phd apres master specialise

Can I do a PhD after masters? How long does it take to get a PhD?

A common question that many graduate students have is whether they can pursue a PhD after completing their master’s degree.

The answer is yes, it is possible to continue your academic career by obtaining a doctoral degree in your field of study.

There are several factors that need to be considered before embarking on this path.

This article will provide an overview of the key factors students should consider when deciding whether to pursue a PhD after completing their master’s degree.

Should I get my PhD after my masters? What about industry?

Deciding whether to pursue a PhD immediately after a master’s degree or enter the workforce first depends on personal goals, interests, and circumstances. A PhD typically requires around five years of self-directed effort, similar to starting a business. If passionate about research, it might be best to begin right away.

Working in the industry before pursuing a PhD can lead to habits that may not benefit academia. Long-term relationships are essential in academia, and aggressive industry tactics might not be well-received.

Starting a PhD earlier allows for more time to produce research and establish a successful career, particularly for those considering a long-term academic path.

PhD pursuit offers flexibility in research topics and projects, enabling exploration across various subjects and building connections with professionals from different fields. This leads to unique opportunities and experiences that may not be available when working for a single company.

Considering factors like personal goals and readiness for the workload and demands of a PhD program is crucial.

Weigh the potential benefits of advancing education against the time, cost, and personal demands of a doctoral program. If a PhD aligns with one’s career aspirations and personal goals, it may be a worthwhile pursuit.

However, if the investment required outweighs the potential benefits, it might not be the best choice.

It’s always possible to try a PhD program for a year or two and then make a more informed decision based on individual experiences.

How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD? Time to complete everything

Leading up to getting a PhD there are many qualifications you need to get. Here is the amount of time a typical US Doctorate can take to achieve including all of the previous qualifications. It can take up to 13 years to complete

The length of time to complete a PhD varies depending on several factors.

On average, in the US it takes about six years, with three years dedicated to coursework and another three years for the dissertation project.

Factors that can influence the duration include:

• prerequisites of the program,
• program format,
• the student’s motivation,
• prior knowledge,
• personal circumstances,
• funding and scholarship stipend, 
• field of study,
• dissertation topic,
• support of the graduate advisor.

The range can be as short as three years or as long as seven to eight years, depending on the individual and the circumstances.

Do you need a master’s for a PhD? A shorter career path that doesn’t take so long.

In certain fields, such as clinical psychology, it is possible to pursue a PhD without obtaining a master’s degree first.

To do so, one must demonstrate a strong academic and research background, as well as a commitment to the field.

Here are the most important attributes if you are thinking about going straight into a PhD without a master’s:

• Strong academic and research background: Ensure that you have excelled in your coursework and maintained a high GPA.
• Undergraduate research experience: Engage in research projects during your undergraduate studies, preferably with a thesis component.
• Clinical exposure (if applicable): Gain relevant experience in the field to showcase your practical knowledge and commitment.
• Leadership experience: Participate in activities that demonstrate your ability to lead and work effectively within a team.
• Interpersonal skills: Develop strong communication and collaboration skills, which are essential for success in a PhD program.
• Clear determination: Express your dedication to pursuing a PhD directly from your undergraduate studies, highlighting your commitment to the field.
• Assess your certainty: Be sure that you are confident in your goals and prepared to invest the necessary effort to be competitive without a master’s degree.

By satisfying these requirements, you can better assess your eligibility to apply for a PhD without a master’s degree and potentially save time and money in the process.Top of FormBottom of Form

PhD without a Masters – How Does It Work?

Obtaining a PhD without a master’s degree is not a common path, but it is possible under certain circumstances.

Typically, a PhD candidate has an undergraduate degree with high grades, a master’s degree, and relevant research skills.

However, there are exceptions where individuals have successfully transitioned from their undergraduate studies directly to a PhD program.

One such scenario involves having a strong rapport with a potential PhD supervisor, perhaps from your undergraduate program.

This relationship can help compensate for the lack of a master’s degree, but it’s not a guarantee.

Another example is being an exceptional student with a first-class undergraduate degree and a dissertation closely aligned with the advertised PhD project.

Demonstrating an outstanding attitude and performance during your undergraduate project may give you an edge over other applicants.

In applied PhDs, practical experience can also be beneficial, particularly if it includes valuable contacts in the field.

For instance, if your PhD is related to professional sports and you have numerous connections within the industry, it may facilitate recruitment and collaboration, enhancing your chances of acceptance.

However, as with the other examples, this is not a sure-fire way to secure a position.

While securing a PhD without a master’s degree is challenging, it is not impossible. The best approach is to pursue a master’s degree, as it will better prepare you for a PhD program. Nonetheless, if you are determined to bypass the master’s route, perseverance and strategic networking can potentially lead to success.

What after Masters: MPhil or PhD?

After completing a Master’s degree, you may be considering whether to pursue an MPhil or a PhD.

Here are the differences between the two:

A PhD, being the highest academic title awarded for independent research, offers a broader scope and deeper engagement with complex topics than an MA or MPhil.

It can be thought of as an apprenticeship in planning and conducting your research.

The program duration ranges from three to seven years, depending on whether you choose to study full-time or part-time.

Entry is competitive, as candidates must demonstrate a strong track record of academic success.

PhD students attend research workshops, writing classes, and work in groups to explore each other’s studies.

They have opportunities to discuss their research across the university, in graduate school, and other classes. A PhD involves a multi-year project based on independent research, with support from supervisors and training that contributes to the chosen field of study.

It’s essential to have a clear idea of the topic you want to explore in-depth and the methods you plan to employ before applying for a PhD program.

Doing a PhD can be both intellectually and emotionally demanding.

However, working in a department with dedicated and talented staff, excellent supervisors, ongoing training, and support from fellow students can make the experience enjoyable and rewarding.

It is crucial to choose the right supervisor and have a good working relationship with them, as this can significantly impact your PhD journey.

Wrapping up PhD programs after a masters

Pursuing a PhD after a master’s degree is a common path for those looking to advance in academia or research-intensive careers.

While obtaining a PhD requires a significant commitment of time and resources, it can lead to prestigious positions or high-paying jobs. It is crucial to consider personal goals, interests, and the job prospects in the field before enrolling in a doctoral program.

