presentation of c program

C Data Types

C operators.

• C Input and Output
• C Control Flow
• C Functions
• C Preprocessors

C File Handling

• C Cheatsheet

C Interview Questions

C programming language tutorial.

• C Language Introduction
• Features of C Programming Language
• C Programming Language Standard
• C Hello World Program
• Compiling a C Program: Behind the Scenes
• Tokens in C
• Keywords in C

C Variables and Constants

• C Variables
• Constants in C
• Const Qualifier in C
• Different ways to declare variable as constant in C
• Scope rules in C
• Internal Linkage and External Linkage in C
• Global Variables in C
• Data Types in C
• Literals in C
• Escape Sequence in C
• Integer Promotions in C
• Character Arithmetic in C
• Type Conversion in C

C Input/Output

• Basic Input and Output in C
• Format Specifiers in C
• printf in C
• Scansets in C
• Formatted and Unformatted Input/Output functions in C with Examples
• Operators in C
• Arithmetic Operators in C
• Unary operators in C
• Relational Operators in C
• Bitwise Operators in C
• C Logical Operators
• Assignment Operators in C
• Increment and Decrement Operators in C
• Conditional or Ternary Operator (?:) in C
• sizeof operator in C
• Operator Precedence and Associativity in C

C Control Statements Decision-Making

• Decision Making in C (if , if..else, Nested if, if-else-if )
• C - if Statement
• C if...else Statement
• C if else if ladder
• Switch Statement in C
• Using Range in switch Case in C
• while loop in C
• do...while Loop in C
• For Versus While
• Continue Statement in C
• Break Statement in C
• goto Statement in C
• User-Defined Function in C
• Parameter Passing Techniques in C
• Function Prototype in C
• How can I return multiple values from a function?
• main Function in C
• Implicit return type int in C
• Callbacks in C
• Nested functions in C
• Variadic functions in C
• _Noreturn function specifier in C
• Predefined Identifier __func__ in C
• C Library math.h Functions

C Arrays & Strings

• Properties of Array in C
• Multidimensional Arrays in C
• Initialization of Multidimensional Array in C
• Pass Array to Functions in C
• How to pass a 2D array as a parameter in C?
• What are the data types for which it is not possible to create an array?
• How to pass an array by value in C ?
• Strings in C
• Array of Strings in C
• What is the difference between single quoted and double quoted declaration of char array?
• C String Functions
• Pointer Arithmetics in C with Examples
• C - Pointer to Pointer (Double Pointer)
• Function Pointer in C
• How to declare a pointer to a function?
• Pointer to an Array | Array Pointer
• Difference between constant pointer, pointers to constant, and constant pointers to constants
• Pointer vs Array in C
• Dangling, Void , Null and Wild Pointers in C
• Near, Far and Huge Pointers in C
• restrict keyword in C

C User-Defined Data Types

• C Structures
• dot (.) Operator in C
• Structure Member Alignment, Padding and Data Packing
• Flexible Array Members in a structure in C
• Bit Fields in C
• Difference Between Structure and Union in C
• Anonymous Union and Structure in C
• Enumeration (or enum) in C

C Storage Classes

• Storage Classes in C
• extern Keyword in C
• Static Variables in C
• Initialization of static variables in C
• Static functions in C
• Understanding "volatile" qualifier in C | Set 2 (Examples)
• Understanding "register" keyword in C

C Memory Management

• Memory Layout of C Programs
• Dynamic Memory Allocation in C using malloc(), calloc(), free() and realloc()
• Difference Between malloc() and calloc() with Examples
• What is Memory Leak? How can we avoid?
• Dynamic Array in C
• How to dynamically allocate a 2D array in C?
• Dynamically Growing Array in C

