%3B60.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D6HPSQVJM%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Activation%20of%20the%20NF-kappaB%20pathway%20by%20caspase%208%20and%20its%20homologs%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chaudhary%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jasmin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kumar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Caspase%208%20is%20the%20most%20proximal%20caspase%20in%20the%20caspase%20cascade%20and%20has%20been%20known%20for%20its%20role%20in%20the%20mediation%20of%20cell%20death%20by%20various%20death%20receptors%20belonging%20to%20the%20TNFR%20family.%20We%20have%20discovered%20that%20Caspase%208%20can%20activate%20the%20NF-kappaB%20pathway%20independent%20of%20its%20activity%20as%20a%20pro-apoptotic%20protease.%20This%20property%20is%20localized%20to%20its%20N-terminal%20prodomain%2C%20which%20contains%20two%20homologous%20death%20effector%20domains%20%28DEDs%29.%20Caspase%2010%20and%20MRIT%2C%20two%20DEDs-containing%20homologs%20of%20Caspase%208%2C%20can%20similarly%20activate%20the%20NF-kappaB%20pathway.%20Dominant-negative%20mutants%20of%20the%20Caspase%208%20prodomain%20can%20block%20NF-kappaB%20induced%20by%20Caspase%208%2C%20FADD%20and%20several%20death%20receptors%20belonging%20to%20the%20TNFR%20family.%20Caspase%208%20can%20interact%20with%20multiple%20proteins%20known%20to%20be%20involved%20in%20the%20activation%20of%20the%20NF-kappaB%20pathway%2C%20including%20the%20serine-threonine%20kinases%20RIP%2C%20NIK%2C%20IKK1%20and%20IKK2.%20Thus%2C%20DEDs-containing%20caspases%20and%20caspase%20homolog%28s%29%20may%20have%20functions%20beyond%20their%20known%20role%20in%20the%20mediation%20of%20cell%20death.%20Oncogene%20%282000%29%2019%2C%204451%20-%204460.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22X9UK6WX8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Deng%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-01-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDeng%2C%20Y.%2C%20A.%20Madan%2C%20A.%20B.%20Banta%2C%20C.%20Friedman%2C%20B.%20J.%20Trask%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20and%20L.%20Li.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BCharacterization%2C%20Chromosomal%20Localization%2C%20and%20the%20Complete%2030-Kb%20DNA%20Sequence%20of%20the%20Human%20Jagged2%20%28JAG2%29%20Gene.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EGenomics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2063%20%281%29%3A%20133%26%23x2013%3B38.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DX9UK6WX8%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Characterization%2C%20chromosomal%20localization%2C%20and%20the%20complete%2030-kb%20DNA%20sequence%20of%20the%20human%20Jagged2%20%28JAG2%29%20gene%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Deng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Madan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Banta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Friedman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trask%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20genomic%20sequence%20of%20the%20human%20Jagged2%20%28JAG2%29%20gene%2C%20which%20encodes%20a%20ligand%20for%20the%20Notch%20receptors%2C%20was%20determined.%20The%2030-kb%20DNA%20sequence%20spanning%20the%20JAG2%20gene%20contains%2026%20exons%20and%20a%20putative%20promoter%20region.%20Several%20potential%20binding%20sites%20for%20transcription%20factors%2C%20including%20NF-kappab%2C%20E47%2C%20E12%2C%20E2F%2C%20Ets-1%2C%20MyoD%2C%20and%20OCT-1%2C%20were%20found%20in%20the%20human%20JAG2%20promoter%20region.%20The%20JAG2%20gene%20was%20also%20mapped%20to%20the%20chromosomal%20region%2014q32%20using%20fluorescence%20in%20situ%20hybridization.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%20January%201%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XNCABSTE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nelson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-01-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENelson%2C%20P.%20S.%2C%20N.%20Clegg%2C%20B.%20Eroglu%2C%20V.%20Hawkins%2C%20R.%20Bumgarner%2C%20T.%20Smith%2C%20and%20L.%20Hood.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BThe%20Prostate%20Expression%20Database%20%28PEDB%29%3A%20Status%20and%20Enhancements%20in%202000.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ENucleic%20Acids%20Res%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2028%20%281%29%3A%20212%26%23x2013%3B13.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DXNCABSTE%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20prostate%20expression%20database%20%28PEDB%29%3A%20status%20and%20enhancements%20in%202000%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clegg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eroglu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hawkins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bumgarner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Prostate%20Expression%20Database%20%28PEDB%29%20is%20an%20online%20resource%20designed%20to%20access%20and%20analyze%20gene%20expression%20information%20derived%20from%20the%20human%20prostate.%20PEDB%20archives%20%3E55%20000%20expressed%20sequence%20tags%20%28ESTs%29%20from%2043%20cDNA%20libraries%20in%20a%20curated%20relational%20database%20that%20provides%20detailed%20library%20information%20including%20tissue%20source%2C%20library%20construction%20methods%2C%20sequence%20diversity%20and%20sequence%20abundance.%20The%20differential%20expression%20of%20each%20EST%20species%20can%20be%20viewed%20across%20all%20libraries%20using%20a%20Virtual%20Expression%20Analysis%20Tool%20%28VEAT%29%2C%20a%20graphical%20user%20interface%20written%20in%20Java%20for%20intra-%20and%20inter-library%20species%20comparisons.%20Recent%20enhancements%20to%20PEDB%20include%3A%20%28i%29%20the%20functional%20categorization%20of%20annotated%20EST%20assemblies%20using%20a%20classification%20scheme%20developed%20at%20The%20Institute%20for%20Genome%20Research%3B%20%28ii%29%20catalogs%20of%20expressed%20genes%20in%20specific%20prostate%20tissue%20sources%20designated%20as%20transcriptomes%3B%20and%20%28iii%29%20the%20addition%20of%20prostate%20proteome%20information%20derived%20from%20two-dimensional%20electrophoreses%20and%20mass%20spectrometry%20of%20prostate%20cancer%20cell%20lines.%20PEDB%20may%20be%20accessed%20via%20the%20WWW%20at%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.mbt.washington.edu%5C%2FPEDB%5C%2F%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%20January%201%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CDVA9AGF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-01-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELin%2C%20B.%2C%20J.%20T.%20White%2C%20C.%20Ferguson%2C%20R.%20Bumgarner%2C%20C.%20Friedman%2C%20B.%20Trask%2C%20W.%20Ellis%2C%20P.%20Lange%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20and%20P.%20S.%20Nelson.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BPART-1%3A%20A%20Novel%20Human%20Prostate-Specific%2C%20Androgen-Regulated%20Gene%20That%20Maps%20to%20Chromosome%205q12.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ECancer%20Res%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2060%20%284%29%3A%20858%26%23x2013%3B63.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DCDVA9AGF%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22PART-1%3A%20a%20novel%20human%20prostate-specific%2C%20androgen-regulated%20gene%20that%20maps%20to%20chromosome%205q12%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22White%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ferguson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bumgarner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Friedman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trask%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ellis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lange%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Genes%20regulated%20by%20androgenic%20hormones%20are%20of%20critical%20importance%20for%20the%20normal%20physiological%20function%20of%20the%20human%20prostate%20gland%2C%20and%20they%20contribute%20to%20the%20development%20and%20progression%20of%20prostate%20carcinoma.%20We%20used%20cDNA%20microarrays%20containing%201500%20prostate-derived%20cDNAs%20to%20profile%20transcripts%20regulated%20by%20androgens%20in%20prostate%20cancer%20cells.%20This%20study%20identified%20a%20novel%20gene%20that%20we%20have%20designated%20PART-1%20%28prostate%20androgen-regulated%20transcript%201%29%2C%20which%20exhibited%20increased%20expression%20upon%20exposure%20to%20androgens%20in%20the%20LNCaP%20prostate%20cancer%20cell%20line.%20Northern%20analysis%20demonstrated%20that%20PART-1%20is%20highly%20expressed%20in%20the%20prostate%20gland%20relative%20to%20other%20normal%20human%20tissues%20and%20is%20expressed%20as%20different%20transcripts%20using%20at%20least%20three%20different%20polyadenylation%20signals.%20The%20PART-1%20cDNA%20and%20putative%20protein%20are%20not%20significantly%20homologous%20to%20any%20sequences%20in%20the%20nonredundant%20public%20sequence%20databases.%20Cloning%20and%20analysis%20of%20the%20putative%20PART-1%20promoter%20region%20identified%20a%20potential%20binding%20site%20for%20the%20homeobox%20gene%20PBX-la%2C%20but%20no%20consensus%20androgen%20response%20element%20or%20sterol-regulatory%20element%20binding%20sites%20were%20identified.%20We%20used%20a%20radiation%20hybrid%20panel%20and%20fluorescence%20in%20situ%20hybridization%20to%20map%20the%20PART-1%20gene%20to%20chromosome%205q12%2C%20a%20region%20that%20has%20been%20suggested%20to%20harbor%20a%20prostate%20tumor%20suppressor%20gene.%20These%20results%20identify%20a%20new%20gene%20involved%20in%20the%20androgen%20receptor-regulated%20gene%20network%20of%20the%20human%20prostate%20that%20may%20play%20a%20role%20in%20the%20etiology%20of%20prostate%20carcinogenesis.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%20January%2015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CWUJJ9FC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Goode%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGoode%2C%20E.%20L.%2C%20J.%20L.%20Stanford%2C%20L.%20Chakrabarti%2C%20M.%20Gibbs%2C%20S.%20Kolb%2C%20R.%20A.%20McIndoe%2C%20V.%20A.%20Buckley%2C%20et%20al.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BLinkage%20Analysis%20of%20150%20High-Risk%20Prostate%20Cancer%20Families%20at%201q24-25.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EGenet%20Epidemiol%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2018%20%283%29%3A%20251%26%23x2013%3B75.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DCWUJJ9FC%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Linkage%20analysis%20of%20150%20high-risk%20prostate%20cancer%20families%20at%201q24-25%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goode%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stanford%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chakrabarti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gibbs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kolb%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McIndoe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buckley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schuster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brandzel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ostrander%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarvik%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Confirmation%20of%20linkage%20and%20estimation%20of%20the%20proportion%20of%20families%20who%20are%20linked%20in%20large%20independent%20datasets%20is%20essential%20to%20understanding%20the%20significance%20of%20cancer%20susceptibility%20genes.%20We%20report%20here%20on%20an%20analysis%20of%20150%20high-risk%20prostate%20cancer%20families%20%282%2C176%20individuals%29%20for%20potential%20linkage%20to%20the%20HPC1%20prostate%20cancer%20susceptibility%20locus%20at%201q24-25.%20This%20dataset%20includes%20640%20affected%20men%20with%20an%20average%20age%20at%20prostate%20cancer%20diagnosis%20of%2066.%208%20years%20%28range%2C%2039-94%29%2C%20representing%20the%20largest%20collection%20of%20high-risk%20families%20analyzed%20for%20linkage%20in%20this%20region%20to%20date.%20Linkage%20to%20multiple%201q24-25%20markers%20was%20strongly%20rejected%20for%20the%20sample%20as%20a%20whole%20%28lod%20scores%20at%20theta%20%3D%200%20ranged%20from%20-30.83%20to%20-18.%2042%29.%20Assuming%20heterogeneity%2C%20the%20estimated%20proportion%20of%20families%20linked%20%28alpha%29%20at%20HPC1%20in%20the%20entire%20dataset%20was%202.6%25%2C%20using%20multipoint%20analysis.%20Because%20locus%20heterogeneity%20may%20lead%20to%20false%20rejection%20of%20linkage%2C%20data%20were%20stratified%20based%20on%20homogeneous%20subsets.%20When%20restricted%20to%2021%20Caucasian%20families%20with%20five%20or%20more%20affected%20family%20members%20and%20mean%20age%20at%20diagnosis%20%3C%20%3D%2065%20years%2C%20the%20lod%20scores%20at%20theta%20%3D%200%20remained%20less%20than%20-4.0.%20These%20results%20indicate%20that%20the%20overall%20portion%20of%20hereditary%20prostate%20cancer%20families%20whose%20disease%20is%20due%20to%20inherited%20variation%20in%20HPC1%20may%20be%20less%20than%20originally%20estimated.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%20March%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ARHEH2X7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Aebersold%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAebersold%2C%20R.%2C%20L.%20E.%20Hood%2C%20and%20J.%20Watts.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BEquipping%20Scientists%20for%20the%20New%20Biology.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ENat%20Biotechnol%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2018%20%284%29%3A%20359.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DARHEH2X7%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Equipping%20scientists%20for%20the%20new%20biology%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aebersold%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Watts%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%20April%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TMI7C76F%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Brewster%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBrewster%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20S.%20L.%20Martin%2C%20J.%20Toms%2C%20D.%20Goss%2C%20K.%20Wang%2C%20K.%20Zachrone%2C%20A.%20Davis%2C%20G.%20Carlson%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20and%20J.%20D.%20Coffin.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BDeletion%20of%20Dad1%20in%20Mice%20Induces%20an%20Apoptosis-Associated%20Embryonic%20Death.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EGenesis%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2026%20%284%29%3A%20271%26%23x2013%3B78.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DTMI7C76F%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Deletion%20of%20Dad1%20in%20mice%20induces%20an%20apoptosis-associated%20embryonic%20death%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brewster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Martin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Toms%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zachrone%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carlson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Coffin%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Dad1%20is%20a%20putative%20anti-apoptosis%20gene%20identified%20in%20several%20distantly%20related%20organisms.%20Expression%20of%20Dad1%20in%20transfected%20cells%20inhibits%20apoptosis%20in%20vitro.%20To%20determine%20whether%20Dad1%20has%20a%20similar%20function%20in%20vivo%2C%20we%20used%20gene%20targeting%20to%20delete%20Dad1.%20Heterozygous%20adult%20mice%20%28%2B%5C%2F-%29%20show%20no%20obvious%20phenotype%20or%20abnormalities%2C%20but%20genotype%20analysis%20of%20over%20100%20offspring%20from%20heterozygous%20matings%20detected%20no%20weanling%2C%20homozygous%20Dad1%20null%20%28-%5C%2F-%29%20mice.%20Subsequent%20analysis%20of%20embryos%20from%20heterozygous%20matings%20detected%20Dad1%20null%20%28-%5C%2F-%29%20embryos%20at%20E3.5%20but%20no%20later%2C%20suggesting%20Dad1%20is%20required%20for%20development%20beyond%20the%20late%20blastocyst%20stage.%20Increased%20levels%20of%20apoptosis%20were%20observed%20in%20cultured%20embryos%20lacking%20a%20functional%20copy%20of%20the%20gene%2C%20consistent%20with%20an%20anti-apoptotic%20role%20for%20Dad1.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%20April%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22M3HAVM2R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nelson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENelson%2C%20P.%20S.%2C%20D.%20Han%2C%20Y.%20Rochon%2C%20G.%20L.%20Corthals%2C%20B.%20Lin%2C%20A.%20Monson%2C%20V.%20Nguyen%2C%20et%20al.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BComprehensive%20Analyses%20of%20Prostate%20Gene%20Expression%3A%20Convergence%20of%20Expressed%20Sequence%20Tag%20Databases%2C%20Transcript%20Profiling%20and%20Proteomics.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EElectrophoresis%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2021%20%289%29%3A%201823%26%23x2013%3B31.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DM3HAVM2R%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Comprehensive%20analyses%20of%20prostate%20gene%20expression%3A%20convergence%20of%20expressed%20sequence%20tag%20databases%2C%20transcript%20profiling%20and%20proteomics%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Han%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rochon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Corthals%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Monson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nguyen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Franza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Plymate%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aebersold%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Several%20methods%20have%20been%20developed%20for%20the%20comprehensive%20analysis%20of%20gene%20expression%20in%20complex%20biological%20systems.%20Generally%20these%20procedures%20assess%20either%20a%20portion%20of%20the%20cellular%20transcriptome%20or%20a%20portion%20of%20the%20cellular%20proteome.%20Each%20approach%20has%20distinct%20conceptual%20and%20methodological%20advantages%20and%20disadvantages.%20We%20have%20investigated%20the%20application%20of%20both%20methods%20to%20characterize%20the%20gene%20expression%20pathway%20mediated%20by%20androgens%20and%20the%20androgen%20receptor%20in%20prostate%20cancer%20cells.%20This%20pathway%20is%20of%20critical%20importance%20for%20the%20development%20and%20progression%20of%20prostate%20cancer.%20Of%20clinical%20importance%2C%20modulation%20of%20androgens%20remains%20the%20mainstay%20of%20treatment%20for%20patients%20with%20advanced%20disease.%20To%20facilitate%20global%20gene%20expression%20studies%20we%20have%20first%20sought%20to%20define%20the%20prostate%20transcriptome%20by%20assembling%20and%20annotating%20prostate-derived%20expressed%20sequence%20tags%20%28ESTs%29.%20A%20total%20of%2055000%20prostate%20ESTs%20were%20assembled%20into%20a%20set%20of%2015953%20clusters%20putatively%20representing%2015953%20distinct%20transcripts.%20These%20clusters%20were%20used%20to%20construct%20cDNA%20microarrays%20suitable%20for%20examining%20the%20androgen-response%20pathway%20at%20the%20level%20of%20transcription.%20The%20expression%20of%2020%20genes%20was%20found%20to%20be%20induced%20by%20androgens.%20This%20cohort%20included%20known%20androgen-regulated%20genes%20such%20as%20prostate-specific%20antigen%20%28PSA%29%20and%20several%20novel%20complementary%20DNAs%20%28cDNAs%29.%20Protein%20expression%20profiles%20of%20androgen-stimulated%20prostate%20cancer%20cells%20were%20generated%20by%20two-dimensional%20electrophoresis%20%282-DE%29.%20Mass%20spectrometric%20analysis%20of%20androgen-regulated%20proteins%20in%20these%20cells%20identified%20the%20metastasis-suppressor%20gene%20NDKA%5C%2Fnm23%2C%20a%20finding%20that%20may%20explain%20a%20marked%20reduction%20in%20metastatic%20potential%20when%20these%20cells%20express%20a%20functional%20androgen%20receptor%20pathway.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%20May%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228NRTASZ8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Baliga%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBaliga%2C%20N.%20S.%2C%20Y.%20A.%20Goo%2C%20W.%20V.%20Ng%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20C.%20J.%20Daniels%2C%20and%20S.%20DasSarma.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BIs%20Gene%20Expression%20in%20Halobacterium%20NRC-1%20Regulated%20by%20Multiple%20TBP%20and%20TFB%20Transcription%20Factors%3F%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EMol%20Microbiol%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2036%20%285%29%3A%201184%26%23x2013%3B85.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D8NRTASZ8%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Is%20gene%20expression%20in%20Halobacterium%20NRC-1%20regulated%20by%20multiple%20TBP%20and%20TFB%20transcription%20factors%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baliga%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Daniels%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DasSarma%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%20June%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MA679I9R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gibbs%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGibbs%2C%20M.%2C%20J.%20L.%20Stanford%2C%20G.%20P.%20Jarvik%2C%20M.%20Janer%2C%20M.%20Badzioch%2C%20M.%20A.%20Peters%2C%20E.%20L.%20Goode%2C%20et%20al.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BA%20Genomic%20Scan%20of%20Families%20with%20Prostate%20Cancer%20Identifies%20Multiple%20Regions%20of%20Interest.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EAm%20J%20Hum%20Genet%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2067%20%281%29%3A%20100%26%23x2013%3B109.