For those considering a PhD without a master’s degree, it is essential to demonstrate a strong academic and research background and commit to the field.

The decision between an MPhil and a PhD depends on the desired scope, depth, and career impact of the research. Ultimately, individuals should carefully weigh the potential benefits against the time, cost, and personal demands of a doctoral program before making a decision.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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Difference between Specialization, Master's and PhD program

Now that you have finished your undergraduate degree, the next step is continuing your studies abroad. But what kind of postgraduate course should you do? Specialization, Master's Degree or PhD? Before you choose the best option for your career overseas, mind the differences between each type of qualification.

Specialization, MBA, Master’s Degree and PhD: all of them are classified at the postgraduate level, i.e., after the undergraduate degree. While the first two are generally shorter, more practical and focused on a specific subject – ‘to specialize’ - the last two levels tend to last longer, being the ideal choice if you want to extend your knowledge or if you intend to become a researcher or a university teacher, providing you a Master or a Doctor title.

Specialization

Technically and professionally oriented, a specialization will deepen your knowledge on your area of study, focusing and directing your undergraduate degree. Normally, a specialization is preferred by recent graduates and the average duration is one year, which may vary a little depending on the country you choose and on your field of study. At the end, you will receive a Specialist certificate.

The famous MBA is, actually, a specialization directed to a specific area: Business and Administration. If you decide to enrol an MBA, you will find a program highly connected to the professional environment, recommended for those who are already inside in the labour market – in some countries, +1 year experience is required to apply, since you will have to use and discuss practices and techniques undertaken by professionals and executives at a corporate level. Want to work as coordinator, director or a related role in the future? Then, an MBA is the best choice for you.

Master’s Degree

Different from a specialization, the master’s degree is not so much recommended to deepen your knowledge in a specific area, but more to proceed and extend the academic studies you've already started at your undergraduate program. In some cases, it is assumed that you already have some theoretical notions of the correspondent field of study. However, the master’s degree can also be a way to redirect your career and complement your previous degree with new subjects, if you decide to choose a different area – therefore, we can say that a master's degree is more flexible than a specialization.

There are two main types of master’s degrees: taught and research. Taught master’s degrees are mostly based on lectures and seminars; here, as a student, you can choose your own research project. The research process takes longer at the research master’s degree , requiring more independent work from you. According to the country, the field of study and the type of program, they can take one to three years, part-time or full-time, requiring the final presentation of a thesis.

At a more advanced level than the master’s degree, a PhD is the next step on your knowledge of your field of study. During your PhD program, you are working to become a Doctor of Philosophy, consolidating and intensify your learning to finally become a researcher and to be awarded with a certificate of Doctor of Philosophy. The duration of the program is normally three to four years, but it can take longer to conclude if you decide to study part-time. During a fair part of the course you will have to develop an extensive research on a specific matter, which will culminate in a dissertation, with compulsory oral presentation at the end of the program. This is the “free pass” you need to teach at a higher education level or to work and assume a leading position in a specific area, which means that the PhD program can also be taught or research oriented.

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The Mastère Spécialisé Programs

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Mastère Spécialisé (MS)

Formations de haut niveau estampillées "grande école", les Mastères spécialisés (MS) offrent un vrai coup de pouce aux diplômés qui visent un poste à responsabilité. Accessibles après un bac+4 ou 5, elles sont très sélectives. Admission, formation, débouchés : nous vous disons tout.  

Ne ratez pas une occasion unique de venir à la rencontre de centaines de formations de niveau Bac+4/+5 et +6 !  Pour cela rendez-vous dans l'un des Salons Studyrama des Masters 2, Mastères Spécialisés & MBA près de chez vous. Sur place, de nombreux établissements sont présents pour vous présenter leurs filières !

Que vaut un Mastère spécialisé ?

Mastère spécialisé : la formation en détails

Afin d'être accrédité, le programme de MS doit couvrir 4 trimestres pleins, soit 350 heures de cours théoriques . Il doit aussi comprendre 4 mois minimum de stage en entreprise . Au terme du stage, l'étudiant doit alors réaliser une thèse professionnelle sur un sujet qu'il aura lui-même choisi, et le soutenir devant un jury. Si l'alternance vous intéresse, sachez que certains MS permettent d'opter pour cette formule.

Mastère spécialisé : admission et inscriptions

Les MS sont des formations très sélectives. Il faut avant tout justifier d'un niveau bac+5, sachant que les détenteurs d'un bac+4 peuvent aussi postuler à condition d'avoir travaillé au moins trois ans. Une fois choisie la formation qui vous intéresse, il vous faudra fournir un dossier de candidature, composé de ses résultats scolaires ainsi que d'une lettre de motivation, détaillant son projet professionnel. Seconde étape : réussir les épreuves écrites et orales ( Tage Mage , épreuve de langues…). Enfin, il peut y avoir un entretien de motivation . Découvrez tous nos conseils pour réussir les tests , et votre entretien .

Mastère spécialisé : réussir ses études et ses examens

La validation du MS repose essentiellement sur la rédaction de dossiers, et surtout la soutenance de la thèse professionnelle . En effet, à ce stade-là de vos études vous êtes déjà considéré comme un professionnel . La thèse doit permettre de vérifier que vous savez mobiliser tout ensemble vos connaissances académiques , votre expérience de terrain acquise lors de stage, et votre capacité à faire de la recherche , afin de répondre à une question donnée. Le choix du sujet peut être important car il permet de faire le lien entre votre parcours d'études, et votre projet professionnel.

Mastère spécialisé : que faire après (débouchés, poursuite d'études) ?

Etant donné son haut niveau d'exigence de même que son contenu directement adapté aux besoins des entreprises, le MS offre une insertion professionnelle garantie . Mieux, il permet de briguer des postes à haute responsabilité et offre de belles perspectives de carrière .

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Mastère Spécialisé (MS) : pour aller plus loin

Degree to PhD requirements: Do you need a master’s to get a PhD?

Degree to PhD requirements aren’t merely an exhaustive list of things you should do to get into the most prestigious of academic qualifications — it’s a journey that will see you invest your time, effort, and money.