C Preprocessor

• C Preprocessor Directives
• How a Preprocessor works in C?
• Header Files in C
• What’s difference between header files "stdio.h" and "stdlib.h" ?
• How to write your own header file in C?
• Macros and its types in C
• Interesting Facts about Macros and Preprocessors in C
• # and ## Operators in C
• How to print a variable name in C?
• Multiline macros in C
• Variable length arguments for Macros
• Branch prediction macros in GCC
• typedef versus #define in C
• Difference between #define and const in C?
• Basics of File Handling in C
• C fopen() function with Examples
• EOF, getc() and feof() in C
• fgets() and gets() in C language
• fseek() vs rewind() in C
• What is return type of getchar(), fgetc() and getc() ?
• Read/Write Structure From/to a File in C
• C Program to print contents of file
• C program to delete a file
• C Program to merge contents of two files into a third file
• What is the difference between printf, sprintf and fprintf?
• Difference between getc(), getchar(), getch() and getche()

Miscellaneous

• time.h header file in C with Examples
• Input-output system calls in C | Create, Open, Close, Read, Write
• Signals in C language
• Program error signals
• Socket Programming in C
• _Generics Keyword in C
• Multithreading in C
• C Programming Interview Questions (2024)
• Commonly Asked C Programming Interview Questions | Set 1
• Commonly Asked C Programming Interview Questions | Set 2
• Commonly Asked C Programming Interview Questions | Set 3

In this  C Tutorial , you’ll learn all C programming basic to advanced concepts like variables, arrays, pointers, strings, loops, etc. This C Programming Tutorial is designed for both beginners as well as experienced professionals, who’re looking to learn and enhance their knowledge of the C programming language.

C is a general-purpose, procedural, high-level programming language used in the development of computer software and applications, system programming, games, and more.

• C language was developed by  Dennis M. Ritchie  at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in  1972 .
• It is a powerful and flexible language which was first developed for the programming of the  UNIX operating System .
• C is one of the most widely used programming languages.

C programming language  is known for its simplicity and efficiency. It is the best choice to start with programming as it gives you a foundational understanding of programming.

Getting Started With C Tutorial

Start your coding adventure with our free C Tutorial. A perfect C programming tutorial for beginners and advanced coders alike, this tutorial is your key to unlocking the magic of C programming. With clear explanations and fun examples.

Table of Content

C Control Statements Decision-Making

C arrays & strings, c error handling.

• Setting Up C Development Environment
• C Identifiers
• Different Ways to Declare Variable as Constant in C
• Scope Rules in C
• Data Type Modifiers in C
• Formatted and Unformatted Input and Output Functions
• Unary Operators in C
• Logical Operators in C
• size of Operator in C
• Decision-Making in C
• C if Statement
• C if…else Statement
• C if-else-if Ladder
• Using Range in switch case in C
• while looping in C
• do…while Loop in C
• for versus while Loop
• continue Statement in C
• break Statement in C
• Importance of Function Prototype in C
• Return Multiple Values From a Function
• Implicit Return Type int in C
• Nested Functions in C
• _Noreturn Function Specifier in C
• Maths Functions in C
• Initialization of Multidimensional Arrays in C
• Pass a 2D Array as a Parameter in C
• Data Types for Which Array is Not Possible
• Pass an Array by Value in C
• An Array of Strings in C
• Difference Between Single Quoted and Double Quoted Initialization
• String Functions in C
• Pointer Arithmetics in C
• Pointer to Pointer (Double Pointer) in C
• Declare Function Pointer in C
• Pointer to an Array in C
• Constant Pointer in C
• Dangling, Void, Null and Wild Pointers
• restrict Keyword in C
• Flexible Array Members in a Structure in C
• Initialization of Static Variables in C
• Static Functions in C
• Understanding “volatile” Qualifier in C
• Understanding the “register” Keyword in C
• Dynamic Memory Allocation in C
• Difference Between malloc() and calloc()
• What is a Memory Leak?
• Dynamically Allocate a 2D Array in C
• How a Preprocessor Works in C?
• Difference Between Header Files “stdio.h” and “stdlib.h”
• Write Your Own Header File in C
• Macros and their Types in C
• Interesting Facts About Macros and Preprocessors in C
• Print a Variable Name in C
• Multiline Macros in C
• Variable Length Arguments for Macros
• Branch Prediction Macros in GCC
• Difference Between #define and const in C
• C fopen() Function
• fgets() and gets() in C
• Return Type of getchar(), fgetc() and getc()
• C Program to Print Contents of File
• C Program to Delete a File
• C Program to Merge Contents of Two Files into a Third File
• Difference Between printf, sprintf and fprintf
• Difference Between getc(), getchar(), getch() and getche()
• Error Handling in C
• Using goto for Exception Handling in C
• Error Handling During File Operations in C
• C Program to Handle Divide By Zero and Multiple Exceptions
• Basic C Programs
• Control Flow Programs
• Pattern Printing Programs
• Functions Programs
• Arrays Programs
• Strings Programs
• Conversions Programs
• Pointers Programs
• Structures and Unions Programs
• File I/O Programs
• Date and Time Programs
• More C Programs
• Date and Time in C
• Input-output system calls in C
• Signals in C
• Program Error Signals in C