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DMA679I9R%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20genomic%20scan%20of%20families%20with%20prostate%20cancer%20identifies%20multiple%20regions%20of%20interest%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gibbs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stanford%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarvik%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Janer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Badzioch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peters%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goode%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kolb%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chakrabarti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shook%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Basom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ostrander%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%2010-cM%20genomewide%20scan%20of%2094%20families%20with%20hereditary%20prostate%20cancer%2C%20including%20432%20affected%20men%2C%20was%20used%20to%20identify%20regions%20of%20putative%20prostate%20cancer-susceptibility%20loci.%20There%20was%20an%20average%20of%203.6%20affected%2C%20genotyped%20men%20per%20family%2C%20and%20an%20overall%20mean%20age%20at%20diagnosis%20of%2065.4%20years.%20A%20total%20of%2050%20families%20were%20classified%20as%20early%20onset%20%28mean%20age%20at%20diagnosis%20%20or%20%3D66%20years%29.%20When%20the%20entire%20data%20set%20is%20considered%2C%20regions%20of%20interest%20%28LOD%20score%20%3E%20or%20%3D1.5%29%20were%20identified%20on%20chromosomes%2010%2C%2012%2C%20and%2014%2C%20with%20a%20dominant%20model%20of%20inheritance.%20Under%20a%20recessive%20model%20LOD%20scores%20%3E%20or%20%3D1.5%20were%20found%20on%20chromosomes%201%2C%208%2C%2010%2C%20and%2016.%20Stratification%20by%20age%20at%20diagnosis%20highlighted%20a%20putative%20susceptibility%20locus%20on%20chromosome%2011%2C%20among%20the%20later-onset%20families%2C%20with%20a%20LOD%20score%20of%203.%2002%20%28recombination%20fraction%200%29%20at%20marker%20ATA34E08.%20Overall%2C%20this%20genomic%20scan%20suggests%20that%20there%20are%20multiple%20prostate%20cancer%20loci%20responsible%20for%20the%20hereditary%20form%20of%20this%20common%20and%20complex%20disease%20and%20that%20stratification%20by%20a%20variety%20of%20factors%20will%20be%20required%20for%20identification%20of%20all%20relevant%20genes.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%20July%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223ZRX34FH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Allen%20and%20Hood%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAllen%2C%20E.%20E.%2C%20and%20L.%20Hood.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BBiotechnology%2C%20Inquiry%2C%20and%20Public%20Education.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ETrends%20Biotechnol%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2018%20%288%29%3A%20329%26%23x2013%3B30.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D3ZRX34FH%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Biotechnology%2C%20inquiry%2C%20and%20public%20education%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Allen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Education%20of%20our%20children%20is%20arguably%20society%5Cu2019s%20most%20important%20task%2C%20profoundly%20shaping%20the%20communities%20in%20which%20we%20all%20live.%20Achievement%20and%20success%20in%20many%20facets%20of%20our%20culture%20depend%20critically%20on%20formal%20education.%20Education%20is%20widely%20perceived%20as%20the%20only%20viable%20weapon%20against%20the%20poverty%2C%20drug%20abuse%2C%20crime%20and%20teenage%20pregnancy%20that%20derail%20many%20citizens%2C%20particularly%20in%20the%20inner%20cities%2C%20from%20realizing%20their%20productive%20human%20potential.%20Beyond%20its%20value%20to%20individuals%2C%20education%20is%20the%20cornerstone%20of%20societal%20advancement.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%20August%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SMSM3I7K%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cameron%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-08-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECameron%2C%20R.%20A.%2C%20G.%20Mahairas%2C%20J.%20P.%20Rast%2C%20P.%20Martinez%2C%20T.%20R.%20Biondi%2C%20S.%20Swartzell%2C%20J.%20C.%20Wallace%2C%20et%20al.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BA%20Sea%20Urchin%20Genome%20Project%3A%20Sequence%20Scan%2C%20Virtual%20Map%2C%20and%20Additional%20Resources.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EProc%20Natl%20Acad%20Sci%20U%20S%20A%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2097%20%2817%29%3A%209514%26%23x2013%3B18.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DSMSM3I7K%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20sea%20urchin%20genome%20project%3A%20sequence%20scan%2C%20virtual%20map%2C%20and%20additional%20resources%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cameron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mahairas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rast%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Martinez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Biondi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swartzell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wallace%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Poustka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Livingston%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ettensohn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lehrach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Britten%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davidson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Results%20of%20a%20first-stage%20Sea%20Urchin%20Genome%20Project%20are%20summarized%20here.%20The%20species%20chosen%20was%20Strongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%2C%20a%20research%20model%20of%20major%20importance%20in%20developmental%20and%20molecular%20biology.%20A%20virtual%20map%20of%20the%20genome%20was%20constructed%20by%20sequencing%20the%20ends%20of%2076%2C020%20bacterial%20artificial%20chromosome%20%28BAC%29%20recombinants%20%28average%20length%2C%20125%20kb%29.%20The%20BAC-end%20sequence%20tag%20connectors%20%28STCs%29%20occur%20an%20average%20of%2010%20kb%20apart%2C%20and%2C%20together%20with%20restriction%20digest%20patterns%20recorded%20for%20the%20same%20BAC%20clones%2C%20they%20provide%20immediate%20access%20to%20contigs%20of%20several%20hundred%20kilobases%20surrounding%20any%20gene%20of%20interest.%20The%20STCs%20survey%20%3E5%25%20of%20the%20genome%20and%20provide%20the%20estimate%20that%20this%20genome%20contains%20approximately%2027%2C350%20protein-coding%20genes.%20The%20frequency%20distribution%20and%20canonical%20sequences%20of%20all%20middle%20and%20highly%20repetitive%20sequence%20families%20in%20the%20genome%20were%20obtained%20from%20the%20STCs%20as%20well.%20The%20500-kb%20Hox%20gene%20complex%20of%20this%20species%20is%20being%20sequenced%20in%20its%20entirety.%20In%20addition%2C%20arrayed%20cDNA%20libraries%20of%20%3E10%285%29%20clones%20each%20were%20constructed%20from%20every%20major%20stage%20of%20embryogenesis%2C%20several%20individual%20cell%20types%2C%20and%20adult%20tissues%20and%20are%20available%20to%20the%20community.%20The%20accumulated%20STC%20data%20and%20an%20expanding%20expressed%20sequence%20tag%20database%20%28at%20present%20including%20%3E12%2C%20000%20sequences%29%20have%20been%20reported%20to%20GenBank%20and%20are%20accessible%20on%20public%20web%20sites.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%20Augus%2015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228ZH5NRSG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rowen%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-09-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERowen%2C%20L.%2C%20G.%20K.%20Wong%2C%20R.%20P.%20Lane%2C%20and%20L.%20Hood.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BIntellectual%20Property.%20Publication%20Rights%20in%20the%20Era%20of%20Open%20Data%20Release%20Policies.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EScience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20289%20%285486%29%3A%201881.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D8ZH5NRSG%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Intellectual%20property.%20Publication%20rights%20in%20the%20era%20of%20open%20data%20release%20policies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rowen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lane%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20open%20data%20release%20policy%20adopted%20by%20the%20large-scale%20DNA%20sequencing%20centers%20has%20made%20accessible%20valuable%20information%20that%20facilitates%20research.%20Herein%2C%20we%20argue%20that%20the%20data%20producers%5Cu2019%20rights%20to%20receive%20credit%20for%20at%20least%20some%20portion%20of%20the%20analyses%20of%20the%20data%20must%20be%20protected.%20We%20suggest%20that%20this%20protection%20take%20the%20form%20of%20a%20specification%20of%20the%20probable%20content%20of%20the%20primary%20paper%20the%20data%20producers%20intend%20to%20publish%20when%20the%20data%20gathering%20is%20complete.%20Rights%20to%20publish%20that%20paper%20ought%20then%20be%20restricted%20to%20the%20producers%20unless%20they%20give%20permission%20otherwise.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%20September%2015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22M3F9HMUH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Siegel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-09-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESiegel%2C%20A.%20F.%2C%20G.%20van%20den%20Engh%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20B.%20Trask%2C%20and%20J.%20Roach.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BModeling%20the%20Feasibility%20of%20Whole%20Genome%20Shotgun%20Sequencing%20Using%20a%20Pairwise%20End%20Strategy.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EGenomics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2068%20%283%29%3A%20237%26%23x2013%3B46.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DM3F9HMUH%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Modeling%20the%20feasibility%20of%20whole%20genome%20shotgun%20sequencing%20using%20a%20pairwise%20end%20strategy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siegel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20den%20Engh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trask%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roach%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20pairwise%20end%20sequencing%2C%20sequences%20are%20determined%20from%20both%20ends%20of%20random%20subclones%20derived%20from%20a%20DNA%20target.%20Sufficiently%20similar%20overlapping%20end%20sequences%20are%20identified%20and%20grouped%20into%20contigs.%20When%20a%20clone%5Cu2019s%20paired%20end%20sequences%20fall%20in%20different%20contigs%2C%20the%20contigs%20are%20connected%20together%20to%20form%20scaffolds.%20Increasingly%2C%20the%20goals%20of%20pairwise%20strategies%20are%20large%20and%20highly%20repetitive%20genomic%20targets.%20Here%2C%20we%20consider%20large-scale%20pairwise%20strategies%20that%20employ%20mixtures%20of%20subclone%20sizes.%20We%20explore%20the%20properties%20of%20scaffold%20formation%20within%20a%20hybrid%20theory%5C%2Fsimulation%20mathematical%20model%20of%20a%20genomic%20target%20that%20contains%20many%20repeat%20families.%20Using%20this%20model%2C%20we%20evaluate%20problems%20that%20may%20arise%2C%20such%20as%20falsely%20linked%20end%20sequences%20%28due%20either%20to%20random%20matches%20or%20to%20homologous%20repeats%29%20and%20scaffolds%20that%20terminate%20without%20extending%20the%20full%20length%20of%20the%20target.%20We%20illustrate%20our%20model%20with%20an%20exploration%20of%20a%20strategy%20for%20sequencing%20the%20human%20genome.%20Our%20results%20show%20that%2C%20for%20a%20strategy%20that%20generates%2010-fold%20sequence%20coverage%20derived%20from%20the%20ends%20of%20clones%20ranging%20in%20length%20from%202%20to%20150%20kb%2C%20using%20an%20appropriate%20rule%20for%20detecting%20overlaps%2C%20we%20expect%20few%20false%20links%20while%20obtaining%20a%20single%20scaffold%20extending%20the%20length%20of%20each%20chromosome.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%20September%2015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22UF3SBRDZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ng%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-10-24%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENg%2C%20W.%20V.%2C%20S.%20P.%20Kennedy%2C%20G.%20G.%20Mahairas%2C%20B.%20Berquist%2C%20M.%20Pan%2C%20H.%20D.%20Shukla%2C%20S.%20R.%20Lasky%2C%20et%20al.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BGenome%20Sequence%20of%20Halobacterium%20Species%20NRC-1.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EProc%20Natl%20Acad%20Sci%20U%20S%20A%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2097%20%2822%29%3A%2012176%26%23x2013%3B81.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DUF3SBRDZ%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Genome%20sequence%20of%20Halobacterium%20species%20NRC-1%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kennedy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mahairas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berquist%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shukla%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lasky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baliga%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thorsson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sbrogna%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swartzell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weir%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dahl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Welti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leithauser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cruz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Danson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hough%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maddocks%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jablonski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krebs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Angevine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dale%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Isenbarger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pohlschroder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Spudich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jung%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Alam%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Freitas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Daniels%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dennis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Omer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ebhardt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lowe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Riley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DasSarma%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20report%20the%20complete%20sequence%20of%20an%20extreme%20halophile%2C%20Halobacterium%20sp.%20NRC-1%2C%20harboring%20a%20dynamic%202%2C571%2C010-bp%20genome%20containing%2091%20insertion%20sequences%20representing%2012%20families%20and%20organized%20into%20a%20large%20chromosome%20and%202%20related%20minichromosomes.%20The%20Halobacterium%20NRC-1%20genome%20codes%20for%202%2C630%20predicted%20proteins%2C%2036%25%20of%20which%20are%20unrelated%20to%20any%20previously%20reported.%20Analysis%20of%20the%20genome%20sequence%20shows%20the%20presence%20of%20pathways%20for%20uptake%20and%20utilization%20of%20amino%20acids%2C%20active%20sodium-proton%20antiporter%20and%20potassium%20uptake%20systems%2C%20sophisticated%20photosensory%20and%20signal%20transduction%20pathways%2C%20and%20DNA%20replication%2C%20transcription%2C%20and%20translation%20systems%20resembling%20more%20complex%20eukaryotic%20organisms.%20Whole%20proteome%20comparisons%20show%20the%20definite%20archaeal%20nature%20of%20this%20halophile%20with%20additional%20similarities%20to%20the%20Gram-positive%20Bacillus%20subtilis%20and%20other%20bacteria.%20The%20ease%20of%20culturing%20Halobacterium%20and%20the%20availability%20of%20methods%20for%20its%20genetic%20manipulation%20in%20the%20laboratory%2C%20including%20construction%20of%20gene%20knockouts%20and%20replacements%2C%20indicate%20this%20halophile%20can%20serve%20as%20an%20excellent%20model%20system%20among%20the%20archaea.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%20October%2024%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PTHRWTBA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Anderson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAnderson%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20A.%20G.%20Rodrigo%2C%20G.%20H.%20Learn%2C%20A.%20Madan%2C%20C.%20Delahunty%2C%20M.%20Coon%2C%20M.%20Girard%2C%20S.%20Osmanov%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20and%20J.%20I.%20Mullins.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BTesting%20the%20Hypothesis%20of%20a%20Recombinant%20Origin%20of%20Human%20Immunodeficiency%20Virus%20Type%201%20Subtype%20E.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJ%20Virol%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2074%20%2822%29%3A%2010752%26%23x2013%3B65.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DPTHRWTBA%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Testing%20the%20hypothesis%20of%20a%20recombinant%20origin%20of%20human%20immunodeficiency%20virus%20type%201%20subtype%20E%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rodrigo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Learn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Madan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Delahunty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Coon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Girard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Osmanov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mullins%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20human%20immunodeficiency%20virus%20type%201%20%28HIV-1%29%20epidemic%20in%20Southeast%20Asia%20has%20been%20largely%20due%20to%20the%20emergence%20of%20clade%20E%20%28HIV-1E%29.%20It%20has%20been%20suggested%20that%20HIV-1E%20is%20derived%20from%20a%20recombinant%20lineage%20of%20subtype%20A%20%28HIV-1A%29%20and%20subtype%20E%2C%20with%20multiple%20breakpoints%20along%20the%20E%20genome.%20We%20obtained%20complete%20genome%20sequences%20of%20clade%20E%20viruses%20from%20Thailand%20%2893TH057%20and%2093TH065%29%20and%20from%20the%20Central%20African%20Republic%20%2890CF11697%20and%2090CF4071%29%2C%20increasing%20the%20total%20number%20of%20HIV-1E%20complete%20genome%20sequences%20available%20to%20seven.%20Phylogenetic%20analysis%20of%20complete%20genomes%20showed%20that%20subtypes%20A%20and%20E%20are%20themselves%20monophyletic%2C%20although%20together%20they%20also%20form%20a%20larger%20monophyletic%20group.%20The%20apparent%20phylogenetic%20incongruence%20at%20different%20regions%20of%20the%20genome%20that%20was%20previously%20taken%20as%20evidence%20of%20recombination%20is%20shown%20to%20be%20not%20statistically%20significant.%20Furthermore%2C%20simulations%20indicate%20that%20bootscanning%20and%20pairwise%20distance%20results%2C%20previously%20used%20as%20evidence%20for%20recombination%2C%20can%20be%20misleading%2C%20particularly%20when%20there%20are%20differences%20in%20substitution%20or%20evolutionary%20rates%20across%20the%20genomes%20of%20different%20subtypes.%20Taken%20jointly%2C%20our%20analyses%20suggest%20that%20there%20is%20inadequate%20support%20for%20the%20hypothesis%20that%20subtype%20E%20variants%20are%20derived%20from%20a%20recombinant%20lineage.%20In%20contrast%2C%20many%20other%20HIV%20strains%20claimed%20to%20have%20a%20recombinant%20origin%2C%20including%20viruses%20for%20which%20only%20a%20single%20parental%20strain%20was%20employed%20for%20analysis%2C%20do%20indeed%20satisfy%20the%20statistical%20criteria%20we%20propose.%20Thus%2C%20while%20intersubtype%20recombinant%20HIV%20strains%20are%20indeed%20circulating%2C%20the%20criteria%20for%20assigning%20a%20recombinant%20origin%20to%20viral%20structures%20should%20include%20statistical%20testing%20of%20alternative%20hypotheses%20to%20avoid%20inappropriate%20assignments%20that%20would%20obscure%20the%20true%20evolutionary%20properties%20of%20these%20viruses.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%20November%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22B9I9TJ9X%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rampazzo%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000-11-30%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERampazzo%2C%20A.%2C%20F.%20Pivotto%2C%20G.%20Occhi%2C%20N.%20Tiso%2C%20S.%20Bortoluzzi%2C%20L.%20Rowen%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20A.%20Nava%2C%20and%20G.%20A.%20Danieli.%202000.%20%26%23x201C%3BCharacterization%20of%20C14orf4%2C%20a%20Novel%20Intronless%20Human%20Gene%20Containing%20a%20Polyglutamine%20Repeat%2C%20Mapped%20to%20the%20ARVD1%20Critical%20Region.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EBiochem%20Biophys%20Res%20Commun%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20278%20%283%29%3A%20766%26%23x2013%3B74.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DB9I9TJ9X%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Characterization%20of%20C14orf4%2C%20a%20novel%20intronless%20human%20gene%20containing%20a%20polyglutamine%20repeat%2C%20mapped%20to%20the%20ARVD1%20critical%20region%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rampazzo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pivotto%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Occhi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tiso%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bortoluzzi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rowen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nava%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Danieli%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Within%20the%20ARVD1%20%28arrhythmogenic%20right%20ventricular%20dysplasia%5C%2Fcardiomyopathy%2C%20type%201%29%20critical%20region%2C%20mapped%20to%2014q24.3%2C%20we%20detected%20an%20intronless%20gene%20of%204859%20bp%2C%20predominantly%20expressed%20in%20the%20heart%20tissue.