mass (Da)
The apparent mass ε 280 ’s of the unmodified proteins at 25 °C were determined in water and in PBS buffer. Table 2 summarizes the mass ε 280 ’s, 95% confidence intervals, the literature values reported by the manufacturers [ 44 - 47 ], and the molar ε 280 ’s. The raw data for determining the ε 280 ’s is in the supplementary data in Tables S2-S7 . Overall, the apparent mass ε 280 ’s of the protein samples were similar to those from the literature. The apparent ε 280 ’s in buffer and water for BSA and ovalbumin were 10% less than the manufacturer’s values even though the protein content was ≥ 98% (according to the manufacturer). This difference may be due to differences in moisture-content or lot-to-lot variability. The only significant difference ( p <0.05) between samples measured in water and in buffer was the apparent ε 280 ’s for HEWL with a 12% difference (asterisk in Table 2 ). The molar ε 280 ’s and propagated errors are also listed in Table 2 and were calculated by multiplying the mass ε 280 ’s in PBS buffer with the mass of the proteins determined by MALDI MS ( Table 1 ).
Mass and calculated molar extinction coefficients at 280 nm and 25 °C for BSA, HEWL, and ovalbumin [ 44 - 47 ].
Protein | Literature ε (g L cm ) | Mass ε in PBS (g L cm ) ± 95% CI | Mass ε in water (g L cm ) ± 95% CI | Molar ε in PBS (mM cm ) ± 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
BSA | 0.667 [ ] | 0.61 ± 0.06 | 0.61 ± 0.01 | 40 ± 4 |
HEWL | 2.64 [ - ] | 2.26 ± 0.17 | 2.56 ± 0.14 | 32.3 ± 2.4 |
Ovalbumin | 0.69 – 0.76 [ ] | 0.63 ± 0.03 | 0.63 ± 0.02 | 26 ± 1 |
After the reductive methylation reaction, the protein concentration must be empirically determined because some protein is lost to precipitation and/or adhesion to surfaces. If the dimethyl modifications do not contribute significantly to the A 280nm , the ε 280 ’s of the unmodified proteins could be used to determine the concentration of their reductively methylated counterparts. To test this assertion, the molar ε 280 ’s of Lys and DM-Lys were determined and compared. Lys and DM-Lys stock solutions were prepared, and quantitative NMR was used to determine the molar concentrations to correct for moisture in the weighed samples. Integrated 1 H NMR spectra of each compound, with caffeine as an internal standard, are shown in the supplementary data in Fig. S1 . The blank and pathlength-corrected A 280nm ’s for the stock solutions were divided by the molar concentrations to give the molar ε 280 ’s of Lys and DM-Lys in PBS buffer of 0.72 M −1 cm −1 and 0.70 M −1 cm −1 , respectively. The magnitude and difference between the measured ε 280 ’s are small compared to the molar ε 280 ’s of the proteins, which range from 26 × 10 3 to 40 × 10 3 M −1 cm −1 ( Table 2 ). Even for BSA, which has 59 lysine residues, the difference between the A 280nm ’s of unmodified and reductively methylated BSA is less than 0.01%. These results confirm that the molar ε 280 ’s of the unmodified proteins can be used to determine the concentration of the reductively methylated proteins.
The concentrations of the reductively methylated samples were determined by measuring the A 280nm ’s and dividing by the apparent ε 280 ’s of the unmodified proteins in PBS buffer. Initially, stock solutions (50 and 250 mg/L) of the reductively methylated proteins were incorrectly made based on the calculated concentration using the mass ε 280 ’s. The mass ε 280 is widely reported for proteins because the exact mass of a protein is difficult to obtain (especially if the protein is a mixture), and the common colorimetric protein assays, including the Bradford and BCA assays, assume a composition-independent response. The A 280nm of a protein, on the other hand, depends on the composition because the absorbance is primarily due to the number of tyrosine, tryptophan, and cystine residues [ 48 ]. Because the A 280nm depends on the moles of protein and not the mass, the molar ε 280 ’s of the unmodified and reductively methylated proteins is the same, but the mass ε 280 ’s are different by the ratio of the molecular weights. Therefore, the stock solution concentrations were corrected using the ratio of the masses of the reductively methylated and unmodified proteins determined by MALDI MS ( Table 1 ), effectively using the molar ε 280nm ’s instead of the mass ε 280nm ’s to determine the concentrations. The corrected concentrations for the 50 mg/L stock solutions are 50.69, 51.09, and 50.57 mg/L and for the 250 mg/L stock solutions are 253.44, 255.47, and 252.86 mg/L for BSA, HEWL, and ovalbumin, respectively.
The Bradford assay responses of the unmodified and reductively methylated proteins are summarized in Fig. 3 . Typically, BSA is used as a standard for the Bradford assay, and a calibration curve based on the mass concentration of BSA is used to determine the unknown concentration of a protein. Using the Bradford assay in this manner assumes that the color intensity (A 595nm ) is composition-independent such that the mass sensitivity or response (g −1 L cm −1 ) of the assay is the same for every protein. Based on our results in Fig. 3 , this assumption is valid for unmodified BSA and HEWL, which have similar responses of 46 ± 5 g −1 L cm −1 and 45 ± 3 g −1 L cm −1 , respectively. Unmodified ovalbumin, however, has a significantly lower response of 33 ± 1 g −1 L cm −1 . This result is not surprising because ovalbumin is a glycoprotein. A similar decrease in response for glycoproteins in general, and ovalbumin specifically (33% decrease), has already been demonstrated [ 10 , 49 ]. The color production in the Bradford assay occurs when the blue, anionic form of the dye is stabilized, typically through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The ovalbumin glycan comprises approximately 3-4% of the total mass and is mainly composed of neutral, high-mannose- or hybrid-type oligosaccharides [ 50 - 51 ]. While the glycan mass alone does not explain the approximately 27% decrease in sensitivity, it is likely that the glycan competes with the dye by forming hydrogen bonds with basic amino acids, stacking with hydrophobic residues, and/or steric shielding [ 49 ]. In addition, ovalbumin is highly phosphorylated at two sites [ 51 ], which likely further decreases the affinity for the anionic dye.