Top 50 C Programming Interview Questions and Answers Commonly Asked C Programming Interview Questions | Set 1 Commonly Asked C Programming Interview Questions | Set 2 Commonly Asked C Programming Interview Questions | Set 3

Why Learn C?

C programming language is one of the most popular programming language. It is a must learn for software engineering students. C is called the mother of all modern programming languages so learning C will help you to learn other languages easily like Java, C++, C#, Python, etc. C language is faster than other programming languages like Java and Python. It can handle low-level programming and we can compile the C code in a variety of computer platforms.

List of some  key advantages of C language :

• Easy to learn.
• Versatile Language, which can be used in both applications and technologies.
• Mid-Level Programming Language.
• Structured Programming Language.

C compiler is a software that translates human-readable C language code into machine code or an intermediate code that can be executed by a computer’s central processing unit (CPU).

There are many  C compilers  available in the market, such as  GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) ,  Microsoft Visual C++ Compiler ,  Clang ,  Intel C++ Compiler , and  TinyCC (TCC) .

For this tutorial, we will be using the GNU-based online C compiler provided by GeeksforGeeks which is developed for beginners and is very easy to use compared to other compiler/IDE’s available on the web.

Print Hello World using C Programming

“Give this C code a try, and here’s a fun challenge: print ‘Hello World’ along with your name!”

Features of C Language

There are some key features of C language that show the ability and power of C language:

• Simplicity and Efficiency:  The simple syntax and structured approach make the C language easy to learn.
• Fast Speed:  C is one of the fastest programming language because C is a static programming language, which is faster than dynamic languages like Java and Python. C is also a compiler-based which is the reason for faster code compilation and execution.
• Portable:  C provides the feature that you write code once and run it anywhere on any computer. It shows the machine-independent nature of the C language.
• Memory Management:  C provides lower level memory management using pointers and functions like realloc(), free(), etc.
• Pointers:  C comes with pointers. Through pointers, we can directly access or interact with the memory. We can initialize a pointer as an array, variables, etc.
• Structured Language:  C provides the features of structural programming that allows you to code into different parts using functions which can be stored as libraries for reusability.

Applications of C Language

C was used in programs that were used in making operating systems. C was known as a system development language because the code written in C runs as fast as the code written in assembly language.

The use of C is given below:

• Operating Systems
• Language Compilers
• Text Editors
• Print Spoolers
• Network Drivers
• Modern Programs
• Language Interpreters

FAQs on C Language

Q1. how to learn c easily.

The first steps towards learning C or any language are to write a hello world program. It gives the understanding of how to write and execute a code. After this, learn the following: Variables Operators Conditionals Loops and Errors Arrays and Strings  Pointers and Memory Functions Structures Recursions 

Q2. Difference between C and C++?

 Q3. Is C easy to learn for beginners?

While C is one of the easy languages, it is still a good first language choice to start with because almost all programming languages are implemented in it. It means that once you learn C language, it’ll be easy to learn more languages like C++, Java, and C#.

Q4. Why should we learn C first rather than C++?

C is a ‘ mother of all languages .’ It provides a solid understanding of fundamental programming concepts and is considered easier to grasp. C offers versatile applications, from software development to game programming, making it an excellent choice for building a strong programming foundation.

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Basics of “C” Programming

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CSE 105 Structured Programming Language (C)

Module 6: Introduction to C Language ITEI102 Introduction to Programming Structure of C++ Program - Programming Terminologies - Microsoft Visual Studio.

EC-111 Algorithms & Computing Lecture #1 Instructor: Jahan Zeb Department of Computer Engineering (DCE) College of E&ME NUST.