%20This%20gene%20encodes%20a%20796-amino-acid%2C%20proline-rich%20protein%20showing%20polyglutamine%20and%20polyalanine%20tracks%20with%20variable%20length%20at%20the%20N-terminus%20and%20a%20C3HC4%20RING%20finger%20domain%20at%20the%20C-terminus.%20CREB%20and%20AP-2%20binding%20sites%20are%20present%20in%20the%20promoter%20region.%20The%205%5Cu2019%20flanking%20region%20contains%20neither%20a%20TATA%20box%20nor%20a%20CAAT%20box%2C%20but%20it%20is%20high%20in%20GC%20content%20and%20includes%20several%20Sp1%20binding%20sites.%20Protein%20similarity%20searches%20revealed%20a%20significant%20match%20between%20the%20C-terminus%20and%20a%20human%20hypothetical%20protein%2C%20whose%20gene%20is%20located%20on%20the%20chromosome%2019%20long%20arm.%20The%20predicted%20protein%20shows%20PEST%20sequences%2C%20suggesting%20its%20rapid%20degradation.%20The%20novel%20intronless%20gene%2C%20provisionally%20named%20C14orf4%20and%20probably%20encoding%20a%20nuclear%20protein%2C%20was%20excluded%20from%20being%20the%20ARVD1%20gene.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%20November%2030%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22G84ZKFFU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hood%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHood%2C%20L.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BMelanoma%20Techniques%20and%20Protocols%3A%20Molecular%20Diagnosis%2C%20Treatment%2C%20and%20Monitoring.%26%23x201D%3B%20In%20%3Ci%3EMethods%20in%20Molecular%20Medicine%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2061%3AForward%20by%20Hood%2C%20L.%20Totowa%2C%20NJ%3A%20Humana%20Pr%20Inc.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DG84ZKFFU%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Melanoma%20techniques%20and%20protocols%3A%20molecular%20diagnosis%2C%20treatment%2C%20and%20monitoring%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Methods%20in%20Molecular%20Medicine%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-89603-684-0%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222TF55EKQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ideker%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EIdeker%2C%20T.%2C%20T.%20Galitski%2C%20and%20L.%20Hood.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BA%20New%20Approach%20to%20Decoding%20Life%3A%20Systems%20Biology.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EAnnu%20Rev%20Genomics%20Hum%20Genet%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%202%3A%20343%26%23x2013%3B72.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D2TF55EKQ%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20new%20approach%20to%20decoding%20life%3A%20systems%20biology%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ideker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Galitski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Systems%20biology%20studies%20biological%20systems%20by%20systematically%20perturbing%20them%20%28biologically%2C%20genetically%2C%20or%20chemically%29%3B%20monitoring%20the%20gene%2C%20protein%2C%20and%20informational%20pathway%20responses%3B%20integrating%20these%20data%3B%20and%20ultimately%2C%20formulating%20mathematical%20models%20that%20describe%20the%20structure%20of%20the%20system%20and%20its%20response%20to%20individual%20perturbations.%20The%20emergence%20of%20systems%20biology%20is%20described%2C%20as%20are%20several%20examples%20of%20specific%20systems%20approaches.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22UI6BD5H4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Baliga%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBaliga%2C%20N.%20S.%2C%20S.%20P.%20Kennedy%2C%20W.%20V.%20Ng%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20and%20S.%20DasSarma.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BGenomic%20and%20Genetic%20Dissection%20of%20an%20Archaeal%20Regulon.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EProc%20Natl%20Acad%20Sci%20U%20S%20A%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2098%20%285%29%3A%202521-5.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DUI6BD5H4%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Genomic%20and%20genetic%20dissection%20of%20an%20archaeal%20regulon%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baliga%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kennedy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DasSarma%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20extremely%20halophilic%20archaeon%20Halobacterium%20sp.%20NRC-1%20can%20grow%20phototrophically%20by%20means%20of%20light-driven%20proton%20pumping%20by%20bacteriorhodopsin%20in%20the%20purple%20membrane.%20Here%2C%20we%20show%20by%20genetic%20analysis%20of%20the%20wild%20type%2C%20and%20insertion%20and%20double-frame%20shift%20mutants%20of%20Bat%20that%20this%20transcriptional%20regulator%20coordinates%20synthesis%20of%20a%20structural%20protein%20and%20a%20chromophore%20for%20purple%20membrane%20biogenesis%20in%20response%20to%20both%20light%20and%20oxygen.%20Analysis%20of%20the%20complete%20Halobacterium%20sp.%20NRC-1%20genome%20sequence%20showed%20that%20the%20regulatory%20site%2C%20upstream%20activator%20sequence%20%28UAS%29%2C%20the%20putative%20binding%20site%20for%20Bat%20upstream%20of%20the%20bacterio-opsin%20gene%20%28bop%29%2C%20is%20also%20present%20upstream%20to%20the%20other%20Bat-regulated%20genes.%20The%20transcription%20regulator%20Bat%20contains%20a%20photoresponsive%20cGMP-binding%20%28GAF%29%20domain%2C%20and%20a%20bacterial%20AraC%20type%20helix-turn-helix%20DNA%20binding%20motif.%20We%20also%20provide%20evidence%20for%20involvement%20of%20the%20PAS%5C%2FPAC%20domain%20of%20Bat%20in%20redox-sensing%20activity%20by%20genetic%20analysis%20of%20a%20purple%20membrane%20overproducer.%20Five%20additional%20Bat-like%20putative%20regulatory%20genes%20were%20found%2C%20which%20together%20are%20likely%20to%20be%20responsible%20for%20orchestrating%20the%20complex%20response%20of%20this%20archaeon%20to%20light%20and%20oxygen.%20Similarities%20of%20the%20bop-like%20UAS%20and%20transcription%20factors%20in%20diverse%20organisms%2C%20including%20a%20plant%20and%20a%20gamma-proteobacterium%2C%20suggest%20an%20ancient%20origin%20for%20this%20regulon%20capable%20of%20coordinating%20light%20and%20oxygen%20responses%20in%20the%20three%20major%20branches%20of%20the%20evolutionary%20tree%20of%20life.%20Finally%2C%20sensitivity%20of%20four%20of%20five%20regulon%20genes%20to%20DNA%20supercoiling%20is%20demonstrated%20and%20correlated%20to%20presence%20of%20alternating%20purine-pyrimidine%20sequences%20%28RY%20boxes%29%20near%20the%20regulated%20promoters.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22F7XQSFVG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22DasSarma%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDasSarma%2C%20S.%2C%20S.%20P.%20Kennedy%2C%20B.%20Berquist%2C%20W.%20Victor%20Ng%2C%20N.%20S.%20Baliga%2C%20J.%20L.%20Spudich%2C%20M.%20P.%20Krebs%2C%20J.%20A.%20Eisen%2C%20C.%20H.%20Johnson%2C%20and%20L.%20Hood.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BGenomic%20Perspective%20on%20the%20Photobiology%20of%20Halobacterium%20Species%20NRC-1%2C%20a%20Phototrophic%2C%20Phototactic%2C%20and%20UV-Tolerant%20Haloarchaeon.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EPhotosynth%20Res%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2070%20%281%29%3A%203%26%23x2013%3B17.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DF7XQSFVG%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Genomic%20perspective%20on%20the%20photobiology%20of%20Halobacterium%20species%20NRC-1%2C%20a%20phototrophic%2C%20phototactic%2C%20and%20UV-tolerant%20haloarchaeon%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DasSarma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kennedy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berquist%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Victor%20Ng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baliga%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Spudich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krebs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eisen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Halobacterium%20species%20display%20a%20variety%20of%20responses%20to%20light%2C%20including%20phototrophic%20growth%2C%20phototactic%20behavior%2C%20and%20photoprotective%20mechanisms.%20The%20complete%20genome%20sequence%20of%20Halobacterium%20species%20NRC-1%20%28Proc%20Natl%20Acad%20Sci%20USA%2097%3A%2012176-12181%2C%202000%29%2C%20coupled%20with%20the%20availability%20of%20a%20battery%20of%20methods%20for%20its%20analysis%20makes%20this%20an%20ideal%20model%20system%20for%20studying%20photobiology%20among%20the%20archaea.%20Here%2C%20we%20review%3A%20%281%29%20the%20structure%20of%20the%202.57%20Mbp%20Halobacterium%20NRC-1%20genome%2C%20including%20a%20large%20chromosome%2C%20two%20minichromosomes%2C%20and%2091%20transposable%20IS%20elements%3B%20%282%29%20the%20purple%20membrane%20regulon%2C%20which%20programs%20the%20accumulation%20of%20large%20quantities%20of%20the%20light-driven%20proton%20pump%2C%20bacteriorhodopsin%2C%20and%20allows%20for%20a%20period%20of%20phototrophic%20growth%3B%20%283%29%20components%20of%20the%20sophisticated%20pathways%20for%20color-sensitive%20phototaxis%3B%20%284%29%20the%20gas%20vesicle%20gene%20cluster%2C%20which%20codes%20for%20cell%20buoyancy%20organelles%3B%20%285%29%20pathways%20for%20the%20production%20of%20carotenoid%20pigments%20and%20retinal%2C%20%286%29%20processes%20for%20the%20repair%20of%20DNA%20damage%3B%20and%20%287%29%20putative%20homologs%20of%20circadian%20rhythm%20regulators.%20We%20conclude%20with%20a%20discussion%20of%20the%20power%20of%20systems%20biology%20for%20comprehensive%20understanding%20of%20Halobacterium%20NRC-1%20photobiology.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226KDR9VBJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hood%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHood%2C%20L.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BDeciphering%20Heredity.%26%23x201D%3B%20In%20%3Ci%3EThe%20Alfred%20Deakin%20Lectures%3A%20Ideas%20for%20the%20Future%20of%20a%20Civil%20Society%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20164%26%23x2013%3B76.%20Sydney%2C%20Australia%3A%20Australian%20Broadcasting%20Corporation.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D6KDR9VBJ%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Deciphering%20Heredity%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22The%20Alfred%20Deakin%20Lectures%3A%20Ideas%20for%20the%20Future%20of%20a%20Civil%20Society%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KTVGGE5K%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Peters%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPeters%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20G.%20P.%20Jarvik%2C%20M.%20Janer%2C%20L.%20Chakrabarti%2C%20S.%20Kolb%2C%20E.%20L.%20Goode%2C%20M.%20Gibbs%2C%20et%20al.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BGenetic%20Linkage%20Analysis%20of%20Prostate%20Cancer%20Families%20to%20Xq27-28.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EHum%20Hered%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2051%20%281%26%23x2013%3B2%29%3A%20107%26%23x2013%3B13.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DKTVGGE5K%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Genetic%20linkage%20analysis%20of%20prostate%20cancer%20families%20to%20Xq27-28%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peters%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarvik%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Janer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chakrabarti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kolb%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goode%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gibbs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DuBois%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schuster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ostrander%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stanford%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22OBJECTIVES%3A%20A%20recent%20linkage%20analysis%20of%20360%20families%20at%20high%20risk%20for%20prostate%20cancer%20identified%20the%20q27-28%20region%20on%20chromosome%20X%20as%20the%20potential%20location%20of%20a%20gene%20involved%20in%20prostate%20cancer%20susceptibility.%20Here%20we%20report%20on%20linkage%20analysis%20at%20this%20putative%20HPCX%20locus%20in%20an%20independent%20set%20of%20186%20prostate%20cancer%20families%20participating%20in%20the%20Prostate%20Cancer%20Genetic%20Research%20Study%20%28PROGRESS%29.%20METHODS%3A%20DNA%20samples%20from%20these%20families%20were%20genotyped%20at%208%20polymorphic%20markers%20spanning%2014.3%20cM%20of%20the%20HPCX%20region.%20RESULTS%3A%20Two-point%20parametric%20analysis%20of%20the%20total%20data%20set%20resulted%20in%20positive%20lod%20scores%20at%20only%20two%20markers%2C%20DXS984%20and%20DXS1193%2C%20with%20scores%20of%200.628%20at%20a%20recombination%20fraction%20%28theta%29%20of%200.36%20and%200.012%20at%20theta%20%3D%200.48%2C%20respectively.%20The%20stratification%20of%20pedigrees%20according%20to%20the%20assumed%20mode%20of%20transmission%20increased%20the%20evidence%20of%20linkage%20at%20DXS984%20in%2081%20families%20with%20no%20evidence%20of%20male-to-male%20transmission%20%28lod%20%3D%201.062%20at%20theta%20%3D%200.28%29.%20CONCLUSIONS%3A%20Although%20this%20analysis%20did%20not%20show%20statistically%20significant%20evidence%20for%20the%20linkage%20of%20prostate%20cancer%20susceptibility%20to%20Xq27-28%2C%20the%20results%20are%20consistent%20with%20a%20small%20percentage%20of%20families%20being%20linked%20to%20this%20region.%20The%20analysis%20further%20highlights%20difficulties%20in%20replicating%20linkage%20results%20in%20an%20etiologically%20heterogeneous%2C%20complexly%20inherited%20disease.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NIV24HD2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Park%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-01-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPark%2C%20I.%20K.%2C%20C.%20A.%20Klug%2C%20K.%20Li%2C%20L.%20Jerabek%2C%20L.%20Li%2C%20M.%20Nanamori%2C%20R.%20R.%20Neubig%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20I.%20L.%20Weissman%2C%20and%20M.%20F.%20Clarke.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BMolecular%20Cloning%20and%20Characterization%20of%20a%20Novel%20Regulator%20of%20G-Protein%20Signaling%20from%20Mouse%20Hematopoietic%20Stem%20Cells.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJ%20Biol%20Chem%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20276%20%282%29%3A%20915%26%23x2013%3B23.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DNIV24HD2%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Molecular%20cloning%20and%20characterization%20of%20a%20novel%20regulator%20of%20G-protein%20signaling%20from%20mouse%20hematopoietic%20stem%20cells%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klug%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jerabek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nanamori%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neubig%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weissman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clarke%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20novel%20regulator%20of%20G-protein%20signaling%20%28RGS%29%20has%20been%20isolated%20from%20a%20highly%20purified%20population%20of%20mouse%20long-term%20hematopoietic%20stem%20cells%2C%20and%20designated%20RGS18.%20It%20has%20234%20amino%20acids%20consisting%20of%20a%20central%20RGS%20box%20and%20short%20divergent%20NH%282%29%20and%20COOH%20termini.%20The%20calculated%20molecular%20weight%20of%20RGS18%20is%2027%2C610%20and%20the%20isoelectric%20point%20is%208.63.%20Mouse%20RGS18%20is%20expressed%20from%20a%20single%20gene%20and%20shows%20tissue%20specific%20distribution.%20It%20is%20most%20highly%20expressed%20in%20bone%20marrow%20followed%20by%20fetal%20liver%2C%20spleen%2C%20and%20then%20lung.%20In%20bone%20marrow%2C%20RGS18%20level%20is%20highest%20in%20long-term%20and%20short-term%20hematopoietic%20stem%20cells%2C%20and%20is%20decreased%20as%20they%20differentiate%20into%20more%20committed%20multiple%20progenitors.%20The%20human%20RGS18%20ortholog%20has%20a%20tissue-specific%20expression%20pattern%20similar%20to%20that%20of%20mouse%20RGS18.%20Purified%20RGS18%20interacts%20with%20the%20alpha%20subunit%20of%20both%20G%28i%29%20and%20G%28q%29%20subfamilies.%20The%20results%20of%20in%20vitro%20GTPase%20single-turnover%20assays%20using%20Galpha%28i%29%20indicated%20that%20RGS18%20accelerates%20the%20intrinsic%20GTPase%20activity%20of%20Galpha%28i%29.%20Transient%20overexpression%20of%20RGS18%20attenuated%20inositol%20phosphates%20production%20via%20angiotensin%20receptor%20and%20transcriptional%20activation%20through%20cAMP-responsive%20element%20via%20M1%20muscarinic%20receptor.%20This%20suggests%20RGS18%20can%20act%20on%20G%28q%29-mediated%20signaling%20pathways%20in%20vivo.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20January%2012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SAVQ4ED7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wang%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWang%2C%20K.%2C%20L.%20Gan%2C%20T.%20Kunisada%2C%20I.%20Lee%2C%20H.%20Yamagishi%2C%20and%20L.%20Hood.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BCharacterization%20of%20the%20Japanese%20Pufferfish%20%28Takifugu%20Rubripes%29%20T-Cell%20Receptor%20Alpha%20Locus%20Reveals%20a%20Unique%20Genomic%20Organization.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EImmunogenetics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2053%20%281%29%3A%2031%26%23x2013%3B42.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DSAVQ4ED7%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Characterization%20of%20the%20Japanese%20pufferfish%20%28Takifugu%20rubripes%29%20T-cell%20receptor%20alpha%20locus%20reveals%20a%20unique%20genomic%20organization%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kunisada%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yamagishi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Polymerase%20chain%20reactions%20with%20degenerate%20V%20gene%20segment%20primers%20were%20used%20to%20isolate%20the%20putative%20T-cell%20receptor%20alpha-chain%20gene%20%28TCRA%29%20from%20Japanese%20pufferfish%20%28Takifugu%20rubripes%29.%20The%20putative%20TCRA%20chain%20cDNA%20is%20composed%20of%20an%20N-terminus%20leader%20peptide%20followed%20by%20the%20variable%20region%20and%20the%20constant%20region.%20The%20variable%20portion%20of%20the%20TCRA%20gene%20is%20encoded%20by%20V%20and%20J%20gene%20segments%20separated%20in%20the%20germline.%20As%20in%20mammals%2C%20the%20V-J%20junction%20sequences%20are%20GC%20rich%20and%20highly%20diversified.%20Amino%20acid%20residues%20that%20are%20required%20to%20maintain%20the%20function%20and%20structural%20integrity%20of%20the%20TCRA%20polypeptide%2C%20including%20the%20conserved%20Trp-Tyr-Lys%20and%20Tyr-Tyr-Cys%20motifs%20in%20the%20V%20gene%20segments%2C%20the%20Lys-Leu-X-Phe-Gly-X-Gly-Thr-X-Leu%20motif%20in%20the%20J%20gene%20segment%2C%20the%20three%20cysteine%20residues%20in%20the%20constant%20region%20and%20the%20charged%20residues%20in%20the%20transmembrane%20region%20are%20all%20preserved%20in%20the%20pufferfish.%20These%20conserved%20features%20suggest%20that%20the%20TCRA%20gene%20families%20in%20fish%20and%20mammals%20have%20evolved%20from%20a%20common%20ancestor.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20February%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HGRRB9ZG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Chen%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-02-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EChen%2C%20F.%2C%20L.%20Rowen%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20and%20E.%20V.%20Rothenberg.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BDifferential%20Transcriptional%20Regulation%20of%20Individual%20TCR%20V%20Beta%20Segments%20before%20Gene%20Rearrangement.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJ%20Immunol%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20166%20%283%29%3A%201771%26%23x2013%3B80.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DHGRRB9ZG%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Differential%20transcriptional%20regulation%20of%20individual%20TCR%20V%20beta%20segments%20before%20gene%20rearrangement%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rowen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rothenberg%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20promoter%20sequences%20of%20individual%20murine%20TCR%20Vbeta%20segments%20are%20dissimilar%2C%20but%20any%20functional%20differences%20between%20them%20are%20masked%20after%20productive%20gene%20rearrangement%20by%20the%20dominance%20of%20the%20TCRbeta%203%5Cu2019%20enhancer.%20However%2C%20thymocytes%20of%20recombination-activating%20gene-2%20%28Rag2%29-deficient%20mice%20allow%20the%20transcriptional%20activity%20of%20Vbeta%20promoters%20to%20be%20studied%20before%20rearrangement.%20Here%20we%20report%20that%20many%20Vbeta%20segments%20are%20detectably%20transcribed%20in%20Rag2%28-%5C%2F-%29%20thymocytes%20and%20that%20there%20are%20significant%20differences%20in%20expression%20among%20different%20Vbeta%20segments.%20Primer%20extension%20and%20characterization%20of%20cDNA%20clones%20from%20SCID%20thymocytes%20suggest%20that%20these%20germline%20Vbeta%20transcripts%20generally%20use%20the%20same%20start%20sites%20as%20those%20previously%20determined%20in%20mature%20T%20cells.%20The%20strength%20of%20expression%20before%20rearrangement%20does%20not%20correlate%20with%20proximity%20to%20the%20known%20enhancer%2C%20because%20members%20of%20the%20most%20distal%20Vbeta%20cluster%20%28Vbeta2.1%2C%20Vbeta1.1%2C%20Vbeta4.1%29%20are%20relatively%20strongly%20expressed%20and%20more%20proximal%20Vbeta%20segments%20%28Vbeta14.1%2C%20Vbeta3.1%2C%20Vbeta7.1%2C%20Vbeta6.1%29%20are%20only%20weakly%20expressed.%20Different%20Vbeta%20segments%20also%20show%20different%20developmental%20programs%20of%20activation%20in%20different%20thymocyte%20subsets%2C%20with%20the%20Vbeta5.1%28L%29-8.2%28V%29%20spliced%20transcript%20expressed%20earliest%20as%20well%20as%20most%20strongly%20overall.