Results of the Bradford assay plotted as the pathlength-normalized absorbance values (A 595nm /cm) versus the protein concentration determined for triplicate samples of unmodified and reductively methylated (a) BSA, (b) HEWL, and (c) ovalbumin at various concentrations, and (d) a bar graph summarizing the Bradford assay responses (g −1 L cm −1 , error bars = 95% confidence intervals) with brackets indicating the p -value between pairs of data.
With the Bradford assay, the reductively methylated proteins had similar responses as their unmodified counterparts ( Fig. 3 ). The general trend was a lower response, but only BSA and reductively methylated BSA showed significantly different responses ( p > 0.05) among the unmodified/reductively methylated pairs. A greater difference might be expected since lysine is one of the primary amino acids involved in dye binding [ 4 - 5 , 52 ], but the amine retains its positive charge allowing for electrostatic interactions. The small decrease in response can be explained by a slight change in the affinity of the amino groups for the Coomassie blue G-250 dye upon methylation. The methyl groups may sterically hinder the electrostatic interaction with the dye’s sulfonic groups or decrease the accessibility of the amine by binding hydrophobic groups on the protein. Reductively methylated BSA, in particular, shows a larger difference in response compared to unmodified BSA, likely because it has the highest density of lysine residues with 0.89 lysines per kDa of protein. HEWL and ovalbumin have nearly half this density with 0.42 and 0.46 lysines per kDa of protein, respectively, suggesting that the proportion of methylated lysines in the protein is important to consider when using the Bradford assay.
The BCA assay responses of the unmodified and reductively methylated proteins are summarized in Fig. 4 . The BCA assay responses of the unmodified proteins are 16.6 ± 2.0, 22.7 ± 0.4, and 15.1 ± 0.6 g −1 L cm −1 for BSA, HEWL, and ovalbumin, respectively. Unlike the Bradford assay responses, the BCA assay responses of BSA and ovalbumin are similar, and the response of HEWL is significantly higher. The color formation in the BCA assay is mainly due to Cu 2+ reduction by cysteine, cystine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the backbone amide groups, with the cysteine and cystine residues being the most reactive [ 2 , 11 , 53 ]. While the color formation cannot be predicted based on the sum of the individual color-producing components [ 11 ], in the case of BSA, HEWL, and ovalbumin, there is a correlation between the BCA assay response and the weight percentage of cysteine, cystine, tyrosine, and tryptophan residues ( Fig. 5 ). The similar responses of ovalbumin and BSA are not consistent with results by Fountoulakis et al. , where the BCA assay gave an overestimation of 148% for ovalbumin when BSA was used as the calibration standard [ 10 ]. The primary difference between our work and Fountoulakis et al. is the temperature of the BCA reaction; we incubated our samples at 37 °C and Fountoulakis et al. at 60 °C. While Fountoulakis et al. observed an overestimation of several glycoproteins using the BCA assay at 60 °C, Noble et al. observed an underestimation of the protein concentration for the glycoprotein RNase B compared to non-glycosylated RNase A using the BCA assay at 37 °C [ 49 ]. The temperature of the BCA reaction is clearly important for accurately measuring glycoprotein concentration. It has been shown that increasing the reaction temperature increases the participation of tyrosine, tryptophan, and the backbone amide groups in copper reduction [ 11 ], but it may also increase the participation of the glycans. While individual monosaccharides do not interfere strongly in the BCA assay [ 10 ], the polydentate effect of a polysaccharide may result in a significant interference at elevated temperatures.
Results of the BCA assay plotted as the pathlength-normalized absorbance values (A 562nm /cm) versus the protein concentration determined for triplicate samples of unmodified and reductively methylated (a) BSA, (b) HEWL, and (c) ovalbumin at various concentrations, and (d) a bar graph summarizing the BCA assay responses (g −1 L cm −1 , error bars = 95% confidence intervals) with brackets indicating the p -value between pairs of data.
The BCA assay responses of BSA, HEWL, and ovalbumin versus the weight percentage of cysteine, cystine, tryptophan, and tyrosine residues in each protein with the best fit line equation, correlation coefficient (R 2 ), and error bars representing the 95% confidence interval determined for each response from three replicates.
The BCA assay responses of the reductively methylated proteins are consistently higher than the responses of the unmodified proteins for all three test proteins. The responses of the reductively methylated proteins in the BCA assay were 22.4 ± 3.0, 30.1 ± 0.9, and 22.4 ± 2.1 g −1 L cm −1 for BSA, HEWL, and ovalbumin, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4 , the responses for the unmodified and reductively methylated proteins increased by 32-49% upon methylation. This change in response may be due to an increase in the affinity of lysyl ε-dimethylamine, compared to lysyl ε-amine, for Cu 2+ . It has been shown that the lysine side-chain amino group can complex Cu 2+ in a biuret-like complex [ 54 - 55 ] and even bridge copper ions [ 56 - 57 ], but the interaction has also been shown to be unfavorable and/or only occurring at alkaline pH [ 54 , 58 - 59 ]. Alkaline conditions are necessary for binding Cu 2+ because the typical acid dissociation constant (pK a ) of lysyl ε-amines in proteins is 11.0 ± 0.4 [ 60 - 61 ]. The BCA reaction pH is 11.25, so the lysyl ε-amines exist as protonated and deprotonated species ( Fig. 6a ). Tertiary amines typically have lower pK a ’s than their corresponding primary amines [ 62 ], and this is the case for lysyl ε-dimethylamines in proteins. The typical pK a of lysyl ε-dimethylamines in proteins is 10.1 ± 0.3 [ 16 , 18 , 26 , 30 ]. This difference in the pK a ’s is significant because a larger fraction of the ε-dimethylamines is in the deprotonated state compared to the unmodified ε-amines ( Fig. 6a-b ) at the BCA assay pH. The deprotonated ε-dimethylamine can form biuret-like complexes with Cu 2+ ( Fig. 6c ) [ 55 ], leading to increased copper reduction.
