phd external candidate

How to apply for External PhD candidates

Application and admissions procedure, exemption from programme requirement, request for admission to the phd programme, tuition fee, 1. finding a (principal) supervisor.

No recruitment of External PhD candidates generally takes place. If you have a specific topic in mind and would like to purse a PhD in it (as an external candidate), you must in most cases write a research proposal and seek contact with a professor you deem suitable to supervise your PhD research. Information and contact details of the various research groups, and professors and their areas of specialisation, can be found  here .

2. Submitting a proposal to the Admissions Board

Once you have found a professor willing to supervise your research using one of the aforementioned methods, you may submit a request for admission to the PhD Admissions Board through this application form . This must include, at minimum:

• A cover letter
• A research proposal (max. 5 pages excl. bibliography) – use this format to draft your proposal
• A previously written paper
• Names and contact details of two (academic) referees
• A brief description of current professional responsibilities and the extent to which this will allow sufficient time to initiate and complete the PhD research within a period of, in principle, 6 years.

Additionally, your supervisors will have to fill out an endorsement form  and submit this to [email protected] before the deadline.

The PhD Admissions Board reviews requests for admission two times a year. For a request to be reviewed in October, it must be received no later than 1 October . For March requests, the deadline is 1 March .

3. Selection and provisional admission

Requests are reviewed based on the following criteria:

• whether the PhD candidate can be embedded in a research group
• the track record of the supervisors
• the quality and viability of the research proposal

A favourable recommendation by the selection committee results in provisional admission to the PhD Programme in Law.

4. Definitive admission

Provisional admission only becomes definitive once you have been admitted by the UvA Doctorate Board ( College voor Promoties , or CVP). This is essentially an administrative procedure that can only be started once you have received your conditional admission decision. To be admitted, you must submit a request for admission . If you are not in possession of a Netherlands Master’s degree (or an old-style initial university degree), you will need to request an exemption from that programme requirement before submitting a request for admission.

This procedure only needs to be followed if you are not in possession of a Netherlands Master’s degree (or an old-style initial university degree). Incidentally, it makes no difference whether this is a law or a non-law degree.

The first step involves performing a “quick scan” for which the PhD Secretariat needs the following documents.

• Completed online form Request for exemption from the legal educational requirement
• Copies of all academic diplomas received
• Copies of a list of marks or a list of programme components for those diplomas. A certified translation by the educational institution or a sworn translator must be also be submitted for documents in languages other than Dutch, English, French, German, Spanish or Italian.
• Copy of passport or ID-card (front and back)

A favourable recommendation following the “quick scan” results in an immediate decision to grant exemption, provided that certified copies of the aforementioned diplomas and lists of marks have been submitted. This assessment can take 2 to 4 weeks. If non-certified copies have been submitted, the secretariat of the Doctorate Board will once again invite you to provide certified copies, or make an appointment so that you can present the originals. You may submit your request for admission once you have been notified of a decision to grant exemption.

For provisional admission to become definitive, you will need to submit a request for admission to the CVP. The following documents must be provided to the PhD Secretariat:

• Completed online form Request for admission to the doctoral programme with original signatures of candidate and (co-) supervisors (signature copies not accepted)
• Certified copy of Netherlands Master’s diploma or initial university degree diploma OR exemption decision. If you are not in possession of certified copies of your Netherlands diploma, you can make an appointment with the PhD secretariat to present the original in person.
• Copy of passport or ID-card (front and back) UNLESS an exemption decision is also attached.

The PhD Secretariat procures the signature of the Dean and then forwards your application to the Doctorate Board. An admissions decision is taken within 2 to 4 weeks, which, if favourable, results in your provisional admission becoming definitive.

Researchers with a scholarship, externally financed PhDs, external PhDs / doctoral candidates who have been appointed at the Faculty of Law on or after 1st January 2023 pay an annual tuition fee. The tuition fee rate in 2023 is € 2.000 per year. New rates will be determined every year. The fee is for use of the research facilities, supervision and training. If the PhD student is unable to pay the fee, the research group may decide to pay the fee.

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PhD Programmes

Types of phd positions.

At Utrecht University, there are different ways to do a PhD: as an employee of the university or UMC Utrecht, or without being employed by the university or UMC Utrecht. The same entry requirements and dissertation quality requirements apply to all doctoral students.

Obtaining a PhD position as an employee

As an employee at the university or UMC Utrecht, in many cases you work on an established project within a larger research project. In some cases, your work is based on a research proposal submitted by yourself through, for example, NWO .

You can apply for one of our vacancies, or contact the Graduate School to inquire about other opportunities.

The Collective Labour Agreement for Dutch Universities applies to employed doctoral students.

Obtaining a PhD position without being employed by Utrecht University

In addition to pursuing a PhD as an employee of the university or UMC Utrecht, there are other opportunities to work on a PhD.

A PhD on a scholarship

A PhD on a scholarship does not have an employment contract with a university, but receives funding for doctoral research from an external scholarship provider. In addition to the requirements that a scholarship program places on applicants, it is also a prerequisite that you are admitted to the PhD program at Utrecht University. This means that you must meet the entrance requirements, and that you have a prospective supervisor. The Graduate School can advise you on this.

Externally funded PhD

Externally funded PhDs may conduct their doctoral research in the time of their own employer (e.g., a government or research institute). They are often released from part of their appointment for the research. So the salary is paid by their own employer, but the PhD research is supervised by a supervisor from Utrecht University or UMC Utrecht. Ask your own employer about the possibilities. The Graduate School can advise you on finding a prospective supervisor.

A PhD as an external PhD candidate

External PhD candidates do not receive funding for their PhD research in the form of a salary or grant, but do their PhD in their own time based on their own resources. As an external PhD candidate, you are supervised by a supervisor from Utrecht University. Often, research is done part-time and there is no permanent workplace at the university, so as an outside PhD candidate you are at a slightly greater distance from the university. This demands a great deal of independence from the PhD candidate. However, the same requirements are placed on the quality of supervision and the dissertation as in the other types of doctoral programs.

Due to its part-time nature, the track of an external PhD candidate is often planned over a longer period of time than the other tracks. The intensity of supervision is adjusted accordingly. For this reason, however, it is very important to make agreements with your prospective supervisor about progress. As with the other types of tracks, after about a quarter of the PhD track an evaluation interview is held to determine whether the research is of such quality that it can lead to a PhD, the so-called go/no-go interview.