%20Comparison%20with%20Rag%28%2B%29%20MHC%20class%20I%28-%5C%2F-%29%20and%20class%20II%28-%5C%2F-%29%20thymocytes%20confirms%20that%20many%20of%20these%20expression%20differences%20are%20leveled%20by%20rearrangement%20and%5C%2For%20by%20beta%20selection%2C%20before%20MHC-dependent%20selection.%20However%2C%20the%20expression%20pattern%20of%20Vbeta2.1%20is%20highly%20distinctive%20and%20includes%20cell%20types%20apparently%20outside%20the%20T%20lineage%2C%20suggesting%20potential%20acquisition%20of%20specialized%20roles.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20February%201%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22K9RVJP3J%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-02-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELin%2C%20B.%2C%20J.%20T.%20White%2C%20C.%20Ferguson%2C%20S.%20Wang%2C%20R.%20Vessella%2C%20R.%20Bumgarner%2C%20L.%20D.%20True%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20and%20P.%20S.%20Nelson.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BProstate%20Short-Chain%20Dehydrogenase%20Reductase%201%20%28PSDR1%29%3A%20A%20New%20Member%20of%20the%20Short-Chain%20Steroid%20Dehydrogenase%5C%2FReductase%20Family%20Highly%20Expressed%20in%20Normal%20and%20Neoplastic%20Prostate%20Epithelium.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ECancer%20Res%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2061%20%284%29%3A%201611%26%23x2013%3B18.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DK9RVJP3J%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Prostate%20short-chain%20dehydrogenase%20reductase%201%20%28PSDR1%29%3A%20a%20new%20member%20of%20the%20short-chain%20steroid%20dehydrogenase%5C%2Freductase%20family%20highly%20expressed%20in%20normal%20and%20neoplastic%20prostate%20epithelium%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22White%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ferguson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vessella%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bumgarner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22True%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nelson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Genes%20regulated%20by%20androgenic%20hormones%20are%20of%20critical%20importance%20for%20the%20normal%20physiological%20function%20of%20the%20human%20prostate%20gland%2C%20and%20they%20contribute%20to%20the%20development%20and%20progression%20of%20prostate%20carcinoma.%20We%20used%20cDNA%20microarrays%20comprised%20of%20prostate-derived%20cDNAs%20to%20profile%20transcripts%20regulated%20by%20androgens%20in%20prostate%20cancer%20cells.%20This%20study%20identified%20a%20novel%20gene%20that%20we%20have%20designated%20prostate%20short-chain%20dehydrogenase%5C%2Freductase%201%20%28PSDR1%29%2C%20that%20exhibits%20increased%20expression%20on%20exposure%20to%20androgens%20in%20the%20LNCaP%20prostate%20cancer%20cell%20line.%20Northern%20analysis%20demonstrated%20that%20PSDR1%20is%20highly%20expressed%20in%20the%20prostate%20gland%20relative%20to%20other%20normal%20human%20tissues.%20The%20PSDR1%20cDNA%20and%20putative%20protein%20exhibit%20homology%20to%20the%20family%20of%20short-chain%20dehydrogenase%5C%2Freductase%20enzymes%20and%20thus%20identify%20a%20new%20member%20of%20this%20family.%20Cloning%20and%20analysis%20of%20the%20putative%20PSDR1%20promoter%20region%20identified%20a%20potential%20androgen-response%20element.%20We%20used%20a%20radiation-hybrid%20panel%20to%20map%20the%20PSDR1%20gene%20to%20chromosome%2014q23-24.3.%20In%20situ%20hybridization%20localizes%20PSDR1%20expression%20to%20normal%20and%20neoplastic%20prostate%20epithelium.%20These%20results%20identify%20a%20new%20gene%20involved%20in%20the%20androgen%20receptor-regulated%20gene%20network%20of%20the%20human%20prostate%20that%20may%20play%20a%20role%20in%20the%20pathogenesis%20of%20prostate%20carcinoma.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20February%2015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GNW46XVD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22McPherson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-02-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMcPherson%2C%20J.%20D.%2C%20M.%20Marra%2C%20L.%20Hillier%2C%20R.%20H.%20Waterston%2C%20A.%20Chinwalla%2C%20J.%20Wallis%2C%20M.%20Sekhon%2C%20et%20al.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BA%20Physical%20Map%20of%20the%20Human%20Genome.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ENature%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20409%20%286822%29%3A%20934%26%23x2013%3B41.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DGNW46XVD%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20physical%20map%20of%20the%20human%20genome%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McPherson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marra%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hillier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Waterston%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chinwalla%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wallis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sekhon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wylie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mardis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fulton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kucaba%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wagner-McPherson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barbazuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gregory%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Humphray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22French%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evans%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bethel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Whittaker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Holden%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McCann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dunham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Soderlund%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scott%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bentley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schuler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Green%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Idol%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maduro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montgomery%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Emerling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Kucherlapati%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gibbs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scherer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gorrell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sodergren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clerc-Blankenburg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tabor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Naylor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garcia%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Jong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Catanese%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nowak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Osoegawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Qin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rowen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Madan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dors%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trask%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Friedman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Massa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cheung%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kirsch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reid%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yonescu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weissenbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bruls%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heilig%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Branscomb%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Olsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doggett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hawkins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Myers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ramirez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schmutz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Velasquez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dixon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stone%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cox%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haussler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kent%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rogic%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kennedy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosenthal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schilhabel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gloeckner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nyakatura%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siebert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schlegelberger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Korenberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22X.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fujiyama%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hattori%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Toyoda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yada%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sakaki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shimizu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Asakawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kawasaki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sasaki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shintani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shimizu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shibuya%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kudoh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Minoshima%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ramser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Seranski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hoff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Poustka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reinhardt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lehrach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Consortium%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22International%20Human%20Genome%20Mapping%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20human%20genome%20is%20by%20far%20the%20largest%20genome%20to%20be%20sequenced%2C%20and%20its%20size%20and%20complexity%20present%20many%20challenges%20for%20sequence%20assembly.%20The%20International%20Human%20Genome%20Sequencing%20Consortium%20constructed%20a%20map%20of%20the%20whole%20genome%20to%20enable%20the%20selection%20of%20clones%20for%20sequencing%20and%20for%20the%20accurate%20assembly%20of%20the%20genome%20sequence.%20Here%20we%20report%20the%20construction%20of%20the%20whole-genome%20bacterial%20artificial%20chromosome%20%28BAC%29%20map%20and%20its%20integration%20with%20previous%20landmark%20maps%20and%20information%20from%20mapping%20efforts%20focused%20on%20specific%20chromosomal%20regions.%20We%20also%20describe%20the%20integration%20of%20sequence%20data%20with%20the%20map.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20February%2015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224JRIGSDX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bruls%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-02-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBruls%2C%20T.%2C%20G.%20Gyapay%2C%20J.%20L.%20Petit%2C%20F.%20Artiguenave%2C%20V.%20Vico%2C%20S.%20Qin%2C%20A.%20M.%20Tin-Wollam%2C%20et%20al.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BA%20Physical%20Map%20of%20Human%20Chromosome%2014.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ENature%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20409%20%286822%29%3A%20947%26%23x2013%3B48.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D4JRIGSDX%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20physical%20map%20of%20human%20chromosome%2014%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bruls%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gyapay%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petit%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Artiguenave%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vico%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Qin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tin-Wollam%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Da%20Silva%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muselet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mavel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pelletier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Levy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fujiyama%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Matsuda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rowen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weissenbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saurin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heilig%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20report%20the%20construction%20of%20a%20tiling%20path%20of%20around%20650%20clones%20covering%20more%20than%2099%25%20of%20human%20chromosome%2014.%20Clone%20overlap%20information%20to%20assemble%20the%20map%20was%20derived%20by%20comparing%20fully%20sequenced%20clones%20with%20a%20database%20of%20clone%20end%20sequences%20%28sequence%20tag%20connector%20strategy%29.%20We%20selected%20homogeneously%20distributed%20seed%20points%20using%20an%20auxiliary%20high-resolution%20radiation%20hybrid%20map%20comprising%201%2C895%20distinct%20positions.%20The%20high%20long-range%20continuity%20and%20low%20redundancy%20of%20the%20tiling%20path%20indicates%20that%20the%20sequence%20tag%20connector%20approach%20compares%20favourably%20with%20alternative%20mapping%20strategies.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20February%2015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QWVJQ4UJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lander%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-02-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELander%2C%20E.%20S.%2C%20L.%20M.%20Linton%2C%20B.%20Birren%2C%20C.%20Nusbaum%2C%20M.%20C.%20Zody%2C%20J.%20Baldwin%2C%20K.%20Devon%2C%20et%20al.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BInitial%20Sequencing%20and%20Analysis%20of%20the%20Human%20Genome.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ENature%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20409%20%286822%29%3A%20860%26%23x2013%3B921.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DQWVJQ4UJ%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Initial%20sequencing%20and%20analysis%20of%20the%20human%20genome%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lander%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Linton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Birren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nusbaum%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zody%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baldwin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Devon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dewar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doyle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22FitzHugh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Funke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gage%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harris%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heaford%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Howland%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lehoczky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22LeVine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McEwan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McKernan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meldrim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mesirov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miranda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morris%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Naylor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Raymond%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosetti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Santos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sheridan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sougnez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stange-Thomann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stojanovic%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Subramaniam%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wyman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rogers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sulston%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ainscough%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bentley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Burton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Coulson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Deadman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Deloukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dunham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dunham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Durbin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22French%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grafham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gregory%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hubbard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Humphray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hunt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lloyd%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McMurray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Matthews%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mercer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Milne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mullikin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mungall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Plumb%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ross%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shownkeen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sims%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Waterston%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hillier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McPherson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marra%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mardis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fulton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chinwalla%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pepin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gish%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chissoe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wendl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Delehaunty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Delehaunty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kramer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cook%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fulton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Minx%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clifton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hawkins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Branscomb%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Predki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Richardson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wenning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Slezak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doggett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Olsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lucas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Elkin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Uberbacher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frazier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gibbs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muzny%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scherer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bouck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sodergren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Worley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rives%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gorrell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metzker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Naylor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kucherlapati%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weinstock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sakaki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fujiyama%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hattori%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yada%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Toyoda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Itoh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kawagoe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Watanabe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Totoki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Taylor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weissenbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heilig%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saurin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Artiguenave%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brottier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bruls%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pelletier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Robert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wincker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