Chapter 3: Beginning Problem Solving Concepts for the Computer Programming Computer Programming Skills /1436 Department of Computer Science.

Lecture 2 Introduction to C Programming

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Introduction to C Programming Overview of C Hello World program Unix environment C programming basics.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages, and High-level Languages Three types of computer languages 1.Machine.

Programming C/C++ on Eclipe C Training Trình bày : Ths HungNM.

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Chapter 3: Introduction to C Programming Language C development environment A simple program example Characters and tokens Structure of a C program –comment.

Using C Programming Language.  The programs that run on a computer are referred to as software.  You’ll learn key programming methodology that are enhancing.

Copyright 2003 Scott/Jones Publishing Brief Version of Starting Out with C++, 4th Edition Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and Programming.

Computer Science 210 Computer Organization Introduction to C.

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C is a high-level programming language that was originally developed in the early 1970s for system programming and has since become widely used for a variety of applications. It is a procedural language that allows for structured programming and modular design, making it highly flexible and efficient. C has a rich set of built-in functions and operators, and allows for low-level memory manipulation, making it ideal for applications that require high performance and speed. It has also been widely adopted in the field of embedded systems and microcontrollers. C continues to be an important language for software development today. By using our template, you can convey your message in a clear and concise manner.

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The best way to learn C programming is by practicing examples. The page contains examples on basic concepts of C programming. You are advised to take the references from these examples and try them on your own.

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Want to learn C Programming by writing code yourself? Enroll in our Interactive C Course for FREE.

• C Program to Create Pyramids and Patterns
• C Program to Check Prime Number
• C Program to Check Palindrome Number
• C Program to Print Hello World
• C "Hello, World!" Program
• C Program to Print an Integer (Entered by the User)
• C Program to Add Two Integers
• C Program to Multiply Two Floating-Point Numbers
• C Program to Find ASCII Value of a Character
• C Program to Compute Quotient and Remainder
• C Program to Find the Size of int, float, double and char
• C Program to Demonstrate the Working of Keyword long
• C Program to Swap Two Numbers
• C Program to Check Whether a Number is Even or Odd
• C Program to Check Whether a Character is a Vowel or Consonant
• C Program to Find the Largest Number Among Three Numbers
• C Program to Find the Roots of a Quadratic Equation
• C Program to Check Leap Year
• C Program to Check Whether a Number is Positive or Negative
• C Program to Check Whether a Character is an Alphabet or not
• C Program to Calculate the Sum of Natural Numbers
• C Program to Find Factorial of a Number
• C Program to Generate Multiplication Table
• C Program to Display Fibonacci Sequence
• C Program to Find GCD of two Numbers
• C Program to Find LCM of two Numbers
• C Program to Display Characters from A to Z Using Loop
• C Program to Count Number of Digits in an Integer
• C Program to Reverse a Number
• C Program to Calculate the Power of a Number
• C Program to Check Whether a Number is Palindrome or Not
• C Program to Check Whether a Number is Prime or Not
• C Program to Display Prime Numbers Between Two Intervals
• C Program to Check Armstrong Number
• C Program to Display Armstrong Number Between Two Intervals
• C Program to Display Factors of a Number
• C Program to Make a Simple Calculator Using switch...case
• C Program to Display Prime Numbers Between Intervals Using Function
• C Program to Check Prime or Armstrong Number Using User-defined Function
• C Program to Check Whether a Number can be Expressed as Sum of Two Prime Numbers
• C Program to Find the Sum of Natural Numbers using Recursion
• C Program to Find Factorial of a Number Using Recursion
• C Program to Find G.C.D Using Recursion
• C Program to Convert Binary Number to Decimal and vice-versa
• C Program to Convert Octal Number to Decimal and vice-versa
• C Program to Convert Binary Number to Octal and vice-versa
• C Program to Reverse a Sentence Using Recursion
• C program to calculate the power using recursion
• C Program to Calculate Average Using Arrays
• C Program to Find Largest Element in an Array
• C Program to Calculate Standard Deviation
• C Program to Add Two Matrices Using Multi-dimensional Arrays
• C Program to Multiply Two Matrices Using Multi-dimensional Arrays
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• C Program to Find Largest Number Using Dynamic Memory Allocation
• C Program to Find the Frequency of Characters in a String
• C Program to Count the Number of Vowels, Consonants and so on
• C Program to Remove all Characters in a String Except Alphabets
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• C Program to Copy String Without Using strcpy()
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• C Program to Store Information of a Student Using Structure
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• C Program to Write a Sentence to a File
• C Program to Read the First Line From a File
• C Program to Display its own Source Code as Output
• C Program to Print Pyramids and Patterns