Are you interested in a PhD as an external PhD candidate? The Graduate School can help you find a prospective supervisor.

Utrecht University Heidelberglaan 8 3584 CS Utrecht The Netherlands Tel. +31 (0)30 253 35 50

External Phd candidates

Although not provided a stipend, external students are considered, for all extents and purposes, full doctoral candidates and have access to UvA facilities and resources. They are also given a limited amount of research/travel funding. For information as to how to enroll as an external PhD candidate in ARTES, consult the AIHR web page via the link below.

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Difference between internal and external doctoral studies in Germany

As I am looking for a PhD scholarship in Germany, I've come across an internet site which contains a database of scholarships. One of the questions asked there is whether I am pursuing "interne Promotion" or "externe Promotion".

According to my colleague, the internal doctoral studies might mean that I am fully occupied at the university, whereas the external studies would occur if I were employed in industry and had to visit the university occasionally for getting feedback from my professor.

Is the explanation of my colleague correct? Are there any further nuances?

Also, why would it be asked for a scholarship?

2 Answers 2

One general point.

This answer won't cover the situation at any German university and can't reflect all possible variations of PhD programs, due they can strongly vary from university to university. There is (in exception to the rest of this over-regulated national state) no regulation or law about how universities have to offer PhD programs. They are free to decide what to expect from a doctoral candidate. This also means, that offering external doctorates is optional for the universities, there exists no legal claim to force a university to accept external candidates.

German "Mittelbau"

Usually in an internal doctoral study you are affiliated with the university as a kind of assistant of your supervising professor inside the so called "Mittelbau" (translation via dict.cc: non-professorial teaching staff). This means the university may expect you to work in a laboratory or teaching (e.g. holding seminars for in substitute to your supervisor). As @Aeismail pointed out this is mostly connected with a labor contract with the professorial chair or an institute. To reflect @O.R. Mapper 's comments: I do not mean that someone becomes the professors lapdog.

universities' interests

One problem I experienced: It's difficult to join such a "Mittelbau" position as a person from outside a given university. These staff positions are particularly founded by third party (e.g. industry) funding and particularly from the public foundation of the (state-)university. In result the expectation toward the professorial chairs or institutes often is to fill open positions with own graduates/alumni. Some universities try to privilege internal candidates to "breed" their own scientific juniors with any legal option they find.

As @DCTLib pointed out in his/her comment: The universities know their own (master-) students better: their working performance, interests and so on. Compared to unknown external candidates this is less obvious. For a board committee it's harder to evaluate someones value for an internal university staff position compared to an alumnus that is well known.

Another factor is that the funds run out at some point of time. One external (even foreign) applicant could fit well into a research project that enables funding of a doctoral position, in case his research field and experiences match the needs of an open position. In such a situation the chances to be employed as a candidate from outside the university may rise.

external = more personal responsibility

The track of an external doctoral study leaves you alone in some points:

teaching: Some universities will expect a doctoral candidate to prove teaching experience. As an external candidate you're not involved in the university teaching, so you need to provide proof of teaching skills in another way.

funding: You have no labor contract with the university, so you have to find another way to cover your living expenses, conference fees, travel & accommodation for yourself. Scholarships can be one way, but difficult to gain as long as you and your topic are unknown to the scientific community.

matriculation optional: You may not need (in some cases you won't be allowed) to matriculate at the university in an external doctorate. Without matriculation you cannot benefit from a student's status (public travel, discounts e.g. for conference fees). With a current matriculation you cannot receive German social transfer benefits in case you get unemployed during your doctoral phase (if you are a valid to receive them at all...).

internal = often more structure

A lot of universities offer structured graduation programs available to the members of the "Mittelbau" (internal candidates). These programs include for example:

• workshops and tutorials (scientific writing, intercultural training, good scientific practice etc.)
• covering of conference costs (fees, accomodation, travel expenses)
• summer schools (for international exchange)

visual help

The ideas this images tries to visualize are the following:

• internal candidates have less affiliation to their universities (maybe no affiliation with the exception of the mentoring of your doctor-father/mother)
• internal and external (here called affiliation) and structuredness are like two dimensions of doctoral programs
• most internal candidates join a structured program (but not all)
• most external candidates work more on their own like independent researchers

• 1 To readers unfamiliar with German universities, "assistant of your supervising professor" may sound very misleading (at least for some fields). Or maybe it's just me to whom "assistant of your supervising professor" sounds like someone who tags along wherever the professor goes, cleans the blackboard, and does not do a single movement without being instructed to do so, etc. ;) –  O. R. Mapper Commented Jul 27, 2015 at 16:13
• 1 On a more serious note, the second paragraph in your answer comes as a bit of a surprise (in terms of text structure), given that the topic of structured programs was not asked about (at least in my understanding of the question), and also, it seems a bit incomplete unless the distinction of structured vs. unstructured doctoral studies is explained. In a way, structured vs. unstructured programs are orthogonal to internal and external doctorates. –  O. R. Mapper Commented Jul 27, 2015 at 16:18
• 2 Allow me to state an alternating oppinion to the "Picky universities" section. In many cases, external applicants (especially from abroad) are more wanted than the local ones. The problem lies elsewhere: The "local" Master students typically have already participated in the lectures of a research group they later join - this helps a lot with getting started with research quickly. Also, the research group leader knows already what to expect from them, so they are "safe hires". For external candidates, this is less obvious. Also, in some cases where third-party funding is used .... –  DCTLib Commented Jul 28, 2015 at 9:12
• 2 ... the money expires at some point, so often positions are to be filled "as soon as possible". Future PhD students from countries from which a working visa for Germany is required however need a lot of time for this preparation. Finally, because the course of study are different in every University, it is hard to suited as well for the respective research project as a "local" applicant. Yet, applicants who come from elsewhere but are a good for a third-party-funded project anyway shouldn't miss the chance to apply. –  DCTLib Commented Jul 28, 2015 at 9:13

Keep in mind that most German PhD positions are not funded through "scholarships" but instead through standard labor contracts . Consequently, any listing of "scholarships" will likely include all forms of funding for graduate students. Filtering by internal or external positions will allow the database to select if you are being "employed" by either a university (internal) or a company (external).

There may be some nuances and particular issues depending on the school and faculty with respect to residence time, composition of your thesis committee, and format of the defense (among other issues) according to whether you're doing an interne Promotion or an externe Promotion . However, it's hard to say in advance if you'll run into this or not.

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Doctoral school

External phd candidates (amsterdam umc/vu).