The first step is a bachelor’s degree, which usually takes up to three years and covers a subject of your choice.

While core modules are tied to your chosen subject, electives allow you to dabble in various areas and help you identify your interests, passions, and even expertise within a specific field.

Take law, for example. While all law students tend to pursue a law degree, they are free to pick whatever laws they want to specialise in during their second or third year.

If you are lucky, some universities even have modules with no exams — perfect for those who thrive on doing assignments.

One of the laws you can choose to specialise in is criminal law, where you defend the rights of someone who has been accused of a crime. Source: AFP

Right after, your postgraduate journey will see you completing a master’s degree.

Generally, these programmes last for a year, but some programmes, like an MBA, can take up to two years in certain countries (the US is one of them).

For those who are passionate about research or want to be an academic, pursuing a PhD is the next logical choice.

From learning more about what you are passionate about to leveraging the tools to make meaningful contributions to specific research fields, a PhD degree can help you dive into key areas and challenges in your field, develop your theoretical approach, and apply it through your research. 

While not the most known route, it is possible to skip your master’s degree and pursue a PhD.

In Australia, a popular option is to take an honours degree before doing a PhD.

Generally, an honours degree is a one-year qualification taken after your bachelor’s degree, which involves further study in a particular discipline.

Here, under the guidance of an academic supervisor, you will choose a thesis topic, create a reading list and identify your method of research.

This programme is specifically designed to build your research abilities — opening the door for you to pursue a research degree, such as a PhD. 

Do note that you would have to check with your institutions as to whether they accept an honours degree as a valid qualification to enrol on a PhD programme. 

Some universities also offer fast-track PhDs. These do not require a master’s degree, but may require you to meet a panel of the university’s supervisor during your first PhD year to defend your research.

Walden University, for example, has a  Fast Track Option  that increases your course load up to three each term and spreads your dissertation courses to expedite your path through the programme.

While faster, it’s important to note that speed doesn’t always mean good. For some us, the gap between a bachelor’s degree and a PhD may be too great, making us work doubly hard to catch up.

This can be intense, and not suitable for everyone, especially if you factor in all the other requirements of doctoral study: travel to conferences, potential equipment failure, having to work a second job, to name a few.

Ultimately, the answer to the question “Do you need a master’s to get a PhD?” is one that’ll depend on some deep soul-searching on what you want and what you’re ready for.

If you prefer a more traditional, longer route to get a PhD,  here’s all you need to know about doing a bachelor’s degree, a master’s and a PhD: 

From degree to PhD: A step-by-step guide to your academic journey 

Stage 1: laying the foundation — the bachelor’s degree.

The b achelor’s degree is the first step in the academic ladder. It is an undergraduate programme where you immerse yourselves in a subject of your choice.

Whether it’s the intricacies of astrophysics or the magic of storytelling in literature, you’ll immerse yourself in core courses, explore diverse electives, and hone essential skills like critical thinking and research.

A bachelor’s degree can expose you to the magic of storytelling in literature. Source: AFP

Getting your bachelor’s degree is a significant investment of time and money. Hence, picking the right major will influence your chances of securing some of the best-paying jobs in the employment market. 

Three of the most common types of bachelor’s degrees  are:

• Bachelor of Arts (BA): For those drawn to the humanities and social sciences, a BA in history, psychology, English, or communications could be your perfect fit. This degree emphasises critical thinking and communication skills, preparing you for diverse careers in education, human resources, writing, and government work.
• Bachelor of Science (BS): If your heart beats for the world of numbers, logic, and the natural world, a BS in biology, chemistry, finance, or computer science might be your calling. This degree focuses on quantitative skills and opens doors to exciting careers in STEM fields.
• Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA): You can unleash your inner artist with a BFA in creative writing, theatre, drawing, or graphic design. This degree equips you with the skills and knowledge to pursue careers in the arts, from theatre production and museum curation to graphic design and animation.

Requirements to apply

To pursue a bachelor’s degree, you need a high school diploma or equivalent . Most universities require standardised test scores, such as the SAT or ACT, letters of recommendation and a personal statement.

If you’re an international student, you’ll need to show English language proficiency, such as TOEFL and IELTS.

Each institution may have specific criteria, so it’s essential to research and understand the requirements of your chosen university.

What will you gain?

Earning a bachelor’s degree is an investment in your future, providing a deep understanding of your field, critical thinking skills, and a broader perspective. 

It opens doors to entry-level jobs and lays the groundwork for advanced studies at the master’s level. 

A bachelor’s degree expands job opportunities. From 2020 to 2030, over 875,000 yearly job openings in business, science, engineering, education, healthcare, media, arts, and sports will require this qualification.

What’s more, it establishes a solid foundation for higher-paying jobs, with bachelor’s degree holders earning an average of US$1,001 per week compared to US$809 for those with only a high school diploma.

A master’s degree after completing your bachelor’s degree is the logical next step. Source: AFP

Stage 2: Specialising your expertise — The master’s degree

Upon completing your bachelor’s degree, pursuing a m aster’s degree becomes the logical next step — a programme tailored to deepen your expertise and specialise in a specific field.

Various options are available for obtaining your master’s degree, depending on your desired study area. Common types include the Master of Arts (MA) and the Master of Science (MS) , encompassing majors in the humanities, arts, social sciences, and natural sciences.

For those interested in business, library science, health, or a more specialised field, specific master’s degrees such as a Master of Business Administration (MBA) or a Master of Public Health (MPH) are attainable. 

According to the National Centre for Education Statistics , the most frequently earned master’s degrees in the US are in business, education, and health professions.

A master’s degree typically ranges from one to three years, depending on the chosen field. 

For instance, a standard MBA programme takes two years , while an MFA generally requires three years. Accelerated master’s programmes or dual degrees can expedite the completion time.

Those looking to work while pursuing their degree may find online master’s programmes beneficial. These programmes are usually designed asynchronous and self-paced, allowing flexibility in scheduling your learning.

Some master’s programmes won’t accept you without some form of experience. Source: AFP

To pursue a master’s degree, you need a bachelor’s degree in a related field . Some programmes necessitate relevant work experience, letters of recommendation, and a compelling statement of purpose.