Acid dissociation equilibria of (a) lysyl ε-amines and (b) ε-dimethylamines favoring the deprotonated lysyl ε-dimethylamines under the alkaline conditions (pH 11.25) of the BCA assay, and (c) a model of lysyl ε-dimethylamine in a biuret-like complex with Cu 2+ (R, R’, and R’’ represent the side-chains of three amino acids).
Dimethylation of the N -terminal α-amino group may also affect the BCA assay because the N -terminal α-amino group plays an important role in peptide-Cu 2+ complexes, anchoring the Cu 2+ ion as it chelates neighboring amide groups [ 55 , 63 ]. Unlike the lysyl ε-amines, the pK a of the α-amine is lower with a pK a of 7-8, so nearly all the α-amino- and α-dimethylamino-groups are in the deprotonated, neutral state during the BCA assay. The N -terminal α-amine forms a complex with Cu 2+ through the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen ( Fig. 7a ). It has been shown that the absence or modification of the N -terminal α-amine decreases a peptide’s affinity for Cu 2+ [ 64 ], suggesting that reductive methylation of the N -terminal α-amine would decrease the BCA assay response. Alternatively, the small methyl groups may not sterically hinder binding to Cu 2+ ( Fig. 7b ) and could contribute to binding by stabilizing the correct ligand geometry.
Biuret-like complexes of the N -terminal (a) α-amine and (b) α-dimethylamine with Cu 2+ with the α-amino and α-dimethylamino groups colored in red as the anchors of quadridentate ligands (R, R’, and R’’ represent the side-chains of three amino acids).
This study demonstrates the importance of considering not only the amino acid composition, but also the composition of the post-translational or chemical modifications of a protein when using the Bradford or BCA assay. Reductive methylation can be used to uniformly modify proteins with dimethyl groups at the lysyl ε-amines and N -terminal α-amine. The assay responses to the unmodified proteins showed typical protein-to-protein variation. Results similar to previous studies were observed, including an underestimation of the glycoprotein, ovalbumin, with the Bradford assay and a dependence on the amino acid composition (cysteine, cystine, tyrosine, and tryptophan residues) with the BCA assay. The Bradford assay produced more consistent responses between the unmodified and reductively methylated proteins than the BCA assay. The Bradford assay responses were somewhat smaller for the reductively methylated proteins, suggesting a decrease in the dimethylamine affinity for the Coomassie blue G-250 dye, with the largest decrease for the lysine-rich protein, BSA. The BCA assay response was significantly higher for all three, reductively methylated proteins tested. The lower pK a values of the tertiary ε-dimethylamino groups likely contribute to the increased BCA assay responses, increasing the concentration of the deprotonated ε-dimethylamine and favoring Cu 2+ binding.
The results of this study are relevant to biological methylation of lysine residues. Biological methylation can exist as mono-, di-, or tri-methyl-lysine. For the Bradford assay, the extent and proportion of methylation should be considered. If the methyl groups hinder binding to the Coomassie blue G-250 dye, then the assay response will decrease with increasing numbers of methyl groups. The concentration of a heavily tri-methylated protein may be underestimated when analyzed with the Bradford assay. On the other hand, if methylation occurs on a small fraction of lysine residues in a protein, the Bradford assay will likely give the same response as the unmodified protein. The effect of biological methylation on the BCA assay response is more complicated due to the differences in the pK a values of lysyl ε-amines, ε-monomethylamines, and ε-dimethylamines near the assay pH and the lack of an ionizable group on the lysyl ε-trimethylamine. For lysyl ε-amino groups on proteins, the unmodified ε-amine pK a is 11.0 ± 0.4 [ 60 - 61 ], the ε-monomethylamine pK a is 10.9 ± 0.3 [ 16 , 30 ], and the ε-dimethylamine pK a is 10.1 ± 0.3 [ 16 , 18 , 26 , 30 ]. These values follow the typical trend, in which the pK a of the secondary amine is the same or higher than the primary amine and the pK a of the tertiary amine is lower than that of the primary amine [ 62 ]. Based on the rationale that the lower pK a of the lysyl ε-dimethylamine allows for Cu 2+ binding in the BCA assay, the effect of a lysyl ε-monomethylamine would be the same as an unmodified lysyl ε-amine. Similarly, the lack of an ionizable group on a lysyl ε-trimethylamine would result in a decrease in the BCA assay response compared to the unmodified lysyl ε-amine.
In conclusion, the dimethylation from reductive methylation does not greatly alter the response of the Bradford assay, which can be used to determine the concentration of reductively methylated proteins with nearly the same response as the unmodified proteins. The use of a reductively methylated standard may compensate for the slight decrease in the Bradford assay response, but the composition of the standard should match the density of lysine residues in the analyte-protein. The BCA assay response increases upon reductive methylation, providing insight into the role of lysine residues in binding Cu 2+ . For studying proteins with biological methylation, the Bradford assay is recommended due to the varying effects that mono-, di-, and tri-methylation may have on the BCA assay response.
Acknowledgments.
Research reported in this publication was partially supported by the NIGMS of the NIH under Award Number R25GM069743 (Louisiana State University Initiative for Maximizing Student Development (IMSD) program); Pamlea Brady thanks the IMSD program for her scholarship. The project described was partially supported by Award Number R00RR024105 from the National Center for Research Resources of the NIH. We thank Dr. Aaron P. Smith for proof reading the manuscript.
BCA | bicinchoninic acid |
BSA | bovine serum albumin |
PTMs | post-translational modifications |
DMAB | dimethylamine-borane complex |
NMR | nuclear magnetic resonance |
HEWL | hen egg white lysozyme |
DSS | sodium 3-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propanesulfonic acid |
D O | deuterated water |
A | absorbance at 280 nm |
ε | extinction coefficient at 280 nm |
Lys | L-lysine |
DM-Lys | , -dimethyl-L-lysine |
PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
MALDI MS | matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry |
pK | acid dissociation constant |
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
An official website of the United States government
The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.