Supervisors whose PhD candidates are following a PhD trajectory outside of the AmsterdamUMC / VUmc

To support external PhD candidates in obtaining an Amsterdam UMC e-mail address and to be aware of the Amsterdam UMC monitoring procedures for external PhD candidates

At the beginning of the PhD trajectory

Within three months after the external PhD candidate has started the PhD trajectory

Inform the PhD candidate on the following subjects:

The PhD candidate needs an Amsterdam UMC / VUmc personnel number for instance (1) to get an @amsterdamumc.nl email address, (2) to be able to work in the view environment, (3) to get access to the VU University Library and (4) to register for Doctoral School courses

• The Human Resource department can help. HR contact details: Phone: +31(0)204446000Location: PK 7Z 190 (VUmc); Monday-Thursday
• In case of any questions on ICT items, the PhD candidate can contact the ICT-service desk . Contact details: Phone: +31(0)204440777 Location: ZH -1 A 14.3 (VUmc); Monday-Friday 8.00 - 12.00 & 12.45 - 16.00
• Show the PhD candidate where to find information on the specific  Research Institute  to which the corresponding research project will be embedded
• Invite the PhD candidate to  register  with the Amsterdam UMC Doctoral School
• Draw attention to the  PhD plan  and discuss it together with the PhD candidate
• Show him/her how to find the Amsterdam UMC Doctoral School. Send the link of this  Doctoral School website  to the PhD candidate and invite her/him to navigate through the various articles
• 1.5 years after the start date, the external PhD candidate should follow the  PhD Progress & Consultation  procedure, together with the (co-) supervisors. However, if the external PhD candidate is following a trajectory at Sanquin or at , (s)he is probably already involved in a local PhD monitoring system. Since we do not want PhD candidates to be engaged in redundant activities, our PhD Progress & Consultation procedure is not applicable to them. They should merely send us a copy of their Progress Report and report of the meeting with the PI's, instead

Necessary documents:

• See the information in the links below

Also check the information in ' How to guide a new PhD Candidate ' AND information for PhD Candidates in Orientation and in step 1 (Starting your PhD) in PhD trajectory and in step 2 (Request for admission) in PhD graduation

ICT Service desk (in Dutch)

HRM matters for PhD candidates and AIOS (in Dutch)

Hora Finita Key-users

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Being an External PhD Scholar is a separate and different type of arrangement from the Visiting Research Student arrangement. Unlike the Visiting Research Student arrangement, the External PhD Scholar arrangement does not require an ongoing in-person presence in Cambridge.

Instead, as a PhD student at another university, you will be able to engage in remote collaborative research with a Cambridge Judge faculty member while allowing for occasional in-person visits, if needed. 

You will be eligible to apply for a position of External PhD Scholar for a period of up to one year, if you are: 

• registered as full-time PhD student at another university
• pursuing joint research with a Cambridge Judge Business School faculty member
• not physically present in Cambridge on an ongoing basis 

You will need the support of a  Cambridge Judge Business School faculty member , who must agree to be your host. The faculty member will apply to the Director of the PhD programme on your behalf, outlining the proposed joint research and target journals for a joint publication. 

Following provisional approval by the PhD Director, you must contact the PhD office to provide:

A supporting letter from your academic supervisor at your current university.

The dates you wish to be registered as an external PhD scholar.

The provisional dates of your in-person visit(s), if any.

The fee, in advance, is £250 to cover administrative expenses. There might be additional fees if you plan to attend departmental activities such as seminars and conferences while visiting in person.

Coming to Cambridge

In-person visits / visa.

It is possible to visit Cambridge for a short time whilst registered as an External PhD Scholar. The PhD Director may limit the number, length, and frequency of in-person visits, as appropriate.

If you are from outside the UK, you would be likely to need a Visitor visa and such visits would need to be supported by a visa letter from Cambridge Judge Business School.

We recommend that you research any country-specific limitations on the frequency and duration of such visits. Proof of funding may be required and private medical insurance is strongly recommended.

Visit the “Short period of study” page on the International Students website for advice . If you are subject to visa fees, you would need to cover these yourself; Cambridge Judge Business School will not cover your visa fees.

As an External PhD Scholar you will not be allocated an ID card, a desk or a PC at Cambridge Judge Business School. Your supporting faculty member would need to make access arrangements for you, subject to ongoing access conditions. 

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Studying for your PhD

Every year, around 400 PhD candidates defend their dissertation at Leiden University, spread across all the University’s different disciplines.

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Leiden University , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Groningen have jointly developed preparatory doctoral training programmes for prospective PhD candidates from China and Indonesia coming to The Netherlands. These programmes are completely online and on a voluntary basis.

A PhD track consists of original scientific research under the supervision of a professor, which takes on average 4 years. Many PhD candidates are employed by the University, but a number are subsidised by a grant that they have acquired themselves. The University also has a large number of external PhD candidates, who generally work part-time on their research.  

Graduate Schools

Every PhD candidate is enrolled in one of the University  Graduate Schools: 

• Graduate School of Archaeology
• Graduate School of Humanities
• Graduate School of Medicine
• Graduate School of Science
• Graduate School of Social and Behavioural Sciences
• Graduate School of Law
• Graduate School of Governance and Global Affairs

The Graduate Schools are responsible for training and supervising the PhD candidates. Within three months after starting a PhD track, a training and supervision plan is drawn up for every PhD candidate. The University also offers a large number of  courses in academic and more general professional skills .

Work and a PhD

Working and studying for a PhD at the same time? It’s possible at the Leiden University Dual PhD Centre The Hague . The Centre focuses on external PhD candidates who devote part of their working time to scientific research on a theme from their professional practice. The Centre helps them develop a research plan, provides training and ensures that their research fits within a scientific discipline and graduate school and that it ties in with the research of a potential supervisor. A unique opportunity for the PhD candidate, the employer and for science.  

Interested in studying for a PhD?

Vacancies for PhD positions at Leiden University can be found on the the University's job vacancy website. If you want to study for a PhD in Leiden, either with a subsidy you have acquired yourself or as an external candidate, you first have to find a professor who is prepared to act as your supervisor. Each Graduate School has a slightly different procedure, so you should check out the web page of the Graduate School of your discipline for more information. The admission requirement for a PhD is that the candidate has to have a Dutch master’s diploma or an equivalent qualification. The Graduate School will check the admission of candidates who have a different prior education. In addition, Graduate Schools may apply specific requirements, such as English language skills. 