Additionally, specific professional master’s programmes may require standardised test scores like the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) or Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT).

Once enrolled, students delve deeper into their chosen subject, engaging in research and internships. The focus shifts from general concepts to advanced theories and practical applications. 

The culmination of a master’s programme often involves a thesis or a comprehensive examination demonstrating your mastery of the subject.

A master’s degree positions you for leadership roles while offering you higher earning potential and often have a competitive edge in the job market. 

According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), individuals with a master’s degree in the earn a median of US$1,574 weekly , approximately US$81,848 annually.

What’s more, a master’s degree serves as a foundation for those considering a PhD, offering a robust groundwork for advanced research.

A PhD is an advanced degree students can use to maximise their expertise in a particular field. Source: AFP

Stage 3: Pinnacle of academic achievement — The PhD

A PhD is an advanced degree students can use to maximise their expertise in a particular field. Offered in several disciplines, this is often the highest formal education a student can earn through universities and colleges. 

If you want to pursue a career in academia as a researcher or a professor, you’ll most likely need a PhD.

PhD programmes are often three to four years long. You’ll perform tasks like research, writing and professional work that contribute to a particular field of study, like science, mathematics or the English language.

Earning your doctorate means that you have expert-level knowledge in your chosen field. It would help if you got a PhD because you’re passionate about a particular subject and are ready to exponentially expand your understanding of that topic through research.

Professor Paul KH Tam, Pro Vice-Chancellor and Vice President (Research) at the University of Hong Kong, emphasises the transformative potential of a PhD , stating:

“A PhD is about pursuing knowledge for the passion of acquiring knowledge. If one is fortunate, one’s discovery/invention may even change society.”

Pursuing a PhD requires a master’s degree in a related field .

Admission is highly competitive, and universities often seek exceptional academic achievements, relevant research experience, strong letters of recommendation, and a compelling research proposal.

Standardised test scores may be required, depending on the programme.

Today’s job market is competitive. With more and more students earning bachelor’s and even master’s degrees, making your PhD will set you apart from the pack.

The rewards of a PhD are profound. Beyond the title of “Doctor,” graduates gain recognition as experts in their field. They contribute to academic discourse, publish research in prestigious journals, and often secure university faculty positions. 

Earning a PhD will also make you more qualified for various industry jobs. Through your graduate studies, you’ll develop the skills employers value and seek in new hires.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, those with a doctoral degree can expect higher earnings — US$1,909 weekly — and lower unemployment rates compared to those with a bachelor’s or master’s degree.

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Quels débouchés après un doctorat et Ph.D ?

Doctorat universitaire ou PhD : le principal débouché reste la voie de l’enseignement. Les missions d’un chercheur sont vastes. Il définit des sujets de recherche, élabore des protocoles en concertation avec les ingénieurs et techniciens de son équipe, réalise des expériences, analyse et interprète les résultats, rédige et publie des articles, dépose au besoin des licences et des brevets, participe et intervient dans des colloques et séminaires… 

Doctorat : entre activités de recherche et enseignement

Un chercheur publie les analyses ou le fruit de ses recherches dans des revues scientifiques en français mais aussi en anglais, langue qu’il lui est donc essentiel de posséder. Avide de savoir, il sait aussi faire savoir. Il participe donc à la formation des doctorants (ceux qui préparent un thèse dans le cadre d’un doctorat), des post-doctorants (ceux qui ont achever leur thèse mais poursuivent leurs recherches) ou encadrent des étudiants en masters recherche. Un enseignant-chercheur doit donner des cours dans le milieu universitaire. Celui-ci partage donc son temps entre ses activités de recherche et l’enseignement. D’où son nom.

Doctorat : former les enseignants-chercheurs de demain

La plupart de ces programmes entendent pallier la pénurie d’enseignants-chercheurs à laquelle doivent faire face les écoles de management et de commerce, à l’instar Doctorate of Business Administration (DBA), un programme doctoral en formation continue de Grenoble École de management. C’est aussi l’objectif affiché du Ph.D Ecricome Universa, un programme doctoral commun à trois grandes écoles de management (Kedge BS, ICN BS, Neoma BS), que de former des chercheurs, des professeurs, des consultants et experts dans le domaine du management (marketing, finance, droit, ressources humaines…). Les candidats, titulaires d’un master, au moins doivent présenter un projet de recherche. A l’EM Lyon, le programme veut inculque, enseignants-chercheurs, toutes les facettes pour leur permettre de publier dans les meilleures revues académiques et d’élaborer et donner des cours à des étudiants de tous cycles.

Les autres débouchés du doctorat

Toutefois, les débouchés ne se limitent pas à l’enseignement. Bien des titulaires de Ph.D s’orientent vers des postes de responsable de recherche en entreprise ou dans le secteur public, mais aussi vers des postes de consultant. Pourquoi ? Parce qu’ils possèdent une expertise poussée dans leur domaine, mais aussi des capacités d’adaptation, d’innovation, de grandes facultés relationnelles et en communication ; des compétences en gestion de projet, en management et en gestion d’équipe.

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Numéro spécial : tout savoir sur les bachelors - édition 2023-2024.

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• Master’s vs PhD | A Complete Guide to the Differences

Master's vs PhD | A Complete Guide to the Differences

Published on November 27, 2020 by Lauren Thomas . Revised on May 10, 2024.

The two most common types of graduate degrees are master’s and doctoral degrees:

• A master’s is a 1–2 year degree that can prepare you for a multitude of careers.
• A PhD, or doctoral degree, takes 3–7 years to complete (depending on the country) and prepares you for a career in academic research.

A master’s is also the necessary first step to a PhD. In the US, the master’s is built into PhD programs, while in most other countries, a separate master’s degree is required before applying for PhDs.

Master’s are far more common than PhDs. In the US, 24 million people have master’s or professional degrees, whereas only 4.5 million have doctorates.

Table of contents

Master’s vs phd at a glance, which is right for you, length of time required, career prospects, costs and salaries, application process, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about master's and phd degrees.

The table below shows the key differences between the two.