The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.
Email citation, add to collections.
Your saved search, create a file for external citation management software, your rss feed.
Affiliation.
PubMed Disclaimer
Full text sources, other literature sources.
NCBI Literature Resources
MeSH PMC Bookshelf Disclaimer
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.
To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser .
Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.
Analytical Biochemistry
Miltiadis Pappas
Bicinchoninic acid, sodium salt, is a stable, water-soluble compound capable of forming an intense purple complex with cuprous ion (Cu1+) in an alkaline environment. This reagent forms the basis of an analytical method capable of monitoring cuprous ion produced in the reaction of protein with alkaline Cu2+ (biuret reaction). The color produced from this reaction is stable and increases in a proportional fashion over a broad range of increasing protein concentrations. When compared to the method of Lowry et al., the results reported here demonstrate a greater tolerance of the bicinchoninate reagent toward such commonly encountered interferences as nonionic detergents and simple buffer salts. The stability of the reagent and resulting chromophore also allows for a simplified, one-step analysis and an enhanced flexibility in protocol selection. This new method maintains the high sensitivity and low protein-to-protein variation associated with the Lowry technique.
Rehana Parvin
A study of the applicability of a colorimetric biuret procedure for protein determination to a variety of biological preparation has revealed that the practice of using this procedure is undesirable because markedly apparent high values are obtained in this way. In some cases, this interference was mainly due to lipids. Use of suitable controls to account for the interfering opalescence in biuret color measurements considerably improved the method. Conditions affecting the reliability of the procedure are also described. For crude extracts the colorimetric phenol method was found to be more reliable. However, a prior separation of protein by TCA is often advantageous not alone for Kjeldahl analysis but also for colorimetric estimations. The actual chromogenicity of the protein mixtures of different biological extracts studied was found to be comparable to that of the commonly employed standard protein, bovine serum albumin.
STEVEN BRAVO
Accurate measurement of protein concentration is critical since the results are used in other calculations, such as determination of enzyme activity. Errors in protein concentration determination tend to amplify overall errors in these calculations. Furthermore, protein assays are often purchased as kits from commercial suppliers, which result in a poor understanding of the underlying chemistry. This unit presents a survey of the common protein assay methods and highlights their usefulness and limitations. Additionally, the chemistry underlying each assay is explained to aid in troubleshooting and assay selection. There is no single protein assay method that yields absolutely accurate results. Each method has different advantages and limitations. The primary intention of this unit is to inform users how to select the most appropriate protein assay for a specific application. The Kjeldahl method (Ballentine, 1957) and the acid digestion–ninhydrin method (Lovrien and Matulis, 1995) are no longer in general use and are not included here. This unit discusses the following protein assay methods that are commonly used in biochemical laboratories: the Lowry assay (see Basic Protocol 1), the Bradford assay (see Basic Protocol 2 and Alternate Protocol 1), the BCA assay (see Basic Protocol 3 and Alternate Protocol 2), and UV spectroscopy to determine protein concentration (see Basic Protocol 4). Support Protocol 1 discusses standard curves and data processing in detail and is a good place for a novice to start before beginning any experimentation. Also included are two precipitation strategies for dealing with buffer incompatibility. Finally, many applications of SDS-PAGE require equal loading of samples based on total protein. Typically, this requires laborious extraction in a buffer compatible with a protein assay, before adding SDS-PAGE loading buffer. Alternate Protocol 3 details a method for alkylation of excess reducing agent in SDS-PAGE loading buffer for direct analysis in the BCA assay. The protocols in this unit should produce valid results for most applications. There are also kits available for protein determination from Sigma, BioRad, and Pierce. Prior to employing an assay kit or protocol, the user is advised to consult the Strategic Planning section because it describes how to select the most appropriate assay for a particular task. The assays have different strengths and weaknesses, particularly regarding buffer compatibility. Since some investigators may have limited experience with biochemical techniques, the Commentary presents a discussion of the critical parameters for protein assays, focusing on the standard curve and a brief review of spectropho-tometry. Finally, a Support Protocol provides suggestions for processing data using a spreadsheet. STRATEGIC PLANNING Assay choice Two common applications of the protein assay are enzyme activity assays and equal protein loading of SDS-PAGE gels. The strategies and considerations for these applications are considerably different. In enzyme activity calculations, the primary concern is the accuracy of the results, whereas for equal loading of SDS-PAGE gels, precision is more important. There are many other applications for protein assays, e.g., in nutrition and pharmacology, and it is strongly recommend that the literature of the particular field
Biotechnic & Histochemistry
Vladyslava Kovalska
Otto S Wolfbeis
Shao-hsuan Kao
Cathy Purnomo
Jajuli Jajuli
Analytical biochemistry
Sascha Beutel
In the current study, the quantification of different model proteins in the presence of typical aqueous two-phase system components was investigated by using the Bradford and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assays. Each phase-forming component above 1 and 5wt% had considerable effects on the protein quantification in both assays, respectively, resulting in diminished protein recoveries/absorption values by increasing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/salt concentration and PEG molecular weight. Therefore, a convenient dilution of both components (up to 1 and 5wt%) before protein quantification is recommended in both assays, respectively, where the BCA assay is favored in comparison with the Bradford assay.
Loading Preview
Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.
Konstantinos Grintzalis
Danilo Segovia
Gabi Drochioiu
magendira mani vinayagam
Kevser Sözgen
Biochemical Education
Dean Goldring
Kamolwan Watcharatanyatip
Kazuhiro Imai
Protocol Exchange
Tsaffrir Zor
Clive Cookson
Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research
Yohannis Wondwosen
Irfan ullah
Adnan Farooq
J. biol. Chem
Ravish Patel
Journal of Visualized Experiments
orna ernst , Tsaffrir Zor
David Alpers
Proteolytic Enzymes
Kevin K Wang
john pelley
Chimica et Natura Acta
ahmad syauqi
Rehana Lebbe
Electrophoresis
NISHA VERMA
ELECTROPHORESIS
Karel Šlais
Author of the article:
You can save this article by registering for free here . Or sign-in if you have an account.