Website for PhD candidates

The PhD portal offers information on courses, research facilities, finance and housing for PhD candidates. You can also find the PhD regulations there, containing a description of the policy and procedures concerning PhD tracks, and the PhD guidelines, that lay down minimal requirements for the supervision, training and facilities for PhD candidates.

International PhD candidates

The website of the Service Centre International Staff provides detailed information about such issues as a visa, insurances, bank matters and accommodation for international PhD candidates and employees.  

Scholarships

The Scholarships page has more information about the grants that are available to prospective PhD candidates to allow them to study in Leiden. 

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Application guide for external CAPHRI PhD candidates

TEMPORARY APPLICATION STOP: we are sorry to inform you that we cannot consider external PhD aplications at the moment. Obtaining a doctoral degree from Maastricht University is considered to be very prestigious and in our School CAPHRI we receive a lot of applications for our PhD programme. At the moment we experience the application requests to have outgrown the level of high quality, individual training and supervision that our scientific staff can offer. This has lead us to the decision to pause the enrollment of external PhD candidates. At this point this decision is indefinitely and we will communicate any changes in this decision on this website. 

PhD candidates in the Netherlands are not students, but they are trained ‘on the job’ and work rather independently, but under expert supervision of research staff in research teams.

Besides internal PhD candidates, who are employed by the Faculty, CAPHRI offers external PhD places. External PhD candidates are not employed by the Faculty and do not receive a salary. They conduct their research under the distant supervision of one or more CAPHRI researchers, who have expertise on the proposed topic. A local supervisor (PhD) can be added to the supervisory team if the senior supervisor agrees. Training options of the PhD candidate will be tailored to the project after discussion with the supervisory team. External PhD candidates generally do the research abroad (in the country of origin or where they are employed) and should be prepared to come to Maastricht one or several times during the project for supervision and training.

As they receive no salary from the Faculty, external PhD candidates should provide for their own income and living expenses. Therefore, they generally perform their PhD studies alongside a (full-time or part-time) job, or have already obtained a scholarship. In principle, our researchers do not support a grant application for a PhD trajectory. CAPHRI does not charge a fee for enrolment nor supervision. All our PhD candidates are embedded in one of CAPHRI's research programmes and get access to our PhD contact persons and online facilities of Maastricht University.

Selection of external PhD candidates and criteria

A doctoral degree from Maastricht University is prestigious. CAPHRI will therefore only accept the most serious, talented and ambitious candidates after a strict selection procedure. Candidates need to demonstrate their motivation and suitability for the proposed project based on prior education, research experiences and English writing and communication skills. Having published a scientific paper in an international peer-reviewed journal will increase chances of being accepted. External PhD candidates should dispose of sufficient financial means to support themselves as well as their research. 

As a part of the selection procedure diplomas / certificates as well as the educational programmes will be checked by NUFFIC (Netherlands Organisation for International Cooperation in Higher Education).

Application

If you think you fullfill all criteria and are eligible for the doctoral degree (you must have a Master’s degree as stated in the  UM Regulation governing the attainment of doctoral degrees) , there are two ways to apply:

1. You can apply for one of our PhD opportunities (see the overview here ) by sending a motivation letter and CV (view CV guidelines here ) that clearly indicates your excellence in prior education and research experiences to the senior supervisor. He or she will assess the quality of your application and match it to the proposed project. If positive, you will be invited for a (telephone or online) interview. If the supervisory team has confidence that a PhD can be completed successfully, you will be registered at CAPHRI.

2. You can send us a clear and concise research proposa l according to our format ( here ). Please first consult our website to see whether your proposed topic fits CAPHRI's research lines (see ' Our research '), or whether another FHML School would suit your backgrond and proposed topic better. Your research proposal, including a CV (view CV guidelines here ) that clearly indicates your excellence in prior education and research experiences, can be send to: [email protected] . The quality of both documents and the chances of finding a suitable supervisor will be assessed. If this is positive, we will do our best to find potential supervisors within our School that can be approached by you, to further explore your plans and topic. If the supervisors are convinced of your quality to successfully accomplish a PhD trajectory you will be registered at CAPHRI. 

• CAPHRI guidelines CV
• C APHRI format research proposal

Procedure after selection

After registration, the external PhD candidate will develop the preliminary project proposal into a Personal Research Plan and draw up a Training and Supervision Plan, to be submitted 12 weeks after the start of the PhD trajectory.

More information about PhD trajectories at CAPHRI, can be found in our PhD guide .

Should you have any questions, please contact Chantal Claessens at [email protected].

What is a PhD? Advice for PhD students

How long does it take to get a doctorate degree how do you get into grad school are you qualified to do a phd answers to these questions and more.

What is a PhD?

A PhD, which stands for “doctor of philosophy”, is the most advanced academic degree. It’s earned through extensive research on a specific topic, demonstrating expertise and contributing new knowledge to the field.

What does “PhD” mean?

The term “PhD” is often used as a synonym for any doctoral-level qualification. Doctorate degrees can often be split into two categories: MPhil and PhD.

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An MPhil is similar to a PhD as it includes a research element (which is usually shorter and less in-depth than a PhD thesis, and often more akin to a dissertation undertaken at undergraduate or master’s level). 

MPhil students focus more on interpreting existing knowledge and theory and critically evaluating other people’s work rather than producing their own research. The precise nature and definition of an MPhil can vary among institutions and countries. 

A PhD, meanwhile, follows a more widely known and traditional route and requires students, often referred to as “candidates”, to produce their own work and research on a new area or topic to a high academic standard.

PhD requirements vary significantly among countries and institutions. The PhD, once completed, grants the successful candidate the title of “doctor of philosophy”, also called PhD or DPhil.

What is a professional doctorate?

A professional doctorate is a kind of degree that helps people become experts in their fields. Instead of focusing mainly on theory and research like a regular PhD, a professional doctorate is all about practical skills and knowledge.

This kind of doctorate is great for students who want to get better at their jobs in areas like teaching, healthcare, business, law or psychology. The courses and projects in these programmes are designed to tackle real problems you might face at work.

For example, you might have heard of the doctor of education (EdD), doctor of business administration (DBA), doctor of psychology (PsyD) or doctor of nursing practice (DNP). These programmes combine learning, hands-on projects and sometimes a thesis paper or essay to show you’re skilled at solving on-the-job challenges.

How long does it take to study a PhD?