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A PhD is right for you if:

• Your goal is to become a professor at a university or some other type of professional researcher.
• You love research and are passionate about discovering the answer to a particular question.
• You are willing to spend years pursuing your research even if you have to put up with a lot of dead ends and roadblocks.

A master’s degree is the better choice if any of the following apply:

• You want to continue studies in your field, but you’re not committed to a career as a professional researcher.
• You want to develop professional skills for a specific career.
• You are willing to pay a higher upfront cost if it means finishing with your degree (and thus being able to work) much faster.
• You want the option to study part-time while working.

The length of time required to complete a PhD or master’s degree varies. Unsurprisingly, PhDs take much longer, usually between 3–7 years. Master’s degrees are usually only 1–2 years.

Length of a master’s

Master’s degrees are usually 2 years, although 1-year master’s degrees also exist, mainly in the UK.

Most of the degree consists of classes and coursework, although many master’s programs include an intensive, semester-long master’s thesis or capstone project in which students bring together all they’ve learned to produce an original piece of work.

Length of a PhD

In the US, a PhD usually takes between 5 and 7 years to complete. The first 2 years are spent on coursework. Students, even those who choose to leave without finishing the program, usually receive a master’s degree at this point.

The next 3–5 years are spent preparing a dissertation —a lengthy piece of writing based on independent research, which aims to make a significant original contribution to one’s field.

Master’s degrees tend to prepare you for a career outside of academia, while PhDs are designed to lead to a career in research.

Careers for master’s graduates

There are two types of master’s degrees: terminal and research-intensive. The career prospects are different for each.

Terminal master’s degrees are intended to prepare students for careers outside of academia. Some degrees, known as professional degrees, specifically prepare students for particular professions; these include the Master of Public Policy (MPP), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), Master of Fine Arts (MFA), and Master of Public Health (MPH) degrees.

Other master’s degrees, usually Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Sciences (MS or MSc) degrees, do not necessarily lead to a specific career, but are intended to be a final degree. Examples include an MS in Communications or MS in Data Analytics.

In research-intensive master’s programs, students take coursework intended to prepare them for writing an original piece of research known as the master’s thesis . Such programs are usually intended to prepare for further study in a doctoral program.

Careers for PhD graduates

As research degrees, PhDs are usually intended to lead to an academic career. A PhD can be thought of like an apprenticeship, where students learn from professional researchers (academics) how to produce their own research.

Most students aspire to become a university professor upon the completion of their degree. However, careers in academia are highly competitive, and the skills learned in a doctoral program often lend themselves well to other types of careers.

Some graduates who find they prefer teaching to producing research go on to be teachers at liberal arts colleges or even secondary schools. Others work in research-intensive careers in the government, private sector, or at think tanks.

Below are a few examples of specific fields and non-academic careers that are common destinations of graduates of those fields.

• Computer Science
• Lab Sciences

Many government jobs, including economists at a country’s central bank, are research-intensive and require a PhD. Think tanks also hire economists to carry out independent research.

In the private sector, economic consulting and technology firms frequently hire PhDs to solve real-world problems that require complex mathematical modeling.

Graduate students from the humanities are sometimes hired by museums, who can make use of their research and writing skills to curate exhibits and run public outreach.

Humanities PhDs are often well-suited to research and grant-writing roles at nonprofits. Since so much of research is funded by grants, PhD students often gain a lot of experience applying for them, which is a useful skill in the nonprofit sector.

There are a wide range of non-academic research jobs for lab scientists with doctorates in subjects like chemistry, biology, ecology and physics.

Many PhD graduates are hired by pharmaceutical companies that need to perform research to create and test their products. Government agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), also hire lab scientists to work on research projects.

Job prospects after graduation vary widely based on the field. In fields like management, computer science, statistics, and economics, there’s little underemployment—even graduates from less well-known programs can easily find jobs that pay well and use the skills they’ve gained from the PhD.

However, in other fields, particularly in the humanities, many PhD graduates have difficulty in the job market. Unfortunately, there are far more PhD graduates than assistant professor roles, so many instead take on part-time and low-paid roles as adjunct instructors. Even non-academic careers can sometimes be difficult for PhDs to move into, as they may be seen as “overqualified”  or as lacking in relevant professional experience.

Because career options post-PhD vary so much, you should take the time to figure out what the career prospects are in your field. Doctoral programs often have detailed “placement” records online in which they list the career outcomes of their graduates immediately upon leaving the program. If you can’t find these records, contact the program and ask for them—placement information should play an important role in your choice of PhD program.

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Although PhDs take far longer to complete, students often receive a living stipend in exchange for being a teaching or research assistant. Master’s degrees are shorter but less likely to be funded.

Both master’s degrees and PhDs lead to increased salaries upon graduation. While PhDs usually earn a bit more than those with a master’s degree, in some fields, the wages are identical, meaning that no financial benefit is gained from going on to a PhD.

Cost of a master’s

The upfront cost of a master’s degree is usually higher than a doctoral degree due to the lower amount of financial aid available. However, increased salaries also arrive faster than with a doctoral degree, because people graduate much earlier from a master’s program.

Some master’s students do receive stipends for their degrees, usually as compensation for being a teaching or research assistant. In addition, many people complete master’s degrees part time while working full-time, which allows them to fund their living costs as well as tuition.

The cost varies significantly by school and program. Public schools are usually cheaper than private ones. Some master’s degrees, such as MBAs, are notoriously expensive, but also result in much higher wages afterwards that make up for the high cost.

The master’s wage premium , or the extra amount that someone with a master’s degree makes than someone with just a high school diploma, is 23% on average. Many universities provide detailed statistics on the career and salary outcomes of their students. If they do not have this online, you should feel free to contact an administrator of the program and ask.

Cost of a PhD

PhDs, particularly outside the humanities, are usually (though not always) funded, meaning that tuition fees are fully waived and students receive a small living stipend. During the last 3–5 years of a PhD, after finishing their coursework (and sometimes before), students are usually expected to work as graduate instructors or research assistants in exchange for the stipend.

Sometimes students can apply for a fellowship (such as the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Program in the United States) that relieves them of any obligations to be a teaching or research assistant. Doctoral programs in the US tend to be better funded than in the rest of the world.