NEW YORK — BCA Research, the leading independent macro investment research provider, today announced that Marko Papic has rejoined the firm. He will head BCA Access, the company’s premium service providing clients with targeted access to the world-class strategists, investors, and macro experts in the firm’s network.
Papic will join the leadership team and report to Eric Jaffe, Chief Executive Officer. He will also author a monthly publication, the GeoMacro Report, which provides clients with insights on the U.S. and global economy and markets, with a focus on macro, geopolitics, and policy trends.
Subscribe now to read the latest news in your city and across Canada.
Create an account or sign in to continue with your reading experience.
One of the world’s most respected investment strategists and sought-after speakers, Papic is the author of Geopolitical Alpha: An Investment Framework for Predicting the Future . Most recently he was a partner and Chief Strategist at Clocktower Group, an alternative investment asset management firm, where he helped seed global macro hedge funds and led the team delivering bespoke research to clients and partners on geopolitics, macroeconomics and markets. Previously, he worked at BCA, founding its Geopolitical Strategy practice, which Matt Gertken will continue to lead. Matt and Marko will partner to solidify BCA’s position as the industry leader in market-focused geopolitical analysis.
“I’m thrilled to welcome Marko home. As one of the world’s foremost global macro thinkers, I’m confident that he will provide our clients with essential insights to make the best investment decisions at a time when wars, threats of a recession, and other macro events will continue to roil the markets,” said Jaffe. “Marko brings a unique mix of geopolitical, macroeconomic, and buy-side expertise and I’m excited to leverage his energy and passion to power the next phase of our firm’s growth.”
About BCA Research
BCA Research is a leading independent provider of global investment research. Since 1949, BCA’s mission has been to shape the level of conviction with which our clients make investment decisions, through the delivery of leading-edge analysis and forecasts of all the major asset classes and economies. The firm maintains a head office in Montreal, with local offices in London, New York, San Francisco, Hong Kong, Sydney, Cape Town, and São Paulo.
About Delinian
Delinian, formerly known as Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC, was acquired by private equity firm Epiris in November 2022. Delinian is a portfolio of highly specialized global businesses focused on critical insights. The Delinian businesses deliver highly targeted data, research, insights and connections, along with profiling and predictive analytics. Delinian brands service customers across the world, and its teams are based in the UK, US, Canada, Hong Kong, India and Bulgaria.
View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240701443534/en/
Media Contact: Darrell Oliver BCA Research (929) 316.2708 [email protected]
Postmedia is committed to maintaining a lively but civil forum for discussion. Please keep comments relevant and respectful. Comments may take up to an hour to appear on the site. You will receive an email if there is a reply to your comment, an update to a thread you follow or if a user you follow comments. Visit our Community Guidelines for more information.
Expect the cra to come knocking if you ‘hire’ your spouse to split income, philip cross: canada's 'energy blindness' must end, canadian uranium miner’s shares dive after niger pulls permit, canada's unemployment rate rises to 6.4% as job market stalls.
This website uses cookies to personalize your content (including ads), and allows us to analyze our traffic. Read more about cookies here . By continuing to use our site, you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy .
You can manage saved articles in your account.
and save up to 100 articles!
You can manage your saved articles in your account and clicking the X located at the bottom right of the article.
Collections.
The unique research program at BCA, open to students from all academies, gives our aspiring students the opportunity to develop a research project based on their personal interests. Students at other high schools may have the opportunity to do research internships at cooperating professional labs, only students at our school have access to the latest scientific equipment to pursue their research interests internally, adjusted to their individual schedules.
The students carrying out research in the Laboratory of Cell Biology are engaged in some unique endeavors using the state-of-the-art equipment found on our campus. Students in the Cell Biology Lab originate and investigate their own scientific questions that often focus on elucidating the biochemical and molecular underpinnings of various disease states using in vitro methods. In addition, students may also pose environmental questions, as well as questions related to developmental biology. Students have been received recognition from nearly every prestigious high school competition. The Cell Bio Lab is also home to the BCA chapter of the Future Health Care Professionals (HOSA) and most admirably, because of their passion for STEM and their desire to give back. These students facilitate the Bergen SciChallenge Middle School Science Fair affiliated with the Broadcom Masters and the Society for Science and the Public.
“I truly believe the Mechatronics Research Lab is unique in its place at BCA and serves as a standard of how open and eclectic research is. The great thing about MRL is that while it is requires the construction of a prototype, that prototype can be related to any of your passions across STEM, from physics, chemistry, and biology. As I have researched and succeeded in my projects I've come to learn that the best research is outward oriented, implementable, and above all your passion. Through the use of your creativity and passion everything and anything is possible in the MRL.” - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
Student researchers are encouraged to conduct hands-on lab experiments to synthesize, manipulate, analyze and visualize chemical species at nanoscale with the help of the state-of-the-art equipment for interdisciplinary applications. Chemistry research projects may incorporate the utilization of Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fluorescent spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, Four-point probe, Optical 3D Profiler, Optical tensiometer, Oxygen and water-free environment Glove Box, Rheometer and/or UV/Vis-NIR spectrophotometry.
Students may submit grant proposals for external funding, i.e. New York Institute of Technology Mini Grant and compete in various science competitions such as Regeneron Science Talent Search, Junior Science and Humanities Symposium, New Jersey Academy of Science Junior Fair and BCA Research Expo.