The time required to complete a PhD can vary significantly based on several factors. Generally, a full-time PhD programme takes around three to six years to finish. However, it’s important to take into account individual circumstances and the nature of the research involved.

1. Full-time vs. part-time: If you’re studying full-time, dedicating most of your time to your studies, it usually takes about three to four years to complete a PhD. However, studying part-time while managing other commitments might extend the duration. Part-time PhDs can take around six to eight years, and sometimes even longer.

2. Nature of research: The complexity of your research proposal can influence the time required. Certain research questions may involve intricate experiments, extensive data collection or in-depth analysis, potentially leading to a longer completion timeline.

3. Field of study: The subject area you’re researching can also affect the necessary time. Some fields, such as sciences or engineering, might involve more hands-on work, while theoretical subjects might require more time for literature review and analysis.

4. Supervision and support: The guidance and availability of your academic supervisor can affect the pace of your research progress. Regular meetings and effective communication can help keep your studies on track.

5. Thesis writing: While the research phase is crucial, the stage of writing your thesis is equally significant. Organising and presenting your research findings in a clear and cohesive manner can take several months.

6. External commitments: Personal commitments, such as work, family or health-related factors, can influence your study time. Some students need to balance these alongside their PhD studies, potentially extending the duration.

7. External Funding: The availability of funding can also affect your study duration. Some funding might be linked to specific project timelines or research objectives.

So, although a PhD usually takes between three and six years of full-time study, with potential variations based on research complexity, enrolment as part-time or full-time, field of study and personal circumstances. It’s vital to have a realistic understanding of these factors when planning your PhD journey.

How long is a PhD in the UK?

In the UK, the length of a PhD programme typically ranges from three to four years of full-time study. As explained above, there are many factors to consider.

How long is a PhD in the US?

Similarly to the UK, in the United States, the duration of a PhD programme can vary widely depending on the field of study, research topic and individual circumstances. On average, a full-time PhD programme in the US typically takes between five and six years to complete.

Why does it take longer to study a PhD in the US?

PhD programmes generally take longer to complete in the US than in the UK due to various factors in the education systems and programme structures of each country:

1. Programme structure: UK PhD programmes often emphasise early, focused research from the first year, leading to shorter completion times. In contrast, US programmes commonly include more initial coursework in your first and second year and broader foundational training, which can extend the overall duration.

2. Course work requirements: Many US PhD programmes require a lot of course work, which can lengthen the time needed to finish. UK programmes tend to have fewer or no course work demands, allowing students to concentrate primarily on research skills.

3. Research funding: In the UK, PhD funding is often awarded with specific timeframes in mind, motivating completion of the research degree in the agreed duration. In the US, funding approaches can vary, requiring students to secure funding from multiple sources, potentially affecting their progress and completion time.

4. Teaching responsibilities: Some US PhD students take on teaching roles as part of their funding, dividing their time and potentially prolonging their studies.

5. Research approach: Differences in research methodologies and project scopes can affect the time needed for data collection, experimentation and analysis.

6. Academic culture: The US education system values a well-rounded education, including coursework and comprehensive exams. This can extend the time before full-time research begins. UK PhD programmes often prioritise independent research early on.

7. Part-time and work commitments: US PhD candidates might have more flexibility for part-time work or other commitments, which can affect research progress.

8. Dissertation requirements: US PhD programmes generally include a longer and more comprehensive dissertation, involving more chapters and a broader exploration of the research topic.

These variations in programme structures, funding models and academic cultures contribute to the differing completion times between the two countries.

What qualifications do you need for a PhD?

To be eligible for a PhD programme, certain educational qualifications are generally expected by universities. These qualifications serve as indicators of your readiness to engage in advanced research and contribute to the academic community.

First, an undergraduate or bachelor’s degree in a relevant field is typically the most common requirement. This degree provides you with a foundational understanding of the subject and introduces you to basic research methodologies. It serves as a starting point for your academic journey.

Do you need a master’s degree to get into a PhD programme?

In addition to an undergraduate degree, many PhD programmes also require candidates to hold postgraduate or master’s degrees, often in fields related to the intended PhD research. A master’s degree offers a deeper exploration of the subject matter and enhances your research skills. Possessing a master’s degree signifies a higher level of expertise and specialisation.

The combination of both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees demonstrates a solid academic background. This background is crucial before you engage in doctoral study because pursuing a PhD involves more than just knowledge; it requires advanced research abilities, critical thinking and the capacity to provide an original contribution and new insights into the chosen field of study.

While these qualifications are usually requested, there are exceptions. Some institutions offer direct-entry programmes that encompass bachelor’s, master’s and PhD degrees in a streamlined structure. This approach is often seen in scientific and engineering disciplines rather than humanities.

In exceptional cases, outstanding performance during undergraduate studies, coupled with a well-defined research proposal, might lead to direct entry into a PhD programme without requiring a master’s degree.

Admission requirements can vary between universities and programmes. Some institutions might have more flexible prerequisites, while others could have more stringent criteria. Make sure that you thoroughly research all admission requirements of the PhD programmes you’re interested in to ensure you provide the right information.

Are PhD entry requirements similar in other countries?

PhD entry requirements in Canada and Australia can be somewhat similar to those in the UK and the US, but there are also some differences. Just like in the UK and the US, having a bachelor’s degree followed by a master’s degree is a common way to qualify for a PhD in Canada and Australia. However, the exact rules can vary, such as how much research experience you need or the grades you should have.

In Canada and Australia, as in the UK and the US, international students usually need to show their English language skills through tests like IELTS or TOEFL. And, like in other places, you might need to give a research proposal to explain what you want to study for your PhD.

But remember, even though there are some similarities, each country has its own rules.

PhD diary: Preparing for a PhD Nine things to know before doing a PhD Women in STEM: undertaking PhD research in cancer Studying for a part-time PhD: the challenges and the benefits Is it possible to do a three-year PhD as an international student? Looking for PhD tips? Why not check Twitter PhD diary: Where do I begin? How to do a PhD on a budget

How much does it cost to study a PhD?

The cost of pursuing a PhD can vary significantly between international and home (domestic) students, and it depends on the country, university and programme you choose.

United Kingdom (UK)

Home students in the UK often pay lower tuition fees compared with international students. Home students might also have access to government funding or subsidised tuition rates.

International students typically pay higher tuition fees, which can vary widely depending on the university and programme. Fees can range from around £10,000 to £25,000 or more per year.

United States (US)

PhD programme costs in the US can be quite high, especially for international students. Public universities often have lower tuition rates for in-state residents compared with out-of-state residents and international students.