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C Programming Language

Mar 25, 2019

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C Programming Language. OUTLINE Top-Down Design with Functions Selection Structures: if statement Nested if / else structures; Switch statement Practice. Top-Down Design with Functions. Developing Programs Approaches:

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C Programming Language OUTLINE Top-Down Design with Functions Selection Structures: if statement Nested if / else structures; Switch statement Practice

Top-Down Design with Functions

Developing Programs Approaches: 0. From square one - blank screen! But can still use existing information - system documentation - to help us before coding. 1. Re-using code from previous programs. 2. Using functions from libraries (sqrt, cos, log). 3. Building your own functions for reuse. Code reuse - “Why reinvent the wheel?” - extremely important concept.

Carefully following the software development method is extremely important - it generates useful system documentation before coding, e.g. description of data requirements, solution algorithm Use system documentation to develop outline program before the actual coding. E.g. data requirements  data declarations initial algorithm and refinements  comments Then add C statements under relevant comments, even replacing some comments with C statements which perform the required action.

Adapting existing programs Extending the solution of an old problem to solve another. Example: Suppose we have program to calculate the area and circumference of a circle, given its radius.

Analysis Problem Inputs - radius Problem Outputs - area, circumference Formulas - area = PI * r * r - circumference = 2 * PI * r

#include <stdio.h> #define PI 3.14159 int main(void) { double radius; /* input - radius of a circle */ double area; /* output - area of a circle */ double circum; /* output - circumference */ /* Get the circle radius */ /* Calculate the area */ /* Assign PI * radius * radius to area. */ /* Calculate the circumference */ /* Assign 2 * PI * radius to circum. */ /* Display the area and circumference */ return (0); }

#include <stdio.h> #define PI 3.14159 int main() { double radius; /* input - radius of a circle */ double area; /* output - area of a circle */ double circumf; /* output - circumference */ /* Get the circle radius */ printf("Enter radius> "); scanf("%lf", &radius); /* Calculate the area */ area = PI * radius * radius; /* Calculate the circumference */ circumf = 2 * PI * radius; /* Display area & circumf */ printf("The area is %.4f\n", area); printf("The circumf is %.4f\n", circumf); return (0); }

New problem: Calculate the price per square inch of a circular pizza given its size (diameter) and its cost. Build on solution to previous problem. Analysis Problem Inputs - diameter, cost Problem outputs - price_psqi Other variables - radius, area Formulas - radius = diameter / 2 - area = PI * r * r - price per square inch = price / area

New problem: computing the area of a flat washer. Strategy: This problem has a sub-problem - Calculate the area of a disk The total algorithm: - Calculate the area of the outer disk - Calculate the area of the inner disk - Subtract Solve the Sub-Problem Find the area of a disk:

Functions Important concept in programming languages: - function represents a block of code which be reused again and again - proceduralabstraction In-built C library functions and programmer-defined functions. Functions: - Break the problem up into smaller parts. - More easily reason about what the program will do - Let us write code once and use it many times - Centralize changes

Functions (or “procedures” or “subroutines”) allow you to “visit” a block of code, use it and then “return”. (The function may be elsewhere in your own program, or may be code in another file altogether.) Invoke or call a function by writing its name in program statement - execute the function code Function called Function Function returns

Some C Functions We have already seen and used several functions: int main (void) { ... return (0); Function definition for main( ) } printf (“format string", print_list); scanf (“format string", &input_list); Function arguments (parameters) Calls to the functions printf( ) and scanf( )