This laboratory is extremely well equipped. An array of state-of-the-art instrumentation is available to students who complete the prerequisite course "Research in Cell Biology". Students are encouraged to develop research projects based on their own interests and to develop the habit of picking important scientific questions to answer. Our research education program has been improved by the access to and collaboration with the surgical lab at Englewood Hospital and Medical Center (EHMC), a prestigious teaching hospital affiliated with the Mount Sinai Medical College in NYC. Selected students who participate in the surgical training course learn live animal surgical techniques, and many have begun to use animals in their research, expanding the range of scientific questions that can be addressed. Our access to this and other prestigious medical centers in the NY-NJ area, encompassing doctors and scientists with a large and varied repertoire of cutting-edge medical and educational techniques allows us to offer something of value to our colleagues and collaborators around the world. The main goal of the Cancer Biology Lab is to teach students to think deeply about science and understand how to apply the scientific method in a high-level manner. A critical question we attempt to answer in the Cancer Biology Lab is "What can I do if I develop an idea or make a discovery that has the potential to become a product?"" Students in this program have created a virtual biotech/pharmaceutical company and they get to interact with professional scientists, engineers, and government officials. This has given our students access to instrumentation and collaborations that have resulted in patent applications and the creation of new businesses.
This area of research utilizes the newly renovated environmental science center and greenhouse. Students from all Academies conduct research on the multifaceted discipline of agricultural science. Plants, animals, environmental resources, power and transportation, food science, and sustainability are areas for research within this broad discipline. Newly installed Coral Reef tanks allow for the additional area of marine science research.
All agriscience researchers become members of the student organization BCA Future Farmers of America and participate in competitive science fairs and national and international symposia at the culmination of their projects. In the short five years since its inception, BCA FFA students have won awards at both the NJ State and National FFA Agriscience Fair, the YSAP science fair, the Jersey Shore Junior Science Symposium, and our own BCA Research Expo (ISEF-affiliated).
The mission of NSIL Biological Research is to introduce students to scientific inquiry, through research and instrumentation, and to provide transferable, hands-on experiences with the techniques, practices and perspectives of professional scientists; with an emphasis on microscopy as an analytical technique, especially electron microscopy. Students are eligible to participate in this program after completing one of the pre-requisite courses. Next, the student will develop a novel research project based on their own interests and current scientific literature, in cell biology, molecular biology, structural biology, biomedical research, or related fields. They will then learn the tools and techniques to carry out experiments on a topic of their choosing, acquire and analyze data, and present their results in written and oral form. Students have participated in the BCA Research Expo, Young Science Achievers Program, and Regeneron Science Talent Search, as well as publishing their findings in professional journals. Additionally, these students are well suited for careers in bio-imaging, histology, pathology, and other clinical research options.
This year, one of our students was one of 50 students selected nationally to attend the Math Olympiad Summer Program (MOSP/MOP) in contention to represent the United States at the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO). This year, ten students wrote research papers for the BCA Research Expo, competing for a chance to participate in the International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF). One of our students won top 3 in the computational sciences category, as well as the BCA Statistics Research Award. Our students also compete in Regeneron, the most prestigious high school science research competition. One student was also one of six students selected nationally by MIT to participate in the MIT PRIMES-USA research program, the most prestigious math research program in the nation.
Some of the projects completed in our Optics Lab include:
Submissions and competition entries include: AAPT Summer Conference, YSAP, Exploravision, AAPT Photo Contest and BCA Expo. A few students received the YSAP grant of $500 each.
Discover the world's research
Unleashing Your Potential with Premium Notes, Dynamic Question Papers, and Futuristic Courses.
BCA Labs provide BCA quality notes, BCA Previous year Solved papers, and various additional courses Beyond BCA curriculum.
27 june 2024, third quarter 2024 strategy outlook: here comes the pain.
Keep me logged in
Your browser may log you out at the end of your session depending on your security settings. Read more
Forgot Password
Get a log-in link sent to your email that will log you in instantly! Send me the link
BCA Research is the leading independent provider of global investment research Since 1949, BCA Research's mission has been to shape the level of conviction with which our clients make investment decisions, through the delivery of leading-edge analysis and forecasts of all the major asset classes and economies. Find out more
You acknowledge, understand and accept the following terms and conditions in relation to the use and access of the q&a section of us equity strategy:.
17 Accesses
Explore all metrics
In Japan, comprehensive cancer statistics are collected through cancer registries. However, data on urological cancers are rarely summarized or published in research papers.
This retrospective study was performed using publicly available statistical data on urological cancers (prostate cancer [PCa], bladder cancer [BCa], and cancers of kidney and urinary tract [except urinary bladder]) in Japan, including a summary of the Ministry’s mortality statistics, cancer incidence statistics from the Regional Cancer Registries through 2015, and the National Cancer Registry statistics from 2016. We examined the incidence and mortality rates of urological cancers stratified by age groups.
The number of new cases of PCa, BCa, and cancers of kidney and urinary tract (except urinary bladder) in 2019 was 94,748, 23,383, and 30,458, respectively, and the number of deaths in 2022 was 13,439, 9,598, and 9,795, respectively. The incidence and mortality rates of urological cancers have consistently increased. Since 2000, there has been a noteworthy increase in the mortality rate of urological cancers among individuals aged > 85 years. The incidence and mortality rates of BCa and cancers of kidney and urinary tract (except urinary bladder) were significantly higher in males than in females.
Urological cancers in very elderly patients (> 85 years) will become increasingly important in the future.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Subscribe and save.
Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)
Instant access to the full article PDF.
Rent this article via DeepDyve
Institutional subscriptions
The burden of prostate cancer in trinidad and tobago: one of the highest mortality rates in the world.