doucette-Stamm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rubenfield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weinstock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dubois%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosenthal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Platzer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nyakatura%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Taudien%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rump%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rowen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Madan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Qin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Federspiel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abola%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Proctor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Myers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schmutz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dickson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grimwood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cox%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Olson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kaul%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shimizu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kawasaki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Minoshima%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evans%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Athanasiou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schultz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ramser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lehrach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reinhardt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McCombie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20la%20Bastide%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dedhia%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blocker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hornischer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nordsiek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Agarwala%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aravind%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bailey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bateman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batzoglou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Birney%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bork%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brown%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Burge%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cerutti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Church%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clamp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Copley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doerks%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eddy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eichler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Galagan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gilbert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harmon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hayashizaki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haussler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hermjakob%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hokamp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kasif%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kaspryzk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kennedy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kent%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kitts%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Koonin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Korf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kulp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lancet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lowe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLysaght%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mikkelsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moran%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mulder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pollara%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ponting%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schuler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schultz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Slater%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smit%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stupka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Szustakowski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thierry-Mieg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thierry-Mieg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wagner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wallis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wheeler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Williams%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wolf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wolfe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yeh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Collins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guyer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peterson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Felsenfeld%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wetterstrand%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Patrinos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morgan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Jong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Catanese%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Osoegawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shizuya%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Choi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Consortium%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22International%20Human%20Genome%20Sequencing%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20human%20genome%20holds%20an%20extraordinary%20trove%20of%20information%20about%20human%20development%2C%20physiology%2C%20medicine%20and%20evolution.%20Here%20we%20report%20the%20results%20of%20an%20international%20collaboration%20to%20produce%20and%20make%20freely%20available%20a%20draft%20sequence%20of%20the%20human%20genome.%20We%20also%20present%20an%20initial%20analysis%20of%20the%20data%2C%20describing%20some%20of%20the%20insights%20that%20can%20be%20gleaned%20from%20the%20sequence.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20February%2015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-11-25T01%3A28%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22D8AJZ5TQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Peck%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-02-23%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPeck%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20C.%20Echavarri-Erasun%2C%20E.%20A.%20Johnson%2C%20W.%20V.%20Ng%2C%20S.%20P.%20Kennedy%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20S.%20DasSarma%2C%20and%20M.%20P.%20Krebs.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BBrp%20and%20Blh%20Are%20Required%20for%20Synthesis%20of%20the%20Retinal%20Cofactor%20of%20Bacteriorhodopsin%20in%20Halobacterium%20Salinarum.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJ%20Biol%20Chem%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20276%20%288%29%3A%205739%26%23x2013%3B44.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DD8AJZ5TQ%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22brp%20and%20blh%20are%20required%20for%20synthesis%20of%20the%20retinal%20cofactor%20of%20bacteriorhodopsin%20in%20Halobacterium%20salinarum%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Echavarri-Erasun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kennedy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DasSarma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krebs%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Bacteriorhodopsin%2C%20the%20light-driven%20proton%20pump%20of%20Halobacterium%20salinarum%2C%20consists%20of%20the%20membrane%20apoprotein%20bacterioopsin%20and%20a%20covalently%20bound%20retinal%20cofactor.%20The%20mechanism%20by%20which%20retinal%20is%20synthesized%20and%20bound%20to%20bacterioopsin%20in%20vivo%20is%20unknown.%20As%20a%20step%20toward%20identifying%20cellular%20factors%20involved%20in%20this%20process%2C%20we%20constructed%20an%20in-frame%20deletion%20of%20brp%2C%20a%20gene%20implicated%20in%20bacteriorhodopsin%20biogenesis.%20In%20the%20Deltabrp%20strain%2C%20bacteriorhodopsin%20levels%20are%20decreased%20approximately%204.0-fold%20compared%20with%20wild%20type%2C%20whereas%20bacterioopsin%20levels%20are%20normal.%20The%20probable%20precursor%20of%20retinal%2C%20beta-carotene%2C%20is%20increased%20approximately%203.8-fold%2C%20whereas%20retinal%20is%20decreased%20by%20approximately%203.7-fold.%20These%20results%20suggest%20that%20brp%20is%20involved%20in%20retinal%20synthesis.%20Additional%20cellular%20factors%20may%20substitute%20for%20brp%20function%20in%20the%20Deltabrp%20strain%20because%20retinal%20production%20is%20not%20abolished.%20The%20in-frame%20deletion%20of%20blh%2C%20a%20brp%20paralog%20identified%20by%20analysis%20of%20the%20Halobacterium%20sp.%20NRC-1%20genome%2C%20reduced%20bacteriorhodopsin%20accumulation%20on%20solid%20medium%20but%20not%20in%20liquid.%20However%2C%20deletion%20of%20both%20brp%20and%20blh%20abolished%20bacteriorhodopsin%20and%20retinal%20production%20in%20liquid%20medium%2C%20again%20without%20affecting%20bacterioopsin%20accumulation.%20The%20level%20of%20beta-carotene%20increased%20approximately%205.3-fold.%20The%20simplest%20interpretation%20of%20these%20results%20is%20that%20brp%20and%20blh%20encode%20similar%20proteins%20that%20catalyze%20or%20regulate%20the%20conversion%20of%20beta-carotene%20to%20retinal.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20February%2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WFIN677J%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Aderem%20and%20Hood%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAderem%2C%20A.%2C%20and%20L.%20Hood.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BImmunology%20in%20the%20Post-Genomic%20Era.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ENat%20Immunol%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%202%20%285%29%3A%20373%26%23x2013%3B75.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DWFIN677J%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Immunology%20in%20the%20post-genomic%20era%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aderem%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20May%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZFVSETCR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Meyer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-05-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMeyer%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20J.%20Benson%2C%20F.%20Song%2C%20N.%20Javed%2C%20I.%20E.%20Gienapp%2C%20J.%20Goverman%2C%20T.%20A.%20Brabb%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20and%20C.%20C.%20Whitacre.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BRapid%20Depletion%20of%20Peripheral%20Antigen-Specific%20T%20Cells%20in%20TCR-Transgenic%20Mice%20after%20Oral%20Administration%20of%20Myelin%20Basic%20Protein.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJ%20Immunol%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20166%20%289%29%3A%205773%26%23x2013%3B81.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DZFVSETCR%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Rapid%20depletion%20of%20peripheral%20antigen-specific%20T%20cells%20in%20TCR-transgenic%20mice%20after%20oral%20administration%20of%20myelin%20basic%20protein%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meyer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Benson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Song%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Javed%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gienapp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goverman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brabb%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Whitacre%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20myelin%20basic%20protein%20%28MBP%29-specific%20TCR-transgenic%20%28Tg%29%20mice%2C%20peripheral%20T%20cells%20express%20the%20Valpha2.3%5C%2FVbeta8.2-Tg%20TCR%2C%20demonstrate%20vigorous%20proliferative%20responses%20to%20MBP%20in%20vitro%2C%20and%20can%20exhibit%20experimental%20autoimmune%20encephalomyelitis%20%28EAE%29%20within%205%20days%20of%20pertussis%20toxin%20injection.%20We%20explored%20the%20effects%20of%20oral%20administration%20of%20MBP%20on%20the%20cellular%20trafficking%20of%20the%20MBP-specific%20TCR-Tg%20cells%20and%20the%20ability%20of%20oral%20MBP%20to%20protect%20Tg%20mice%20from%20EAE.%20Tg%20mice%20were%20fed%20MBP%2C%20OVA%20or%20vehicle%20and%20sacrificed%20at%20various%20times%20after%20feeding.%20An%20immediate%20and%20dramatic%20decrease%20in%20Valpha2.3%5C%2FVbeta8.2%28%2B%29-Tg%20cells%20was%20observed%20in%20the%20periphery%20within%201%20h%20after%20feeding.%20By%203%20days%20after%20feeding%2C%20the%20percentage%20of%20Tg%20cells%20increased%20to%20near%20control%20levels%2C%20but%20decreased%20again%20by%2010%20days.%20When%20MBP%20or%20vehicle-fed%20Tg%20mice%20were%20challenged%20for%20EAE%20at%20this%20point%2C%20disease%20was%20severe%20in%20the%20vehicle-fed%20mice%20and%20reduced%20in%20the%20MBP-fed%20mice%20over%20the%2040-day%20observation%20period.%20In%20vitro%20studies%20revealed%20a%20biphasic%20pattern%20of%20MBP%20proliferative%20unresponsiveness%20and%20an%20induction%20of%20Th1%20cytokines.%20Immunohistochemical%20staining%20showed%20that%20the%20number%20of%20Tg%20cells%20found%20in%20the%20intestinal%20lamina%20propria%20increased%20dramatically%20as%20the%20number%20of%20Tg%20cells%20in%20the%20periphery%20decreased.%20There%20was%20no%20apparent%20proliferation%20of%20Tg%20cells%20in%20the%20lamina%20propria%2C%20indicating%20that%20Tg%20cells%20trafficked%20there%20from%20the%20periphery.%20Taken%20together%2C%20these%20results%20suggest%20that%20T%20cell%20trafficking%20into%20the%20site%20of%20Ag%20deposition%20acts%20to%20protect%20the%20TCR-Tg%20mouse%20from%20EAE.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20May%201%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TVKHAKVQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ideker%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-05-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EIdeker%2C%20T.%2C%20V.%20Thorsson%2C%20J.%20Ranish%2C%20R.%20Christmas%2C%20J.%20Buhler%2C%20J.%20K.%20Eng%2C%20R.%20Bumgarner%2C%20D.%20R.%20Goodlett%2C%20R.%20Aebersold%2C%20and%20L.%20Hood.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BIntegrated%20Genomic%20and%20Proteomic%20Analyses%20of%20a%20Systematically%20Perturbed%20Metabolic%20Network.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EScience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20292%20%285518%29%3A%20929%26%23x2013%3B34.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DTVKHAKVQ%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Integrated%20genomic%20and%20proteomic%20analyses%20of%20a%20systematically%20perturbed%20metabolic%20network%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ideker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thorsson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ranish%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Christmas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buhler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bumgarner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goodlett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aebersold%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20demonstrate%20an%20integrated%20approach%20to%20build%2C%20test%2C%20and%20refine%20a%20model%20of%20a%20cellular%20pathway%2C%20in%20which%20perturbations%20to%20critical%20pathway%20components%20are%20analyzed%20using%20DNA%20microarrays%2C%20quantitative%20proteomics%2C%20and%20databases%20of%20known%20physical%20interactions.%20Using%20this%20approach%2C%20we%20identify%20997%20messenger%20RNAs%20responding%20to%2020%20systematic%20perturbations%20of%20the%20yeast%20galactose-utilization%20pathway%2C%20provide%20evidence%20that%20approximately%2015%20of%20289%20detected%20proteins%20are%20regulated%20posttranscriptionally%2C%20and%20identify%20explicit%20physical%20interactions%20governing%20the%20cellular%20response%20to%20each%20perturbation.%20We%20refine%20the%20model%20through%20further%20iterations%20of%20perturbation%20and%20global%20measurements%2C%20suggesting%20hypotheses%20about%20the%20regulation%20of%20galactose%20utilization%20and%20physical%20interactions%20between%20this%20and%20a%20variety%20of%20other%20metabolic%20pathways.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20May%204%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22S3B5S2MX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lane%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-06-19%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELane%2C%20R.%20P.%2C%20T.%20Cutforth%2C%20J.%20Young%2C%20M.%20Athanasiou%2C%20C.%20Friedman%2C%20L.%20Rowen%2C%20G.%20Evans%2C%20R.%20Axel%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20and%20B.%20J.%20Trask.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BGenomic%20Analysis%20of%20Orthologous%20Mouse%20and%20Human%20Olfactory%20Receptor%20Loci.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EProc%20Natl%20Acad%20Sci%20U%20S%20A%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2098%20%2813%29%3A%207390%26%23x2013%3B95.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DS3B5S2MX%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Genomic%20analysis%20of%20orthologous%20mouse%20and%20human%20olfactory%20receptor%20loci%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lane%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cutforth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Young%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Athanasiou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Friedman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rowen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evans%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Axel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trask%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Olfactory%20receptor%20%28OR%29%20genes%20represent%20approximately%201%25%20of%20genomic%20coding%20sequence%20in%20mammals%2C%20and%20these%20genes%20are%20clustered%20on%20multiple%20chromosomes%20in%20both%20the%20mouse%20and%20human%20genomes.%20We%20have%20taken%20a%20comparative%20genomics%20approach%20to%20identify%20features%20that%20may%20be%20involved%20in%20the%20dynamic%20evolution%20of%20this%20gene%20family%20and%20in%20the%20transcriptional%20control%20that%20results%20in%20a%20single%20OR%20gene%20expressed%20per%20olfactory%20neuron.%20We%20sequenced%20approximately%20350%20kb%20of%20the%20murine%20P2%20OR%20cluster%20and%20used%20synteny%2C%20gene%20linkage%2C%20and%20phylogenetic%20analysis%20to%20identify%20and%20sequence%20approximately%20111%20kb%20of%20an%20orthologous%20cluster%20in%20the%20human%20genome.%20In%20total%2C%2018%20mouse%20and%208%20human%20OR%20genes%20were%20identified%2C%20including%207%20orthologs%20that%20appear%20to%20be%20functional%20in%20both%20species.%20Noncoding%20homology%20is%20evident%20between%20orthologs%20and%20generally%20is%20confined%20within%20the%20transcriptional%20unit.%20We%20find%20no%20evidence%20for%20common%20regulatory%20features%20shared%20among%20paralogs%2C%20and%20promoter%20regions%20generally%20do%20not%20contain%20strong%20promoter%20motifs.%20We%20discuss%20these%20observations%2C%20as%20well%20as%20OR%20clustering%2C%20in%20the%20context%20of%20evolutionary%20expansion%20and%20transcriptional%20regulation%20of%20OR%20repertoires.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20June%2019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TTNWFX5D%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Anderson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAnderson%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20A.%20G.%20Rodrigo%2C%20G.%20H.%20Learn%2C%20Y.%20Wang%2C%20H.%20Weinstock%2C%20M.%20L.%20Kalish%2C%20K.%20E.%20Robbins%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20and%20J.%20I.%20Mullins.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BSubstitution%20Model%20of%20Sequence%20Evolution%20for%20the%20Human%20Immunodeficiency%20Virus%20Type%201%20Subtype%20B%20Gp120%20Gene%20over%20the%20C2-V5%20Region.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJ%20Mol%20Evol%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2053%20%281%29%3A%2055%26%23x2013%3B62.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DTTNWFX5D%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Substitution%20model%20of%20sequence%20evolution%20for%20the%20human%20immunodeficiency%20virus%20type%201%20subtype%20B%20gp120%20gene%20over%20the%20C2-V5%20region%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rodrigo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Learn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weinstock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kalish%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Robbins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mullins%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Phylogenetic%20analyses%20frequently%20rely%20on%20models%20of%20sequence%20evolution%20that%20detail%20nucleotide%20substitution%20rates%2C%20nucleotide%20frequencies%2C%20and%20site-to-site%20rate%20heterogeneity.%20These%20models%20can%20influence%20hypothesis%20testing%20and%20can%20affect%20the%20accuracy%20of%20phylogenetic%20inferences.%20Maximum%20likelihood%20methods%20of%20simultaneously%20constructing%20phylogenetic%20tree%20topologies%20and%20estimating%20model%20parameters%20are%20computationally%20intensive%2C%20and%20are%20not%20feasible%20for%20sample%20sizes%20of%2025%20or%20greater%20using%20personal%20computers.