Library functions Pre-written functions are commonly packaged in "libraries” Every standard C compiler comes with a set of standard libraries Remember #include <stdio.h> ? – Tells the compiler you intend to use the “standard I/O library” functions – printf and scanf are in the standard I/O library – So are lots of other I/O related functions There are (many) other useful functions in other libraries

C has a large mathematical function library #include <math.h> To use library functions. you must #include the correct header files: - I/O (printf, scanf, ...) — stdio.h - Utility functions (exit, ...) — stdlib.h - Math functions (sin, sqrt, ...) — math.h … Known as a header file

Programmer-defined functions We can write our own functions and then call them just like we call library functions. - Identify a “sub-problem” that has to be solved in your program - represent by a function - Choose a name to represent “the solution of that problem by code” - function name - Write that solution code (only once) - function body - Whenever you see that same sub-problem again, use the function name to say “go to that code now to take care of this problem, and don’t come back until you’re done”

Example of a programmer-defined function Suppose we are writing a program that displays many messages on the screen, and… we would like to display two rows of asterisks (‘*’s) to separate sections of output: ******************** ********************

... /* produce some output */ ... /* print banner lines */ printf("********************\n"); printf("********************\n"); /* produce more output */ ... /* print banner lines */ printf("********************\n"); printf("********************\n"); /* produce even more output */ ... /* print banner lines */ printf("********************\n"); printf("********************\n"); ... It is correct C code. It fulfills the problem specification, i.e. gives the desired result

But what if we wanted to - change the number of rows of asterisks? - change the number of asterisks in a row? - use hyphens instead of asterisks? - print the date with each separator? These changes are much easier to make with a function - all the necessary code is localized within the function. We can put the code to display two rows of asterisks in a function.

In general, a function may be passed data by the calling code - arguments and parameters In general, a function may return results to the calling code - functions have a data type E.g. Remember the function main int main(void) The int is telling the compiler that main “returns” an integer type result (via return(0) )

In general, a function is defined with the following format: data type function_name(parameter list) { local variables declarations; function code; return (value); } Function definition comprises - function heading - function body

Anatomy of a Simple Function Template for defining a simple function - functions which do not “return” a value nor have arguments void function_name(void){ /* local variable declarations */ /* code */ } It is invoked with the statement function_name(); The argument list (void) indicates the function has no arguments void is the data type of this function - does not return a value The return is optional if function does not return a value

Our Function void print_banner(void){ /* local variable declarations */ /* code */ printf(“****************\n”); printf(“****************\n”); } It is invoked with the statement print_banner(); Empty ( ) is required when a parameter-less (void) function is called.

Function Prototypes Just like constants and variables, function must be declared before it is used. One way is to insert a function prototype before the main function. A function prototype specifies 1. The function name 2. The data type of the function 3. The function arguments

For a simple function, the function prototype has the format void function_name(void); For our print_banner function, the prototype is void print_banner(void); The order of statements is 1. function prototype(s) 2. function main 3. function definition(s)

#include <stdio.h> void print_banner(void); int main(void) { /* produce some output */ ... /* print banner lines */ print_banner(); /* produce more output */ ... /* print banner lines */ print_banner(); /* produce even more output */ ... /* print banner lines */ print_banner(); /* produce final output */ ... return (0) ; } void print_banner(void){ printf(“****************\n”); printf(“****************\n”); } The function is invoked or called by the statement print_banner();

Local Variables Each function can have variables declared inside it, these are local variables. These variables do nothave any meaning outside of the function Several functions can have variables with the same name - they are different variables because they are local to each function. Each time you call a function, you get new copies of each local variable - old values cannot be carried over! They start un-initialized.

Functions with Input Arguments Suppose we now want to change the program: it should now print 5 rows of asterisks when it starts and when it finishes, but print the original 2 line banner everywhere else. We could write an additional function that prints 5 rows of asterisks, or … Could we somehow generalize print_banner()? Could we make the same function do double duty?

Can we Generalize? Can we modify the function so that instead of print two rows of asterisks it will: print N rows of asterisks where N is the number of rows that we want “this time” when we call it N is information that the function needs to know - it is the parameter for any call to print_banner()

Code for the Modified Function To include parameters in a function, must modify the function prototype and function header to include a parameter list - a function may have one or more parameters. The parameter list must specify the data type and name for each parameter (rather like a data declaration) data type function_name(parameter list) The function print_banner will start off this way: void print_banner(int num_lines) { ... num_lines is the “parameter” of the function. num_linescan be used inside the function just like a variable.