Schafer EJ, Jemal A, Wiese D et al (2023) Disparities and trends in genitourinary cancer incidence and mortality in the USA. Eur Urol 84(1):117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2022.11.023
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Tian YQ, Yang JC, Hu JJ et al (2023) Trends and risk factors of global incidence, mortality, and disability of genitourinary cancers from 1990 to 2019: systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Front Public Health 11:1119374. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1119374
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Giona S (2021) The epidemiology of prostate cancer. In: Bott SRJ, Ng KL (eds) Prostate cancer. Brisbane (AU). https://doi.org/10.36255/exonpublications.prostatecancer.epidemiology.2021
Zhai Z, Zheng Y, Li N et al (2020) Incidence and disease burden of prostate cancer from 1990 to 2017: results from the global burden of disease study 2017. Cancer 126(9):1969–1978. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32733
Zi H, He SH, Leng XY et al (2021) Global, regional, and national burden of kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers and their attributable risk factors, 1990–2019. Mil Med Res 8(1):60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-021-00354-z
Zhan Y, Pan C, Zhao Y et al (2022) Systematic analysis of the global, regional and national burden of kidney cancer from 1990 to 2017: results from the global burden of disease study 2017. Eur Urol Focus 8(1):302–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2021.01.006
Kamo K, Sobue T (2004) Cancer statistics digest. Mortality trend of prostate, breast, uterus, ovary, bladder and “kidney and other urinary tract” cancer in Japan by birth cohort. Jpn J Clin Oncol 34(9):561–563. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyh100
Saika K, Machii R (2016) Incidence rate for prostate cancer in Japanese in Japan and in the United States from the cancer incidence in five continents. Jpn J Clin Oncol 46(11):1074. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw158
Akaza H (2016) Urologic cancer in Japan: role of Japan at the frontier of issues in Asia. Jpn J Clin Oncol 46(1):23–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyv123
Saito E, Hori M, Matsuda T et al (2020) Long-term trends in prostate cancer incidence by stage at diagnosis in japan using the multiple imputation approach, 1993–2014. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 29(6):1222–1228. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-1228
Aoe J, Ito Y, Fukui K et al (2020) Long-term trends in sex difference in bladder cancer survival 1975–2009: a population-based study in Osaka. Japan Cancer Med 9(19):7330–7340. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.3382
Nakai H, Higashi T, Kakuwa T et al (2024) Trends in gynecologic cancer in Japan: incidence from 1980 to 2019 and mortality from 1981 to 2021. Int J Clin Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-024-02473-8
Kasajima M, Hashimoto H et al (2021) Future projection of the health and functional status of older people in Japan: a multistate transition microsimulation model with repeated cross-sectional data. Health Econ 30(Suppl 1):30–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3986
Antoni S, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I et al (2017) Bladder cancer incidence and mortality: a global overview and recent trends. Eur Urol 71(1):96–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.010
Chow WH, Dong LM, Devesa SS (2010) Epidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer. Nat Rev Urol 7(5):245–257. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2010.46
Srivastava S, Koay EJ, Borowsky AD et al (2019) Cancer overdiagnosis: a biological challenge and clinical dilemma. Nat Rev Cancer 19(6):349–358. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-019-0142-8
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Katanoda K, Hori M, Saito E et al (2021) Updated trends in cancer in Japan: incidence in 1985–2015 and mortality in 1958–2018-a sign of decrease in cancer incidence. J Epidemiol 31(7):426–450. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20200416
Funatogawa I, Funatogawa T, Yano E (2013) Trends in smoking and lung cancer mortality in Japan, by birth cohort, 1949–2010. Bull World Health Organ 91(5):332–340. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.12.108092
Okui T (2020) An age-period-cohort analysis of the difference in smoking prevalence between urban and non-urban areas in Japan (2004–2019). Epidemiol Health 42:e2020072. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020072
Download references
We would like to thank Editage ( www.editage.com ) for the English language editing.
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (Grant numbers 24K12434 to Takeshi Sasaki and 24K02576 to Takahiro Inoue).
Authors and affiliations.
Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
Takeshi Sasaki & Takahiro Inoue
Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Takahiro Higashi
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Takeshi Sasaki: data analysis, manuscript writing, and editing. Takahiro Higashi: data interpretation and advice in manuscript writing. Takahiro Inoue: protocol and project development, manuscript writing, and editing.
Correspondence to Takahiro Inoue .
Conflict of interest.
The authors have nothing to disclose.
This retrospective study was performed using publicly available statistical data ( https://ganjoho.jp/reg_stat/statistics/data/dl/en.html , Accessed February 4, 2024) on malignant tumors. The requirement for approval from the institutional review board was waived.
Publisher's note.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Supplementary file2 (xls 1991 kb), supplementary file3 (xls 490 kb), supplementary file4 (xls 633 kb), supplementary file5 (xls 2941 kb), supplementary file6 (xls 3028 kb), supplementary file7 (xls 128 kb), about this article.
Sasaki, T., Higashi, T. & Inoue, T. Urological cancer statistics on incidence from 1975 to 2019 and mortality from 1958 to 2022 in Japan. Int J Clin Oncol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-024-02575-3
Download citation
Received : 22 April 2024
Accepted : 19 June 2024
Published : 02 July 2024
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-024-02575-3
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Amongst the available methodologies for protein determination, the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay highlights for its simplicity, sensitivity, repeatability and reproducibility. Nevertheless, in spite that the general principle behind this methodology is known, there are still unanswered questions re …
Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay or Smith assay is a copper-based colorimetric assay for total protein quantification. BCA rely on the formation of a Cu 2 +-protein complex in a basic environment, followed by reduction of the Cu 2 + to Cu + (Smith et al., 1985).The amount of Cu 2 + that is reduced is proportional to the amount of protein present in solution.
The BCA assay responses of the reductively methylated proteins are consistently higher than the responses of the unmodified proteins for all three test proteins. The responses of the reductively methylated proteins in the BCA assay were 22.4 ± 3.0, 30.1 ± 0.9, and 22.4 ± 2.1 g −1 L cm −1 for BSA, HEWL, and ovalbumin, respectively.
The bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay for protein quantitation Methods Mol Biol. 1994:32:5-8. doi: 10.1385/-89603-268-X:5. Author J M Walker 1 Affiliation 1 Division of Biosciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK. PMID: 7951748 DOI: 10.1385/ ...
The bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay, first described by Smith et al. is similar to the Lowry assay, since it also depends on the conversion of Cu 2+ to Cu + under alkaline conditions (see Chapter 2).The Cu + is then detected by reaction with BCA. The two assays are of similar sensitivity, but since BCA is stable under alkali conditions, this assay has the advantage that it can be carried out as ...