Sometimes, PhD degrees can be completed part-time, but this is rare. Students are usually expected to devote at least 40 hours a week to their research and work as teaching or research assistants.

The main cost of doctoral programs comes in the form of opportunity cost—all the years that students could be working a regular, full-time job, which usually pays much better than a graduate school stipend.

The average wage premium for PhDs is 26%, which is not much higher than the master’s degree premium.

In the US, the application process is similar for master’s and PhD programs. Both will generally ask for:

• At least one application essay, often called a personal statement or statement of purpose .
• Letters of recommendation .
• A resume or CV .
• Transcripts.
• Writing samples.

Applications for both types of programs also often require a standardized test. PhDs usually require the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), which tries to measure verbal reasoning, quantitative, critical thinking , and analytical writing skills. Many master’s programs require this test as well.

Applying for a master’s

Master’s degrees programs will often ask you to respond to specific essay prompts that may ask you to reflect upon not just your academic background, but also your personal character and future career ambitions.

Northwestern University’s Kellogg Business School requires Master’s of Business Administration (MBA) applicants write two essays, one about a recent time they demonstrated leadership and the second about their personal values.

Who you should ask for your letters of recommendation varies by program. If you are applying to a research-intensive master’s program, then you should choose former professors or research supervisors. For other programs, particularly business school, current work supervisors may be a better choice.

Some professional master’s programs require a specific test. For example, to apply to law school, you must take the Law School Admissions Test, or LSAT. For business school, you must take either the GRE or the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT).

Applying for a PhD

When applying for a PhD, your resume should focus more on your research background—you should especially emphasize any publications you’ve authored or presentations that you’ve given.

Similarly, your statement of purpose should discuss research that you’ve participated in, whether as an assistant or the lead author. You should detail what exactly you did in projects you’ve contributed to, whether that’s conducting a literature review, coding regressions, or writing an entire article.

Your letters of recommendations should be from former professors or supervisors who can speak to your abilities and potential as a researcher. A good rule of thumb is to avoid asking for recommendations from anyone who does not themselves have a PhD.

If you want to know more about college essays , academic writing , and AI tools , make sure to check out some of our other language articles with explanations, examples, and quizzes.

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A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

This depends on the country. In the United States, you can generally go directly to a PhD  with only a bachelor’s degree, as a master’s program is included as part of the doctoral program.

Elsewhere, you generally need to graduate from a research-intensive master’s degree before continuing to the PhD.

This varies by country. In the United States, PhDs usually take between 5–7 years: 2 years of coursework followed by 3–5 years of independent research work to produce a dissertation.

In the rest of the world, students normally have a master’s degree before beginning the PhD, so they proceed directly to the research stage and complete a PhD in 3–5 years.

A master’s degree usually has a higher upfront cost, but it also allows you to start earning a higher salary more quickly. The exact cost depends on the country and the school: private universities usually cost more than public ones, and European degrees usually cost less than North American ones. There are limited possibilities for financial aid.

PhDs often waive tuition fees and offer a living stipend in exchange for a teaching or research assistantship. However, they take many years to complete, during which time you earn very little.

In the US, the graduate school application process is similar whether you’re applying for a master’s or a PhD . Both require letters of recommendation , a statement of purpose or personal statement , a resume or CV , and transcripts. Programs in the US and Canada usually also require a certain type of standardized test—often the GRE.

Outside the US, PhD programs usually also require applicants to write a research proposal , because students are expected to begin dissertation research in the first year of their PhD.

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Source : Enquête HEC diplômés 2022 & Statistiques Admission Rentrée 2023

En intégrant le Mastère Spécialisé Médias, Arts et Création d'HEC Paris, vous appréhenderez les  enjeux et mutations de l’ensemble des industries culturelles et créatives (ICC) : patrimoine, marché de l’art, édition, spectacle vivant, musique, cinéma, audiovisuel et nouveaux médias, jeu vidéo. La formation fera de vous des managers polyvalents capables de prendre des responsabilités et d'évoluer dans les différents environnements de la création, médias, des industries culturelles.  

Le programme mêle enseignements dans les disciplines fondamentales du management, (stratégie, organisation, droit, marketing, comptabilité et finance) et des applications sous forme de projets permettant de mettre en perspective les connaissances acquises. Nos étudiants sont préparés à l'entrée sur le marché du travail grâce aux nombreuses conférences, séminaires, voyage d'étude ou rencontres avec des managers culturels évoluant dans des contextes variés.

Pourquoi rejoindre le Mastère Spécialisé Médias, Art et Création ?

L'EXPÉRIENCE DU MASTÈRE SPÉCIALISÉ MÉDIAS, ART ET CRÉATION

Découvrez le programme à travers nos vidéos : le Program Hack pour une vue d’ensemble rapide, le voyage d'étude qui démarre l'année académique et l'interview d'une ancienne élève "Made in HEC".

Que faire après le Mastère Spécialisé Médias, Arts et Création?

La formation du Mastère Spécialisé Médias, Arts et Création donne aux étudiants les compétences et connaissances leur permettant de débuter leur carrière dans une multitude de domaines après l'obtention de leur diplôme. 95 % de nos diplômés trouvent un emploi dans les 3 mois qui suivent la fin de leurs études. Le stage en entreprise, les projets de création d'entreprise et autres projets pédagogiques favorisent le développement d'une expertise dans les secteurs des médias, des arts et de la création.    

Le Mastère Spécialisé MAC d'HEC Paris est résolument tourné vers l’international. Les fonctions auxquelles cette formation prépare varient selon la taille de l’organisation. Vous pouvez ainsi prétendre à des postes au sein des industries culturelles et créatives au sens large (culture, médias, numérique, publicité, mode et luxe, architecture et design…)

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Mastère Spécialisé

Créé en 1983, par la CGE - Conférence des Grandes Écoles, qui regroupe les grandes écoles d’ingénieurs et de commerce - le Mastère Spécialisé a pour objectif de former des cadres avec une haute qualification, qui désirent obtenir une spécialisation très poussée, dans un domaine précis. Il ne s’agit pas réellement d’un diplôme à proprement dit, mais plutôt d’un label de qualité. 