#include <stdio.h> int main(void) { print_banner(5); /* produce some output */ print_banner(2); /* produce final output */ print_banner(5); return(0); }

The parameter list is a comma separated list of variables names with their types Parameters act like local variables except that they are initialized with the values that the function was called with. Distinguish between (formal) parameters and (actual) arguments. - The values passed to the function are called arguments. E.g. void print_banner (int num_lines) { print_banner(5); parameter argument

Note that arguments do not need to be numeric values. - may be a constant, variable or expression, as long as data type is correct. E.g. instead of print_banner(5); we may also have print_banner(count); where we have previously declared count to be of type int and assigned it a value of 5.

Functions with Input Arguments and Single Result Passing results back from a function to the caller Specification: Write a function that, given the radius, computes the area of a circle with that radius. What should the function do with the result?

Returned Values Parameters are a way for the calling code to “send data” to the function. The new concept, return values, are the opposite - a way for the function to send data back to the calling code.

To allow a result to be returned from a function, must modify the function prototype and function header to include the data type of the result. data type function_name(parameter list) E.g. double circle_area(double r) { return(3.14 * r * r); } Expression evaluates to type double

Multiple Parameters A function may have more than one parameter. Arguments must match parameters in number, order, and type E.g. double num, answer; num = 3.9; answer = scale(7, num); ... double scale(int factor, double number) { return(factor * number) ; }

A Function with Local Variables E.g. double CircleArea(double r) { double rsquared, area; rsquared = r * r ; area = 3.14 * rsquared ; return(area); }

Practice - Functions CtoF.c flat_washer.c print_banner2.c print_banner.c test_banner.c

Selection Structures: if statement

Compound statements Possible to group a “block” of simple statements together so that they are treated as a compound statement. The format of a compound statement is { statement1 ; statement2 ; ... } Used to indicate sequential control of flow. E.g. the body of a function is a compound statement!

You may use a compound statement anywhere that a single statement may be used. Anywhere that a statement is allowed in C, any kind of statement can be used. A compound statement can contain any number of statements (including zero). Among other things, these principles imply that compound statements can be nestedto any depth, where “nested” means “put inside one another”.

Control of Flow “Control of flow” means controlling the order in which statements are executed. Until now, flow has been sequential - the next statement executed is the next one that appears, in order, in the C program. int i = 1; i = i + 1; printf(“%d”, i);

Selection Control of Flow It is possible to alter the sequential flow of control using selection (or conditional) statements. Choose which of two (or more) statements to execute before continuing Choose whether or not to skip a statement before continuing

Conditional Execution Selection statements allow the computer to choose an execution path depending on the value of a variable or expression - conditional execution: – if the withdrawal is more than the bank balance, then print an error. – if today is my birthday, then add one to my age. – if it’s a 08:30 class, then prop your eyelids open; otherwise chew your finger nails while you wait for lunch.

Conditional ("if") Statement The simplest conditional statement is the “if” statement - test if a condition is true or false. if (condition) statement; The statement is executed if the condition is true. Otherwise, the statement is skipped (i.e. not executed). This if statement has a single alternative, but possible to have have two or more alternatives. Later! Note indentation!

Conditional Flow Chart if (x < 100) x = x + 1 ; y = y + 1;

Conditions Within the parentheses () is a condition, also called a “logical” or “Boolean” expression. It is made up of variables, constants, arithmetic expressions, andrelational operators and … A relational operatorcompares two values - the result is TRUE or FALSE Examples: (x < 30) - Is x less than 30? (12 > y) - Is 12 greater than y?

Relational Operators In MathsIn CIn English < < Less Than > > Greater Than = == Equal To  <= Less Than or Equal To  >= Greater Than or Equal To  != Not Equal To

Examples of Conditional Expressions air_temperature > 80.0 98.6 <= body_temperature marital_status == ’M’ divisor != 0 Such expressions are used in if statements and numerous other places in C.