Private universities in the US generally have higher tuition fees, and international students might be charged higher rates than domestic students.

Canadian universities often charge higher tuition fees for international students compared with domestic students.

Some universities offer funding packages that include tuition waivers and stipends for both domestic and international doctoral students.

In Australia, domestic students (Australian citizens and permanent residents) usually pay lower tuition fees than international students.

International students in Australia might have higher tuition fees, and costs can vary based on the university and programme.

Apart from tuition fees, other aspects play a role in the overall financial consideration:

PhD studentship: Many universities offer PhD studentships that provide financial support to research students, covering both tuition fees and a stipend for living expenses.

Stipend and housing: Stipends are designed to cover living expenses. Stipend amounts can vary depending on the university and location. If you’re studying in London in the UK, stipends might be higher to account for the higher living costs in the city. Some universities also offer subsidised or affordable housing options for doctoral students.

Tuition and stipend packages: Some PhD programmes provide funding packages that include both tuition waivers and stipends. These packages are to help relieve the financial burden on students during their doctoral studies.

Research the financial support options provided by the universities you’re interested in to make an informed decision about the cost of your PhD journey.

What funding options are available for PhD candidates?

PhD candidates have various funding options available to support their studies and research journeys. Some of these options include:

PhD scholarships: Scholarships are a common form of financial aid for PhD candidates. They are awarded based on academic merit, research potential or other specific criteria. Scholarships can cover tuition fees and provide a stipend for living expenses.

Bursaries: Bursaries are another form of financial assistance offered to students, including PhD candidates, based on financial need. They can help cover tuition fees or provide additional financial support.

In the UK, specific funding options are available:

Regional consortium: Some regions have research consortiums that offer funding opportunities for doctoral candidates. These collaborations can provide financial support for research projects aligned with specific regional needs.

UK research institute: Research councils in the UK often offer stipends to PhD candidates. These stipends cover living expenses and support research work.

University-based studentship: Many UK universities offer studentships. You can read more about these above.

In the USA, there are also funding options available:

Research assistantships (RAs): Many universities offer research assistantships where PhD candidates work on research projects under the guidance of faculty members. In exchange, they receive stipends and often have their tuition waived.

Teaching assistantships (TA): Teaching assistantships involve assisting professors in teaching undergraduate courses. In return, PhD candidates receive stipends and sometimes tuition remission.

Fellowships: Fellowships are competitive awards that provide financial support for PhD candidates. They can come from universities, government agencies, private foundations and other institutions. Fellowships can cover tuition, provide stipends and offer research or travel funds.

Graduate assistantships: Graduate assistantships include a range of roles, from research and teaching to administrative support. These positions often come with stipends and sometimes include tuition benefits.

External grants and fellowships: PhD candidates can apply for grants and fellowships from external organisations and foundations that support research careers in specific fields. Examples include the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Fulbright Programme.

Employer sponsorship: In some cases, employers might sponsor employees to pursue PhDs, especially if the research aligns with the company’s interests.

You can read about the current available scholarships for international students of all education levels on our website .

What does a PhD Involve?

How does a PhD work?

A PhD includes thorough academic research and significant contributions to your chosen field of study. The timeline for completing a PhD can significantly vary based on the country, college or university you attend and the specific subject you study.

The duration of a PhD programme can vary based on factors such as the institution’s requirements and the academic discipline you’re pursuing. For instance, the timeline for a PhD in a science-related field might differ from that of a humanities discipline.

UK PhD timeline example

Looking at a typical PhD degree in a London higher education institution, we can consider this example timeline.

In the initial year of your PhD, you’ll collaborate closely with your designated academic supervisor. This collaboration involves refining and solidifying your research proposal, which lays the foundation for your entire doctoral journey.

This is also the time to establish a comprehensive plan, complete with well-defined milestones and deadlines. A crucial aspect of this year is conducting an extensive literature review, immersing yourself in existing academic works to understand the landscape of your chosen research area. It’s important to make sure that your research idea is original and distinct from prior studies.

As you begin the second year, you’ll actively collect data and gather information related to your research topic. Simultaneously, you’ll initiate the process of crafting your thesis. This involves combining your research findings and analysis into sections of your thesis document.

This is also the phase where you might have opportunities to share your research insights at academic meetings, conferences or workshops. Depending on the programme, you might even engage in teaching activities. Some PhD candidates also begin contributing to academic journals or books, showcasing their findings to a broader audience.

The third year of a PhD programme often marks the final stage of your research efforts. This is when you dedicate substantial time to writing and finalising your complete thesis. Once your thesis is completed to the highest standard, you’ll submit it for thorough evaluation.

A significant milestone in the third year is the viva voce, an oral examination where you’ll defend your thesis before a panel of experts in your field. The viva voce is an opportunity to showcase your deep understanding of your research and defend your findings.

Why should you do a PhD?

For many people, acquiring a doctorate degree is the pinnacle of academic achievement, the culmination of years of commitment to higher education.

However, the act of pursuing a PhD can be a complex, frustrating, expensive and time-consuming exercise. But with the right preparation, some sound advice and a thorough understanding of the task at hand, your years as a doctoral student can be some of the most rewarding of your life. 

People choose to work towards a doctorate for many reasons. If you are looking to pursue an academic position, such as university lecturer or researcher, then a PhD is usually required.

Many people obtain a PhD as part of a partnership with an employer, particularly in scientific fields such as engineering, where their research can prove useful for companies.

In some cases, however, PhDs are simply down to an individual’s love of a subject and their desire to learn more about their field.

What are some benefits of studying a PhD?

Pursuing a PhD can have many benefits that extend beyond academic achievement, encompassing personal growth, professional advancement and meaningful contributions to knowledge.

One of the most notable benefits of a PhD is the potential for tenure in academia. Attaining tenure provides a level of job security that allows you to delve into long-term research projects and make enduring contributions to your field. It signifies a stage where you can explore innovative ideas and pursue in-depth research, fostering your academic legacy.

While not obligatory, the opportunity to collaborate on research projects with your supervisor is another valuable aspect of a PhD pursuit. These collaborations might even come with financial compensation, offering real-world experience, skill development and practical applications of your research. Engaging in such collaborations can enrich your research portfolio and refine your research methodologies.

A pivotal aspect of a PhD journey is the chance to publish your original research findings. By disseminating your work in academic journals or presenting it at conferences, you contribute to the expansion of knowledge within your field. These publications establish your expertise and reputation among peers and researchers worldwide, leaving a lasting impact.