De nos jours, environ 80 000 personnes sortent diplômées d’un Mastère Spécialisé. Il faut dire qu’avec environ 450 spécialités , ces formations de haut niveau offrent une variété de choix pouvant correspondre à l’ensemble des besoins des entreprises. 

Les Mastères Spécialisés se préparent en 18 ou 24 mois, dans l’une des écoles de la CGE et, grâce à des partenariats entre plusieurs établissements, il en existe certains qui permettent d’acquérir une double-compétence. Cela s’avère être particulièrement intéressant pour les ingénieurs visant de hautes responsabilités.

Dans un contexte international en perpétuelle mutation et dans lequel les opportunités foisonnent, l’EM Lyon propose une for...

Fort de vos connaissances juridiques, vous souhaitez désormais prendre une dimension internationale en vous ouvrant au monde...

Les Mastères Spécialisés d’écoles de commerce

Les mastères spécialisés d’écoles d’ingénieurs, les mastères spécialisés d’autres établissements d’enseignement supérieur, les mastères spécialisés hybrides, les mastères spécialisés en audit, les mastères spécialisés en cyberdéfense et cybersécurité, les mastères spécialisés en big data, que vaut un mastère spécialisé .

Le Mastère Spécialisé Bac+6, au-delà d’être un diplôme, est un véritable label de qualité. En effet, ce cursus de haut niveau est de plus en plus reconnu par les entreprises, mais aussi par les étudiants, qui sont, chaque année, toujours plus nombreux à s’inscrire. 

L’objectif de cette formation est d’offrir la possibilité aux diplômés d’obtenir une seconde compétence et de se spécialiser dans un domaine particulier. À la différence des Masters , des MSc - Masters of Sciences - et des MBA - Master of Business Administration - le Mastère Spécialisé ne peut être obtenu qu’au sein de structures faisant partie de la CGE - Conférence des Grandes Écoles. 

Son enseignement associe la théorie à la pratique et bénéficie de l’intervention de multiples professionnels de l’entreprise. Le programme s’étend sur 350 heures de cours, soit quatre trimestres pleins. En plus, il inclut, au minimum, quatre mois de stage en entreprise, à la fin duquel vous devez rédiger une thèse professionnelle sur un sujet de votre choix, avant de la soutenir face à un jury.

Comment s’inscrire à un Mastère Spécialisé ?

Pour intégrer un Mastère Spécialisé, vous devez posséder un diplôme de niveau Bac+5 ou être titulaire d’un Bac+4 et justifier d’un minimum de trois ans d’expérience professionnelle. 

Il vous faudra fournir un dossier de candidature, contenant vos résultats scolaires et votre lettre de motivation. Ensuite, vous devrez réaliser un test d’entrée, avec des épreuves écrites et orales. Vous pourrez être amené à passer un entretien de motivation.

Les Mastères Spécialisés sont très sélectifs.

Mastère Spécialisé en alternance

La majorité des Mastères Spécialisés sont accessibles en alternance. Dans ce cas, vous êtes employé, au sein d’une entreprise, tout en suivant votre cursus en parallèle. 

Ce rythme de formation présente de plusieurs avantages : 

• Votre employeur prend en charge vos frais de scolarité et vous bénéficiez d’une rémunération.

Le salaire d'un Mastère Spécialisé en alternance :

• Moins de 21 ans : 65 % du SMIC
• Plus de 21 ans : 80 % du SMIC
• 26 ans et plus : 100 % du SMIC
• De manière générale, les étudiants ayant opté pour l’alternance obtiennent de meilleurs résultats lors de leurs examens de fin d’année, et ce, grâce à la mise en pratique sur le terrain de la théorie apprise en cours.
• Vous pouvez justifier d’une expérience professionnelle significative avant de vous insérer sur le marché de l’emploi.

Le but de l’alternance est de simplifier votre insertion dans la vie active, au sein de secteurs d'expertise.

Mastère spécialisé en alternance : la liste

Voici une liste non exhaustive des Mastères Spécialisés en alternance :

Les villes en France où faire un Mastère spécialisé

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For those who did a masters before a PhD, was it worth it? [USA]

So I am currently in my last year of an online psych bachelor's program, and I did my first two years of education in C.C. This means that getting into a research lab has not yet been possible to me. I have begun the process of emailing professors at a nearby university but so far I haven't gotten anything besides two no's out of about 10 emails, and I think priority goes to students that go there.

After spending hours and hours researching options from school psychology, masters level counselors, to neuroscience, I keep coming to the conclusion that the only thing I can really be satisfied with is a Clinical Psychology PhD. This is due to the ability to participate in research (which without formal experience I am actually unsure if I'd really be interested, but the idea interests me), possibility of teaching later in my career, to be able to work in a speciality, and frankly the much higher salary that is possible. The idea of being a neuropsychologist interests me at the moment, or perhaps health psychology.

I have a good GPA (3.9 probably?) but since I was doing C.C. during COVID before I really cared about what I was going to do I just coasted/cheated through my classes since it was so easy to do. My bachelor's program has been okay (SNHU) but I know that I am missing out by doing online school. So a masters I think would help my own comprehension and preparedness for a PhD.

I have been able to get a job working full time getting clinical experience, so I have that going now for me at least. The university close to me offers a Research Masters, and students in labs I have noticed are mostly graduate students doing this degree. The degree is actually not that expensive (around $15k for two years), and should not be a problem to pay off since I have been able to work and my expenses are still low.

Since this is my only route to research it seems, does this seem like a viable way to become competitive for a PhD? I'm still young (22) so I think can handle being in school for another ~10 years, easy for me to say right now though.

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PhD Specialization: List, Qualifications, After MBA, in India, Costs, Careers, Salary

Content Curator

A PhD, or doctor of philosophy, is a professional and academic degree that takes 3–4 years to complete. Candidates must hold an MPhil or master's degree in the field in which they wish to specialise.

See more: PhD Admissions

PhD specialisations are available in a variety of subjects, including science, business, humanities, engineering, law, and management of businesses, among others. In India, the standard cost ranges from 50,000 to 200,000 INR.