For the four BCA-active amino acids (Trp, Tyr, Cys and cystine), a continuous increase of AU 562nm was observed over the incubation time, without reaching a plateau (Fig. 1 A). Data obtained at 90 min incubations gave stoichiometric factors (n), defined as moles of Cu 1+ produced per mole of amino acid, between 2 and 6. However, as no plateaus were observed in the kinetics, such values only ...
1. Cuvette analysis can be performed with 50-150 μl of protein and 3 ml of BCA working reagent, whereas microplate assay can use 25 μl of protein and 200 μl of BCA working reagent, that is a lower reagent to protein ratio.. 2. Incubate the sample and standards ~ 5-250 μg/ml at either 37 or 60 °C for 30 min (longer incubations at 37 °C will improve protein-to-protein variability) and ...
Explore the latest full-text research PDFs, articles, conference papers, preprints and more on BCA ASSAY. Find methods information, sources, references or conduct a literature review on BCA ASSAY
The BCA Protein Assay produces a linear response curve (r2 > 0.95) and is available in two formulations based upon the dynamic range needed to detect the protein concentration of an unknown sample. The BCA Assay is less complicated to perform than the Lowry Protein Assay for both formulations.
Protein quantification is routinely done in ecological research (Steuer et al., 2014; Tigreros, 2013; Zhang et al., 2016). ... To meet our quota of 79 papers, we extracted data from the 13 most recent Bradford papers and all 35 BCA papers. Third, we completed our BCA paper quota by conducting a complementary literature search using Google ...
Explore the latest full-text research PDFs, articles, conference papers, preprints and more on BCA ASSAY. Find methods information, sources, references or conduct a literature review on BCA ASSAY
BCA Research Chart Explorer gives you access to over 40,000 proprietary charts, allowing you to explore the data behind our insights and to help shape your investment decisions. BCA is the world's leading provider of global macro research - providing independent investment research since 1949. Click to learn more.
Computer Application is a study and practice area in. the eld of computing and information technology. It is purely deals with the application of computing. and so ware systems as a concentration ...
BCA Research is a leading independent provider of global investment research. Since 1949, BCA's mission has been to shape the level of conviction with which our clients make investment decisions, through the delivery of leading-edge analysis and forecasts of all the major asset classes and economies. The firm maintains a head office in ...
The Bank Credit Analyst team works closely with all the other BCA Research teams in order to provide one concise overview of the firm's thinking. Our recommendations are focused on the 12-month horizon, but are positioned within broader secular trends. We focus on trends in money and debt creation to support our economic and market calls.
BCA Question papers. Toggle navigation. Login; Toggle navigation. View Item Institutional Repository @University of Calicut; Question Papers; UG Professional/ Others ... Operations research -- Financial and management accounting -- Computer oriented numerical and statistical methods--Data structure using C++ -- Data base design and RDBMS ...
BCA Research is the leading independent provider of global investment research. Since 1949, BCA Research's mission has been to shape the level of conviction with which our clients make investment decisions, through the delivery of leading-edge analysis and forecasts of all the major asset classes and economies. Find out more.
The unique research program at BCA, open to students from all academies, gives our aspiring students the opportunity to develop a research project based on their personal interests. ... This year, ten students wrote research papers for the BCA Research Expo, competing for a chance to participate in the International Science and Engineering Fair ...
Benefit-cost analysis (BCA) is a technique for evaluating a project or investment by comparing the economic benefits of an activity with the economic costs of the activity. Typically, we use the ...
The bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay, first described by Smith et al. is similar to the Lowry assay, since it also depends on the conversion of Cu 2+ to Cu + under alkaline conditions (see Chapter 2).The Cu + is then detected by reaction with BCA. The two assays are of similar sensitivity, but since BCA is stable under alkali conditions, this assay has the advantage that it can be carried out as ...
Unleashing Your Potential with Premium Notes, Dynamic Question Papers, and Futuristic Courses. BCA Labs provide BCA quality notes, BCA Previous year Solved papers, and various additional courses Beyond BCA curriculum. BCA Labs offers BCA Notes, BCA Past Year question papers, enriching Internships, and Additional courses beyond the BCA curriculum.
BCA Research is the leading independent provider of global investment research Since 1949, BCA Research's mission has been to shape the level of conviction with which our clients make investment decisions, through the delivery of leading-edge analysis and forecasts of all the major asset classes and economies.
The bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay, first described by Smith et al. (1) is similar to the Lowry assay, since it also depends on the conversion of Cu 2+ to Cu + under alkaline conditions (see Chapter 2).The Cu + is then detected by reaction with BCA. The two assays are of similar sensitivity, but since BCA is stable under alkali conditions, this assay has the advantage that it can be carried ...
Test Eligibility: Courses and Discipline: Full-time graduates from BCA, B.Sc (IT, Computer Science, Mathematics, Data Science, Statistics, Physics, Chemistry, Electronics, Cyber Security, Biochemistry), B.Voc in CS/IT from the batch of 2023 & 2024 are eligible. Percentage: Minimum aggregate (aggregate of all subjects in all semesters) of 50% or above or equivalent CGPA in each of 'Class 10th ...
The bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay, first described by Smith et al. is similar to the Lowry assay, since it also depends on the conversion of Cu 2+ to Cu + under alkaline conditions (see Chapter 1).The Cu + is then detected by reaction with BCA. The two assays are of similar sensitivity, but since BCA is stable under alkali conditions, this assay has the advantage that it can be carried out as ...
BCA Research is the leading independent provider of global investment research Since 1949, BCA Research's mission has been to shape the level of conviction with which our clients make investment decisions, through the delivery of leading-edge analysis and forecasts of all the major asset classes and economies.
Background In Japan, comprehensive cancer statistics are collected through cancer registries. However, data on urological cancers are rarely summarized or published in research papers. Methods This retrospective study was performed using publicly available statistical data on urological cancers (prostate cancer [PCa], bladder cancer [BCa], and cancers of kidney and urinary tract [except ...