The pursuit of a PhD can provide a unique platform to build a diverse network of colleagues, mentors and collaborators. Engaging with fellow researchers, attending conferences and participating in academic events offer opportunities to make valuable connections. This network can lead to collaborations, expose you to a spectrum of perspectives and pave the way for future research endeavours.

What is a PhD thesis? And what is a PhD viva?

A PhD thesis will be produced with help from an academic supervisor, usually one with expertise in your particular field of study. This thesis is the backbone of a PhD, and is the candidate’s opportunity to communicate their original research to others in their field (and a wider audience).  PhD students also have to explain their research project and defend their thesis in front of a panel of academics. This part of the process is often the most challenging, since writing a thesis is a major part of many undergraduate or master’s degrees, but having to defend it from criticism in real time is arguably more daunting.  This questioning is known as a “viva”, and examiners will pay particular attention to a PhD’s weaknesses either in terms of methodology or findings. Candidates will be expected to have a strong understanding of their subject areas and be able to justify specific elements of their research quickly and succinctly.

In rare cases, students going for a PhD may instead be awarded an MPhil if the academic standard of their work is not considered fully up to par but still strong enough to be deserving of a qualification.

Can you do a PhD part time? 

Many PhD and MPhil candidates choose to pursue their qualification part time, in order to allow time to work and earn while studying. This is especially true of older students, who might be returning to academia after working for a few years. 

When applying, you should always speak to the admissions team at your university to ensure this is possible and then continue to work with your supervisor to balance all your commitments. 

Can I do a PhD through distance learning?

This is something else that you will need to check with your university. Some institutions offer this option, depending on the nature of your research. 

You will need to be clear how many times you will need to travel to your university to meet with your supervisor throughout your PhD. 

Your PhD supervisor

Choosing the right PhD supervisor is essential if you want to get the most out of your PhD. Do your research into the faculty at the institution and ensure that you meet with your proposed supervisor (either virtually or in person) before fully committing. 

You need to know that not only do they have the right expertise and understanding of your research but also that your personalities won’t clash throughout your PhD. 

Remember, to complete your PhD, you will need a strong support network in place, and your supervisor is a key part of that network. 

Coping with PhD stress

If you do decide to embark on a doctorate, you may well encounter stress and anxiety. The work involved is often carried out alone, the hours can be long and many students can suffer from the pressure they feel is on their shoulders.

Ensuring that you check in regularly with your emotions and your workload is crucial to avoid burnout. If you have other commitments, such as a job or a family, then learning to balance these can feel overwhelming at times. 

Give yourself regular breaks, speak to your supervisor and ensure that you know what university resources and support systems are available to you in case you need to access them. 

Post-doctorate: what happens after you finish your PhD?

Many PhD graduates pursue a career in academia, while others will work in industry. Some might take time out, if they can afford to, to recover from the efforts of PhD study.

Whatever you choose to do, undertaking a PhD is a huge task that can open up a range of doors professionally. Just remember to take some time out to celebrate your achievement. 

How does a PhD affect salary and earning potential?

How much does a professor with a PhD make a year?

Professors with PhDs can earn different amounts depending on where they work and their experience. In the UK, a professor might make around £50,000 to £100,000 or more each year. In the US, it's between about $60,000 and $200,000 or even higher. The exact salary depends on things like the place they work, if they have tenure, and what they teach.

How much does a PhD add to salary?

Having a PhD can make your salary higher than if you had a lower degree. But exactly how much more you earn can change. On average, people with PhDs earn more than those with bachelor’s or master’s degrees. The increase in salary is influenced by many things, such as the job you do, where you work and what field you’re in.

In fields such as research, healthcare, technology and finance, your knowledge and skills from your PhD can potentially help you secure a higher salary position.

In the end, having a PhD can boost your earning potential and open doors to well-paying jobs, including professorships and special roles in different areas. But the exact effect on your salary is influenced by many things, so ensure you weigh the cost against the benefit.

How to choose a PhD programme?

Choosing a PhD programme involves defining your research interest, researching supervisors and programme reputation, evaluating funding options, reviewing programme structure, considering available resources, assessing networking opportunities, factoring in location and career outcomes, visiting the campus if possible and trusting your instincts.

How can I find available PhD programmes?

You can find available PhD programmes by visiting university websites, using online directories such as “FindAPhD”, checking professional associations, networking with professors and students, following universities on social media, attending career fairs and conferences, contacting universities directly and exploring research institutes’ websites.

How to apply for a PhD programme?

To apply for a PhD programme:

Research and select universities aligned with your interests.

Contact potential supervisors, sharing your proposal, CV and references.

Prepare application materials: research proposal, CV, recommendation letters and a writing sample.

Ensure you meet academic and language-proficiency requirements.

Complete an online application through the university’s portal.

Pay any required application fees.

Write a statement of purpose explaining your motivations.

Provide official transcripts of your academic records.

Submit standardised test scores if needed.

Some programmes may require an interview.

The admissions committee reviews applications and decides.

Apply for scholarships or assistantships.

Upon acceptance, review and respond to the offer letter.

Plan travel, accommodation and logistics accordingly.

Remember to research and follow each university’s specific application guidelines and deadlines.

How to apply for a PhD as an international student?

Many stages of the PhD application process are the same for international students as domestic students. However, there are sometimes some additional steps:

International students should apply for a student visa.

Take language proficiency tests such as TOEFL or IELTS if required.

Provide certificates if needed to validate your previous degrees.

Show evidence of sufficient funds for tuition and living expenses.

Check if you need health insurance for your chosen destination.

Translate and authenticate academic transcripts if necessary.

Attend orientation sessions for cultural adaptation.

Apply for university housing or explore off-campus options.

Familiarise yourself with international student support services.

Ben Osborne, the postgraduate student recruitment manager at the University of Sussex explains in detail how to apply for a PhD in the UK .

Giulia Evolvi, a lecturer in media and communication at Erasmus University, Rotterdam explains how to apply for a PhD in the US .

Finally, Samiul Hossain explores the question Is it possible to do a three-year PhD as an international student?

Q. What is a PhD? A. A PhD is the highest level of academic degree awarded by universities, involving in-depth research and a substantial thesis.

Q. What does “PhD” mean? A. “PhD” stands for doctor of philosophy, recognising expertise in a field.

Q. What is a professional doctorate? A. A professional doctorate emphasises practical application in fields such as education or healthcare.