Graduates of PhD programmes can find employment in a variety of settings, including universities, colleges, science centres, statistical units, plant breeding centres, equipment manufacturers, news agencies, the pharmaceutical industry, publishers, software development, etc. They can also work as university professors, industrial R&D lab professionals, start-up mentors, authors, senior research scientists, and others. One might expect to earn an average salary of 4 to 15 LPA.

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PhD Specializations

Top PhD Specializations in India

Phd humanities.

Analyzing human mind and culture critically is a focus of a humanities PhD. The topic of the course is the impact of philosophy, art, music, literature, and the arts on our daily lives. PhD candidates place more of an emphasis on conceptual than practical knowledge.

The evolution of ideas and concepts, society's operations, human interactions and relationships, behavioural patterns and difficulties encountered, etc. would all be thoroughly explained to the students. This degree provides in-depth instruction on humans, the development of culture, and significant historical occurrences.

Admission Process

Merit lists will be used to determine admissions. The entrance examination, direct interview, and qualifying examination scores will all be added up to determine the merit list scores.

See more:   PhD Colleges

Eligibility Criteria

• The applicant's M.A. or other degree equating to a humanities degree must have at least 55% marks (or 50% in the case of SC/ST candidates).
• Candidates for admission must have earned a Master's degree in any relevant field—science, commerce, engineering, or technology— with a minimum cumulative grade point average of 60%.
• Admission requires passing an entrance exam, such as the  GATE , NET,  MET , ICPR, ICSSR, CSIR, etc.

PhD Science

Students having an MSc or  MTech  background can enrol in the doctoral-level PhD Science programme, which lasts 3 to 5 years. Candidates must do research on any one of the science specialisations, including biology, chemistry, and physics.

To receive the PhD in Science, the student must turn in their research thesis at the end of the programme.

An interview is conducted after the entrance exam in the PhD science admissions procedure.

• Many schools and institutions adhere to this admissions procedure.
• UGC-NET, CSIR-UGC-NET,  GATE , and other admission exams are some of the options.

Eligibility Criteria 

• To qualify for a scientific PhD, you must have received a minimum cumulative grade point average of 55% at your postgraduate level.

PhD Commerce

The Ph.D. in Commerce is a doctoral programme that lasts at least two years. Some institutions demand that students finish their coursework and submit their thesis or research paper within five years of enrolling. Part-time PhD in commerce programmes are offered by some universities.

A deeper understanding of the fields of accounting, finance, forecasting, management, and budgeting is provided by the PhD in Commerce courses. The course offers students a higher calibre of education so they can meet the demands of business and industrial management.

A candidate who successfully completes the course can find employment in the business, marketing, and education sectors. The CEO, Professor, and lecturer roles are the most sought-after ones for such candidates.

• Admissions for PhD programmes in commerce are primarily made through entrance exams, which are followed by in-person interviews held by the relevant universities.
• For admission to PhD programmes, national level entrance tests like UGC NET, UGC CSIR NET,  GATE , SLET, or university entrance exams are held.
• According to government policy, reservations are available for candidates who are SC, ST, EWS, OBC, NCL, or PwD.
• Candidates must pursue a master's degree in commerce, an MBA, or an MPhil and have an overall score of 55% to be eligible for this programme.

PhD Engineering and Technology

A PhD in engineering or technology frequently emphasises research-based learning. It might involve the advancement of degree programmes or the creation of new technology. A programme tailored to the student's interests, such as one that focuses on mastering a particularly particular branch of engineering or technology, may also exist.

The Ph.D. programme in engineering and technology lasts five years. Candidates for a PhD in engineering or technology must have earned a master's degree from an accredited university with computer science as a major or a degree equivalent.

The admission process for Ph.D. programmes in engineering and technology is based on entrance exams that are administered by different institutions. For the final seat allocation in any institute, a personal interview phase is conducted after the entrance exam. Minimum prerequisites for admission to the Ph.D. in Engineering and Technology department are as follows:

• Any branch of engineering, biotechnology, or interdisciplinary studies with a B.Tech or  M.Tech degree
• B.Tech./ M.Tech.  in engineering and technology, or an equivalent degree.

A bachelor's degree in engineering or technology from an accredited university is required to enrol in a Ph.D. in engineering and technology course.

PhD after MBA

A doctoral level business management course is the PhD in Business Management. The tasks involved in running a business, such as controlling, leading, overseeing, organising, and planning, are referred to as business management. A PhD in business management takes three years to complete.

This course covers topics like banking, accounting, global marketing, theory of finance, advanced accounting, advanced accounting, seminar in banking, and strategic information systems, among others.

Admission Process For PhD After MBA

The majority of institutions base their admission decisions for this programme on an entrance exam and personal interviews. The minimal mark required for the candidate's post-graduate degree might differ from college to college, as does the admissions process.

See more :  PhD Colleges

PhD After MBA: Eligibility Criteria

• Candidates must have a postgraduate degree in a relevant field from an accredited university with a minimum cumulative GPA of 50% to be eligible for this course. From college to college, different minimum scores are necessary.
• At the time of taking the admission test, candidates should have a minimum of two years of work experience following their MBA or Master's degree.

The PhD in law enables candidates to improve their comprehension of legal studies. The subject is introduced to the students, along with the specifics of how to handle the cases, the resources to use while studying a case, and the perspective needed to examine the case's specifics.

A full-time, three-year doctoral programme in law is known as a Ph.D. in law. Students who pursue a Ph.D. in law receive the necessary instruction that paves the path for them to succeed in their field.

• Merit is the only consideration for admission.
• The eligibility requirement is passing a Masters or M.Phil in legal studies or laws or an equivalent test from a recognised university with a 55% overall grade point average.
• For admission to the degree, they will need to pass the numerous state and national level exams held.

See more:   PhD Law Colleges

• Candidates must hold a legitimate Master's or M.Phil. in legal studies or law in the appropriate discipline from an accredited university with a minimum overall score of 55% and above.
• Candidates must succeed in the admission exam given by numerous organisations and universities.
• They should have a minimum of five years' experience working as a senior-level professional in the fields of teaching, administration, industry, or another professional occupation.

Here are some more popular PhD programmes that candidates can pursue in different streams: 

PhD Job Profiles

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