%20Techniques%20that%20initially%20construct%20a%20tree%20topology%20and%20then%20use%20this%20non-maximized%20topology%20to%20estimate%20ML%20substitution%20rates%2C%20however%2C%20can%20quickly%20arrive%20at%20a%20model%20of%20sequence%20evolution.%20The%20accuracy%20of%20this%20two-step%20estimation%20technique%20was%20tested%20using%20simulated%20data%20sets%20with%20known%20model%20parameters.%20The%20results%20showed%20that%20for%20a%20star-like%20topology%2C%20as%20is%20often%20seen%20in%20human%20immunodeficiency%20virus%20type%201%20%28HIV-1%29%20subtype%20B%20sequences%2C%20a%20random%20starting%20topology%20could%20produce%20nucleotide%20substitution%20rates%20that%20were%20not%20statistically%20different%20than%20the%20true%20rates.%20Samples%20were%20isolated%20from%20100%20HIV-1%20subtype%20B%20infected%20individuals%20from%20the%20United%20States%20and%20a%20620%20nt%20region%20of%20the%20env%20gene%20was%20sequenced%20for%20each%20sample.%20The%20sequence%20data%20were%20used%20to%20obtain%20a%20substitution%20model%20of%20sequence%20evolution%20specific%20for%20HIV-1%20subtype%20B%20env%20by%20estimating%20nucleotide%20substitution%20rates%20and%20the%20site-to-site%20heterogeneity%20in%20100%20individuals%20from%20the%20United%20States.%20The%20method%20of%20estimating%20the%20model%20should%20provide%20users%20of%20large%20data%20sets%20with%20a%20way%20to%20quickly%20compute%20a%20model%20of%20sequence%20evolution%2C%20while%20the%20nucleotide%20substitution%20model%20we%20identified%20should%20prove%20useful%20in%20the%20phylogenetic%20analysis%20of%20HIV-1%20subtype%20B%20env%20sequences.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20July%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NQFVAK7C%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Terskikh%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-07-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETerskikh%2C%20A.%20V.%2C%20M.%20C.%20Easterday%2C%20L.%20Li%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20H.%20I.%20Kornblum%2C%20D.%20H.%20Geschwind%2C%20and%20I.%20L.%20Weissman.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BFrom%20Hematopoiesis%20to%20Neuropoiesis%3A%20Evidence%20of%20Overlapping%20Genetic%20Programs.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EProc%20Natl%20Acad%20Sci%20U%20S%20A%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2098%20%2814%29%3A%207934%26%23x2013%3B39.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DNQFVAK7C%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22From%20hematopoiesis%20to%20neuropoiesis%3A%20evidence%20of%20overlapping%20genetic%20programs%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Terskikh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Easterday%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kornblum%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Geschwind%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weissman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22It%20is%20reasonable%20to%20propose%20that%20gene%20expression%20profiles%20of%20purified%20stem%20cells%20could%20give%20clues%20for%20the%20molecular%20mechanisms%20of%20stem%20cell%20behavior.%20We%20took%20advantage%20of%20cDNA%20subtraction%20to%20identify%20a%20set%20of%20genes%20selectively%20expressed%20in%20mouse%20adult%20hematopoietic%20stem%20cells%20%28HSC%29%20as%20opposed%20to%20bone%20marrow%20%28BM%29.%20Analysis%20of%20HSC-enriched%20genes%20revealed%20several%20key%20regulatory%20gene%20candidates%2C%20including%20two%20novel%20seven%20transmembrane%20%287TM%29%20receptors.%20Furthermore%2C%20by%20using%20cDNA%20microarray%20techniques%20we%20found%20a%20large%20set%20of%20HSC-enriched%20genes%20that%20are%20expressed%20in%20mouse%20neurospheres%20%28a%20population%20greatly%20enriched%20for%20neural%20progenitor%20cells%29%2C%20but%20not%20present%20in%20terminally%20differentiated%20neural%20cells.%20In%20situ%20hybridization%20demonstrated%20that%20many%20of%20them%2C%20including%20one%20HSC-enriched%207TM%20receptor%2C%20were%20selectively%20expressed%20in%20the%20germinal%20zones%20of%20fetal%20and%20adult%20brain%2C%20the%20regions%20harboring%20mouse%20neural%20stem%20cells.%20We%20propose%20that%20at%20least%20some%20of%20the%20transcripts%20that%20are%20selectively%20and%20commonly%20expressed%20in%20two%20or%20more%20types%20of%20stem%20cells%20define%20a%20functionally%20conserved%20group%20of%20genes%20evolved%20to%20participate%20in%20basic%20stem%20cell%20functions%2C%20including%20stem%20cell%20self-renewal.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20July%203%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GB5TCAZV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hood%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHood%2C%20L.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BComputing%20Life%3A%20The%20Challenge%20Ahead.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EIEEE%20Eng%20Med%20Biol%20Mag%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2020%20%284%29%3A%2020.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DGB5TCAZV%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Computing%20life%3A%20the%20challenge%20ahead%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20August%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2247MG28SZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Glusman%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGlusman%2C%20G.%2C%20L.%20Rowen%2C%20I.%20Lee%2C%20C.%20Boysen%2C%20J.%20Roach%2C%20A.%20Smit%2C%20K.%20Wang%2C%20B.%20F.%20Koop%2C%20and%20L.%20Hood.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BComparative%20Genomics%20of%20the%20Human%20and%20Mouse%20T%20Cell%20Receptor%20Loci.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EImmunity%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2015%20%283%29%3A%20337%26%23x2013%3B49.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D47MG28SZ%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Comparative%20genomics%20of%20the%20human%20and%20mouse%20T%20cell%20receptor%20loci%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Glusman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rowen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boysen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smit%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Koop%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20availability%20of%20the%20complete%20genomic%20sequences%20of%20the%20human%20and%20mouse%20T%20cell%20receptor%20loci%20opens%20up%20new%20opportunities%20for%20understanding%20T%20cell%20receptors%20%28TCRs%29%20and%20their%20genes.%20The%20full%20complement%20of%20TCR%20gene%20segments%20is%20finally%20known%20and%20should%20prove%20a%20valuable%20resource%20for%20supporting%20functional%20studies.%20A%20rational%20nomenclature%20system%20has%20been%20implemented%20and%20is%20widely%20available%20through%20IMGT%20and%20other%20public%20databases.%20Systematic%20comparisons%20of%20the%20genomic%20sequences%20within%20each%20locus%2C%20between%20loci%2C%20and%20across%20species%20enable%20precise%20analyses%20of%20the%20various%20diversification%20mechanisms%20and%20some%20regulatory%20signals.%20The%20genomic%20landscape%20of%20the%20TCR%20loci%20provides%20fundamental%20insights%20into%20TCR%20evolution%20as%20highly%20localized%20and%20tightly%20regulated%20gene%20families.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20September%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JIEQF7UJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Goode%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGoode%2C%20E.%20L.%2C%20J.%20L.%20Stanford%2C%20M.%20A.%20Peters%2C%20M.%20Janer%2C%20M.%20Gibbs%2C%20S.%20Kolb%2C%20M.%20D.%20Badzioch%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20E.%20A.%20Ostrander%2C%20and%20G.%20P.%20Jarvik.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BClinical%20Characteristics%20of%20Prostate%20Cancer%20in%20an%20Analysis%20of%20Linkage%20to%20Four%20Putative%20Susceptibility%20Loci.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EClin%20Cancer%20Res%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%207%20%289%29%3A%202739%26%23x2013%3B49.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DJIEQF7UJ%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Clinical%20characteristics%20of%20prostate%20cancer%20in%20an%20analysis%20of%20linkage%20to%20four%20putative%20susceptibility%20loci%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goode%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stanford%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peters%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Janer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gibbs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kolb%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Badzioch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ostrander%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarvik%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22PURPOSE%3A%20Hereditary%20prostate%20cancer%20is%20an%20etiologically%20heterogeneous%20disease%20with%20six%20susceptibility%20loci%20mapped%20to%20date.%20We%20aimed%20to%20describe%20a%20collection%20of%20high-risk%20prostate%20cancer%20families%20and%20assess%20linkage%20to%20multiple%20markers%20at%20four%20loci%3A%20HPC1%20%281q24-25%29%2C%20PCaP%20%281q42.2-43%29%2C%20HPCX%20%28Xq27-28%29%2C%20and%20CAPB%20%281p36%29.%20EXPERIMENTAL%20DESIGN%3A%20Medical%20record%20data%20on%20505%20affected%20men%20in%20149%20multiply-affected%20prostate%20cancer%20families%20were%20reviewed%2C%20and%20correlations%20of%20clinical%20traits%20within%20each%20family%20were%20calculated.%20Logarithm%20of%20odds%20%28LOD%29%20score%20and%20nonparametric%20%28NPL%29%20linkage%20analyses%20were%20performed%3B%20white%20families%20were%20stratified%20by%20age%20of%20diagnosis%2C%20grade%20and%20stage%20of%20disease%2C%20and%20evidence%20of%20linkage%20to%20the%20other%20loci%20to%20increase%20genetic%20homogeneity.%20RESULTS%3A%20Age%20at%20diagnosis%20was%20the%20most%20correlated%20clinical%20trait%20within%20families.%20A%20maximum%20NPL%20score%20of%202.61%20%28P%20%3D%200.007%29%20appeared%20to%20confirm%20HPC1%20linkage%20for%20families%20that%20had%20a%20prevalence%20of%20high-grade%20or%20advanced-stage%20prostate%20cancer%20and%20which%20were%20not%20likely%20to%20be%20linked%20to%20PCaP%2C%20HPCX%2C%20or%20CAPB.%20Because%20the%20NPL%20scores%20improved%20when%20families%20more%20likely%20to%20be%20linked%20to%20the%20other%20loci%20were%20excluded%2C%20HPC1%20may%20act%20independently%20of%20the%20other%20loci.%20The%20relationship%20of%20HPC1%20and%20aggressive%20disease%20was%20strongest%20in%20families%20with%20median%20age%20at%20diagnosis%20%3E%20or%20%3D65%20years%20%28NPL%2C%203.48%3B%20P%20%3D%200.0008%29.%20CONCLUSIONS%3A%20The%20current%20results%20suggest%20that%20HPC1%20linkage%20may%20be%20most%20common%20among%20families%20with%20more%20severe%20prostate%20cancer.%20Stratification%20by%20clinical%20characteristics%20may%20be%20a%20useful%20tool%20in%20prostate%20cancer%20linkage%20analyses%20and%20may%20increase%20our%20understanding%20of%20hereditary%20prostate%20cancer.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20September%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223BF8UA5Q%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kennedy%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKennedy%2C%20S.%20P.%2C%20W.%20V.%20Ng%2C%20S.%20L.%20Salzberg%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20and%20S.%20DasSarma.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BUnderstanding%20the%20Adaptation%20of%20Halobacterium%20Species%20NRC-1%20to%20Its%20Extreme%20Environment%20through%20Computational%20Analysis%20of%20Its%20Genome%20Sequence.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EGenome%20Res%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2011%20%2810%29%3A%201641%26%23x2013%3B50.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D3BF8UA5Q%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Understanding%20the%20adaptation%20of%20Halobacterium%20species%20NRC-1%20to%20its%20extreme%20environment%20through%20computational%20analysis%20of%20its%20genome%20sequence%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kennedy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salzberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DasSarma%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20genome%20of%20the%20halophilic%20archaeon%20Halobacterium%20sp.%20NRC-1%20and%20predicted%20proteome%20have%20been%20analyzed%20by%20computational%20methods%20and%20reveal%20characteristics%20relevant%20to%20life%20in%20an%20extreme%20environment%20distinguished%20by%20hypersalinity%20and%20high%20solar%20radiation%3A%20%281%29%20The%20proteome%20is%20highly%20acidic%2C%20with%20a%20median%20pI%20of%204.9%20and%20mostly%20lacking%20basic%20proteins.%20This%20characteristic%20correlates%20with%20high%20surface%20negative%20charge%2C%20determined%20through%20homology%20modeling%2C%20as%20the%20major%20adaptive%20mechanism%20of%20halophilic%20proteins%20to%20function%20in%20nearly%20saturating%20salinity.%20%282%29%20Codon%20usage%20displays%20the%20expected%20GC%20bias%20in%20the%20wobble%20position%20and%20is%20consistent%20with%20a%20highly%20acidic%20proteome.%20%283%29%20Distinct%20genomic%20domains%20of%20NRC-1%20with%20bacterial%20character%20are%20apparent%20by%20whole%20proteome%20BLAST%20analysis%2C%20including%20two%20gene%20clusters%20coding%20for%20a%20bacterial-type%20aerobic%20respiratory%20chain.%20This%20result%20indicates%20that%20the%20capacity%20of%20halophiles%20for%20aerobic%20respiration%20may%20have%20been%20acquired%20through%20lateral%20gene%20transfer.%20%284%29%20Two%20regions%20of%20the%20large%20chromosome%20were%20found%20with%20relatively%20lower%20GC%20composition%20and%20overrepresentation%20of%20IS%20elements%2C%20similar%20to%20the%20minichromosomes.%20These%20IS-element-rich%20regions%20of%20the%20genome%20may%20serve%20to%20exchange%20DNA%20between%20the%20three%20replicons%20and%20promote%20genome%20evolution.%20%285%29%20GC-skew%20analysis%20showed%20evidence%20for%20the%20existence%20of%20two%20replication%20origins%20in%20the%20large%20chromosome.%20This%20finding%20and%20the%20occurrence%20of%20multiple%20chromosomes%20indicate%20a%20dynamic%20genome%20organization%20with%20eukaryotic%20character.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20October%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22E94DBNJR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Moore%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-12-18%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMoore%2C%20R.%20C.%2C%20P.%20Mastrangelo%2C%20E.%20Bouzamondo%2C%20C.%20Heinrich%2C%20G.%20Legname%2C%20S.%20B.%20Prusiner%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20D.%20Westaway%2C%20S.%20J.%20Dearmond%2C%20and%20P.%20Tremblay.%202001.%20%26%23x201C%3BDoppel-Induced%20Cerebellar%20Degeneration%20in%20Transgenic%20Mice.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EProc%20Natl%20Acad%20Sci%20U%20S%20A%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2098%20%2826%29%3A%2015288%26%23x2013%3B93.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DE94DBNJR%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Doppel-induced%20cerebellar%20degeneration%20in%20transgenic%20mice%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moore%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mastrangelo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bouzamondo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heinrich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Legname%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prusiner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Westaway%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dearmond%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tremblay%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Doppel%20%28Dpl%29%20is%20a%20paralog%20of%20the%20mammalian%20prion%20protein%20%28PrP%29%3B%20it%20is%20abundant%20in%20testes%20but%20expressed%20at%20low%20levels%20in%20the%20adult%20central%20nervous%20system.%20In%20two%20Prnp-deficient%20%28Prnp%280%5C%2F0%29%29%20mouse%20lines%20%28Ngsk%20and%20Rcm0%29%2C%20Dpl%20overexpression%20correlated%20with%20ataxia%20and%20death%20of%20cerebellar%20neurons.%20To%20determine%20whether%20Dpl%20overexpression%2C%20rather%20than%20the%20dysregulation%20of%20genes%20neighboring%20the%20Prn%20gene%20complex%2C%20was%20responsible%20for%20the%20ataxic%20syndrome%2C%20we%20placed%20the%20mouse%20Dpl%20coding%20sequence%20under%20the%20control%20of%20the%20Prnp%20promoter%20and%20produced%20transgenic%20%28Tg%29%20mice%20on%20the%20Prnp%280%5C%2F0%29-ZrchI%20background%20%28hereafter%20referred%20to%20as%20ZrchI%29.%20ZrchI%20mice%20exhibit%20neither%20Dpl%20overexpression%20nor%20cerebellar%20degeneration.%20In%20contrast%2C%20Tg%28Dpl%29ZrchI%20mice%20showed%20cerebellar%20granule%20and%20Purkinje%20cell%20loss%3B%20the%20age%20of%20onset%20of%20ataxia%20was%20inversely%20proportional%20to%20the%20levels%20of%20Dpl%20protein.%20Crosses%20of%20Tg%20mice%20overexpressing%20wild-type%20PrP%20with%20two%20lines%20of%20Tg%28Dpl%29ZrchI%20mice%20resulted%20in%20a%20phenotypic%20rescue%20of%20the%20ataxic%20syndrome%2C%20while%20Dpl%20overexpression%20was%20unchanged.%20Restoration%20of%20PrP%20expression%20also%20rendered%20the%20Tg%28Dpl%29%20mice%20susceptible%20to%20prion%20infection%2C%20with%20incubation%20times%20indistinguishable%20from%20non-Tg%20controls.%20Whereas%20the%20rescue%20of%20Dpl-induced%20neurotoxicity%20by%20coexpression%20of%20PrP%20argues%20for%20an%20interaction%20between%20the%20PrP%20and%20Dpl%20proteins%20in%20vivo%2C%20the%20unaltered%20incubation%20times%20in%20Tg%20mice%20overexpressing%20Dpl%20in%20the%20central%20nervous%20system%20suggest%20that%20Dpl%20is%20unlikely%20to%20be%20involved%20in%20prion%20formation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%20December%2018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226HNF58VA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Futter%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFutter%2C%20N.%20Wade%2C%20H.%20Varmus%2C%20E.%20Green%2C%20C.%20Venter%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20R.%20Bazell%2C%20et%20al.%202002.%20%26%23x201C%3BAfter%20the%20Genome%3A%20Where%20Should%20We%20Go%3F%26%23x201D%3B%20In%20%3Ci%3EThe%20Genomic%20Revolution%3A%20Unveiling%20the%20Unity%20of%20Life%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2064%26%23x2013%3B73.%20Joseph%20Henry%20Press%2C%20Washington%2C%20D.C.%20with%20the%20American%20Museum%20of%20Natural%20History.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D6HNF58VA%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22After%20the%20Genome%3A%20Where%20Should%20We%20Go%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Futter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wade%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Varmus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Green%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Venter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bazell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haseltine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Levine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kreek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schnaal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wallace%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kevles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rothman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rothman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Waldholz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jenner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eisenberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Caplan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hanna%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22The%20Genomic%20Revolution%3A%20Unveiling%20the%20Unity%20of%20Life%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222002%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22836HZKZX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Foltz%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFoltz%2C%20G.%2C%20A.%20Madan%2C%20and%20L.%20Hood.%202002.%20%3Ci%3ECancer%20Proteomics%3A%20Methodologies%20for%20the%20Selection%20of%20Immunotherapy%20Targets.%20Principles%20and%20Practice%20of%20Biologic%20Therapy%20of%20Cancer%20Updates%2C%20Third%20Edition%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20New%20York%3A%20Lippincott%20Williams%20%26amp%3B%20Wilkins%2C%20A%20Wolters%20Kluwer%20Company.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D836HZKZX%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Cancer%20Proteomics%3A%20Methodologies%20for%20the%20Selection%20of%20Immunotherapy%20Targets.%20Principles%20and%20Practice%20of%20Biologic%20Therapy%20of%20Cancer%20Updates%2C%20Third%20Edition%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Foltz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Madan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222002%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RQ2E8CF6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lane%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELane%2C%20R.%20P.%2C%20J.%20C.%20Roach%2C%20I.%20Lee%2C%20C.%20Boysen%2C%20A.%20Smit%2C%20B.%20J.%20Trask%2C%20and%20L.%20Hood.%202002.%20%26%23x201C%3BGenomic%20Analysis%20of%20the%20Olfactory%20Receptor%20Region%20of%20the%20Mouse%20and%20Human%20T-Cell%20Receptor%20Alpha%5C%2FDelta%20Loci.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EGenome%20Research%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2012%20%281%29%3A%2081%26%23x2013%3B87.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DRQ2E8CF6%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Genomic%20analysis%20of%20the%20olfactory%20receptor%20region%20of%20the%20mouse%20and%20human%20T-cell%20receptor%20alpha%5C%2Fdelta%20loci%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lane%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boysen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smit%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trask%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20have%20conducted%20a%20comparative%20genomic%20analysis%20of%20several%20olfactory%20receptor%20%28OR%29%20genes%20that%20lie%20immediately%205%5Cu2019%20to%20the%20V-alpha%20gene%20segments%20at%20the%20mouse%20and%20human%20T-cell%20receptor%20%28TCR%29%20alpha%5C%2Fdelta%20loci.