Q. How long does it take to study a PhD? A. It takes between three and six years to study a full-time PhD programme.

Q. How long is a PhD in the UK? A. It takes around three to four years to study a full-time UK PhD.

Q. How long is a PhD in the US? A. It takes approximately five to six years to complete a full-time US PhD.

Q. Why does it take longer to study a PhD in the US? A. US programmes often include more course work and broader training.

Q. What qualifications do you need for a PhD? A. You usually need an undergraduate degree as a minimum requirement, although a master’s might be preferred.

Q. Do you need a master’s degree to get into a PhD programme? A. Master’s degrees are preferred but not always required.

Q. Are PhD entry requirements similar in other countries? A. Entry requirements are similar in many countries, but there may be additional requirements. Make sure to check the university website for specific details.

Q. How much does it cost to study a PhD? A. The cost of PhD programmes vary by country and university.

Q. What funding options are available for PhD candidates? A. Scholarships, assistantships, fellowships, grants, stipends are all funding options for PhD candidates.

Q. What does a PhD involve? A. PhDs involve research, seminars, thesis, literature review, data analysis and a PhD viva.

Q. Why should you do a PhD? A. There are many reasons to study a PhD including personal growth, research skills, contributions to academia and professional development.

Q. What are some benefits of studying a PhD? A. Benefits of graduating with a PhD include achieving tenure, collaborations with colleagues, publication of your work, and networking opportunities.

Q. What is a PhD thesis? A. A PhD thesis is a comprehensive document that showcases the original research conducted by a PhD candidate.

Q. What is a PhD viva? A. A PhD viva, also known as a viva voce or oral examination, is the final evaluation of a PhD candidate’s research and thesis where the panel asks questions, engages in discussions and assesses the depth of the candidate’s understanding and expertise.

Q. Can you do a PhD part-time? A. Yes, part-time options are available for PhDs.

Q. Can I do a PhD through distance learning? A. Some universities offer online PhDs; you can find out more on their websites.

Q. How to choose a PhD programme? A. You can find PhD programmes through research, by contacting faculty, checking resources and considering location.

Q. How can I find available PhD programme? A. You can find available PhD programmes on university sites, through directories and by networking.

Q. How to apply for a PhD programme A. To apply for a PhD programme, research suitable universities and programmes, get in touch with potential supervisors, gather required documents like transcripts and reference letters, complete the online application, pay any necessary fees and submit a statement of purpose and research proposal. If needed, meet language-proficiency criteria and attend interviews. After acceptance, explore funding choices, confirm your spot and get ready for the programme’s start.

Q. How to apply for a PhD as an international student A. To apply for a PhD as an international student, follow similar steps to domestic students, but you need to include securing a student visa and passing language requirements.

Q. What is a PhD dropout rate? A. The dropout rate from PhDs varies but is approximately 30-40 per cent.

Q. How does a PhD affect salary and earning potential? A. A PhD can boost earning potential, especially in research, technology, healthcare and academia. Impact varies by job, industry and location. Experience, skills and demand also influence salary.

Q. How to address a person with a PhD? A. When addressing someone with a PhD, it’s respectful to use “Dr”, followed by their last name, whether they have a PhD in an academic field or a professional doctorate. For instance, “Dr. Smith”.

Q. Is there a difference between a PhD and a doctorate? A. The terms “PhD” and “doctorate” are often used interchangeably, though a PhD is a specific type of doctorate focused on original research. A doctorate can refer more broadly to any doctoral-level degree, including professional doctorates with practical applications.

Q. What is the difference between a PhD and an MD? A. A PhD is a doctor of philosophy, awarded for academic research, while an MD is a doctor of medicine, focusing on medical practice. They lead to different career paths and involve distinct areas of study.

Q. What is the difference between a PhD and a professional doctorate? A. A PhD is an academic research-focused degree, while a professional doctorate emphasises applying research to practical fields such as education or business. PhDs often involve original research, while professional doctorates focus on real-world application.

Q. What is the difference between UK and US PhDs? A. The difference between UK and US PhDs lies mainly in structure and duration. UK PhDs often have shorter durations and a stronger emphasis on independent research from an early stage. US PhDs typically include more initial coursework and broader foundational training before full-time research begins.

Q. What is the difference between a PhD student and a candidate? A. A PhD student is actively studying and researching in a doctoral programme, while a PhD candidate has completed programme requirements except for the dissertation and is close to completion.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and an EdD? A. A PhD and an EdD (doctor of education) differ in focus. A PhD emphasises research and academic contributions, while an EdD focuses on applying research to practical educational issues.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and a DBA? A. A PhD and a DBA (doctor of business administration) differ in purpose. A PhD emphasises theoretical research and academia, while a DBA is practice-oriented, aimed at solving real business problems.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and a PsyD? A. A PhD and a PsyD (doctor of psychology) differ in emphasis. A PhD focuses on research and academia, while a PsyD emphasises clinical practice and applying psychological knowledge.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and an LLD? A. A PhD and an LLD (doctor of laws or Legum doctor) are distinct. A PhD is awarded in various disciplines, while an LLD is usually an honorary degree for significant contributions to law.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and an MD-PhD? A. A PhD and an MD-PhD differ. An MD-PhD is a dual degree combining medical training (MD) with research training (PhD).

Q. What is the Cambridge PhD? A. A Cambridge PhD involves original research guided by a supervisor, resulting in a thesis. It’s offered at the University of Cambridge .

Q. What is the Oxford DPhil? A. An Oxford DPhil is equivalent to a PhD and involves independent research leading to a thesis. The term “DPhil” is unique to the University of Oxford .

Q. What is the PhD programme acceptance rate? A. PhD acceptance rates vary by university, field and competition. Prestigious universities and competitive fields often have lower acceptance rates.

Q. What is a PhD supervisor? A. A PhD supervisor guides and supports a student’s research journey, providing expertise and feedback.

Q. What is a PhD panel? A. A PhD panel evaluates a candidate’s research, thesis and oral defence. It consists of experts in the field.

Q. What is a PhD stipend? A. A PhD stipend is a regular payment supporting living expenses during research, often tied to teaching or research assistant roles.

Q. What is a PhD progression assessment? A. A PhD progression assessment evaluates a student’s progress, often confirming their continuation in the programme.

Q. What is a PhD defence? A. A PhD defence, or viva, is the final oral examination where a candidate presents and defends their research findings and thesis before experts.

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