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Introducing Microsoft 365 Copilot: your copilot for work

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Harnessing the power of AI, Microsoft 365 Copilot turns your words into the most powerful productivity tool on the planet

REDMOND, Wash. — March 16, 2023 —  On Thursday, Microsoft Corp. announced it is bringing the power of next-generation AI to its workplace productivity tools with Microsoft 365 Copilot. Currently in testing with select commercial customers, Copilot combines the power of large language models (LLMs) with business data and the Microsoft 365 apps, to unleash creativity, unlock productivity and uplevel skills.

Customers will experience Microsoft 365 Copilot in two ways

Microsoft 365 Copilot isn’t just a better way of doing the same things. It’s an entirely new way of working. Copilot will work alongside Microsoft 365 customers in two ways:

• First, it is embedded in the Microsoft 365 apps people use every day — Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, Teams and more.
• Today, the company also announced an entirely new experience: Business Chat. Business Chat works across the LLM, the Microsoft 365 apps, and a customer’s calendar, emails, chats, documents, meetings and contacts to do things that people weren’t able to do before. With natural language prompts like “tell my team how we updated the product strategy,” Business Chat will generate a status update based on the morning’s meetings, emails and chat threads.

With Copilot, the customer is always in control. Customers decide what to keep, modify or discard. With these new tools, people can be more creative in Word, more analytical in Excel, more expressive in PowerPoint, more productive in Outlook and more collaborative in Teams.

“Copilot combines the power of large language models with your data and apps to turn your words into the most powerful productivity tool on the planet,” said Jared Spataro, corporate vice president, Modern Work and Business Applications, Microsoft. “By grounding in your business content and context, Copilot delivers results that are relevant and actionable. It’s enterprise-ready, built on Microsoft’s comprehensive approach to security, compliance, privacy and responsible AI. Copilot marks a new era of computing that will fundamentally transform the way we work.”

A whole new way to work

Microsoft 365 Copilot is seamlessly integrated in the apps people use every day, helping them stay in the flow of work and freeing them to focus more on the task at hand and less on the busy work.

• Copilot in Word writes, edits, summarizes and creates right alongside people as they work.
• Copilot in PowerPoint enables the creation process by turning ideas into a designed presentation through natural language commands.
• Copilot in Excel helps unlock insights, identify trends or create professional-looking data visualizations in a fraction of the time.
• Copilot in Outlook can help synthesize and manage the inbox to allow more time to be spent on actually communicating.
• Copilot in Teams makes meetings more productive with real-time summaries and action items directly in the context of the conversation.
• Copilot in Power Platform will help developers of all skill levels accelerate and streamline development with low-code tools with the introduction of two new capabilities within Power Apps and Power Virtual Agents.
• Business Chat brings together data from across documents, presentations, email, calendar, notes and contacts to help summarize chats, write emails, find key dates or even write a plan based on other project files.

Microsoft has built Microsoft 365 Copilot with its existing commitments to data security and privacy in the enterprise, grounded in AI principles and Responsible AI Standard and decades of research. Copilot’s large language models are not trained on customer content or on individual prompts. Microsoft 365 Copilot will deliver enterprise-ready AI at scale.

Earlier this month Microsoft announced Dynamics 365 Copilot as the world’s first AI Copilot in both CRM and ERP to bring the next-generation AI to every line of business. And now, Copilot is coming to all Microsoft productivity apps — Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, Teams, Microsoft Viva, Power Platform and more. Specifics on pricing and licensing will be shared soon. Microsoft 365 Copilot is already being tested with a small group of customers to get the critical feedback required to improve these models as they scale.

Microsoft (Nasdaq “MSFT” @microsoft) enables digital transformation for the era of an intelligent cloud and an intelligent edge. Its mission is to empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more.

For more information, press only:

Microsoft Media Relations, WE Communications, (425) 638-7777, [email protected]

Note to editors: For more information, news and perspectives from Microsoft, please visit the Microsoft News Center at  http://news.microsoft.com . Web links, telephone numbers and titles were correct at time of publication but may have changed. For additional assistance, journalists and analysts may contact Microsoft’s Rapid Response Team or other appropriate contacts listed at  https://news.microsoft.com/microsoft-public-relations-contacts .

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