%20Five%20OR%20genes%20are%20identified%20in%20the%20human%20cluster.%20The%20murine%20cluster%20has%20at%20least%20six%20OR%20genes%3B%20the%20first%20five%20are%20orthologous%20to%20the%20human%20genes.%20The%20sixth%20mouse%20gene%20has%20arisen%20since%20mouse-human%20divergence%20by%20a%20duplication%20of%20a%20approximately%2010-kb%20block.%20One%20pair%20of%20OR%20paralogs%20found%20at%20the%20mouse%20and%20human%20loci%20are%20more%20similar%20to%20each%20other%20than%20to%20their%20corresponding%20orthologs.%20This%20paralogous%20%5C%22twinning%5C%22%20appears%20to%20be%20under%20selection%2C%20perhaps%20to%20increase%20sensitivity%20to%20particular%20odorants%20or%20to%20resolve%20structurally-similar%20odorants.%20The%20promoter%20regions%20of%20the%20mouse%20OR%20genes%20were%20identified%20by%20RACE-PCR.%20Orthologs%20share%20extensive%205%5Cu2019%20UTR%20homology%2C%20but%20we%20find%20no%20significant%20similarity%20among%20paralogs.%20These%20findings%20extend%20previous%20observations%20that%20suggest%20that%20OR%20genes%20do%20not%20share%20local%20significant%20regulatory%20homology%20despite%20having%20a%20common%20regulatory%20agenda.%20We%20also%20identified%20a%20diverged%20TCR-alpha%20gene%20segment%20that%20uses%20a%20divergent%20recombination%20signal%20sequence%20%28RSS%29%20to%20initiate%20recombination%20in%20T-cells%20from%20within%20the%20OR%20region.%20We%20explored%20the%20hypothesis%20that%20OR%20genes%20may%20use%20DNA%20recombination%20in%20expressing%20neurons%2C%20e.g.%2C%20to%20recombine%20ORs%20into%20a%20transcriptionally%20active%20locus.%20We%20searched%20the%20mouse%20sequence%20for%20OR-flanking%20RSS%20motifs%2C%20but%20did%20not%20find%20evidence%20to%20suggest%20that%20these%20OR%20genes%20use%20TCR-like%20recombination%20target%20sequences.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222002%20January%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SGCCDTAT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lane%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002-01-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELane%2C%20R.%20P.%2C%20T.%20Cutforth%2C%20R.%20Axel%2C%20L.%20Hood%2C%20and%20B.%20J.%20Trask.%202002.%20%26%23x201C%3BSequence%20Analysis%20of%20Mouse%20Vomeronasal%20Receptor%20Gene%20Clusters%20Reveals%20Common%20Promoter%20Motifs%20and%20a%20History%20of%20Recent%20Expansion.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EProc%20Natl%20Acad%20Sci%20U%20S%20A%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2099%20%281%29%3A%20291%26%23x2013%3B96.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DSGCCDTAT%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sequence%20analysis%20of%20mouse%20vomeronasal%20receptor%20gene%20clusters%20reveals%20common%20promoter%20motifs%20and%20a%20history%20of%20recent%20expansion%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lane%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cutforth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Axel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trask%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20have%20analyzed%20the%20organization%20and%20sequence%20of%2073%20V1R%20genes%20encoding%20putative%20pheromone%20receptors%20to%20identify%20regulatory%20features%20and%20characterize%20the%20evolutionary%20history%20of%20the%20V1R%20family.%20The%2073%20V1Rs%20arose%20from%20seven%20ancestral%20genes%20around%20the%20time%20of%20mouse-rat%20speciation%20through%20large%20local%20duplications%2C%20and%20this%20expansion%20may%20contribute%20to%20speciation%20events.%20Orthologous%20V1R%20genes%20appear%20to%20have%20been%20lost%20during%20primate%20evolution.%20Exceptional%20noncoding%20homology%20is%20observed%20across%20four%20V1R%20subfamilies%20at%20one%20cluster%20and%20thus%20may%20be%20important%20for%20locus-specific%20transcriptional%20regulation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222002%20January%208%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22682FHH2B%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Park%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002-01-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPark%2C%20I.%20K.%2C%20Y.%20He%2C%20F.%20Lin%2C%20O.%20D.%20Laerum%2C%20Q.%20Tian%2C%20R.%20Bumgarner%2C%20C.%20A.%20Klug%2C%20et%20al.%202002.%20%26%23x201C%3BDifferential%20Gene%20Expression%20Profiling%20of%20Adult%20Murine%20Hematopoietic%20Stem%20Cells.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EBlood%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2099%20%282%29%3A%20488%26%23x2013%3B98.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D682FHH2B%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Differential%20gene%20expression%20profiling%20of%20adult%20murine%20hematopoietic%20stem%20cells%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22He%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Laerum%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Q.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tian%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bumgarner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klug%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kuhr%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doyle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schummer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goldsmith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clarke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weissman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Hematopoietic%20stem%20cells%20%28HSCs%29%20have%20self-renewal%20capacity%20and%20multilineage%20developmental%20potentials.%20The%20molecular%20mechanisms%20that%20control%20the%20self-renewal%20of%20HSCs%20are%20still%20largely%20unknown.%20Here%2C%20a%20systematic%20approach%20using%20bioinformatics%20and%20array%20hybridization%20techniques%20to%20analyze%20gene%20expression%20profiles%20in%20HSCs%20is%20described.%20To%20enrich%20mRNAs%20predominantly%20expressed%20in%20uncommitted%20cell%20lineages%2C%2054%20000%20cDNA%20clones%20generated%20from%20a%20highly%20enriched%20population%20of%20HSCs%20and%20a%20mixed%20population%20of%20stem%20and%20early%20multipotent%20progenitor%20%28MPP%29%20cells%20were%20arrayed%20on%20nylon%20membranes%20%28macroarray%20or%20high-density%20array%29%2C%20and%20subtracted%20with%20cDNA%20probes%20derived%20from%20mature%20lineage%20cells%20including%20spleen%2C%20thymus%2C%20and%20bone%20marrow.%20Five%20thousand%20cDNA%20clones%20with%20very%20low%20hybridization%20signals%20were%20selected%20for%20sequencing%20and%20further%20analysis%20using%20microarrays%20on%20glass%20slides.%20Two%20populations%20of%20cells%2C%20HSCs%20and%20MPP%20cells%2C%20were%20compared%20for%20differential%20gene%20expression%20using%20microarray%20analysis.%20HSCs%20have%20the%20ability%20to%20self-renew%2C%20while%20MPP%20cells%20have%20lost%20the%20capacity%20for%20self-renewal.%20A%20large%20number%20of%20genes%20that%20were%20differentially%20expressed%20by%20enriched%20populations%20of%20HSCs%20and%20MPP%20cells%20were%20identified.%20These%20included%20transcription%20factors%2C%20signaling%20molecules%2C%20and%20previously%20unknown%20genes.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222002%20January%2015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TUK7MVDT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2323737%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Liu%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002-02-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELiu%2C%20A.%20Y.%2C%20P.%20S.%20Nelson%2C%20G.%20van%20den%20Engh%2C%20and%20L.%20Hood.%202002.%20%26%23x201C%3BHuman%20Prostate%20Epithelial%20Cell-Type%20CDNA%20Libraries%20and%20Prostate%20Expression%20Patterns.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EProstate%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2050%20%282%29%3A%2092%26%23x2013%3B103.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fisbscience.org%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2323737%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DTUK7MVDT%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Human%20prostate%20epithelial%20cell-type%20cDNA%20libraries%20and%20prostate%20expression%20patterns%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20den%20Engh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hood%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20Transcriptome%20analysis%20is%20a%20powerful%20approach%20to%20uncovering%20genes%20responsible%20for%20diseases%20such%20as%20prostate%20cancer.%20Ideally%2C%20one%20would%20like%20to%20compare%20the%20transcriptomes%20of%20a%20cancer%20cell%20and%20its%20normal%20counterpart%20for%20differences.%20METHODS%3A%20Prostate%20luminal%20and%20basal%20epithelial%20cell%20types%20were%20isolated%20and%20cell-type-specific%20cDNA%20libraries%20were%20constructed.%20Sequence%20analysis%20of%20cDNA%20clones%20generated%20505%20luminal%20cell%20genes%20and%20560%20basal%20cell%20genes.%20These%20sequences%20were%20deposited%20in%20a%20public%20database%20for%20expression%20analysis.%20RESULTS%3A%20From%20these%20sequences%2C%20119%20unique%20luminal%20expressed%20sequence%20tags%20%28ESTs%29%20were%20extracted%20and%20assembled%20into%20a%20luminal-cell%20transcriptome%20set%2C%20while%20154%20basal%20ESTs%20were%20extracted%20and%20assembled%20into%20a%20basal-cell%20set.%20Interlibrary%20comparison%20was%20performed%20to%20determine%20representation%20of%20these%20sequences%20in%20cDNA%20libraries%20constructed%20from%20prostate%20tumors%2C%20PIN%2C%20cell%20lines.%20CONCLUSIONS%3A%20Our%20analysis%20showed%20that%20a%20significant%20number%20of%20epithelial%20cell%20genes%20were%20not%20represented%20in%20the%20various%20transcriptomes%20of%20prostate%20tissues%2C%20suggesting%20that%20they%20might%20be%20underrepresented%20in%20libraries%20generated%20from%20tissue%20containing%20multiple%20cell%20types.%20Although%20both%20luminal%20and%20basal%20cell%20types%20are%20epithelial%2C%20their%20transcriptomes%20are%20more%20divergent%20from%20each%20other%20than%20expected%2C%20underscoring%20their%20functional%20difference%20%28secretory%20vs.%20nonsecretory%29.%20Tumor%20tissues%20show%20different%20expression%20of%20luminal%20and%20basal%20genes%2C%20with%20perhaps%20a%20trend%20towards%20expression%20of%20basal%20genes%20in%20advanced%20diseases.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222002%20February%201%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%222RQKSFR5%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222016-02-09T00%3A19%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D Hood, L. 2000. “The Human Genome Project–Launch Pad for Human Genetic Engineering.” In Engineering the Human Germline (1st Edition) , edited by J. Campbell, 17–24. New York: Oxford University Press. Cite Ideker, T., V. Thorsson, A. F. Siegel, and L. E. Hood. 2000. “Testing for Differentially-Expressed Genes by Maximum-Likelihood Analysis of Microarray Data.” J Comput Biol 7 (6): 805–17. Cite Chaudhary, P. M., M. T. Eby, A. Jasmin, A. Kumar, L. Liu, and L. Hood. 2000. “Activation of the NF-KappaB Pathway by Caspase 8 and Its Homologs.” Oncogene 19 (39): 4451–60. Cite Deng, Y., A. Madan, A. B. Banta, C. Friedman, B. J. Trask, L. Hood, and L. Li. 2000. “Characterization, Chromosomal Localization, and the Complete 30-Kb DNA Sequence of the Human Jagged2 (JAG2) Gene.” Genomics 63 (1): 133–38. Cite Nelson, P. S., N. Clegg, B. Eroglu, V. Hawkins, R. Bumgarner, T. Smith, and L. Hood. 2000. “The Prostate Expression Database (PEDB): Status and Enhancements in 2000.” Nucleic Acids Res 28 (1): 212–13. Cite Lin, B., J. T. White, C. Ferguson, R. Bumgarner, C. Friedman, B. Trask, W. Ellis, P. Lange, L. Hood, and P. S. Nelson. 2000. “PART-1: A Novel Human Prostate-Specific, Androgen-Regulated Gene That Maps to Chromosome 5q12.” Cancer Res 60 (4): 858–63. Cite Goode, E. L., J. L. Stanford, L. Chakrabarti, M. Gibbs, S. Kolb, R. A. McIndoe, V. A. Buckley, et al. 2000. “Linkage Analysis of 150 High-Risk Prostate Cancer Families at 1q24-25.” Genet Epidemiol 18 (3): 251–75. Cite Aebersold, R., L. E. Hood, and J. Watts. 2000. “Equipping Scientists for the New Biology.” Nat Biotechnol 18 (4): 359. Cite Brewster, J. L., S. L. Martin, J. Toms, D. Goss, K. Wang, K. Zachrone, A. Davis, G. Carlson, L. Hood, and J. D. Coffin. 2000. “Deletion of Dad1 in Mice Induces an Apoptosis-Associated Embryonic Death.” Genesis 26 (4): 271–78. Cite Nelson, P. S., D. Han, Y. Rochon, G. L. Corthals, B. Lin, A. Monson, V. Nguyen, et al. 2000. “Comprehensive Analyses of Prostate Gene Expression: Convergence of Expressed Sequence Tag Databases, Transcript Profiling and Proteomics.” Electrophoresis 21 (9): 1823–31. Cite Baliga, N. S., Y. A. Goo, W. V. Ng, L. Hood, C. J. Daniels, and S. DasSarma. 2000. “Is Gene Expression in Halobacterium NRC-1 Regulated by Multiple TBP and TFB Transcription Factors?” Mol Microbiol 36 (5): 1184–85. Cite Gibbs, M., J. L. Stanford, G. P. Jarvik, M. Janer, M. Badzioch, M. A. Peters, E. L. Goode, et al. 2000. “A Genomic Scan of Families with Prostate Cancer Identifies Multiple Regions of Interest.” Am J Hum Genet 67 (1): 100–109. Cite Allen, E. E., and L. Hood. 2000. “Biotechnology, Inquiry, and Public Education.” Trends Biotechnol 18 (8): 329–30. Cite Cameron, R. A., G. Mahairas, J. P. Rast, P. Martinez, T. R. Biondi, S. Swartzell, J. C. Wallace, et al. 2000. “A Sea Urchin Genome Project: Sequence Scan, Virtual Map, and Additional Resources.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 (17): 9514–18. Cite Rowen, L., G. K. Wong, R. P. Lane, and L. Hood. 2000. “Intellectual Property. Publication Rights in the Era of Open Data Release Policies.” Science 289 (5486): 1881. Cite Siegel, A. F., G. van den Engh, L. Hood, B. Trask, and J. Roach. 2000. “Modeling the Feasibility of Whole Genome Shotgun Sequencing Using a Pairwise End Strategy.” Genomics 68 (3): 237–46. Cite Ng, W. V., S. P. Kennedy, G. G. Mahairas, B. Berquist, M. Pan, H. D. Shukla, S. R. Lasky, et al. 2000. “Genome Sequence of Halobacterium Species NRC-1.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 (22): 12176–81. Cite Anderson, J. P., A. G. Rodrigo, G. H. Learn, A. Madan, C. Delahunty, M. Coon, M. Girard, S. Osmanov, L. Hood, and J. I. Mullins. 2000. “Testing the Hypothesis of a Recombinant Origin of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype E.” J Virol 74 (22): 10752–65. Cite Rampazzo, A., F. Pivotto, G. Occhi, N. Tiso, S. Bortoluzzi, L. Rowen, L. Hood, A. Nava, and G. A. Danieli. 2000. “Characterization of C14orf4, a Novel Intronless Human Gene Containing a Polyglutamine Repeat, Mapped to the ARVD1 Critical Region.” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 278 (3): 766–74. Cite Hood, L. 2001. “Melanoma Techniques and Protocols: Molecular Diagnosis, Treatment, and Monitoring.” In Methods in Molecular Medicine , 61:Forward by Hood, L. Totowa, NJ: Humana Pr Inc. Cite Ideker, T., T. Galitski, and L. Hood. 2001. “A New Approach to Decoding Life: Systems Biology.” Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2: 343–72. Cite Baliga, N. S., S. P. Kennedy, W. V. Ng, L. Hood, and S. DasSarma. 2001. “Genomic and Genetic Dissection of an Archaeal Regulon.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 (5): 2521-5. Cite DasSarma, S., S. P. Kennedy, B. Berquist, W. Victor Ng, N. S. Baliga, J. L. Spudich, M. P. Krebs, J. A. Eisen, C. H. Johnson, and L. Hood. 2001. “Genomic Perspective on the Photobiology of Halobacterium Species NRC-1, a Phototrophic, Phototactic, and UV-Tolerant Haloarchaeon.” Photosynth Res 70 (1): 3–17. Cite Hood, L. 2001. “Deciphering Heredity.” In The Alfred Deakin Lectures: Ideas for the Future of a Civil Society , 164–76. Sydney, Australia: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Cite Peters, M. A., G. P. Jarvik, M. Janer, L. Chakrabarti, S. Kolb, E. L. Goode, M. Gibbs, et al. 2001. “Genetic Linkage Analysis of Prostate Cancer Families to Xq27-28.” Hum Hered 51 (1–2): 107–13. Cite Park, I. K., C. A. Klug, K. Li, L. Jerabek, L. Li, M. Nanamori, R. R. Neubig, L. Hood, I. L. Weissman, and M. F. Clarke. 2001. “Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Regulator of G-Protein Signaling from Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells.” J Biol Chem 276 (2): 915–23. Cite Wang, K., L. Gan, T. Kunisada, I. Lee, H. Yamagishi, and L. Hood. 2001. “Characterization of the Japanese Pufferfish (Takifugu Rubripes) T-Cell Receptor Alpha Locus Reveals a Unique Genomic Organization.” Immunogenetics 53 (1): 31–42. Cite Chen, F., L. Rowen, L. Hood, and E. V. Rothenberg. 2001. “Differential Transcriptional Regulation of Individual TCR V Beta Segments before Gene Rearrangement.” J Immunol 166 (3): 1771–80. Cite Lin, B., J. T. White, C. Ferguson, S. Wang, R. Vessella, R. Bumgarner, L. D. True, L. Hood, and P. S. Nelson. 2001. “Prostate Short-Chain Dehydrogenase Reductase 1 (PSDR1): A New Member of the Short-Chain Steroid Dehydrogenase/Reductase Family Highly Expressed in Normal and Neoplastic Prostate Epithelium.” Cancer Res 61 (4): 1611–18. Cite McPherson, J. D., M. Marra, L. Hillier, R. H. Waterston, A. Chinwalla, J. Wallis, M. Sekhon, et al. 2001. “A Physical Map of the Human Genome.” Nature 409 (6822): 934–41. Cite Bruls, T., G. Gyapay, J. L. Petit, F. Artiguenave, V. Vico, S. Qin, A. M. Tin-Wollam, et al. 2001. “A Physical Map of Human Chromosome 14.” Nature 409 (6822): 947–48. Cite Lander, E. S., L. M. Linton, B. Birren, C. Nusbaum, M. C. Zody, J. Baldwin, K. Devon, et al. 2001. “Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome.” Nature 409 (6822): 860–921. Cite Peck, R. F., C. Echavarri-Erasun, E. A. Johnson, W. V. Ng, S. P. Kennedy, L. Hood, S. DasSarma, and M. P. Krebs. 2001. “Brp and Blh Are Required for Synthesis of the Retinal Cofactor of Bacteriorhodopsin in Halobacterium Salinarum.” J Biol Chem 276 (8): 5739–44. Cite Aderem, A., and L. Hood. 2001. “Immunology in the Post-Genomic Era.” Nat Immunol 2 (5): 373–75. Cite Meyer, A. L., J. Benson, F. Song, N. Javed, I. E. Gienapp, J. Goverman, T. A. Brabb, L. Hood, and C. C. Whitacre. 2001. “Rapid Depletion of Peripheral Antigen-Specific T Cells in TCR-Transgenic Mice after Oral Administration of Myelin Basic Protein.” J Immunol 166 (9): 5773–81. Cite Ideker, T., V. Thorsson, J. Ranish, R. Christmas, J. Buhler, J. K. Eng, R. Bumgarner, D. R. Goodlett, R. Aebersold, and L. Hood. 2001. “Integrated Genomic and Proteomic Analyses of a Systematically Perturbed Metabolic Network.” Science 292 (5518): 929–34. Cite Lane, R. P., T. Cutforth, J. Young, M. Athanasiou, C. Friedman, L. Rowen, G. Evans, R. Axel, L. Hood, and B. J. Trask. 2001. “Genomic Analysis of Orthologous Mouse and Human Olfactory Receptor Loci.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 (13): 7390–95. Cite Anderson, J. P., A. G. Rodrigo, G. H. Learn, Y. Wang, H. Weinstock, M. L. Kalish, K. E. Robbins, L. Hood, and J. I. Mullins. 2001. “Substitution Model of Sequence Evolution for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype B Gp120 Gene over the C2-V5 Region.” J Mol Evol 53 (1): 55–62. Cite Terskikh, A. V., M. C. Easterday, L. Li, L. Hood, H. I. Kornblum, D. H. Geschwind, and I. L. Weissman. 2001. “From Hematopoiesis to Neuropoiesis: Evidence of Overlapping Genetic Programs.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 (14): 7934–39. Cite Hood, L. 2001. “Computing Life: The Challenge Ahead.” IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 20 (4): 20. Cite Glusman, G., L. Rowen, I. Lee, C. Boysen, J. Roach, A. Smit, K. Wang, B. F. Koop, and L. Hood. 2001. “Comparative Genomics of the Human and Mouse T Cell Receptor Loci.” Immunity 15 (3): 337–49. Cite Goode, E. L., J. L. Stanford, M. A. Peters, M. Janer, M. Gibbs, S. Kolb, M. D. Badzioch, L. Hood, E. A. Ostrander, and G. P. Jarvik. 2001. “Clinical Characteristics of Prostate Cancer in an Analysis of Linkage to Four Putative Susceptibility Loci.” Clin Cancer Res 7 (9): 2739–49. Cite Kennedy, S. P., W. V. Ng, S. L. Salzberg, L. Hood, and S. DasSarma. 2001. “Understanding the Adaptation of Halobacterium Species NRC-1 to Its Extreme Environment through Computational Analysis of Its Genome Sequence.” Genome Res 11 (10): 1641–50. Cite Moore, R. C., P. Mastrangelo, E. Bouzamondo, C. Heinrich, G. Legname, S. B. Prusiner, L. Hood, D. Westaway, S. J. Dearmond, and P. Tremblay. 2001. “Doppel-Induced Cerebellar Degeneration in Transgenic Mice.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 (26): 15288–93. Cite Futter, N. Wade, H. Varmus, E. Green, C. Venter, L. Hood, R. Bazell, et al. 2002. “After the Genome: Where Should We Go?” In The Genomic Revolution: Unveiling the Unity of Life , 64–73. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. with the American Museum of Natural History. Cite Foltz, G., A. Madan, and L. Hood. 2002. Cancer Proteomics: Methodologies for the Selection of Immunotherapy Targets. Principles and Practice of Biologic Therapy of Cancer Updates, Third Edition . New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, A Wolters Kluwer Company. Cite Lane, R. P., J. C. Roach, I. Lee, C. Boysen, A. Smit, B. J. Trask, and L. Hood. 2002. “Genomic Analysis of the Olfactory Receptor Region of the Mouse and Human T-Cell Receptor Alpha/Delta Loci.” Genome Research 12 (1): 81–87. Cite Lane, R. P., T. Cutforth, R. Axel, L. Hood, and B. J. Trask. 2002. “Sequence Analysis of Mouse Vomeronasal Receptor Gene Clusters Reveals Common Promoter Motifs and a History of Recent Expansion.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 (1): 291–96. Cite Park, I. K., Y. He, F. Lin, O. D. Laerum, Q. Tian, R. Bumgarner, C. A. Klug, et al. 2002. “Differential Gene Expression Profiling of Adult Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells.” Blood 99 (2): 488–98. Cite Liu, A. Y., P. S. Nelson, G. van den Engh, and L. Hood. 2002. “Human Prostate Epithelial Cell-Type CDNA Libraries and Prostate Expression Patterns.” Prostate 50 (2): 92–103. Cite
Institute for Systems Biology is a nonprofit scientific research organization located in Seattle © 2024 · All Rights Reserved · Institute for Systems Biology
RSS Feed · Log in
This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.
Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings.
If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again.
Students interested in earning a PhD in Systems Biology and Bioinformatics may enter the program through two mechanisms:
Apply for admission to the BSTP program at Case Western Reserve University with Systems Biology and Bioinformatics as your Priority Program of Interest (or PPI). The School of Graduate Studies processes the application and includes a nonrefundable application fee. Priority will be given to applications received by October 15. We will continue to review applications received after the priority deadline, but not beyond the final application deadline of January 1. Your application will be reviewed by the Admissions Committee as soon as it is complete.
Please note that our program has limited financial resources for supporting students who are not citizens or permanent residents of the United States.
Apply for the PhD in SYBB program as a result of acceptance into the Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) . The MSTP program is a highly selective combined MD/PhD program. Students in the MSTP Program take PhD course work in conjunction with MD course work. The MSTP students have 20 different PhD programs available to them including Nutrition. Upon completion of their PhD course work, the students will work full time on their PhD and then upon completion of the PhD return to traditional medical school to complete their MD.
Assistant Professor, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy Operational Director, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Core
Phone: 402-559-2083
985145 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-5145
Publications
The CSB Ph.D. curriculum has two components: the core subjects and advanced electives. Core subjects provide foundational knowledge of both biology and computational biology. Advanced electives are chosen by each student to generate a customized program of study, in close consultation with members of the CSB Ph.D. Graduate Committee and the student's thesis advisor. The goal is to allow students broad latitude in defining their individual area of interest, but at the same time to provide oversight and guidance to ensure that they receive rigorous and thorough training.
Core Subjects
The core curriculum consists of three classroom subjects plus a set of three two-month rotations in different research groups. The classroom subjects fall into three areas:
Topics in Computational and Systems Biology (One Subject): All first-year students in the program are required to participate in this literature-based exploration of current research frontiers and paradigms. Papers for discussion are selected from a broad range of topics in computational and systems biology, with an emphasis on the integration of experimental and computational approaches to understanding complex biological systems. This subject is limited to students in the CSB Ph.D. Program in order to build a strong community among the class. It is the only subject in the program with such a limitation.
CSB.100 Topics in Computational and Systems Biology
Modern Biology (One Subject):
A semester of modern graduate-level biology at MIT strengthens the biology base of all students in the program. Subjects in molecular biology, neurobiology, biochemistry, or genetics fulfill this requirement. The particular course taken by each student will depend on his or her background and will be determined in consultation with members of the CSB Ph.D. Graduate Committee. Subjects that can fulfill the biology requirement for the CSB Ph.D. degree include: (choose one)
Computational Biology (One Subject):
1. 6.8700/HST.507 J Advanced Computational Biology: Genomes, Networks, Evolution . This course additionally examines recent publications in the areas covered, with research-style assignments. A more substantial final project is expected, which can lead to a thesis and publication,
2. 7.81/8.591 J Systems Biology This graduate-level course explores more in-depth cellular and population-level systems with an emphasis on synthetic biology, modeling of genetic networks, cell-cell interactions, and evolutionary dynamics.
3. 20.490 Computational Systems Biology: Deep Learning in the Life Sciences Presents innovative approaches to computational problems in the life sciences, focusing on deep learning-based approaches with comparisons to conventional methods. Topics include protein-DNA interaction, chromatin accessibility, regulatory variant interpretation, medical image understanding, medical record understanding, therapeutic design, and experiment design (the choice and interpretation of interventions). Focuses on machine learning model selection, robustness, and interpretation. Teams complete a multidisciplinary final research project using TensorFlow or other framework. Provides a comprehensive introduction to each life sciences problem, but relies upon students understanding probabilistic problem formulations. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
4. Both a and b below:
a. 6.C51Modeling with Machine Learning: from Algorithms to Applications focuses on modeling with machine learning methods with an eye towards applications in engineering and sciences. Introduction to modern machine learning methods, from supervised to unsupervised models, with an emphasis on newer neural apporaches. Emphasis on the understanding of how and why the methods work from the point of view of modeling, and when they are applicable. Unsing concrete examples, covers formulation of machine learning tasks, adapting and extending methods to given problems, and how the methods can and should be evaluated. Students taking graduate version complete additonal assignments. Students cannot receive credit without simultaneous completion of a 6-unit disciplinary module. Enrollment may be limited.
b. 20.C51/3.C51/10.C51J Machine Learning for Molecular Engineering Building on core material in 6.C51, provides an introduction to the use of machine learning to solve problems arising int he science and engineering of biology, chemistry, and materials. Equips students to design and implement achine learning approaches to challenges such as analysis of omics (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, etc.) microscopy, spectroscopy, or crystallography data and design of new molecules and materials such as drugs, catalysts, polymer, alloys, ceramics, and proteins. Students taking graduat version complete addiitonal assignments. Students cannot receive credit with simultaneous completion of 6.CS1.
6.C51 & 20.C51 MUST BE TAKEN TOGETHER IN THE SAME SEMESTER
A new appointment will join our department on July 1. Brian comes to us from a postdoctoral stint with the Columbia University Department of Statistics as well as a visiting researcher post with the University of Washington's Institute for Protein Design in Seattle. He earned his PhD in Computational and Systems Biology from MIT where he was a founding co-organizer of the Machine Learning for Protein Engineering Seminar Series.
Brian's recent research develops and applies statistical machine learning methods to solve challenges that arise in biotechnology and medicine. Through work on computational protein design over the past two years, he and his collaborators have synthesized hundreds of new molecules that have been subsequently validated in laboratory experiments. His future work aims to develop these machine learning methods to enable biotechnology solutions to challenges ranging from disease eradication to climate change-robust agriculture, with a long-term goal of building statistical foundations for data-driven genetic engineering.
Cu anschutz medical campus.
Graduate program.
Integrated Physiology faculty are associated with multiple departments, representing diverse research interests and scientific approaches, but sharing common interests in understanding how complex physiological systems are regulated. In addition, the faculty all share a deep commitment to quality graduate education and are actively engaged in mentoring and supporting students as they progress toward their PhD.
Faculty research fall into one of more of the research tracks below:
Reproductive biology.
Reproductive Biology was founded in 2004 as an interdepartmental Graduate Program. The basic science and clinical faculty are drawn from 10 different Departments and Divisions, allowing students to take an integrated, translational, multidisciplinary approach to the study of reproductive biology and pathophysiology. Students in the Reproductive Biology Track have opportunities to investigate research areas including:
Training in Cellular Physiology prepares graduate PhD students for independent careers in biomedical research through grounding in the fundamental principles of physiology and biophysics, and their application to important problems of cellular systems regulation. Students in the Cellular Physiology track have a broad array of research projects from which to choose, and access to an equally broad assortment of cutting edge techniques and instrumentation for their projects, including advanced electrophysiology, high-resolution imaging, and novel biochemical (including photochemical) tools.
Research projects in Cellular Physiology cover problems such as recycling of synaptic vesicles, transduction and modulation of signals in the olfactory bulb, mechanisms of sound localization in mammals, the role of glia and spontaneous secretion of transmitter in the brain, characterization of sodium channel isoforms in excitable cells, regulation of potassium channel expression during development, excitation-contraction coupling, molecular physiology of cardiac pacemaking, processing of sound information in the auditory brainstem, neurophysiology of making decision and initiating actions, and neurophysiology of the cerebellum.
Research in molecular nutrition and metabolic systems underpins advances in many areas of medicine and physiology, and is essential for understanding complex diseases and disorders of human biology, such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Students in the Molecular Nutrition and Metabolic Systems (MNMS) track have opportunities to investigate how nutrients are metabolized by cells, organs and higher systems, and how defects in metabolic systems contribute to human disease.
Research projects in the MNMS track employ state of the art techniques in metabolism, cell and molecular biology, imaging, genomics and proteomics that provide students with capabilities of generating sophisticated mechanistic insight into metabolic disorders and disease processes. Students that successfully complete MNMS training and research programs are prepared for independent careers in biomedical research in academic, industry and government laboratories.
Cardiovascular/Pulmonary/Renal/GI Physiology research seeks to uncover mechanisms, and integrating principals, regulating fundamental cardiac, pulmonary, renal, and GI systems. Investigators in this track pursue mechanistic research related to how hormones, metabolism, ion channel properties, exercise, and diseases, regulate, or disrupt, multiple physiological systems.
Research projects in this track focus on serious human health problems related to cardiac function, pulmonary disorders, renal abnormalities, endothelial biology, obesity, and diabetes. These projects employs cutting-edge molecular biology, imaging, genomics, ion channel and modeling approaches in cellular, organ, and higher-order experimental systems. Students in this track will have opportunities to integrate many of these experimental approaches in the pursuit of understanding cardiac, pulmonary, renal, and GI systems biology.
Email Address: [email protected]
C. Henry Faculty Profile
The study of Biology is undergoing a revolution driven by new technologies that enable scientists to generate extensive amounts of data. For example, the costs of sequencing nucleic acids have dropped dramatically, resulting in unprecedented amounts of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data. Advances in imaging extend from the nano to the macro scale to probe function and generate enormous amounts of data that describe behaviours of cells from subcellular to organ-levels. The new datasets cut across all subdisciplines in biology and enable scientists to ask questions in new ways to reveal the fundamental rules of life.
The M.S. in Quantitative Biology and Bioinformatics (MS-QBB) will prepare students for new careers bioinformatics and related fields. Our mission is to provide students who have background in life sciences skills to prepare for careers in bioinformatics. This program allows student to choose a 2-semester or a 3-semester program of study. If you are interested in applying, learn more about the application process on our admissions page or e-mail us .
To provide students who have a background in biology and other sciences with a practical and focused educational experience to prepare them for careers in bioinformatics and quantitative biological science.
Our 2-semester option allows students to quickly gain the most relevant skills in bioinformatics. Students will begin study in late August and graduate in late May.
The 3-semester option allows students to spend a third semester gaining additional experience and some more advanced coursework. Students will begin study in late August, have the option to earn course credit with optional summer internships (interested students may apply to these in the first year), then students will complete their third semester in the following Fall and graduate in late December.
Students are encouraged to seek external internships after their first year and pursue this degree full-time, completing the program in 3 semesters.
Students who are interested in this program may also want to consider the M.S. in Computational Biology and M.S. in Automated Science programs . Those programs expect a higher level of quantitative background & skills to enter and are designed to engage students with a more in-depth focus computational machine learning competencies and the application of machine learning to biological research.
The CMU Rales Fellow Program is dedicated to developing a diverse community of STEM leaders from underrepresented and underresourced backgrounds by eliminating cost as a barrier to education. Learn more about this program for master's and Ph.D. students. Learn more
Fill in the form below to connect with a program advisor
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Computational and systems biology, as practiced at MIT, is organized around "the 3 Ds" of description, distillation, and design. ... and systems immunology. The CSB PhD program is an Institute-wide program that has been jointly developed by the Departments of Biology, Biological Engineering, and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. The ...
You can find degree program-specific admissions requirements below and access additional guidance on applying from the Systems, Synthetic, and Quantitative Biology PhD Program. Academic Background Applicants typically have a background in biology, physics, chemistry, computer science, engineering, or mathematics and work to forge a new approach ...
The Systems, Synthetic, and Quantitative Biology PhD Program aims to explain how higher level properties of complex biological systems arise from the interactions among their parts. This field requires a fusion of concepts from many disciplines, including biology, computer science, applied mathematics, physics and engineering.
The CSB PhD program is an Institute-wide program that has been jointly developed by the Departments of Biology, Biological Engineering, and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. The program integrates biology, engineering, and computation to address complex problems in biological systems, and CSB PhD students have the opportunity to work ...
The program includes teaching experience during one semester of the second year. It prepares students with the tools needed to succeed in a variety of academic and non-academic careers. The program is highly selective with typical class sizes 8 to 10 students. About half of our graduate students are women, about one-quarter are international ...
Case Western Reserve University's (CWRU) graduate program in Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (SYBB) has two tracks: Translational Bioinformatics: The SYBB track in Translational Bioinformatics poises students to work at the interface of applied 'omics research and clinical medicine. From integrating genomic and functional genomic data into ...
While your focus will be on systems biology and bioinformatics, you'll graduate with an MD as well as your PhD. This research-intensive program goes beyond your PhD curriculum, including 1.5 years of clinical training at the School of Medicine prior to taking the United States Medical Licensing Examination.
MIT Computational and Systems Biology Graduate Admissions Statement. March 26, 2020. In response to the challenges of teaching, learning, and assessing academic performance during the global COVID-19 pandemic, MIT has adopted the following principle: MIT's admissions committees and offices for graduate and professional schools will take the significant disruptions of the COVID-19 outbreak in ...
The Columbia University Department of Systems Biology brings together researchers specializing in computational biology, experimental biology, and technology development to discover how biological traits emerge from complex molecular networks. ... Through PhD graduate education and postdoctoral training we prepare young scientists to become ...
Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies. The Integrated Program is an interdepartmental program at Columbia University Medical Center that offers PhD education across a wide range of disciplines. The Department of Systems Biology and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics have created a special track ...
The Chemical and Systems Biology Ph.D. program also emphasizes collaborative learning, and our research community includes scientists trained in molecular biology, cell biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering. Our Ph.D. program consistently ranks among the top graduate training programs in the world. Most recently the National Research ...
Systems immunology and multi-omics approaches to understand protective immunity to human malaria. University of Queensland Institute for Molecular Bioscience. This PhD project aims to develop and apply computational approaches that integrate systems biology and molecular immunology to understand host-pathogen immunity and predict immune control ...
The graduate program in Mathematical, Computational, and Systems Biology (MCSB) is designed to meet the interdisciplinary training challenges of modern biology and function in concert with existing departmental programs (Departmental option) or as an individually tailored program (stand-alone option) leading to a Ph.D. degree.
The aim of this highly interdisciplinary PhD program of systems biological researchers of the University of Zurich and ETH in Zurich and Basel is to train students from various disciplines and departments including Computer Science and (Bio)Informatics, Biological Sciences, and Engineering to become future leaders in Systems Biology.
You will learn to apply powerful, multidisciplinary approaches and address critical biological questions from the perspective of complex genomic and molecular systems. PhD education at Columbia stresses the importance of high-throughput experimentation, quantitative analysis of large biological data sets, and innovative technology development.
BIOL 6764. Biological Data Analysis (taken in the first year) BIOL 7010. Integrative and Systems Biology (taken in the first year) BIOL 7050. Special Topics (a minimum of 3 credits must be completed, but students may take up to 9 credits) Students should complete a minimum of 12 elective credit hours from graduate level Biology coursework.1. 12.
The Computational Biology Graduate Group provides a competitive stipend (the stipend for 2023-24 is $43,363) as well as full payment of fees and non-resident tuition (which includes health care). Students maintaining satisfactory academic progress are provided full funding for five to five and a half years. The program supports students in the ...
The objective of the Systems Biology Program is to deepen knowledge in the area of Morphology, seeking to dynamically integrate knowledge from all its subareas: Developmental Biology, Cellular Biology, Tissue Biology and Functional Anatomy. We believe that the integration between the various branches of Morphology, in addition to allowing a broader and more solid training for our students ...
Genomics, Proteomics, and Network Biology (Bioinformatics III, BENG 203/CSE283): This is core in the BISB track. In the BMI track, it may be taken as the 4th core class or as an elective. Anotating genomes, characterizing functional genes, profiling, reconstructioning pathways. Prerequisites: Pharm 201, BENG 202/CSE282, or consent of instructor.
A world-renowned scientist and recipient of the National Medal of Science in 2011, Dr. Leroy Hood co-founded the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) in 2000, served as its first President from 2000-2017 and is a Professor and Chief Strategy Officer. In 2016, ISB affiliated with Providence where Dr. Hood now serves as Emeritus Science Advisor.
Students interested in earning a PhD in Systems Biology and Bioinformatics may enter the program through two mechanisms: Biomedical Sciences Training Program (BSTP) Apply for admission to the BSTP program at Case Western Reserve University with Systems Biology and Bioinformatics as your Priority Program of Interest (or PPI). The School of ...
The PhD program in Cell and Systems Biology trains scientists who will form part of the next generation of independent researchers in cell, molecular, and systems biology. Graduates will be the future high-level teachers, frontier expanders, and decision-makers in these fields of inquiry. PhD graduates are expected to emerge from the program as ...
Systems biology track students participate in the CMBS Seminar series in both the fall and spring semesters of their first and second years. For Systems Biology students, the fall Faculty Seminar Series is held every Monday evening (5p-6p) and the spring Series is held every other Tuesday (4p-5:15p).
MD-PhD Program. Do you have a passion for caring for patients and for research? Consider the dual MD-PhD degree. Education. Education Overview; Curriculum. Curriculum. Our curriculum produces physicians whose foundation in basic, clinical, and health systems sciences prepare them to promote health and reduce patient suffering. Graduation ...
Topics in Computational and Systems Biology (One Subject): All first-year students in the program are required to participate in this literature-based exploration of current research frontiers and paradigms. ... 7.81/8.591 J Systems Biology This graduate-level course explores more in-depth cellular and population-level systems with an emphasis ...
A new appointment will join our department on July 1. Brian comes to us from a postdoctoral stint with the Columbia University Department of Statistics as well as a visiting researcher post with the University of Washington's Institute for Protein Design in Seattle. He earned his PhD in Computational and Systems Biology from MIT where he was a founding co-organizer of the Machine Learning for ...
Reproductive Biology. Reproductive Biology was founded in 2004 as an interdepartmental Graduate Program. The basic science and clinical faculty are drawn from 10 different Departments and Divisions, allowing students to take an integrated, translational, multidisciplinary approach to the study of reproductive biology and pathophysiology.
M.S. in Quantitative Biology and Bioinformatics. The study of Biology is undergoing a revolution driven by new technologies that enable scientists to generate extensive amounts of data. For example, the costs of sequencing nucleic acids have dropped dramatically, resulting in unprecedented amounts of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data.
Roosevelt is the son of a Navy Chief and a native of San Antonio, Texas. He is a 2006 graduate of Prairie View A&M University with a bachelor's degree in biology. He holds a master's degree from Naval Postgraduate School in systems engineering analysis and has completed joint professional military education phase I.
Columbia University Department of Systems Biology Irving Cancer Research Center 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032 (212) 851-4673